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Reduction of Reduction of SSalmonellaalmonella
Enteritidis (SE) in Enteritidis (SE) in Commercial LayersCommercial Layers
Eric Gingerich, DVMEric Gingerich, DVM
University of PennsylvaniaUniversity of Pennsylvania
29 September 2008 – 29 September 2008 – Washington DCWashington DC
SalmonellaSalmonella Enteritidis Risk Enteritidis Risk Reduction in Commercial Reduction in Commercial
LayersLayersThe report that started the ball The report that started the ball
rollingrolling
““The emergence of grade A eggs as a major source The emergence of grade A eggs as a major source of Salmonella enteritidis infections. New of Salmonella enteritidis infections. New
implications for the control of salmonellosis.”implications for the control of salmonellosis.”
JAMA 1988; 259: 2103-2107. JAMA 1988; 259: 2103-2107.
M. E. St Louis; D. L. Morse; M. E. Potter; T. M. M. E. St Louis; D. L. Morse; M. E. Potter; T. M. DeMelfi; J. J. Guzewich; R. V. Tauxe; P. A. BlakeDeMelfi; J. J. Guzewich; R. V. Tauxe; P. A. Blake
SalmonellaSalmonella Enteritidis Risk Enteritidis Risk Reduction in Commercial Reduction in Commercial
LayersLayers SE found to be SE found to be
transmitted within transmitted within the egg and not the egg and not due to shell borne due to shell borne transmissiontransmission
Northeastern Northeastern states first region states first region to experience a to experience a significant significant increase in SE increase in SE casescases
National Poultry National Poultry Improvement PlanImprovement Plan
Breeder sources Breeder sources first to be first to be examinedexamined
National Poultry National Poultry Improvement Improvement Plan (NPIP) Plan (NPIP) initiated US SE initiated US SE Clean Program Clean Program for egg-type for egg-type breeders in 1989breeders in 1989
NPIP US SE Clean ProgramNPIP US SE Clean Program
Parents hatch from SE negative stockParents hatch from SE negative stock Parent flock manure tested once a Parent flock manure tested once a
month for life beginning the first month for life beginning the first month of lifemonth of life 4 manure drag swabs per house4 manure drag swabs per house 2 nest/egg belt samples once in the lay 2 nest/egg belt samples once in the lay
househouse 300 Pullorum-Typhoid blood tests @ 4 300 Pullorum-Typhoid blood tests @ 4
months of agemonths of age
NPIP US SE Clean ProgramNPIP US SE Clean Program
19 parent flocks 19 parent flocks have tested have tested positive for SE positive for SE since 1989since 1989
1 positive in 20051 positive in 2005 1 positive in 20061 positive in 2006 4 positive in 20074 positive in 2007
Source: A.R. Rhorer, USAHA 2007 Proceedings
Breeder – Best Breeder – Best Management PracticesManagement Practices
BiosecurityBiosecurity Feed Feed
ingredientsingredients VaccinationVaccination Hatch egg Hatch egg
sanitationsanitation
Breeder – Best Breeder – Best Management PracticesManagement Practices
Breeder flock Breeder flock biosecurity biosecurity practices used to practices used to prevent SEprevent SE Rodent controlRodent control Traffic controlTraffic control Bird movement Bird movement
equipment equipment sanitationsanitation
Clean worker and Clean worker and visitor footwear, visitor footwear, clothing, and clothing, and headgear plus hand headgear plus hand sanitationsanitation
Breeder – Best Breeder – Best Management PracticesManagement Practices
Breeder vaccinationBreeder vaccination Used by the major Used by the major
breeder in the USbreeder in the US Must keep 300 non-Must keep 300 non-
vaccinates for vaccinates for testing at 4 monthstesting at 4 months
Hatch egg Hatch egg sanitationsanitation Used by some Used by some
