References 138

Aalok, A., Tripathi, A.K., Soni, P. (2008) Vermicomposting: A Better Option for

Organic Solid Waste Management. J. Hum. Ecol. 24 (1), 59-64.

Adi, A., Noor, Z. (2009) Waste Recycling: Utilization of Coffee Grounds and

Kitchen Waste in Vermicomposting. Bioresour. Technol. 100(2), 1027-1030.

Albanel, E., Plainxts, J., Cabrero, T. (1988) Chemical Changes during

Vermicomposting (E. foetida) of Sheep Manure Mixed with Cotton

Industries Wastes. Biol. Fert. soils. 6, 266-269.

Anantharaman, V., Balaguru, K. (2008) Environmental Pollution and Health

Hazards of Pesticides. Kisan World. 35 (9), 5.

Annual Budget (1998) Government of India, Finance Bill No.2, Clause 49.

Ansari, A.A., Rajpersaud, J. (2012) Physicochemical Changes during Vermicomposting

of Water Hyacinth (Eichhorniacrassipes) and Grass Clippings. ISRN Soil

Science.1-6.

Arancon, N.Q., Edwards, C.A., Atiyeh, R.M., Metzger, J.D. (2004) Effects of

Vermicomposts produced from Food Waste on the Growth and Yields of

Greenhouse Peppers. Bioresour. Technol. 93, 139-144.

Atiyeh, R.M., Arancon, N.Q., Edwards, C.A., Metzger, J.D. (2000 a) Influence of

Earthworm-Processed Pig Manure on the Growth and Yield of Greenhouse

tomatoes. Bioresour. Technol.75 (3), 175-180.

Atiyeh, R.M., Arancon, N.Q., Edwards, C.A., Metzger, J.D. (2002) The Influence of

Earthworm-Processed Pig Manure on the Growth and Productivity of

Marigolds. Bioresour. Technol. 81, 103-108.

Atiyeh, R.M., Subler, S., Edwards, C.A., Bachman, G., Metzger, J.D., Shuster, W.

(2000 b) Effects of Vermicomposts and Composts on Plant Growth in

Horticultural Container Media and Soil. Pedobiologia. 44, 579-590.

Azarmi, R., Giglou, M.T., Hajieghrari, B. (2009) The Effect of Sheep Manure

Vermicompost on Quantitative and Qualitative Properties of Cucumber

(Cucumis sativus L.) Grown in the Greenhouse. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 8 (19),

4953-4957.

References 139

Bano, K., Devi, S. L. (1996) Vermicompost and its Fertility Aspects. Abstract

Published at National Seminar on Organic Farming and Sustainable

Agriculture held at Association for Promotion of Organic Farming,

Bangalore. Retrieved from http://www.organikrishiindia.com

Bansal, S., Kapoor, K.K. (2000) Vermicomposting of Crop Residues and Cattle

Dung with Eisenia foetida. Bioresour. Technol.73 (2), 95-98.

Barley, K.P., Jennings, A. (1959) Earthworms and Soil Fertility III. The Influence of

Earthworms on the Availability of Nitrogen. Aust J. Agr. Res. 10, 364-370.

Basker, A., Macgregor, A., Kirkman, J. (1993) Exchangeable Potassium and Other

Cations in Non-Ingested Soil and Cast of Two Species of Pasture

Earthworms. Soil Biol. Biochem. 25 (12), 1673-1677.

Battacharayya, J.K., Titus, S.K., Bhide, A.D. (1996) Industrial Solid Wastes-

Characterization and Disposal. Paper in Proceeding of 22nd WEDC

Conference Pre-Prints, Reaching the Unreached- Challenges for the 21st

Century, New Delhi. 2, 218-219.

Bernal, M.P., Alburquerque, J.A., Moral, R. (2009) Composting of Animal Manures

and Chemical Criteria for Compost Maturity Assessment - A Review.

Bioresour. Technol. 100, 5444-5453.

Bhaduri, S.K., Ghosh, I.N., Deb Sarkar, N.L. (1995) Ramie Hemicellulose as

Beater Additive in Paper Making from Jute-Stick Kraft Pulp. Ind. Crop.

Prod. 4(2), 79–84.

Bhargava, B.S., Raghupathi, H.B. (1993) Analysis of Plant Material for Macro and

Micro Nutrients (Edited by Tandon, H.L.S.), pp. 48-82, FDCO, New Delhi.

Bhat, G.R., Heitmann, J.A., Joyce, T.W., De, S. (1991) Novel Techniques for

Enhancing the Strength of Secondary Fibres. TAPPI. 151-157.

Bhat, M.R., Limaye, S.R. (2012) Nutrient Status and Plant Growth Promoting

Potential of Prepared Vermicompost. Int. J. Environ. Sci. 3(1), 312-321.

Bhiday, M.R. (1994) Earthworms in Agriculture. Indian Farming. 43 (12), 31–34.

References 140

Bhor, S.D., Gajare, A.S., Ghodke, S.K. (2013) Quality and Decomposition Rate of

Vermicompost as Influenced by Crop Residues and Earthworm Species. Res.

J. Agri. Sci.4 (2), 188-191.

Bisen, J.S., Singh, A.K., Kumar, R., Bora, D.K. , Bera, B. (2011) Vermicompost

Quality as Influenced by Different Species of Earthworm and Bedding

Material. Two and a Bud. 58, 137-140.

Blair, J.M., Parmelee, R.W., Lavelle, P. (1994) Influence of Earthworms on

Biogeochemistry in North American Ecosystems. In: Earthworm Ecology

in Forest Rangeland and Crop Ecosystems in North America (Edited by

Hendrix P.F.), pp. 1-44. Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI.

Bogdanov, P. (1996) Commercial Vermiculture: How to Build a Thriving Business

in Redworms.p. 83. VermiCo Press, Oregon.

Bouche, M.B., Ferries, J.R. (1986) Chemical Characterization and Mineralization in

Environmental and Waste Management. In: Earthworms in Waste and

Environmental Management. (Edited by Edwards, C.A. and Newhauser, E.F.),

pp. 231-240, SPB Academic Publishing, The Netherlands.

