References
Abbott JA, Garry R. The surgical management of menorrhgia. Hum.
Reprod. Update 2002; 8 (I): 68-78.
ACOG. practice bulletin: Intrauterine device. Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet. 2005;
105:223-32.
ACOG practice bulletin : management of anovulatory bleeding . Int. J.
Gynaecol. Obstet . 2001; 72: 263- 271.
Ahmed A, Smith SK. Platelet-activating factor stimulates phospholipase C
activity in human endometrium. J. Cell Physiol. 1992; 152: 207-
214
Alecozay AA, Delon FD, Harper MJ et al. Platelet activating factor (PAF)
in human endometrium. Bio. Reprod. 1988; 38 (suppl. I): 78
Alecozay AA, Harper MJ, Schenken RS, et al. Paracrine interactions
between platelet activating factor and prostaglandins in hormonally
treated luteal phase endometrium. J. Reprod. Fertil. 1991; 91:301-
12.
Andersson K. The levonorgestrel intrauterine system: more than a
contraceptive. Eur. J. Contracept. Reprod. Health Care 2001; 6 (I):
15-22.
Andersson K, Batar I, Rybo G. Return to fertility after removal of a
levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device and Nova-T.
Contraception. 1992;46:575-584.
Andersson K, Odlind V, Rybo G. Levonorgestrel releasing and copper
releasing (Nova T) IUD's during five years of use: a randomized
comparative trial. Contraception 1994; 49: 56-72.
Andersson K, Ryde E, Lindell K, et al. Perforations with intrauterine
devices. Report from a Swedish survey. Contraception.
1998;57:251-255.
Andersson JK, Rybo G. Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device in
treatment ofmenorrhagia. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 1990; 97: 690-
694.
Archer D, Kovacs L, Landgren BM, et al. Implanon, a new single-rod
contraceptive implant; presentation of clinical data. Contraception
1998; 58: 75-115.
Archer DF, Viniegra A, Hsiu JG, et al. Endometrial histology, uterine
bleeding and metabolic changes in postmenopausal women using
progesterone releasing intrauterine device and oral conjugated
oestrogens for hormonal replacement therapy. Menopause 1994;
1:109-116.
Azam ME, Kamal MM, Wafa GA, et al. Treatment of menorrhagia with
intrauterine administration of levonorgestrel. Egypt. J. Fertil. Steril.
1998; 2 (2): 55-64.
Azziz R. Adenomyosis: current perspective. Obstet. Gynecol. Clin. North
Am. 1989; 16(1); 221-235
Backman T, Huhtala S, Luoto R, et al. Advance information improves user
satisfaction with the levonorgestrel intrauterine system. Obstet.
Gynecol. 2002;99:608-613.
Baldwin RM, Whalley PJ, Pritchard JA. Measurement of menstrual blood
loss. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1961: 81:739-42.
Barbosa I, Olsson SE, Odlind V, et al. Ovarian function after seven years
use of a levonorgestrel IUD. Adv. Contraception. 1995; 11: 85 –95.
Barrington JW, Bowen SP. The levonorgestrel intrauterine system in the
management of menorrhagia. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 1997; 104 (5):
614-6.
Baveja R, Bichille LK, Coyaji KJ, et al. Randomized clinical trial with
intrauterine devices (levonorgestrel intrauterine device (LNG), CuT
380Ag, CuT 220C and CuT 200B). A 36-month study. Indian
Council of Medical Research Task Force on IUD. Contraception.
1989;39:37-52.
Bayer S, De Cherney AH. Clinical manifestations and treatment of
dysfunctional uterine bleeding. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1993;
269:1823-8.
Bjork J, Smedegard G. Acute microvascular effects of PAF-acether, as
studied by intravital microscopy. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1983; 96: 87-94
Blesey EM. Vaginal bleeding patterns among women using one natural and
eight hormonal methods of contraception. Contraception 1988;
38:186-206.
Bonduella M, Walker JJ, Calder AA. A comparative study of danazol and
norethisterone in dysfunctional uteine bleeding presenting as
menorrhagia. Postgrad. Med. J. 1991; 67:833-6.
Bonnar J, Sheppard BL. Treatment of menorrhagia during menstruation:
randomized controlled trial of ethamsylate, mefenamic acid, and
tranexamic acid. Br. Med. J. 1996: 313:579-82.
Bonnar J, Sheppard BL, Dockeray CJ. The haemostatic system and
dysfunctional uterine bleeding. Res. Clin. Forum. 1983; 5: 27-36
Bouyer J, Rachou E, Germain E, et al. Risk factors for extrauterine
pregnancy in women using an intrauterine device. Fertil. Steril.
2000; 74: 899-908.
Brechin S, Cameron ST, Paterson AM, et al. Intrauterine polyps a cause of
unschedualed bleeding in women using Levonorgestrel intrauterine
system: Case report. Hum. Reprod. 2000; 15 (3):
650-2.
Bren L. Alternatives to hysterectomy: New Technologies, more
options.FDA Consum 2001;35:23-8. 30.
Brown PM, Farquhar CM, Lethaby A, et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis of
levonorgestrel intrauterine system and thermal balloon ablation for
heavy menstrual bleeding. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 2006; 113:797-
803.
Burhank F and Hutchins J. Uterine artery occlusion by remobilization or
surgery for treatment of fibroids: A unifying hypothesis transient
uterine ischemia. J. Am. Assoc. Gynecol. Laparosc. 2000: 4: SI-
S49.
Busfield RA, Farquhar CM, Sowter MC, et al. A randomised trial
comparing the levonorgestrel intrauterine system and thermal
balloon ablation for heavy menstrual bleeding. Br. J. Obstet
Gynaecol. 2006; 113:257-263.
Bussolat B, Dunk C, Grohman M, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor
receptor-1 modulates vascular endothelial growth factor mediated
angiogenesis via nitric oxide.Am. J. Pathol. 2001; 159:993-1008.
Butler WJ. Normal and abnonnal uterine bleeding. In: Thaompson JD,
Rock JD (Eds), Telind Operative Gynecology, 8th Edition,
Philadelphia : Lippincott Ravin publisher 1997; 453 -475.
Caliskan E, Ozturk N, Dilbaz BO, et al. Analysis of risk factors associated
with uterine perforation by intrauterine devices. Eur. J. Contracept.
Reprod. Health Care. 2003;8:150-155.
Cameron I, Davenport A, Brown J, et al. Ednothelin-1 stimulates
prostaglandin F2α release from human endometrium. Prostaglandins
1991; 42:155-7.