operationsoperations Spray at time of Spray at time of
collectioncollection
NPIP US SE Clean ProgramNPIP US SE Clean Program
Animal byproducts useAnimal byproducts use Source must comply with practices Source must comply with practices
according to the Animal Protein Products according to the Animal Protein Products Industry (APPI) Salmonella Industry (APPI) Salmonella Education/Reduction ProgramEducation/Reduction Program
Pelletized complete feedPelletized complete feed Mash with pelletized animal byproductMash with pelletized animal byproduct Mash that is treated with an FDA Mash that is treated with an FDA
approved anti-Salmonella control approved anti-Salmonella control product product
SalmonellaSalmonella Enteritidis Risk Enteritidis Risk Reduction in Commercial Reduction in Commercial
LayersLayers HatcheriesHatcheries
Hatch only Hatch only eggs from eggs from breeder breeder flocks on flocks on NPIP SE NPIP SE Clean Clean ProgramProgram
Use standard Use standard sanitation sanitation practicespractices
SE Outbreaks by state, 1985-1999
CDC data
SalmonellaSalmonella Enteritidis Risk Enteritidis Risk Reduction in Commercial Reduction in Commercial
LayersLayers1992 - US Secretary of Agriculture 1992 - US Secretary of Agriculture
declared SE declared SE
an emergencyan emergency
1992-93 – SE Pilot Project Begun1992-93 – SE Pilot Project Begun
1994 – The Pennsylvania Egg Quality 1994 – The Pennsylvania Egg Quality Assurance Program (PEQAP) initiatedAssurance Program (PEQAP) initiated
SalmonellaSalmonella Enteritidis Enteritidis Risk Reduction in Risk Reduction in
Commercial LayersCommercial Layers Three critical control points Three critical control points
correlated with SE positive layers correlated with SE positive layers found by the SE Pilot Projectfound by the SE Pilot Project1.1. Positive pulletsPositive pullets
2.2. Rodent populationRodent population
3.3. C&D of house between flocksC&D of house between flocks
SalmonellaSalmonella Enteritidis Risk Enteritidis Risk Reduction in Commercial Reduction in Commercial
LayersLayers Developed by Developed by
Pennsylvania Pennsylvania scientistsscientists
Published in 1997Published in 1997 Covers all aspects Covers all aspects
of SE controlof SE control Available on PSU Available on PSU
website - website - http://pubs.cas.pshttp://pubs.cas.psu.edu/FreePubs/pu.edu/FreePubs/pdfs/AGRS72.pdfdfs/AGRS72.pdf
Egg Quality Assurance Egg Quality Assurance ProgramsPrograms
Egg Quality Egg Quality Assurance Assurance Programs Programs (EQAPs)(EQAPs) Best Best
Management Management PracticesPractices
Education/Education/TrainingTraining
Record keepingRecord keeping VerificationVerification
Egg Quality Assurance Egg Quality Assurance ProgramsPrograms
PennsylvaniaPennsylvania MarylandMaryland CaliforniaCalifornia New YorkNew York
South CarolinaSouth Carolina OhioOhio New EnglandNew England United Egg United Egg
ProducersProducers Company Company
programsprograms
Egg Quality Assurance Egg Quality Assurance ProgramsPrograms
All EQAPs have Best Management All EQAPs have Best Management PracticesPractices Chicks from NPIP SE Clean breedersChicks from NPIP SE Clean breeders BiosecurityBiosecurity C&D of houses between flocksC&D of houses between flocks Rodent controlRodent control Egg sanitationEgg sanitation Egg holding conditionsEgg holding conditions
Egg Quality Assurance Egg Quality Assurance ProgramsPrograms
Rodent control Rodent control found to be highly found to be highly correlated to SE correlated to SE infection in layersinfection in layers
Rodent index Rodent index formulatedformulated
Twelve live traps Twelve live traps (Tin-Cats) placed (Tin-Cats) placed in layer housein layer house