Buchanam, M.A., Rusell, E., Block, S.D. (1988) Chemical Characterization and

Nitrogen Mineralization Potentials of Vermicompost Derived from Different

Organic Wastes. In: Earthworms in Waste and Environmental Management.

pp. 231-240, SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague, Netherlands.

Businelli, M., Perucci, P., Patumi, M., Giusquiani, P.L. (1984) Chemical Composition

and Enzymatic Activity of Worm Casts. Plant Soil. 80, 417-422.

Butt, K.R. (1993) Utilization of Solid Paper-Mill Sludge and Spent Brewery Yeast

as a Feed for Soil-Dwelling Earthworm. Bioresour. Technol. 44, 105-108.

Caulfield, D.F., Gunderson, D.E. (1988) Paper Testing and Strength Characteristics.

Paper Presented at TAPPI Proceedings of the 1988 Paper Preservation

Symposium. TAPPI press. Washington DC.Atlanta.32-40.

Chan, P.L.S., Griffiths, D.A. (1988) The Vermicomposting of Pre-treated Pig

Manure. Biol. Waste. 24, 57-69.

References 141

Chauhan, S., Khan, M.E., Sharma, A.K., Jain, R.K., Hussain, G. (2009) Cost

Effective Production of Handmade Paper through Recycling of Shredded

Currency Waste of Reserve Bank of India-An Enzymatic Route. IPPTA.

21(3), 111-117.

Cheng, K.L., Bray, R.H. (1951) Determination of Calcium and Magnesium in Soil

and Plant Material. Soil Sci.72, 449-458.

Chowdappa, P., Biddappa, C.C., Sujatha, S. (1999) Efficient Recycling of Organic

Wastes in Arecanut (Areca catechu) and Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) Plantation

through Vermicomposting. Indian J. Agri. Sci. 69, 563-566.

Cohen, S., Lewis, H.B. (1949) The Nitrogen Metabolism of the Earthworm. J. Biol.

Chem. 180, 79-92.

Daniel, C., Butt, K.R., Morris, R.M., Frederickson, J. (1997) Combining Vermiculture

with Traditional Green Waste Composting System. Soil Biol.Biochem. 29(3),

725–730.

Danilo, V.R., Tomboc, E.H.F., Lim, K.L.P., Ararro, J.A., Ocampo, J.G., Corpus,

W.R., Gregario, H.S. (2010) Research Paper on Vermiculture and

Vermicomposting. Ramon Magsaysay Technological University. San

Marcelino, Zambales. Retrieved from https://danrogayan.files.wordpress.

com/.../vermiculture-and vermicomposting

Davis, B. (1971) Laboratory Studies on the Uptake of Dieldrin and DDT by

Earthworms. Soil Biol. Biochem. 3, 221–223.

Delgado, M., Bigeriego, M., Walter, I., Calbo, R. (1995) Use of California Red

Worm in Sewage Sludge Transformation. Turrialba. 45, 2.

Dhaked, R.K., Waghmare, C.K., Alam, S.I, Kamboj, D.V., Singh, L. (2003) Effect

of Propionate Toxicity on Methanogenesis of Night Soil at Psychrophilic

Temperature. Bioresour. Technol. 87, 299-303.

Dominguez, J., Edwards, C.A. (2004) Vermicomposting Organic Wastes: A Review

in Soil Zoology for Sustainable Development in the 21st century (Edited by

Shakir, S.H. and Mikhaïl, W.Z.A.), p. 369–396. El Cairo.

References 142

Dominguez, J., Edwards, C.A., Subler, S. (1997) A Comparison of Vermicomposting

and Composting. Biocycle. 38 (4), 57-59.

Dominguez, J., Edwards, C.A., Webster, M. (2000) Vermicomposting of Sewage

Sludge: Effect of Bulking Materials on the Growth and Reproduction of the

Earthworm Eisenia Andrei. Pedobiologia. 44, 24-32.

Dutt, D., Upadhyay, J.S., Singh, B., Tyagi, C.H. (2009) Studies on Hibiscus

cannabinus and Hibiscus sabdariffa as an Alternative Pulp Blend for

Softwood: An Optimization of Kraft Delignification Process. Ind. Crop

Prod. 29(1), 16-26.

Edwards, C.A. (1988) Breakdown of Animal, Vegetable and Industrial Organic

Waste by Earthworm. In: Earthworm in Waste and Environmental

Management. (Edited by Edwards, C.A. and Neushauser, E.F.), pp. 21-31,

SPB, The Hague.

Edwards, C.A., Bater, J.E. (1992) The Use of Earthworms in Environmental

Management. Soil Biol. Biochem. 24 (12), 1683–1689.

Edwards, C.A., Bohlen, P.J. (1996) Biology and Ecology of Earthworms (3rd ed.), p.

426, Chapman and Hall, London, New York.

Edwards, C.A., Burrows, I. (1988) The Potential of Earthworm Composts as Plant

Growth Media. In: Earthworms in Environmental and Waste Management.

(Edited by Edwards, C.A. and Neuhauser, E.F.), pp.211-220, SPB, The

Netherlands.

Edwards, C.A., Burrows, I., Fletcher, K.E., Jone, B.A. (1985) The Use of Earthworms

for Composting Farm Wastes. In: Composting of Agricultural and Other Wastes

(Edited by Crasser, J.K.R.), pp.229-241, Elsevier Applied Science, Oxford.

Ekhuemelo, D.O., Oluwalana, S.A., Adetogun, A.C. (2013) Potentials of Agricultural

Waste and Grasses in Pulp and Papermaking. J. Res. Forest Wildlife

Environ. 4 (2), 1-15.

Elliot, P. W., Knight, D., Anderson, J.M. (1990) Denitrification in Earthworm Casts

and Soil from Pastures under Different Fertilizer and Drainage Regimes. Soil

Biol. Biochem. 22 (5), 601-605.