Cameron I, Davenport A, Papendorp VC. Endothelin-like
immunoreactivity in human endometrium. J. Reprod. Fertil. 1995;
95:623-8.
Cameron IT. Dysfunctional uterine bleeding and menorrhagia. Clin. Obstet.
Gynaecol. 1989; 3: 315-327.
Cameron IT. The levonorgestrel intraulerine system: the benefits of reduced
bleeding. Eur. J. Contracept. Reprod. Health Care 2001; 6 (I):27-32.
Cameron IT, Haining R, Lumbsden AJ et al. The effects of mefenamic acid
and norethisterone on measured menstrual blood loss. Obstet.
Gynecol. 1990; 96: 85-88.
Cameron IT, Leask R, Kelly RW. The effects of danazol, mefenamic acid,
norethisterone, and a progesterone impregnated coil on endometrial
prostaglandin concentrations in women with menorrhagia.
Prostaglandins 1987; 34:99-110.
Cameron IT. Menstrual disorders. In: Edmonds DK (ed), Dewhurst's Text
Book of Obstetrics and Gynaecol for Postgraduate. 6th Edition.
Scientific Publication, Oxford London 1999: 410-19.
Cameron IT, Norman JE. Endometrial biochemistry in menorrhagia.Porg.
Report. Med. 1995: 2: 267-79
Campagnoli C, Lesca L, peris C. Long term hormone replacement treatment
in menopause. Lancet 1993 ; 18 (1): 21-46.
Camussi G, Aglietia M, Malavas F. The release of platelet- activating factor
from human endothelial cells in culture. J. Immunol. 1983; 131:
2397-2403
Carter CF. Endometrial ablation: more choices, more options. Hum.
Reprod. 2005; 30:35-40.
Casey M L, Hemsell D L, MacDonald P C, et al. NAD+dependent 15-
hydroxy-prostaglandin dehydrogenase activity in human
endometrium. Prostaglandins 1980; 19:115-122
Celik H, Sapmaz E. Use of a single preoperative dose of misoprostol is
efficacious patients who undergo abdominal myomectomy. Fertil.
Steril. 2003; 79(5): 1207-10.
Chapman DR, Key SM, Ryam JM. Uterine artery embolization for the
treatment of symptomatic fibroid disease. Applied Radiology 2001;
11-17.
Charnock JD, Sharkey AM, Rajpu J, et al. Identification and localization of alternately spliced mRNAs for vascular endothelial growth factor in human uterus and estrogen regulation in endometrial carcinoma cell lines. Biol. Reprod. 1993; 48:1120-28.
Cheng, L, Kelly RW, Thong KJ et al. The effects of mifepristone (RU 486) on prostaglandin dehydrogenase in decidual and chorionic tissue in early pregnancy. Hum. Reprod. 1993; 8:705-509.
Chimbira TH, Anderson AB, Turnbull AC. Relation between measured loss and the patient's subjective assessment of loss, duration of bleeding, number of sanitary towels used, uterine weight and endomerrial surface area. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 1980a; 87: 603-609
Chimbira TH, Anderson AB, Naish C, et al. Reduction of menstrual blood loss by danazol in unexplained menorrhagia: lack of effect of placebo. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 1980b; 87:1152-8.
Chrisman C, Ribeiro P, Dalton VK.The levonorgestril releasing intrauterine system:An updated review of the contraceptive and noncontraceptive uses.Clin. Obstet. Gynecol. 2007;50(4):886-
897.
Christiaens GC, Sixma JJ, Haspels AA. Hemostasis in menstrual endometrium: a review. Obstet. Gynecol. Survey 1982; 37:281.
Christiaens GC, Sixma JJ, Haspels AA. Morphology of haemostasis in menstrual endometrium. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 1980; 87: 425-430
Christiaens GC, Sixma JJ, Haspels AA. Fibrin and platelets in menstrual discharge before and after the insertion of an intra-uterine contraceptive device. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1981; 140: 793-798.
Clarke A, Black N, Rowe P, et al. Indications for and outcome of total abdominal hysterectomy for benign disease: A prospective cohort study. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 1995; 102:611-20.
Cohen I. Levonorgestrel releasing intrauterine device. Lancet 2001; 357:
801-805.
Cohen MA. Anaemia and menstrual blood loss. Obstet. Gynecol. Surv.
1980; 35: 597-601.
Coleman M. Me Cowen L, Farquhar C. The levonorgestrel releasing
intrauterine device: a wider role than contraception. Am. J. Obstet.
Gynecol. 1997:37 (2): 195-201.
Cole SK, Billewicz WZ, Thomson AM. Sources of variation in menstrual
blood loss. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Br. Commonw 1971; 78: 933-939.
Collaborative Group on hormonal factors in Breast cancer. Breast cancer
and hormonal contraceptives: collaborative reanalysis of individual
data on 53,297 women with breast cancer and 100,293 women
without from 54 epidemiological studies. Lancet 1996; 347:1713-
1727.
Cooke I, Lethaby A, Farquhar C. Antifibrinolytics for heavy
menstrual bleeding (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library,Issue
4, 2000. Oxford: Update Software.
Cooper JM, Erickson ML. Global endometrial ablation technologies.
Obstet. Gynecol. Clin. North Am. 2000; 27:385-96.
Cooper KG, Parkin DE, Garnet AM, et al. Two-year follow up of women
randomized to medical management or transcervical resection of the
endometrim for heavy menstrual loss: clinical and quality of life
outcomes. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol 1999; 106:258-65.
Coulter A, Broadlow J, Agass M, et al. Outcomes of referrals to
gynaecology out-patient clinics for menstrual problems: An audit of
general practice records. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 1991; 98:789-96.
Coulter A. Prevalence and epidemiology of dysfunctional uterine bleeding.
In: Smith SK (ed) Dysfunctional uterine bleeding. London: Royal
Society of Medicine Press, 1994; 2-5.
Critchley HO, Wang H, Jones RL, et al. Morphological and functional
features of endometrial decidualization following long term
intrauterine levonorgestrel delivery. Hum. Reprod. 1998; 13: 1218-
1224.
Crosignani PG, Rubin B. Dysfunctional uterine bleeding. Hum Reprod
1990; 5:637-8.
Cunningham FG, Leveno KJ, Bloom SL, et al. Maternal anatomy,
Williams Obstetrics 22nd Edition, New York: McGraw- Hill 2005;
23.