Mice counted after Mice counted after 7 days7 days
Egg Quality Assurance Egg Quality Assurance ProgramsPrograms
Rodent IndexRodent IndexNo. of mice No. of mice
caughtcaughtRodent Rodent IndexIndex
DescriptionDescription
0 to 100 to 10 11 LowLow
11-2511-25 22 ModerateModerate
26 +26 + 33 HighHigh
An index of 1 or less is acceptable
Egg Quality Assurance Egg Quality Assurance ProgramsPrograms
Training/Training/educationeducation MeetingsMeetings Written materialsWritten materials 33rdrd party audit party audit
visits visits (Pennsylvania (Pennsylvania Dept of Ag)Dept of Ag)
Record keepingRecord keeping Rodent control logRodent control log VaccinationsVaccinations C&DC&D TestingTesting
Sampling Chick Box Papers
Verification Verification TestTest
Required by Required by ProgramsPrograms
Chick box paper Chick box paper testingtesting
PA, MD, NYPA, MD, NY
Pullet manure testingPullet manure testing PA, MD, NYPA, MD, NY
Young layer manure Young layer manure testing (30 weeks)testing (30 weeks)
PA, MDPA, MD
Mid-lay manure Mid-lay manure testing (45 weeks)testing (45 weeks)
PA, MDPA, MD
Post-molt manure Post-molt manure testingtesting
PA, MD, NYPA, MD, NY
Pre-moveout testing Pre-moveout testing (within 8 weeks of (within 8 weeks of moveout)moveout)
NY, OH, SC, UEPNY, OH, SC, UEP
Manure Drag Swab Sampling
Egg testing of manure Egg testing of manure positive flockspositive flocks
Initial testInitial test 1000 eggs1000 eggs Pools of 20 eggsPools of 20 eggs 2 week interval2 week interval 4 tests4 tests
Continued testingContinued testing 1000 egg sample, 1000 egg sample,
once a quarteronce a quarter
Egg Quality Assurance Egg Quality Assurance ProgramsPrograms
Diversion of Diversion of eggs to eggs to pasteurization pasteurization or hard-or hard-cookingcooking Required if Required if
any egg pool any egg pool is positiveis positive
PA, MD, NYPA, MD, NY
VaccinesVaccines
Not required by any Not required by any EQAPEQAP
Used by producers Used by producers to aid in remaining to aid in remaining SE negative, egg SE negative, egg test negativetest negative
Only one egg Only one egg positive flock in positive flock in PEQAP where SE PEQAP where SE bacterin has been bacterin has been usedused
VaccinesVaccines
VaccinationVaccination SE bacterinSE bacterin
Usually 1x at 13 to 15 Usually 1x at 13 to 15 weeksweeks
Live ST vaccinesLive ST vaccines 3 applications – 2, 6, 3 applications – 2, 6,
and 12 weeksand 12 weeks Bacterin + live Bacterin + live
vaccinevaccine Live vaccine - 2 and 6 Live vaccine - 2 and 6
weeksweeks Bacterin – 13 to 15 Bacterin – 13 to 15
weeksweeks
SE Reduction by EQAPsSE Reduction by EQAPs
PEQAP SuccessPEQAP Success19921992 20032003
% + Manure % + Manure samplessamples
2323 1.51.5
% Positive % Positive FlocksFlocks
3838 4.44.4
From CDC report, 2004
FDA Proposed SE FDA Proposed SE ProgramProgram
Proposed Proposed September 2004September 2004
Comment period Comment period until December until December 20042004
Asked for more Asked for more input on pullets input on pullets in May 2005in May 2005
Implementation Implementation expected 2007expected 2007
Postponed – still Postponed – still waitingwaiting
FDA Proposed SE FDA Proposed SE ProgramProgram
Contains components of the successful Contains components of the successful EQAPsEQAPs
Challenges for a national programChallenges for a national program Diversion of eggs very difficult in many parts of Diversion of eggs very difficult in many parts of
the USthe US Laboratory testing capabilities lacking in many Laboratory testing capabilities lacking in many
statesstates Many states not willing to subsidize costs of Many states not willing to subsidize costs of
programprogram TestingTesting AuditingAuditing
Questions??