References 143

Elvira, C., Dominguez, J., Sampedro, L., Mato, S. (1995) Vermicomposting for the

Paper Pulp Industry. Biocycle. 62-63.

Elvira, C., Goicoechea, M., Sampedro, L., Mato, S., Nogales, R. (1996 a)

Bioconversion of Solid Paper-Pulp Mill Sludge by Earthworms. Bioresour.

Technol. 57, 173-177.

Elvira, C., Sampedro, L., Benitez, E., Nogales, R. (1998) Vermicomposting of

Sludges from Paper Mill and Dairy Industries with Eisenia andrei: A Pilot-

Scale Study. Bioresour. Technol. 63, 205-211.

Fagbemigun, T.K., Fagbemi, O.D., Otitoju, O., Mgbachiuzor, E., Igwe, C.C. (2014)

Pulp and Paper-making Potential of Corn Husk. Int. J. Agri. Sci. 4(4), 209-213.

Fares, F., Albalkhi, A., Dec, J., Bruns, M.A., Bollag, J.M. (2005) Physicochemical

Characteristics of Animal and Municipal Wastes Decomposed in Arid Soils.

J. Environ. Qual. 34, 1392-1403.

Garg, P., Gupta, A., Satya, S. (2006) Vermicomposting of Different Types of Waste

Using Eisenia foetida: A Comparative Study. Bioresour. Technol. 97(3),

391-395.

Garg, V.K., Kaushik, P. (2005) Vermistabilization of Textile Mill Sludge Spiked

with Poultry Droppings by an Epigeic Earthworm Eisenia foetida. Bioresour.

Technol. 96, 1063–1071.

Ghosh, I.N., Pan, N.C. (2009) Application of Resins and Gums from Natural Sources

for Making Handmade Paper from Jute Residues. IPPTA J. 21 (2), 147-149.

Ghosh, M., Chattopadhyay, G.N., Baral, K. (1999) Transformation of Phosphorus

during Vermicomposting. Bioresour. Technol. 69,149–154.

Graff, O. (1981) Preliminary Experiment of Vermicomposting of Different Waste

Materials using Eudrilus euginae. Proceedings of the Workshop on Role of

Earthworms in the Stabilization of Organic Residues. Malanazoo Pub.,

Michigan. 179–191.

Grappelli, A., Tomati, V., Galli, E., Vergari, B. (1985) Earthworm Casting in Plant

Propagation. Hortic. Sci. 20, 874-876.

References 144

Graziano, P. L., Casalicchio, G. (1987) Use of Worm-Casting Techniques on Sludges

and Municipal Wastes: Development and Application. In: Earthworms

(Edited by Pagliai, A.M.B. and Omodeo, P.), pp. 459–464, Mucchi Editore,

Modena, Italy.

Greig-Smith, P.W., Becker, H., Edwards, P.J., Heimabach, F. (1992) Eco Toxicology

of Earthworms, p.269, Athenacum Press Ltd., Newcastle, U.K.

Grisso, R., Aller, M., Holshouser, D., Thomason, W. (2009) Precision Farming

Tools: Soil Electrical Conductivity, p. 442-508, Virginia Cooperative

Extension Publication, Virginia.

Gunadi, B., Blount, C., Edward, C.A. (2002) Growth and Fecundity of Eisenia

foetida (Savigny) in Cattle Solids Pre-composted for Different Periods.

Pedobiologia. 46, 15–23.

Gunadi, B., Edwards, C.A. (2003) The Effect of Multiple Applications of Different

Organic Wastes on the Growth, Fecundity and Survival of Eisenia foetida.

Pedobiologia. 47(4), 321-330.

Gupta, R., Garg, V.K. (2009) Vermiremediation and Nutrient Recovery of Non-

Recyclable Paper Waste Employing Eisenia foetida. J. Hazard. Mater. 162

(1), 430-439.

Gurav, M. V., Pathade, G.R. (2011) Production of Vermicompost from Temple Waste

(Nirmalya): A Case Study. Univer. J. Environ. Res. Technol.1 (2), 182-192.

Haimi, J., Huhta, V. (1986) Capacity of Various Organic Residues to Support

Adequate Earthworm Biomass for Vermicomposting, Biol. Fert. Soils. 2, 23-

27.

Hartenstein, R., Hartenstein, F. (1981) Physicochemical Changes Effected in

Activated Sludge by the Earthworm Eisenia foetida. J. Environ. Qual.10,

377-382.

Hullugalle, N.R., Ezumah, H.C. (1991) Effects of Cassava Based Cropping Systems

on Physico-Chemical Properties of Soil and Earthworm Casts in a Tropical

Alfisol. Agri. Ecosys. Environ. 35, 55-63.

References 145

Iyer, S., Sethi, R.R., Abraham, A. (2012) Analysis of Nitrogen and Phosphate in

Enriched and Non-Enriched Vermicompost. J. Environ. Res. Dev. 7 (2A),

899-904.

Jackson, M. L. (1973) Soil Chemical Analysis. p.10-114, Prentice Hall of India, Ltd.,

New Delhi.

Jadhav, A. R., Chitanand, M.P., Shete, H.G. (2013) Flower Waste Degradation

Using Microbial Consortium. J. Agri.Vet. Sci. 3 (5), 1-4.

Jadia, C.D., Fulekar, M.H. (2008) Vermicomposting of Vegetable Waste: A Bio-

Physicochemical Process Based on Hydro-Operating Bioreactor. Afr. J.

Biotechnol. 7(20), 3723-3730.

Jahan, M.S., Rawshan, S. (2009) Reinforcing Potential of Jute Pulp with Trema

orientalis (nalita) Pulp. Bioresource. 4(3), 921-931.

Jayakumar, P., Natarajan, S. (2012) Microbial Diversity of Vermicompost Bacteria

that Exhibit Useful Agricultural Traits and Waste Management Potential.