Davey DA. Dysfunctional uterine bleeding. In: Whitfeild CR (ed)
Dewhurst's Text Book of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 5th Edition,
London: Blackwell science 1995; 590-608.
Davie J. New hormone delivery systems. Diplomate 1996; 3 (3): 184- 190.
Davis GK, Chapman (Eds). The menstrual cycle: the physiology of the
endometrium in: Scientific foundation of Obstet. and Gynaecol. 4th
edition, London: Butterwroth-Heinemam LTD 1992; 186-199.
DeLancey JL. Surgical anatomy of female pelvis. In: Rock JA and Jones
H.W, Eds. TE Linde's Operative Gynecology, 9th edition, Lippincott
Williams of willins, Philadelphia 2003; 69-102.
De Ziegler D, Bessis R, Frydman R. Vascular resistance of uterine arteries:
physiological effects of estradiol and progesterone. Fertil. Steril.
1991:55:775-9.
Diaz S, Pavez M, Cardenas H, et al. Recovery of fertility and outcome of
planned pregnancies after the removal of Norplant subdermal
implants or Copper-T IUDs. Contraception. 1987;35:569-579.
Dicker RC, Greenspan JR, Strauss LT, et al. Complications of abdominal
and vaginal hysterectomy among women of reproductive age in the
United States. A Collaborative Review of Sterilization. Am. J.
Obstet. Gynecol.1982; 144:841-8.
Doherty LB, Harper A, Russell M. Menorrhagia management options.
Fertil. Steril. 1995; 64:64-71.
Doll H, Vessey M, Painter R. Return of fertility in nulliparous women after
discontinuation of the intrauterine device: comparison with women
discontinuing other methods of contraception. Br. J. Obstet.
Gynaecol. 2001;108:304-314.
Downie J, Poyser N L, Wunderlich M. Levels of prostaglandins in human
endometrium during the normal menstrual cycle. J. Physiol. 1974;
236: 465-472
Drudy L, Sheppard BL, Bonnar J. Histamine concentration in plasma of
menstrual and peripheral blood in patients with normal menstrual
blood loss and in dysfunctional uterine bleeding.Br. J. Obstet.
Gynaecol. 1994; 14:435-7.
Duenas JL, Albert A, Carrasco F. Intrauterine contraception in nulligravid
vs parous women.Contraception. 1996;53:23-24.
Economos K, MacDonals PC, Casey ML. Endothelin-1 gene expression and
protein biosynthesis in human endometrium: potential modulator of
endometrial blood flow. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1992:74:14.
Edwards JE, Moore A. Implanon: a review of clinical studies. Br. J. fam.
Plan. 1999; 24: 3-16.
El-Makhzangy IM, Hegab HM, Galal HM, et al. The effect of rectal
misoprostol on menstrual blood loss in menorrhagia. Egypt. J. Fertil.
Steril. 2003; 7(3): 55-61.
Erian J. Endometrial ablation in the treatment of menorrhagia. Br. J. Obstet.
Gynaecol. 1994; 101(suppl II): 19-22.
Eroglu K, Akkuzu G, Vural G, et al. Comparison of efficacy and
complications of IUD insertion in immediate postplacental/early
postpartum period with interval period: 1 year follow-up.
Contraception. 2006;74:376-381.
Farley TM, Rosenberg MJ, Rowe PJ, et al. Intrauterine devices and pelvic
inflammatory disease: an international perspective. Lancet.
1992;339:785-788.
Farquhaw C. Management of dysfunctional uterine bleeding. Drugs 1992;
44:578-89.
Farrer BG, Beilby J, Tarbit M. Venous changes in the endometrium of
myomatous uteri. Obstet. Gynecol. 1971; 38:743- 51.
Fedele L, Bianchi S, Raftaelli R, et al. Treatment of adynomyosis
associated menorrhagia with a levonorgestrel releasing intrauterine
device. Fertil. Steril. 1997; 68: 426-29.
Fedele L, Bianchi S, Zanconato G, et al. Use of a levonorgestrel releasing
intrauterine device in the treatment of rectovaginal endometriosis.
Fertil. Steril. 2001;75:485-488.
Fedorkow DM, Corenblum B, Shaffer EA. The use of gonadotrophin
releasing analog and transdermal estrogen to preserve fertility in
women with menorrhagia. Fertil. Steril. 1989; 52:512-3.
Floridon C, Lund N, Thomsen SG. Alternative treatment for symptomatic
fibroids. Curr. Opin. Obstet. Gynecol. 2001; 13:491 -5.
Fraser IS. Menorrhagia: a pragmatic approach to the understanding of
causes and the need for investigations. Br. J.Obstet. Gynaecol. 1994;
101, suppl.11,3-7.
Fraser IS. Hysteroscopy and laparoscopy in women with menorrhagia. Am.
J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1992; 162; 1264-1269.
Fraser IS. Treatment of ovulatory and anovulatory dysfunctional uterine
bleeding with oral progestogens. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol.
1990,30:352-6.
Fraser IS. The dysfunctional uterus : dysmenorrhoea and dysfunctional
uterine bleeding. In: Shearman RP (ed) clinical reproductive
endocrinology. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1985: 578-598.
Fraser IS, Baird DT. Blood production and ovarian secretion of estradiol-
17β and estrone in women with dysfunctional uterine bleeding. J.
Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1974; 39: 564-570.
Fraser IS, Hickey M, Song Y. A comparison of mechanisms underlying
disturbances of bleeding due to spontaneous dysfunctional uterine
bleeding and to hormonal contraception. Hum. Reprod. 1996; 11
(suppl 2): 165-178.
Fraser IS, McCarron G. Randomized trial of 2 hormonal and 2
prostaglandin inhibiting agents in women with a complaint of
menorrhagia. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 1991; 31:66-70.
Fraser IS, McCarron G, Markham RA. Preliminary study of the factors
influencing perception of menstrual blood loss volume. Am. J.
Obstet. Gynecol. 1984; 149: 788-793.
Fraser IS, McCarron G, Markham R, et al. Blood and total fluid content of
menstrual discharge. Obstet. Gynecol. 1985; 65: 194-198.
French R, Van VH, Cowan F, et al. Hormonally impregnated intrauterine
systems versus other forms of reversible contraceptives as effective
methods of preventing pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
2004:CD001776.
Friedman AJ, Harrison Atlas D, Barbieri RL, et al. A randomized, placebo
controlled, double blind study,evaluating the efficacy of leuprolide
acetate depot in treatment of uterine leiomyomata. Fertil. Steril.
