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Dr. Dawn-Elise Snipes PhD, LPC-MHSP, LMHC, NCC, SPARC

Executive Director, AllCEUs.com

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Define recidivism

Compare and contrast relapse and recidivism

Explore motivations and interventions for recidivism and relapse

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Recidivism is the return to criminal behavior after being incarcerated or not offending for a period

Relapse is the return to addictive behavior after being “clean” for a while.

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Sober Behavior Addicted/Criminal Behavior

Honesty

Hope and Faith

Discipline/Patience

Courage/Self-Confidence

Integrity

Manipulation Discontent Impulsiveness/Irrespon

sibility Defensiveness/Gives

up easily Pleasure focused

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Cognitive◦ Expectations of discrimination

◦ Immediate gratification/Lack of time perspective

◦ Illusion of uniqueness

◦ Sense of entitlement

◦ Lack of coping skills

◦ Possible learning disabilities

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Emotional◦ Mood disorders

Depression

Anxiety

ADD/ADHD

Bipolar

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Social◦ Family and friends may engage in

criminal/addictive behavior, but may have to live with them

◦ Discrimination/Judgment from macrosystem(church, job, neighbors, kids’ school)

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Environmental◦ Difficulty finding housing

◦ Difficulty getting loans for cars or housing

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Poverty Guidelines

Household Poverty 200% +/-

1 $11,880 $23,700

2 16,020 $32,000

3 20,160 $40,000

4 24,300 $48,600

Food Stamps

Temporary Aid to Needy Families

Insurance◦ Health

◦ Social Security Disability (pays up to 80% average earnings)

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“Give a high-risk offender a job, a home, and increase their self esteem without addressing their criminogenic needs, and what you will have is a thug with a job and a place to crash that feels good about his or her self.”

CNs are those factors that which, when modified reduce the likelihood of reoffending.

What does committing crime do for them…

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Low self-control, i.e., impulsive behavior ◦ Identify the function of these behaviors for the individual

◦ Teach Coping Skills

◦ Teach Distress Tolerance

◦ Develop Self-Esteem

◦ Address cognitive errors and misattributions

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Anti-social personality traits, i.e., lack of empathy ◦ Ask (yourself) why did these develop or why did he or she

fail to develop empathy

◦ Teach perspective taking

◦ Address cognitive errors such as blaming and throwing focus

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Anti-social values, i.e., disassociation from the law-abiding community ◦ Revisit how these values were developed

◦ Explore exceptions to these values

“It’s okay to take what you want from someone if they already have enough”

“I shouldn’t have to work at a job I don’t like that pays poorly”

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Criminal peers

Substance abuse

Dysfunctional family

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Safe housing

Prosocial peer group

Rewarding activities (what did you enjoy about your criminal activities)

Coping and self-control skills◦ Create a Goal Map

6 months from now you want to have X is this behavior going to get you closer to or further from that goal

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Look for exceptions◦ When you were/are not planning, engaging in or

recovering from the criminal behaviors, what were/are you doing?

◦ When you were in jail you envisioned a different lifestyle. Describe that…

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Conduct a skills analysis◦ Try using a transferrable skills checklist

http://careercenter.missouristate.edu/assets/careercenter/Transferable_Skills_Checklist.pdf

◦ Onet: https://www.onetonline.org/find/descriptor/browse/Interests/

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Initially the person needs: ◦ To be motivated to not reoffend

◦ A set of rewards for positive behavior and punishing sanctions for criminal behavior

◦ Consistency

◦ Employment

◦ Safe housing

◦ Medication for underlying mental health issues

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Ultimately the person needs: ◦ To be motivated to not reoffend

Law-abiding behavior must be more rewarding…

◦ To have skills that enable him/her to tolerate distress and address cognitive distortions

◦ A supportive, pro-social group of friends

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