SpringerPlus. 1(26), 1-19

Jayanthi, B., Ambiga, G., Neelanarayanan, P. (2010) Utilization of Mixed Litter for

Converting into Vermicompost by Using an Epigenic Earthworm Eudrilus

eugeniae. Nat. Environ. Pollut. Technol. 9 (4), 763-766.

Jayanthi, B., Neelanarayanan, P. (2010) Bio-Conversion of Korai Waste (Cyperus

rotundus) into Vermicompost Utilizing a Temperate Earthworm, Eisenia

foetida. Asian J. Soil Sci.4 (2), 194-197.

Joshi, N., Sharma, S. (2010) Physico-Chemical Characterization of Sulphidation

Pressmud and Vermicomposted Pressmud. Biocycle J. Compost Recycl. 39

(7), 63-66.

Kale, R.D., Bano, K., Krishnamoorthy, R.V. (1982) Potential of Perionyx excavatus

for Utilizing Organic Wastes. Pedobiologia. 23, 419-425.

References 146

Kale, R.D., Mallesh, B.C., Kubra, B., Bagyaraj, D.J. (1992) Influence of

Vermicompost Application on the Available Macronutrients and Selected

Microbial Populations in a Paddy Field. Soil Biol. Biochem. 24, 1317-1320.

Karlsson,H.(2007) Some Aspects on Strength Properties in Paper Composed of

Different Pulps. Licentiate Thesis. Faculty of Technology and Science.

Karlstads University.17.

Karmegam, N., Daniel, T. (2009) Growth, Reproductive Biology and Life Cycle of

the Vermicomposting Earthworm, Perionyx ceylanensis Mich. (Oligochaeta:

Megascolecidae). Bioresour. Technol. 100, 4790-4796.

Karthikeyan, S., Ramesh, P.T., Nagamani, B., Kumar, G.M. (2004) Earthworms.

Agroindia. 7, 343-353.

Karthikeyan, V., Sathyamoorthy, G.L., Murugesan, R. (2007) Vermicomposting of

Market Waste in Salem, Tamil Nadu, India. Proceedings of the International

Conference on Sustainable Solid Waste Management. Chennai, India.276-281.

Kaur, S., Joshi, N. (2002) Solid Waste Generation During Normal Days in Haridwar

City. Him. J. Environ. Zool.16 (2), 267-270.

Kaushik, P., Garg, V.K. (2003) Vermicomposting of Mixed Solid Textile Milled

Sludge and Cow Dung with Epigeic Earthworm Eisenia foetida. Bioresour.

Technol. 90, 311-316.

Kaushik, S., Joshi, B. Datt (2011) A Comparative Study of Solid Waste Generation

at Mansa Devi and Chandi Devi Temples in the Shiwalik Foothills, during

the Kumbh Mela 2010, Department of Zoology & Environmental Sciences,

Green Pages. Retrieved from http://www.eco-web.com

Kaviraj, P., Sharma, S. (2003) Municipal Solid Waste Management through

Vermicomposting Employing Exotic and Local Species of Earthworms.

Bioresour. Technol. 90 (2), 169-173.

Khandelwal, A., Chauhan, S. (2011) Effect of Enzyme Treatment on Recycling of

Shredded Currency Waste of RBI for Making Handmade Paper. Curr. World

Environ.6 (1), 77-85.

References 147

Kiefer, A., Rivin, J. (2012) The Effects of Storage on the Quality of Vermicompost.

University of Wisconsin System, Solid Waste Research Program. Retrieved

from http://www.uwsa.edu

Kitturmath, M.S., Giraddi, R.S., Basavaraj, B. (2007) Nutrient Changes during

Earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae Mediated Vermicomposting of Agro-industrial

Waste. Karnataka J. Agri. Sci. 20 (3), 653-654.

Kollmansperger, F. (1956) Lumbricidae of Humid and Arid Regions and their Effect

on Soil Fertility. Int. J. Soil Sci. 293-297.

Kumar, A., Singh, B.P, Jain, R.K., Sharma, A.K.(2013) Blending Studies of Hosiery

Waste Pulp with Alkaline Sulphite Cooked Pulp of Natural Fibres and the

Use of Lignosulphonate. Int. J. Innov. Res. Sci. Engg. Technol .2 (10), 5224-

5233.

Kumar, A., Singh, B.P., Sharma, A.K. (2013) Banana Fibre (Musa sapientum): A

Suitable Raw Material for Handmade Paper Industry via Enzymatic

Refining. IJERT. 2 (10), 1338-1350.

Kumar, M., Kumar, D. (2011) Comparative Study of Pulping of Banana Stem. Int.

J.Fibre.Text. Res.1 (1), 1-5.

Kutschera, U., Elliott, J.M. (2010) Charles Darwin's Observations on the Behaviour

of Earthworms and the Evolutionary History of a Giant Endemic Species

from Germany, Lumbricus badensis (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae). Appl.

Environ. Soil Sci. 2, 1-11.

Larney, F.J., Blackshow, R.E. (2003) Weed Seed Viability in Compost Beef Cattle

Feedlot Manure. J. Environ. Qual. 32, 1105-1113.

Lavelle, P. (1994) Faunal Activities and Soil Processes: Adaptive Strategies that

Determine Ecosystem Function. Paper Presented in Proceedings of 15th ISSS

Congress, Acapulco, Mexico. 189-220.

Laverack, C.H. (1963) Foreword. In: Taxonomy and Geography (Edited by Nichols,

D.), pp. 3-5, Syst. Assoc. Pub., London.

References 148

Le Bayon, R.C., Binet, F. (2006) Earthworm Change the Distribution and Availability

of Phosphorous in Organic Substrates. Soil Biol. Biochem. 38, 235-246.

Lee, J., Hong, M., Roy, D.N., Whiting, P. (1991): Fundamental Relationships

between Fibre Characteristics and Out-of-Plane and In-Plane Tear of Paper.

Paper Presented in International Physics Conference. Kona, Hawaii, USA.

317-325.

Lee, K.E. (1985) Earthworms - Their Ecology and Relationships with Soils and

Land Use (6th ed.), p.13, Academic Press, Sydney.