1989; 51:251.
Galle PC, McRae MA. Abnormal uterine bleeding. Postgrad. Med.
1993,93:73-76.
Gambrell RD. Progestogens in oestrogen replacement therapy. Clin. Obstet.
Gynecol. 1995; 38: 890-901.
Gannon MJ, Day P, Hammadieh N, et al. A new method for measuring
menstrual blood loss and its use in screening women before
endometrial ablation. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 1996; 103 (10):1029-
33.
Gardner FJ, Konje JC, Abrams KR, et al. Endometrial protection from
tamoxifen stimulated changes by a levonorgestrel releasing
intrauterine system: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet.
2000,356:1711- 1717.
Garry R. Good practice with endometrial ablation. Obstet. Gynecol.1995;
85:144-51.
Garry R, Khair A, Mooney P et al. A comparison of goserlin and danazol as
endometrial thinning agents prior to endometrial laser ablation. Br.
J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 1996; 103:339-44.
Garry R and Phillips G. How safe is the laparoscopic approach to
hystetectomy? Gynaecol. Endosc.1995; 4:77-9.
Gonzalez D, Alvarez RB, Ochoa EP. Treatment of uterine leiomyomas with
luteinizing hormone releasing hormone antagonist Cetrorelix. Hum.
Reprod. 1997; 12:2028-35.
Gosling RG. Extraction of physiological information from spectrum
analysed doppler shifted continuous wave ultrasound signals
obtained noninvasively from the arterial tree. In Hill DW and
Watson BW (eds). Medial Electronic Monographs 13-22 Peter
Peregrinus, London 1979:73-125.
Graff IS, Tonstad S. Use of progestogen only contraceptives medications
and lipid parameters in women age 40 to 42 years; results of a
population based cross sectional Norwegian Survey.Contraception.
2002;66:7.
Graubert MD, Ortega MA, Kessel B, et al. Vascular repair after
menstruation involves regulation of vascular endothelial growth
factor receptor phosphorylation. Am. J. Patho.l 2001; 158:1399-410.
Grimes DA. Intrauterine device and upper genital tract infection. Lancet.
2000;356:1013-1019.
Grimes DA, Schulz KF. Antibiotic prophylaxis for intrauterine
contraceptive device insertion. Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
2001:CD001327.
Grimes D, Schulz K, Stanwood N. Immediate postabortal insertion of
intrauterine devices. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004:CD001777.
Grimes D, Schulz K, Van Vliet H, et al. Immediate post-partum insertion of
intrauterine devices. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003:CD003036.
Grimes DA, Schulz KF. Prophylactic antibiotics for intrauterine device
insertion: A metaanalysis of the randomized controlled trials.
Contraception 1999; 60: 57-63.
Grunfeld L. The uterus and endometrium, vaginal ultrasonography for
practicing clinician. Clin. Obstet. Gynecol. 1996; 39:175-187.
Guillebaud J. Intrauterine contraception-what now and what next? Eur. J.
Contracept. health care 2001; 1:11-14.
Gu Z, Zhu P, Luo H, et al. A morphometric study on the endometrial
activity of women before and after one year with levonorgestrel
intrauterine system in situ. Contraception 1995; 52 (I): 57-61.
Hagenfeldt K, Landgren BM, Edstrom K, et al. Biochemical and
morphological changes in the human endometrium induced by the
progestassert device. Contraception 1977; 16: 183-197.
Hallberg L. Hogdahl A, Nilsson L, et al. Menstrual blood loss: a population
study. Acta. Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 1966; 45: 320-351.
Hallberg L, Nilsson JL. Determination of menstrual blood loss. Scand. J.
Clin. Lab. Invest. 1964; 16:244-8.
Hart R, Magos A. The alternatives to hysterectomy. Clin. Obstet. Gynecol.
1999; 13:271-90.
Haspels AA. Emergency Contraception: a review. Contraception 1994;
90: 203-209.
HTAC. Surgical alternatives to hysterectomy for abnormal uterine bleeding.
Minnesota Health Technology Advisory Committee: 2000 June.
Available at: http://www.health.state.mn.us/htac/sah. htm.
Henzl MR, Corson SL, Moghissi K. Adminstration of nasal nafarelin as
compared to oral danazol for endometriosis. N. Eng. J. Med
1988;318:485-9.
Higham JM, O’Brien PM, Shaw RW. Assessment of menstrual blood loss
using a pictorial chart. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 1990; 97:734-9.
Higham JM, Shaw RW. A comparative study of danazol, a regimen of
decreasing doses of danazol, and norethindrone in the treatment of
objectively proven unexplained menorrhagia. Am. J. Obstet.
Gynecol. 1993- 169:1134-9.
Hildlebaugh DA. Cost and quality-of-life issues associated with different
surgical therapies for the treatment of abnormal uterine bleeding.
Obstet. Gynecol. Clin. North Am.2000; 27:451-65.
Hofmann GE, Scott JR, Bergh PA, et al. Immuno histochemical
localization of epidermal growth factor in human endometrium,
Decidua and Placenta. J. Clin. Endocrin. Metab. 1991; 73:882.
Hov GG, Skjeldestad FE, Hilstad T. Use of IUD and subsequent fertility
follow up after participation in a randomized clinical trial.
Contraception. 2007;75:88-92.
Hubacher D, Lara R, Taylor DJ, et al. Use of copper intrauterine devices
and the risk of tubal infertility among nulligravid women. N. Eng. J.
Med. 2001;345:561-567.
Hurk P, O' Brien S. Non contraceptive use of levonorgestrel-reIeasing
intrauterine system . Hum. Reprod. 1999; 1: 14- 19.
Hurskainen R, Paavonen J. Levonorgestrel releasing intrauterine system in
the treatment of heavy menstrual bleeding. Curr. Opin. Obstet.
Gynecol. 2004; 16:487-490.
Hurskainen R, Salmi A, Paavonen J. et al. Expression of sex steroid
receptors and Ki-67 in the endometria of menorrhagic women:
effects of intrauterine Levonorgestrel. Mol. Hum. Reprod.
2000;11:1013-8.
Hurskainen R, Teperi J, Paavomen J, et al. Menorrhagia and uterine artery
blood flow. Hum. Reprod. 1999; 14(1): 186-9.
Hurskainen R, Teperi J, Rissanen P, et al. Quality of life and cost-
effectiveness of levonorgestrel releasing intrauterine system versus
hysterectomy for treatment of menorrhagia: a randomised trial.
