1. 1. Leo seemed to be sleepy thatmoment Leo??Ah! Leo! Yes! He might be tired Words themselves do notrefer to anything, people refer (Yule)
2. 2. Pragmatics Reference & Inference
3. 3. REFERENCE Referenceisthe words we use to identify things are in some direct relationshipto those things. It isan act in which a speaker, or writer, uses linguistic forms to enable a listener, or reader, to identify something (Yule) Linguisticforms = referringexpressions.
4. 4. REFERRING EXPRESSION Referringexpressionisany expressionused in utterance to refer to something or someone The choice of expressiondepends onwhat the speaker assumesthe listeneralreadyknows (Yule) Referenceis clearlytied to thespeakers goals and beliefs in theuse of language.
5. 5. 1. Proper Nouns 2. Definite Noun Phrases 3. IndenfiniteNoun Phrases 4. Pronouns 4 Categories of Referring Expressions
6. 6. 1. Proper Nouns Raja Ampat Zahraa 2. Definite Noun Phrases The Archipelago The student
7. 7. 3. IndenfiniteNoun Phrases A place A women It 4. Pronouns She, her
8. 8. IndefiniteNP = a can be replaced by any Examples: a) There's a man waitingforyou (a man=anyman) b) He wants to marry a woman withlots of money (a woman=anywoman) c) We'd love to finda nine-foot-tallbasketball player (a = any) Yule: "not allreferring expressions have identifiable physical referents. ". ATTRIBUTIVEAND REFERENTIALUSES a physicallypresent entity exist but unknown doesnt exist
9. 9. whoever/whatever fits the description Definite nounphrase= the is assumed toexist, butcannot be ensure yet. e.g. There was nosign of the killer The killer= Whoever did the killing (A reporter is reportinga mysteriousdeath) ATTRIBUTIVEUSE
10. 10. REFERENTIAL USE IndefiniteNP = A specific person is referred to, althoughhis/her nameor some otherdescription is not used. e.g.Hewants to marry a womanwith lots of money. (more interested to use a woman with lots of money than a name) DefiniteNP,the = shows thata referent does exist. e.g. There was no sign of the killer. (in a news, a persons identifiedto murder, chased into a building, but escaped)
11. 11. For successful reference to occur, we must also recognize the role of inference.
12. 12. INFERENCE Inferringisconnecting priorknowledge to text based informationto create meaning beyond what is directly stated. An inferenceis any additionalinformationused by the listenerto connect whatis saidto whatmust be meant. (Yule) The role of inference in communicationis toallow the listenerto identifycorrectly whichparticularentity the speaker is referring to.
13. 13. REFERENCE & INFERENCE Reference Mr. Kawasaki. Used to refer to a manwho always rode loud and fastin his motorcycle. A brand nameis used to refer to a person Inference I enjoylisteningto Mozart. the hearer has to infer that thenameof Musician Mozart can be used to identifySong
14. 14. NAME& REFERENTS Pragmatic connectionbetweenproper namesand objects thatwill be conventionallyassociated withina socio culturally defined communitywiththose names. It is conventionbetweenall members of a communitywho share common language/culture Conventions may differ from one social group to another Name = Word = Reference Referent=Entity= Object
15. 15. A Collage Can I borrow your Yule? Yeah, it is over there. Reference Proper Name Refering Expression Referent Yule A writer name Yule = A book writen by Yule (things the writer produced)
16. 16. ReferenceVsReferent Referenceisthe words we use to identify things are in some direct relationship to those things. Referentis whata word or symbol standsfor. It isthe concrete thing (the personor thing) thata word or expressionrefers to. An actualchair would be the referentof theword chair.
17. 17. Speakers ----- reference ----- intention (intention-to-identify) THREE-DIMENSIONALDIAGRAM Listeners ----- inference -----interpret (recognition-of-intention) words/phrases
18. 18. Germanywins World Cup A soccer team A Country A Government A number of possiblereferents (Yule)
19. 19. The abilityto identifyintendedreferents depend on two environments: The linguisticmaterial of the environment (Co- text) The Physicalenvironment (Context)
20. 20. Japan A Government A Country or A soccer team Linguisticmaterialofthe environment in which a referring expressionis used (Yule) The words accompanyingrefferring expression It limitsthe range of possibleinterpretation Japanwins firstroundof trade talk
21. 21. It is aphysical environment or (speech) conventions The heart-attackmustnt bemoved The heart-attack= thepatientsufferedheart-attack The context must be a hospital in which the nurses identified patient by the name of the illness. The convention may differ from one social group to another. Thus, reference is also about social act An illness
22. 22. The CheeseSandwich is made with whitebread The CheeseSandwichleftwithoutpaying Food = theperson ordered theSandwich The context mustbe a restaurant in which thewaiter identifiedbuyer by thename of thefood ordered Person
23. 23. How about in more than one Sentence? In the film,a man and a woman were trying to wash a cat. The man was holdingthe cat while the woman pouredwater on it. He said something to her and they started laughing
24. 24. In thefilm,a manand a womanwere trying to wash a cat. Initial/Introductory Reference= ANTECEDENT The manwas holdingthe cat whilethe woman poured water on it. Hesaid somethingto her and theystarted laughing It is a process of continuingto identify exactly the same entityas denoted by ANTECEDENT.(Yule)
25. 25. ANTECEDENT&ANAPHORA/ANAPHOR a man;a woman;a cat ANTECEDENT oftenIndefiniteNP the man;the woman;the cat he; her; it; they ANAPHORA oftendefinite NP or Pronoun Subsequent Reference InitialReference
26. 26. It is subsequent reference to already introduced referents. It needsnot be exactly identicalto antecedent. Peel andslice sixpotatoes.Putthem in cold salted water Them= the six peeledand sliced potatoes
27. 27. The reversal of antecedent-anaphorapattern If an anaphora(in thiscase = it)come firstand antecedentcome next. Butitis much lesscommon than ANAPHORA I turnedthe corner and almost stepped on it. There was a large snakes in the middle of the path.
28. 28. Cook ? = was omitted=[the slices/them] Ellipsis = Cook [the peeled onionslices] When the interpretationrequires us to identifyan entity, and nolinguistic expressionispresented. It frequently uses verbal anaphora Peel an Onionand Sliceit. Drop the slices intohot oil.Cook for three minutes
29. 29. The connectionbetween referent antecedentand anaphoramay notalwaysbe direct e.g. The busCame on time, buthe didntstop. (The bus and he are notgramaticalagreement) But(The bus has a driver) he refers to the bus driver
30. 30. Rizaln Syifa Pragmatic reference is more being Communicated than said