Liang, C., Das, K.C., McClendon, R.W. (2003) The Influence of Temperature and

Moisture Contents Regimes on the Aerobic Microbial Activity of a Biosolids

Composting Blends. Bioresour. Technol. 86 (2), 131–137.

Luner,P.(1969) Paper Permanence.TAPPI. 52(5),796.

M., Lakshmi Prabha, M., Shanmuga Priya, R., Pavithra (2014) Microorganisms in

the Gut of Earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae. Int J. Curr. Res. Chem. Pharma.

Sci. 1(3), 6-9.

Mackay, A.D., Syers, J.K., Springett, J.A., Gregg, P.E.H. (1982) Plant Availability of

Phosphorus in Superphosphate and a Phosphate Rock as Influenced by

Earthworms. Soil Biol. Biochem. 14, 281-287.

Mane, T.T., Raskar, S. (2012) Management of Agriculture Waste from Market Yard

through Vermicomposting. Res. J. Recent Sci. 1, 289-296.

Manimozhi, K., Meena, M., Kalpana, M. (2006) Enhancing Environment through

Garbage Management. Kisan World. 33 (10), 24-27.

Manna, H.C., Jha, C., Ghosh, P.K., Acharya, C.L. (2003) Comparative Efficacy of

three Epigeic Earthworms under Deciduous Forest Litters Decomposition.

Bioresour. Technol. 88, 197-206.

Manna, M.C., Swarup, A., Wanjari, R.H., Ravankar, H.N. (1997) Long-term Effects

of NPK Fertiliser and Manure on Soil Fertility and a Sorghum-Wheat

Farming System. Food Security in Harmony with Nature. 3rd IFOAM-ASIA

Scientific Conference and General Assembly, Japan .59.

References 149

Manyuchi, M.M., Phiri, A., Chirinda, N., Muredzi, P., Govhaand, J., Sengudzwa, T.

(2012) Vermicomposting of Waste Corn Pulp Blended with Cow Dung

Manure using Eisenia foetida. World Acad. Sci. Engg. Technol. 6, 1080-1083.

Marnyye, A, Velazquez-Ceden˜, Gerardo, M., Jean-Michel, S. (2002) Waste-

Reducing Cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus pulmonarius on

Coffee Pulp: Changes in the Production of Some Lignocellulolytic Enzymes.

World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 18, 201–207.

Meenakumari, T., Shekhar, M. (2012) Biotechnological Solid Waste Management

by Vermicoposting. World Res. J. Agri. Biotechnol. 1(1), 1-3

Mengel, K., Kirkby, E.A. (2001) Principles of Plant Nutrition (5th ed.), p.849,

Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston, London.

Mishra, N. (2013, August 17) Unholy Mess: Temple Waste, A Concern. Times of

India. Retrieved from http://www. timesofindia.indiatimes.com

Mishra, S., Joshi, N. (2002) Generation of Solid Waste during Festive Occasions in

Hardwar City. Him. J. Env. Zool. 16 (2), 263-266.

Mitchell, A. (1997) Production of Eisenia foetida and Vermicompost from Feed-Lot

Cattle Manure. Soil Biol. Biochem. 29, 763-766.

Murali, M., Neelanarayanan, P. (2011) Ex situ Bioconversion of Coir Waste (Cocos

nucifera) Predigested with Pleurotus sp. by using an Epigeic Earthworm,

(Eudrilus eugeniae). Asian J. Environ. Sci. 6 (1), 12-16.

Muthukumaravel, K., Amsath, A., Sukumaran, M. (2008) Vermicomposting of

Vegetable Waste using Cow Dung. E-J. Chem. 5 (4), 810-813.

Nagarajan, S. (1997): Vermitech in Rice Cultivation. Kisan World. 24 (8), 49-50.

Nagavallemma, K.P., Wani, S.P., Stephane, L. (2006) Vermicomposting: Recycling

Wastes into Valuable Organic Fertilizer. J. SAT Agri. Res. 2 (1), 1–17.

Nair, J., Sekiozoic, V., Anda, M. (2006) Effect of Pre-Composting on Vermicomposting

of Kitchen Waste. Bioresour. Technol. 97, 2091–2095.

References 150

Ndegwa, P.M., Thompson, S.A., Das, K.C. (2000) Effects of Stocking Density and

Feeding Rate on Vermicomposting of Biosolids. Bioresour. Technol. 71,5-12.

Neilson, R.L. (1951) Earthworms and Soil Fertility. Paper in Proceeding of 13th

Conference of Grassland Association, New Plymouth, US. 158-167

Neuhauser, E.F., Loehr, R.C., Malecki, M.R. (1988) The Potential of Earthworms

for Managing Sewage Sludge. In: Earthworms in Waste and Environmental

Management (Edited by Edwards, C.A. and Neuhauser, E.F.), pp. 9–20, SPB

Academic Publishing, The Hague.

Orozco, F.H., Cegarra, J., Trvjillo, L.M., Roig, A. (1996) Vermicomposting of

Coffee Pulp using the Earthworm Eisenia foetida: Effects on C and N

Contents and the Availability of Nutrients. Biol. Fert. Soil. 22, 162-166.

Paavilainen, L. (1993a): Importance of Cross-Dimensional Fibre Properties and

Coarseness for the Characterisation of Softwood Sulphate Pulp. Pap puu-

Pap. tim. 75 (5), 343-351.

Paavilainen, L. (1993b): Conformability - Flexibility and Collapsibility of Sulphate

Pulp Fibres. Pap puu-Pap. tim. 75 (9-10), 689-702.

Padmavathiamma, P.K., Li, L.Y., Kumari, U.R. (2008) An Experimental Study of

Vermi-Biowaste Composting for Agricultural Soil Improvement. Bioresour.

Technol. 99 (6), 1672-1681.

Pajon, S. (2007) The Worms Turn-Argentina; Intermediate Technology Development

Group, Case Study Series 4. Munroe. Retrieved from http://www.tve.org.