Lancet. 2001;357:273-277.
Ignar TD, Nelson KG, Bidwell MC, et al. Coupling of dual signaling
pathways: epidermal growth factor action involves the estrogen
receptor. Clin. Obstet. Gynecol. 1992; 89: 658-662.
Irvine GA, Campbell BM, Lumsden MA. Randomised comparative trial of
the levonorgestrel intrauterine system and norethisterone for
treatment of idiopathic menorrhagia. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 1998;
105:592-8.
Janssen CAH, Scholten PC and Heintz PM. Reconsidering menorrhagia in
gynaecological practice. Is a 30 year old definition still valid? Eur. J.
Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol.1998;78:69-72.
Janssen CA, Scholten PC, Heintz AP. A simple visual assessment
technique to discriminate between menorrhagia and normal
menstrual blood loss.Clin. Obstet. Gynecol. 1995; 85:977-82.
Jarvella I, Tekay A, Jouppila P. The effect of a Levonorgestrel releasing
intrauterine system on uterine artery blood flow, hormone
concentrations and ovarian cyst formation in fertile women. Hum.
Reprod. l998; 12: 3379-83.
Jones K, Georgiou M, Hayatt D,et al. Endometrial adenocarcinoma
following the insertion of a Mirena IUCD Gynecol. Oncol.
2002;87:216-218.
Jones RL, Salamonsen LA, Critchly HO, et al. Inhibin and activin subunits
are differentially expressed in endometrial cells and leukocytes
during the menstrual cycle, in early pregnancy and in women using
progestin-only contraception. Mol. Hum. Reprod. 2000; (12): 1107-
17.
Julia O, Hilary C. Menorrhagia mechanisms and targeted therapies. Curr.
Opin. Obstet. Gynecol. 2005; 17(4):411-8.
Kammercr DN, Rogers RG. Endometrial ablation: electrocautery and laser
techniques. Clin. Obstet. Gynecol.2000; 43:561-74.
Kasonde JM. Effect of ethamsylate and aminocaproic acid on menstrual
blood loss in women using intrauterine devices. Br. Med. J. 1975; iv:
21-2.
Kaunitz AM. Injectable depot medroxyprogesterone acetate
contraception: an update for U.S. clinicians. Contraception. 1998;
43:73-83.
Kelleher C, Braude P. Recent Advances in Gynaecology. Br. Med. J. 1999;
319(7211):689-92.
Kooy J, Taylor N, Healy D. Ednothelial cell proliferation in the
endometrium of women with menorrhagia and in women following
endometrial ablation. Hum. Reprod. 1996; 11:1067-72.
Kovac SR, Christie SJ, Bindbeutel GA. Abdominal versus vaginal
hysterectomy: a statistical model for determining physician decision
making and patient outcome. Med. Decis. Making 1991; 11:19-28.
Lahteenmaki P, Rauramo I, Backman T. The levonorgestrel intrauterine
system in contraception. Clin. Obstet. Gynecol . 2000;65:693-697.
Lalonade A. Evaluation of surgical options in menorrhagia. Br. J. Obstet.
Gynaecol. 1994; 101, suppl.ll, 8-14.
Landstrom G, Wallin A, Landmark K, et al. The action of vasoconstrictive
agents on human tubal arteries. Hum. Reprod. 1999; 14:151-5.
Lethaby A, Augood C, Duchitt K. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for
heavy menstrual bleeding (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane
Library 2000a, Issue 4. Oxford: Update Software.
Lethaby AE, Cooke I, Rees M. Progesterone or progestogen-releasing
intrauterine systems for heavy menstrual bleeding. Cochrane
Database Syst Rev. 2005-.CD002126.
Lethaby A, Irvine G, Cameron I. Cyclical progestogens for heavy
menstrual bleeding (Cochrane Review). In the Cochrane Library,
1999 .Oxford, Update software.
Lethaby A, Shepperd S, Cooke I, Farquhar C. Endometrial resection and
ablation versus hysterectomy for heavy menstrual bleeding
(Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library 2000d, Issue 4. Oxford:
Update Software.
Liddell H. Menorrhagia. Hum. Reprod. 1993 ; 106 :255-7.
Livio M, Mannvcci PM, Vigauo G, et al. Conjugated estrogens for the
anagement of bleeding associated with renal failure. New Eng. J.
Med. 1986; 315:73.
Lockhat FB, Emembolu JO, Konje JC. The efficacy, side-effects and
continuation rates in women with symptomatic endometriosis
undergoing treatment with an intra uterine administered progestogen
(levonorgestrel): a 3 year follow-up. Hum. Reprod. 2005;20:789-
793.
Ludwig J C, Hoppens C L, McManus L M. Modulation of platelet-
activating factor (PAF)synthesis and release from human
polymorphonuclear leukocytes: role of extracellular albumin. Arch.
Biochem. Biophys. 1985; 241: 337-347
Lumsden M, Smith S. Menstruation and menstrual abnormalities. In:Shaw
RW, Soutter WP and Stanton SL (Eds), Text book of Gynecology;
1st edition. Churchill Livingstone 1992; 159.
Luukkainen T, Allonen H, Haukkamaa M, et al. Effective contraception
with the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device: 12 month
report of The European multicenter study. Contraception.
1987;36:169-179.
Luukkainen T, Pakarinen P, Toivonen J. Progestin releasing intrauterine
systems. Semin. Reprod. Med. 2001; 4: 355-65.
Machan L, Martin M. Uterine artery embolization to treat uterine fibroids.
Can. Assoc. Radiol. J. 2001; 52:183-7.
Magos AL. Management of menorrhagia Br. Med. J. 1990; 300: 1537-8.
Maia H, Maltez A, Coelho G, et al. Insertion of mirena after endometrial
resection in patients with adenomyosis. J. Am. Assoc. Gynecol.
Laparosc. 2003;10:512-516.
Marbaix R. Vekemans M, Galant C. el al. Circulating sex hormones and
endometrial stromelysin-1 at the start of bleeding episodes in
Levonorgestrel implant users. Hum. Reprod. 2000 suppi 3:120-34.
March CM. Bleeding problems and treatment. Clin. Obstet. Gynecol.1998 ;
41(4):928- 939.
Markee JE. Menstruation in intraocular endometrial transplants in the
rhesus monkey. Hum. Reprod. 1940; 28:219-308.
Marshall JK, Hunt RH. Hormonal therapy for bleeding gastrointestinal
mucosal vascular abnormalities: a promising alternative. Eur. J.
Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 1997; 9:521-5.
McKone E, Sheppard BL, Bonnar J. Uterine histology and menstrual blood
loss. Irish. J. Med. Sci. 1991; 160:359-60.
Meyer WR, Walsh BW, Grainger DA, et al. Thermal balloon and rollerball
ablation to treat menorrhagia: a multicenter comparison. Obstet.
Gynecol. 1998;92:98-103.
Miller RM, Frank RA. Zoladex (Goserelin) in the treatment of benign
gynecological disorders: an overview of safety and efficacy. Br. J.
Obstet. Gynaecol. 1992; 99: 37-41.
Milne SA, Jabbour HN. Prostaglandin F2α receptor expression and
signaling in human endometrium: role of PGF2α in epithelial cell
proliferation. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2003; 88 (4): 1825-32.
Mishell DR. Noncontraceptive helath benefits of oral steroidal
contraceptives. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1982; 142:809-816.
Mohllajee AP, Curtis KM, Peterson HB. Does insertion and use of an
intrauterine device increase the risk of pelvic inflammatory disease
among women with sexually transmitted infection? A systematic
review. Contraception. 2006;73:145-153.
Momtaz M, Zayed M, Rashid K. Doppler study of the uterine artery in
patients using an intrauterine contraceptive device. Ultrasound bstet.
Gynecol. 1994; 4:231-4.
Montz FJ, Bristow RE, Bovicelli A, et al. Intrauterine progesterone
treatment of early endometrial cancer. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol.
2002,186:651-657.
Munro MG. Medical management of abnormal uterine bleeding. Obstet.
Gyaecol. Clin. North Am. 2000; 27:287-304.
Murphy AA, Kettel LM, Morales AJ. Regression of uterine leiomyoma in
response to anti-progesterone Ru 486. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.
1993; 76:513-7.
Ndumbe FM, Husemeyer RP. Endometrial adenocarcinoma in association
with a levonorgestrel releasing intrauterine system (Mirena). J. Fam.
Plann. Reprod. Health Care. 2006;32:113-114.
Need JA, Forbes KL, Milazzo L, et al. Danazol in the treatment of
menorrhagia: the effect of a 1 month induction dose (200mg) and 2
month's maintenance therapy (200 mg, 100 mg, 50 mg or placebo).
Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 1992; 32:346-52.
Neven P, De Muylder X, Van Belle Y, et al. Tamoxifen and the uterus. Br.
Med. J. 1994; 309: 1313-1314.
Nilsson CG, Lahteenmaki PL, and Luukkainen T. Sustained intrauterine
release of levonorgestrel over five years. Fertil. Steril. 1986; 45:
805-807
Nilsson L, Rybo G. Treatment of menorrhagia. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol.
1971; 110:713-720.
Nitu-Whalley IC, Lee CA Acquired von willebrand's syndrome report of 10
cases and review of the literature. Haemophilia 1999; 5:318-26.
Ojutiku D, Cutner A, Rymer J. Ectopic pregnancy with levonorgestrel
releasing intrauterine system. Br. J. Fam. Plan. 1998; 24 (2): 85-6.
Pakarinen P, Toivonen J, Luukkainen T. Therapeutic use of the
levonorgestrel intrauterine system, and counseling . Semin. Reprod.
Med. 2001, (4): 367-72.
Perino A, Quartararo P, Catinella E, et al. Treatment of endometrial
hyperplasia with levonorgestrel releasing intrauterine devices. Acta.
Eur. Fertil. 1987; 18:137-140.
Petrucco OM, Fraser IS. The potential for the use of GnRH agonist for
treatment of dysfunctional uterine bleeding. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol.
1992; Suppi 7:34-6.
Petta CA, Ferriani RA, Abrao MS, et al. Randomized clinical trial of a
levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system and a depot GnRH
analogue for the treatment of chronic pelvic pain in women with
endometriosis. Hum. Reprod. 2005;20:1993-1998.
Pickles VR, Hall WJ, Best FA, et al. Prostaglandins in endomerrium and
menstrual fluid from normal and dysmenorrhoeic subjects. J. Obstet.
Gynaecol. Br. Commonw 1965; 72: 185-192.
Prentice A . Medical management of menorrhagia. Br. Med. J. 1999 ;
319:1343-5.
Preston JT, Cameron IT, Adams EJ, et al. Comparative study of
tranexamic acid and norethisterone in the treatment of ovularory
menorrhagia. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 1995; 102; 401-406.
Quinn M, Neale BJ, Fortune DW. Endometrial carcinoma in pre-
menopausal women: a clinicopathological study. Gynecol. Oncol.
1985; 20: 298-306.
Radesie B, Sharma A. Levonorgestrel releasing intrauterine system for
treating menstrual disorders: a patient satisfactoion questionnaire.
Br. J. Obstet Gynaecol 2004; 44 (3): 247-51.
Rankin GLS, Veall N, Huntsman RG, et al. Measurement with chromium
of red cell loss in menorrhagia. Lancet 1962; 1:567-9.
Raudaskosi TH, Tomas EI, Paakkari IA, et al. Serum lipids and
lipoproteins in post-menopausal women receiving transdermal
oestrogen in combination with a Levonorgestrel releasing
intrauterine device. Maturitas 1995; 22: 47-53.
Rees MC, Anderson AB, Demers LM, et al. Endometrial and myometrial
prostaglandin release during the menstrual cycle in relation to
menstrual blood loss. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1984; 58:813-8.
Rees MC, Parry DM, Anderson AB, et al. Immunohistochemical
localization of cyclooxygenase in the human uterus. Prostaglandins
1982; 23: 207-214.
Reid PC, Coker A, Coltart R. Assessment of menstrual blood loss using a
pictorial chart: a validation study. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 2000;
107:320-2.
Rock G, Adamkiemcz T, Blanchette V. Acquired von willebrand's factor
deficiency during high-dose infusion of recombinant factor VIII. Br.
J. Haematol. 1996; 93:684-7.
Rodgers GM and Bithell TC. Disorders of hemostasis and coagulation. In:
Lee. GR, Foerster J, Lukens J, Paraskevas F, Greer JP, Rodgers GM
(eds), Clinical Hematology, 10th edition, Williams and Wilkins,
Awaverly company 1999; 1694.
Rogers PA, Lederman F, Taylor N. Endometrial microvascular growth in
normal and dysfunctional states. Hum. Reprod. 1998; 4:503-8.