Parle, J.N. (1963) A Microbiological Study of Earthworm Casts. J. Gen. Microbiol.

31, 13-23.

Parmelle, R.W., Crossley, D.A. Jr. (1988) Earthworm Production and Role in the

Nitrogen Cycle of a No-Tillage Agro-Ecosystem on the Georgia Piedmont.

Pedobiologia. 32, 353-361.

Pattnaik, S., Reddy, V. M. (2009) Nutrient Status of Vermicompost of Urban Green

Waste and Floral Waste Processed by three sps. of Earthworms namely,

Eudrilus eugeniae, Eisenia foetida and Perionyx excavatus. Appl. Environ.

Soil Sci.1-13.

References 151

Peigne, J., Girardin, P. (2004) Environmental Impacts of Farm - Scale Composting

Practices. Water Air Soil Pollut. 153, 45-68.

Perumal, K., Moorthy, T.A.S, Savitha, J.S. (2012) Characterization of Essential Oil

from Offered Temple Flowers Rosa damascena Mill. Asian J. Exp. Biol. Sci.

3 (2), 330-334.

Piearce, T.G. (1972) Calcium Relations of Selected Lumbricidae. J. Anim. Ecol.

41,167–188.

Pierre, V., Phillip, R., Margnerite, L., Pierrette, C. (1982) Anti-Bacterial Activity of

the Haemolytic System from the Earthworms’ E. foetida and E. andrei.

J.Invertebr. Pathol. 40, 21–27.

Pramanik, P., Ghosh, G.K., Ghosal, P.K., Banik, P. (2007) Changes in Organic

Carbon, N, P and K and Enzyme Activities in Vermicompost of Biodegradable

Organic Wastes under Liming and Microbial Inoculants. Bioresour. Technol.

98, 2485-2494.

Primoa, O., Raverio, M.J., Urtiaga, A.M., Ortiz, I. (2009) Nitrate Removal from

Electrooxidized Landfill Leachate by Ion Exchange. J. Hazard. Mat. 164 (1),

389-393.

Ramachandra, T.V. (2011) Management of Municipal Solid Waste, p.2, Common

Wealth Publisher, New Delhi.

Ramachandra, T.V., Bachamanda, S. (2006) Environmental Audit of Municipal

Solid Waste Management (Report No.-112). Energy and Wetlands Research

Group, Centre for Ecological Sciences. Indian Institute of Science,

Bangalore. Retrieved from http://www.wgbis.ces.iisc.ernet.in

Ranalli, G., Bottura, G., Taddei, P., Garavani, M., Marchetti, R., Sorlini, C. (2001)

Composting of Solid and Sludge Residues from Agricultural and Food

Industries. Bioindicators of Monitoring and Compost Maturity. J. Environ.

Sci. Health .36 (4), 415–436.

References 152

Rao, S., Subba, Rao, A., Takkar, P.N. (1996) Changes in Different forms of

Potassium under Earthworm Activity. National Seminar on Organic Farming

and Sustainable Agriculture, India. 9-11.

Raphel, K., Velmourougane, K. (2010) Chemical and Microbiological Changes

during Vermicomposting of Coffee Pulp using Exotic (Eudrilus eugeniae)

and Native Earthworm (Perionyx ceylanesis) Species. Springer Sci. 22 (3),

497-507.

Ray, R.R., Karmakar, M. (2011) Current Trends in Research and Application of

Microbial Cellulases. Res. J. Microbiol. 6, 41-53.

Recycling Flowers Empowers Rural Women (2013, January 13). The Hindu.

Retrieved from www.thehindu.com

Reinecke, A.J., Venter, J.M. (1985) The Influence of Moisture on the Growth and

Reproduction of the Compost Worm Eisenia foetida (Oligochaeta). Rev.

Ecol. Biol. Sol. 22, 473-481.

Reinecke, A.J., Viljoen, S.A., Saayman, R.J. (1992) The Suitability of Eudrilus

eugeniae, Perionyx excavatus and Eisenia foetida (Oligochaeta) for

Vermicomposting in Southern Africa in terms of their Temperature

Requirements. Soil Biol. Biochem. 24, 1295–1307.

Rostami, R. (2011) Vermicomposting. In: Integrated Waste Management (Edited by

Kumar, S.), Retrieved from http://intechopen.com.

Rousu, P., Rousu, P., Anttila, J. (2002) Sustainable Pulp Production from Agricultural

Waste. Resour. Conser. Recycl. 35, 85–103.

Sailaja, D., Srilakshmi, P., Shehanaaz, H., Bharathi, L., Begum, A. (2013)

Preparation of Vermicompost from Temple Waste Flower. Int. J. Sci. Innov.

Discoveries. 3 (3), 367-375.

Sangwan, P., Kaushik, C.P., Garg, V.K. (2010) Vermicomposting of Sugar Industry

Waste (press mud) Mixed with Cow Dung Employing an Epigeic Earthworm

Eisenia foetida. Waste Manage. Resour. 28, 71–75.

References 153

Satchel, J.E., Martin, K. (1984) Phosphatase Activity in Earthworm Feaces. J. Soil

Biol. Biochem.16, 191-194.

Satchell, J.F., (1967) Lumbricidae. In: Soil Biology (Edited by Burges, A. and Raw,

F.), pp. 259-322, Academic Press, London.

Sawyer, C.N., McCarty, P.L. (1978) Chemistry for Environmental Engineering,

(3rded.) p.532, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.

Scheu, S. (1993) There is an Earthworm Mobilizable Nitrogen Pool in Soil.

Pedobiologia. 37, 243-249.

Scribner, B.W., Carson, F.T. (1953) Paper Testing. In: Manufacture and Testing of

Paper and Board (Edited by Stephenson, J. N.), pp.378, Mcgraw Hill, New

York.

Seadon, J.K. (2010) Sustainable Waste Management Systems. J. Clean. Prod. 18,

1649-1651.

Seenappa, S.N., Kale, R. (1993) Efficiency of Earthworm Eudrilus euginae in

Converting the Solid Wastes from the Aromatic Oil Extraction Units into

Vermicompost. J. IAEM. 22, 267–269.

Seenappa, S.N., Rao, J., Kale, R. (1995) Conversion of Distillery Wastes into

Organic Manure by Earthworm Eudrilus euginae. J. IAEM. 22 (1), 244-246.

Senapati, B.K. (1992) Vermitechnology: An Option for Recycling Cellulosic Waste

in India. In: New Trends in Biotechnology, p.347–358, Oxford and IBH

Publications, Calcutta.

Seth, R. S. (1990 a): Fibre Quality Factors in Papermaking - The Importance of

Fibre Length and Strength. Paper in Proceedings of Material Research

Society Symposium. San Francisco, 125-141.

Seth, R. S., Page, D. H. (1988): Fibre Properties and Tearing Resistance. TAPPI. 71

(2), 103-107.

Shadanpour, F., Mohammadi, Torkashvand A., Hashemi, Majd K. (2011) The Effect

of Cow Manure Vermicompost as the Planting Medium on the Growth of

Marigold. Ann. Biol. Res.2 (6), 109-115.

References 154

Shafiul A.A. and Mansoor A. (2004): Partnerships for Solid Waste Management in

Developing countries: Linking theories to realities. Habitat Int.28, 467-469

Sharma, B.K. (2005) Environmental Chemistry, p.1, Goel Publishing House, Meerut.

Sharpley, A.N., Syers, J.K. (1997) Earthworms and Vermicomposting to Waste

based Agriculture. Biol. Agric. Hort. 10, 47-52.

Shekdar, A.V. (1999) Municipal Solid Waste Management – The Indian Experience.

J. IAEM. 27, 100-108.

Sherman, R. (n.d.) Earthworm Casting as Plant Growth Media. Retrieved from

http://www.bae.ncsu.edu/topic/vermicomposting/vermiculture/castings.html

Shouche, S., Pandey, A., Bhati, P. (2011) Study about the Changes in Physical

Parameters during Vermicomposting of Floral Wastes. J. Environ. Res. Dev.6

(1), 63-68.

Sims, R.W., Gerard, B.M. (1985) Earthworms. Keys and Notes to the Identification

and Study of the Species. Synopsis of the British Fauna (New series).

Published for the Linnean Society of London and the Estuarine and Brackish

Water Sciences Association, London.171.

Singh, N.B., Khare, A.H., Bhargava, D.S., Bhattacharya, S. (2005) Effect of Initial

Substrate pH on Vermicomposting using Perionyx excavates. Appl. Ecol.

Environ. Resour. 4, 85-97.

Singh, P., Bajpai, U. (2012) Anaerobic Digestion of Flower Waste for Methane

Production: An Alternative Energy Source. Environ. Prog. Sustainable

Energy. 31(4), 637–641.

Singh, R., Pradhan, K. (1981) Determination of Nitrogen and Protein by Kjeldahl

Method. In: Forage Evaluation Science, p.23, Pvt. Publishers Ltd., New

Delhi.

Singh, Y. V., Singh, B.V., Pabbi, S., Singh, P.K. (2007) Impact of Organic Farming

on Yield and Quality of Basmati Rice and Soil Properties. Indian Agricultural

Research Institute. Retrieved from http://www. orgprints.org /9783/.

References 155

Singhal, S., Pandey, S. (2001) Solid Waste Management in India – Status and Future

Directions. TERI Information monitor on Environmental Science. 6 (1), 1-4.

Sinha, R.K. (1996) Vermiculture Biotechnology for Waste Management and Sustainable

Agriculture. In: Environmental Crisis and Human’s at Risk, p.233–240, INA

Shree Publication, Jaipur.

Sinha, R.K., Agarwal, S., Chauhan, K., Valani, D. (2010) The Wonders of

Earthworms and its Vermicompost in Farm Production: Charles Darwin’s

‘Friends of Farmers’, with Potential to Replace Destructive Chemical

Fertilizers from Agriculture. 1(2), 76-94.

Spiers, G.A., Gagnon, D., Nason, G.E., Packee, E.C., Lousier, J.D. (1986) Effects

and Importance of Indigenous Earthworms on Decomposition and Nutrient

Cycling in Coastal Forest Ecosystems. Can. J. Forest Resour. 16, 983–989.

Sreenivasan, E. (2013) Bioconversion of Industrial Wood Wastes into Vermicompost

by Utilizing African Night Crawlers (Eudrilus eugeniae). Int. J. Adv. Engg.

Technol. 19-20.

Status of Handmade Paper Industry in India. (n.d.). History of Handmade Paper.

Retrieved from http://www.knhpi.org.in

Subler, S., Edwards, C., Metzger, J. (1998) Comparing Vermicomposts and Composts.

Biocycle. 39, 63-66.

Suhane, R.K. (2007) Vermicompost (In Hindi); Publication of Rajendra Agriculture

University, Pusa, Bihar.88.

Suhane, R.K., Sinha, K., Singh, P. (2008) Vermicompost, Cattle-Dung Compost and

Chemical Fertilizers: Impacts on Yield of Wheat Crops. Communication of

Rajendra Agriculture University, Pusa, Bihar, India.325

Suthar, S. (2007) Nutrient Changes and Biodynamics of Epigeic Earthworm Perionyx

excavates (Perrier) during Recycling of some Agriculture Wastes. Bioresour.

Technol. 98(8), 1608–1614.

References 156

Suthar, S., Singh, S. (2008) Vermicomposting of Domestic Waste by using Two

Epigeic Earthworms (Perionyx excavatus and Perionyx sansibaricus). Int. J.

Environ. Sci. Technol. 5, 99–106.

Swapnavahini, K., Srinivas, T., Pinapathruni, L.K., Manjethi, S.K., Lakhshmi, T.

(2010) Feasibility Study of Anaerobic Digestion of Ocimum sanctum Leaf

Waste Generated from Sanctum sanctorum, Bioresour. Technol. 5 (1), 389-

396.