Rogovskaya S, Rivera R, Grimes DA, et al. Effect of a levonorgestrel
intrauterine system on women with type 1 diabetes: a randomized
trial. Obstet. Gynecol. 2005;105:811-815.
Ronnerdag M, Odlind V. Health effects of long term use of intrauterine
Levonorgestrel releasing system. A follow up study over 12 years of
continuous use. Acta. Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 1999; 78: 716-721 .
Rose EH, Aledort LM. Nasal spray desmopression for mild haemophilia and
von willbrand disease. Am. Intern. Med. 1991;114:563.
Rosenberg MJ, Foldesy R, Nishell J, et al. Performance of the Tcu 380A
and Cu-fix lUD's in an international randomized trial. Contraception
1996; 53: 197.
Scarselli G, Tantini C, Colafranceschi M, et al. Levonorgestrel IUCD and
precancerous lesions of the endometrium. Eur. J. Gynaecol. Oncol.
1988;9:284-286.
Sculpher MJ, Dwyer N, Byford S. Randomised trial comparing
hysterectomy and transcervical endometrial resection: effect on
health related quality of life and costs two years after surgery Br. J.
Obstet. Gynaecol. 1996; 103: 142-9.
Senior J, Sangha R, Baxter GS, et al. In vitro characterisation of prostanoid
FP, DP, IP and TP receptors on the non-pregnant human
myometrium. Br. J. Pharmacol. 1992; 107:215- 21.
Sharkey AM, Day K, McPherson A. et al. Vascular endothelial growth
factor expression in human endometrium is regulated by hypoxia. J.
Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2000; 85:402-9.
Sharma SC, Sheppard BL, Bonnar J. Relationship of menstrual blood
loss with uterine 6-keto- PGF1 and TXB2 levels in women
with normal and dysfunctional uterine bleeding. Irish. J. Med. Sci.
1990; 159: 57.
Sharma SC, Sheppard BL, Bonnar J. Endometrial tissue levels of PGE2
and PGF2 metabolites in women with normal menstruation and
dysfunctional uterine bleeding. Irish. J. Med. Sci. 1990; 159; 152.
Shaw RW. Assessment of medical treatments for menorrhagia: Introduction.
Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 1994; 101 :15-8.
Shaw RW, Fraser HM. Use of a superactive luteinizing hormone releasing
hormone agonist in the treatment of menorrhagia. Br. J. Obstet.
Gynaecol. 1984; 91:913-6.
Shaw ST, Maeaulay LK. Morphologic studies on lUCD induced
metrorrhagia . Surface changes of the endometrium and microscopic
localization of bleeding sites. Contraception 1979; 19(1): 63-81.
Sheppard BL. The Pathology of dysfunctional uterine bleeding. Clin.
Obstet. Gynecol. 1984; 11:227-38.
Sheppard BL, Dockeray CJ, Bonnar J. An ultrastructural study of
menstrual blood in normal menstruation and dysfunctional uterine
bleeding. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 1983; 90: 259-265.
Shoupe D, Meme D, Mezro G, et al. Prevention of intrauterine hyperplasia
in postmenopausal women with intrauterine progesterone.N. Engl. J.
Med. 1991; 325: 1811-1821.
Sheth SS and Allahbadia GN. Diagnosis of dysfunctional uterine bleeding.
In: Sheth SS and Sutton CJ (Eds). Menorrhagia,1st edition, Isis
Medical Media 1999; 23-43.
Singer A, Ikomi A. Successful treatment of fibroids using an intrauterine
progesterone device. Acta. Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 1994; 75: 124-
130.
Sivin I and Stern J. Health during prolonged use of levonorgestrel 20
micrograms/ day, and the copper T-cu 380 Ag intrauterine
contraceptive devices: a multicentre study. International Committee
for Contraception Research. Fertil. Steril. 1994; 61: 70-77.
Sivin I, Stern J, Diaz J, et al. Two years of intrauterine contraception with
levonorgestrel and with copper: a randomized comparison of the T-
Cu 380 Ag and levonorgestrel 20 mcg/day devices. Contraception.
1987;35:245-255.
Smith SJ. Uterine fibriod embolisation. Am. Fam. Physician.
2000;61(12):3601-11.
Smith SK. The pathophysiology of menorrhagia. In: Cameron IT, Fraser IS.
Smith S K (eds) Clinical disorders of the endometrium and the
menstrual cycle. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998:105-115.
Smith SK, Kelly RW. Effect of platelet activating factor on the release of
PGF2 and PGE2 by separated cells of human endometrium. J.
Reprod. Fertil. 1988; 82: 271-276.
Sowter MC, Singla AA, Lethaby A . Pre-operative endometrial thinning
agents before hysteroscopic surgery for heavy menstrual bleeding
(Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library 2000, Issue 4. Oxford:
Update Software.
Soysal S, Soysal ME. The efficacy of levonorgestrel-releasing ntrauterine
device in selected cases of myoma-related menorrhagia: a
prospective controlled trial. Gynecol. Obstet. Invest. 2005;59:29-35.
Speroff L, Fritz MA. Reproductive physiology, menstrual disorders,
dysfunctional uterine bleeding. Clinical Gynecologic
Endocrinology and infertility, 7th Ed Baltiomore: Lippincott
Willams& Willkins, 2005: 113-129, 331.499-9.
Speroff L, Fritz. MA. The Uterus. In: Weinberg (ed), Clinical Gynaecologic
Endocrinology And Infertility, 7th edition. Baltimore: Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins 2005a; 113-44.
Speroff L, Fritz MA. Dysfunctional uterine bleeding. In: Weinberg (ed),
Clinical Gynaecologic Endocrinology And Infertility, 7th edition.
Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2005b; 547-72.
Speroff L, Glass RH, Kase NG. Dysfunctional uterine bleeding. In:
Speroff L, Glass RH, Kase NG, editors. Clinical gynaecologic
endocrinology and fertility. 5th edition. Baltimore: Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins 2005 : 575-93.
Stanford JB, Mikolajczyk RT. Mechanisms of action of intrauterine devices:
update and estimation of postfertilization effects. Am. J. Obstet.
Gynecol. 2002; 187: 1699-1708.
Stenchever MA, Drogemueller W, Herbst AL, et al. Comprehensive
gynecology. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Mosby 2001;1079-1097.
Stewart E, Novak R. Leiomyoma related bleeding: a classic hypothesis
updated for the molecular era. Hum. Reprod. Update 1996; 2:295-
306.
Studd J. Shifting indications for hysterectomy. Lancet 2002; 345: 388.