Tajbakhsh, J., Mohammadi Goltapeh, E., Varma, A. (2011) Vermicompost as a

Biological Soil Amendment. Soil Biol. 24,215-228

Tchobanoglous, G., Kreith, F. (2002) Handbook of Solid Waste Management, p.1.1,

McGraw Hill Publishing, New York.

Tejada, M., García-Martínez, M., Parrado, J. (2009) Effects of a Vermicompost

Composted with Beet Vinasse on Soil Properties, Soil Losses and Soil

Restoration. CATENA. 77(3), 238-247.

Teotia, S.P., Duley, F.L., McCalla, T.M. (1950) Effect of Stubble Mulching on

Number and Activity of Earthworms. Agricultural Experiment Research Station

Bulletin, University of Nebraska College of Agriculture, Lincoln, N.E. 165.

Thakur, I.S. (2006) Environmental Biotechnology, p.343, I.K. International Pvt.

Ltd., New Delhi.

Thanooja V.P. (2011) Sensitizing Women on Solid Waste Management through

Vermicomposting Technology (Doctoral dissertation). Available from

Shodhganga Thesis Database (Document ID10603/1462).

Tharmaraj, K., Ganesh, P., Kolanjinathan, K., Kumar, S. R., Anandan, A. (2011)

Influence of Vermicompost and Vermiwash on Physico Chemical Properties

of Rice Cultivated Soil. Curr. Bot. 2 (3), 18-21.

Tiwari, K.M., Pathak, A.N., Tiwari, S.P. (1980) Fertilizer Management in Cropping

System for increasing Efficiency. Fertilizer News. 25 (3), 3-20.

References 157

Tiwari, S.C., Tiwari, B.K., Mishra, R.R. (1989) Microbial Populations, Enzyme

Activities and Nitrogen–Phosphorous–Potassium Enrichment in Earthworm

Casts and in the Surrounding Soil of a Pineapple Plantation. Biol. Fert. Soils.

8, 178–182.

Tognetti, C., Laos, F., Mazzarino, M.J., Fernandez, H.M., Teresa, M. (2005)

Composting vs. Vermicomposting: A Comparison of End Product Quality.

Compost Sci. Util. 13, 6-13.

Tomati, V., Grappelli, A., Galli, E. (1983) Fertility Factors in Earthworm Humus.

Paper in Proceedings of International Symposium on Agriculture and

Environment: Prospects in Earthworm Farming, Rome. 49-56.

Tomati, V., Grappelli, A., Galli, E. (1987) The Presence of Growth Regulators in

Earthworm Worked Wastes. Paper Published in Proceeding of International

Symposium on Earthworms, Italy. 423-436.

Tomati, V., Grappelli, A., Galli, E. (1988) The Hormone like Effect of Earthworm

Casts on Plant Growth. Biol.Fert. Soils. 5, 288-294.

Ushakumari, K., Kumari, P., Padmaja, P. (1996) Seasonal Response of Bhendi to

Vermicompost/Vermiculture. Proceedings of National Seminar on Organic

Farming and Sustainable Agriculture, Bangalore, 42-43.

Van den Akker, J.A., Lathrop, A.L., Voelker, M.H., Dearth, L.R. (1958) Importance

of Fibre Strength to Sheet Strength. TAPPI. 41(8), 416.

Vankar, P.S., Sanker, R., Wijayapala, S. (2009) Utilization of Temple Waste

Flower-Tagetus erecta for Dyeing of Cotton, Wool, Silk on Industrial Scale.

J. Text. Apparel Technology Manage. 6(1), 1-15

Vasanthi, D., Kumaraswamy, K. (1996) Efficacy of Vermicompost on the Yield of

Rice and on Soil Fertility. Proceeding of National Seminar on Organic

Farming and Sustainable Agriculture. University of Agriculture Science,

GKVK, Bangalore.140.

References 158

Viswanathan, S. (2005) Hell to Heaven Proceeding of UGC Sponsored National

Seminar on Waste - Disposal, Management and Utilisation, Department of

Mechanical Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Annamalai

University, Annamalainagar, India. 20.

Volunteers Urge People not to Pollute Yamuna with Puja Items (2012, April 2).

Hindustan Times. Retrieved from www.hindustantimes.com

Walkley, A., Black, I.A. (1934) An Examination of the Degtjareff Method for

Determining Soil Organic Matter and Prepared Modification of the Chromic

Acid Titration Method. Soil Sci. 34, 29-38.

Werner, M., Cuevas, R. (1996) Vermiculture in Cuba. Biocycle. 37, 61-62.

White, S. (1997) A Vermi-Adventure in India. J. Worm Digest. 15 (1), 27-30.

With CIMAP Help, Flowers at Ajmer Dargah to Bring Jobs (2010, May 10). The

Indian Express. Retrieved from http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/

with-cimap-help-flowers-at-ajmer-dargah-to-bring-jobs/616548/

Worship with a green turnover (2010, July 16). Times of India. Retrived from

timesofindia.indiatimes.com

Yasir, M., Aslam, Z., Kim, S.W., Lee, S.W., Jeon, C.O., Chung, Y.R. (2009) Bacterial

Community Composition and Chitinase Gene Diversity of Vermicompost

with Antifungal Activity. Bioresour. Technol. 100, 4396-4403ssss

Yeboah, R. (2011) Waste Fabrics that can be Used to Produce Handmade Papers

When Combined with the Paper Mulberry Bark. Report on thesis submitted

to the School of Graduate Studies, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science

and Technology, Kumasi. Retrieved from http://www.dspace.knust.edu.gh

Zerbock O. (2003): Urban Solid Waste Management: Waste Reduction in

Developing Nations. Retrieved from http://www.cee.mtu.edu

Zhang, B., Shao, L. (2008) Enhancement of Anaerobic Biodegradability of Flower

Stem Wastes with Vegetable Wastes by Co-Hydrolysis. J. Environ. Sci. 20

(3), 297-303.