Sturridge F, Guillebaud J. Gynaecological aspects of the levonorgestrel
releasing intrauterine system. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol.1997; 104:
285-289 .
Suhonen SP, Holmstrom T, Allonen HO, et al. Intrauterine and subdermal
progestin administration in postmenopausal hormone replacement
therapy. Fertil. Steril. 2002; 63: 336-342.
Suvamto LE, Kauppila A. The levonorgestrel intrauterine system in
menopausal hormone replacement therapy: five – year experience.
Fertil. Steril. 1999; 72: 161-163.
Swartz DP, Butler WJ. Normal and abnormal uterine bleeding. In:
Thompson JD, Rock JA, editors. Te Linde's operative gynecology.
7th edition. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company, 1992:297-316.
Tang GW, Lo SS. Levonorgestrel intrauterine device in the treatment of
menorrhagia in Chinese women: efficacy versus acceptability.
Contraception 1995; 51: 231-5.
Tewari R, Kay VJ. Compliance and user satisfaction with the intra-uterine
contraceptive device in family planning service. Eur. J. Contracept.
Reprod. Health Care. 2006;11:28-37.
Thomas EJ, Okuda KJ, Thomas NM. The combination of a depot
gonadotrophin releasing hormone agonist and cyclical hormone
replacement therapy for dysfunctional uterine bleeding. Br. J.
Obstet. Gynaecol. 1996; 103:18-21.
Troche V, O’Connor DM, Schaudies RP. Measurement of human
epidermal growth factor receptor in the endometrium during the
menstrual cycle. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1991:165:1499.
Tillson SA, Marian M, Hudson R, et al. The effect of intrauterine
progesterone on hypothalamo-hypophyseal-ovarian axis in
humans.Contraception 1975; 11(2):179-192.
Turnbull AC, Rees MC. Gestrinone in the treatment of menorrhagia. Br. J.
Obstet. Gynaecol. 1990; 97:713-5.
Van Eijkeren M, Christiaens G, Haspels A, et al. Measured menstrual
blood loss in women with a bleeding disorder or usingoral
anticoagulant therapy. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1990; 162:1261-3.
Van Eijkeren MA, Christiaens GC, Scholten PC. Menorrhagia: Current
drug treatment concepts. Drugs 1992; 43:201-9.
Van Houdenhoven K, van Kaam KJ, van Grootheest AC, et al. Uterine
perforation in women using a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine
system. Contraception. 2006;73:257-260.
Vargraftig BB, Fouque F, Beneniste J. Adrenaline and PAF-acether
synergisc to trigger cyclooxygenase-independent activation of
plasma free human platelets. Hum. Reprod. 1982; 28:557-573
Varila E, Wahlstrom T, Rauramo I. A 5-year follow up study on the use of
Levonorgestrel intrauterine system in women eceiving hormone
replacement therapy. Fertil. Steril. 2001; 76 (5): 969-73.
Varma R, Sinha D, Gupta JK. Non-contraceptive uses of levonorgestrel
releasing hormone system -a systematic enquiry and overview. Eur.
J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 2006; 125:9-28.
Varol N, Healey M, Tang P, et al. Ten- year review of hysterectomy
morbidity and mortality: can we change direction? Am. J. Obstet.
Gynecol. 2001; 41:295-302.
Vasilenko P, Kraicer PF, Kaplan R. A new and simple method of
measuring menstrual blood loss. J. Reprod. Med. 1988; 33:293-97.
Vercellini P, Aimi G, Panazza S, et al. A levonorgestrel-releasing
intrauterine system for the treatment of dysmenorrhea associated
with endometriosis: a pilot study. Fertil. Steril. 1999;72:505-508.
Vercellini P, Frontino G, De Giorgi O, et al. Comparison of a
levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device versus expectant
management after conservative surgery for symptomatic
endometriosis: a pilot study. Fertil. Steril. 2003:80:305-309.
Vereide AB, Arnes M, Straume B, et al. Nuclear morphometric changes
and therapy monitoring in patients with endometrial hyperplasia; a
study comparing effects of intrauterine levonorgestrel and systemic
medroxyprogesterone. Gynecol. Oncol. 2003;91:526-533.
Vessay M, Huggins G, Lawless M, et al. Tubal sterilization: findings in a
large prospective study. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 1993; 90: 203-209.
Vessey MP, Lawless M, McPherson K, et al. Fertility after stopping use of
intrauterine contraceptive device. Br. Med. J. 1983;286:106.
Vilos GA, Lefebvre G, Graves GR . Lignes directrices sur la prise en charge
du saignement uterin anormal. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 2001,23:710-6.
Walthen PL, Henderson MC, Witz CA. Abnormal uterine bleeding. Med.
Clin. North Am. 1995; 79:329-342.
Weeks AD and Duffy SR. Abnormal uterine bleeding: diagnosis and
management. In: Stud J (ed), progress in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
Churchill Livingstone 1996; 12:304-23.
Weston G, Rogers PA. Endometrial angiogenesis. Clin. Obstet. Gynecol.
2000; 14:919-36.
WHO. Medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use. World Health
Organization ; 2004. Available at: http : // www. who.int/
reproductive - health/ publications /mec/7 iud.pdf . Accessed
January 10, 2007.
WHO. Cardiovascular diseases and use of oral and injectable progestogen
only contraceptives. Results of an international multicentre, case
control study. Contraception 1998; 57:315-324.
Wildemeersch D, Dhont M. Treatment of nonatypical and atypical
endometrial hyperplasia with a levonorgestrel releasing intrauterine
system. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 2003,188:1297-1298.
Wildemeersch D, Batar I, Webb A, et al. The frameless intrautrine
contraceptive implant- an update for interval,emergency and post
abortal contraception. Br. J. Fam. Plan. 1999; 24: 149.
Williams P, Warwick R, Dysan M, eds. Gray's anatomy. 37th
edition.Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1989: 852.
Wolter SL, Stadberg E, Andersson K, et al. Intrauterine administration of
levonorgestrel 5 and 10 micrograms/24 hours in perimenopausal
hormone replacement therapy. A randomized clinical study during
one year. Acta. Obstet. Gynaceol. Scand. 1997; 76 (5): 449-54.
Working Party for Guidelines for the Management of Heavy Menstrual
Bleeding . An evidence based guideline for the management of
heavy menstrual bleeding , Br. Med . J.1999; 112:1747.
Worthington KR. Anatomy of the uterine artery. Am. J. Roentgenol.
2000; 174:258.