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Index
AAcetylene, 46, 154, 174
see soot precursor, 44–46, 154Adaptive Multi-grid Chemistry (AMC), 14,
94–95, 99–102, 104, 116, 122–123,233, 235–236, 263–264, 266, 284
Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE), 68Arc, 41Arrhenius equation, 29, 42, 45, 80Atomization, 46, 49, 60, 180, 187–188
BBezier, 126–128, 192, 219–220, 226–227, 233,
276, 281Bio-diesel, 79Boiling temperature, 60Bottom Dead Center (BDC), 114Boundary condition, 66Box-Cox transformation, 139Bray-Moss-Libby (BML), 40Breakdown, 41Breakup length, 50, 53–54Breakup time, 50, 53–54, 150Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno
(BFGS), 15
CCarbon monoxide (CO), 5, 8, 42, 88, 102,
104–109, 189Caterpillar (CAT), 88, 126, 148, 153, 189Characteristic Time Combustion (CTC)
model, 22, 38, 127–128, 177, 189,199, 260–261, 263
CHEMKIN, 38, 80, 85, 95, 154, 222, 261, 264Chi-squared distribution, 48–49
Chrysler, 182Coalescence, 57Coherent flame model, 40Cold start, 6Collision, 56–58, 60, 70, 76–79, 101, 219Compression ratio (CR), 5, 88, 126–127,
148, 154, 158, 161, 168–169,183, 190–191, 211, 220, 255,269, 272, 275
Compression-Ignition (CI), 2, 14, 234, 284Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), 3, 27Computational Singular Perturbation
(CSP), 79Conditional Moment Closure (CMC), 41Continuous Droplet Model (CDM), 30Continuous Formulation Model (CFM), 30Contraction coefficient, 47Controlled Random Search (CRS), 9CONVERGE, 70Convergence metric, 134Courant–Friedrichs–Lewy (CFL), 69Crevice, 63–64, 168, 232, 244, 249, 275Crowding distance, 24–25, 132–133
DDepth First Search (DFS), 81Design of Experiments (DoE), 139, 210Detroit Diesel Company (DDC), 210Diesel Particulate Filters (DPF), viDiffusion combustion, 14, 39, 189
also see diffusion flame, 14, 39, 189Direct Injection (DI), 2, 5, 7, 9, 71, 79, 149,
178, 181–182, 218, 234, 284High Speed Direct Injection (HSDI), 9, 14,
71, 148, 218, 232, 272, 280, 285Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS), 32
305
D (cont.)Directed Relation Graph (DRG), 80–81Directed Relation Graph with Error
Propagation (DRGEP), 80–81Discharge coefficient, 46–47, 49Discrete Particle Ignition Kernel (DPIK)
model, 41–42, 180see ignition, 41
Dispersion, 50–51, 54Diversity metric, 135Downsizing, 148, 272Drag, 55Droplet deformation, 55Droplet size, 46, 48–49Dual fuel, vii, 258Dynamic Adaptive Chemistry (DAC), 105
Extended Dynamic AdaptiveChemistry (EDAC), 105
EEmissions
see Nox emission model, 43see Soot model, 44
Engine combustion phasing, 84Engine Research Center (ERC), 42–43, 46,
95, 101, 114–117, 123–124, 127,179, 210
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 1Equilibrium constant, 29equivalence ratio, 7, 10, 88, 94, 96–97,
104, 108–109, 113, 117, 126,162, 169, 172, 176, 190–191,205, 223, 235, 270
ESTECO, 15, 27, 211Evaporation Model, 58Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR), vi, 5, 9–10,
101–102, 104, 112, 117, 126, 154,162, 169, 176, 190–191, 211, 220,234–238, 268, 273
Exhaust Valve Opening (EVO), 5, 210Extended Dynamic Adaptive Chemistry
(EDAC), 105see Dynamic Adaptive Chemistry
(DAC), 105
FFederal Test Procedure (FTP), 88Fiat, 102–105FIRE, 70Finite volume, 68, 179Fitness value, 25Flame kernel, 41
Flame lift-off length, 147, 150–152, 175Flame propagation, 41–42Flame surface density model, 40, 180Flamelet, 39
Eulerian particle flamelet model(EPFM), 40
Representative Interactive Flamelet(RIF), 40
FLUENT, 70FORTé, 70Frossling correlation, 58Fuel consumption, 192
see Gross indicated specific fuelconsumption, 192
GG-equation, 40, 42, 70Gas jet model, 77Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI), 2, 5Genetic Algorithms (GA), 10–12, 20–22, 24,
26–27, 178, 181, 210, 217, 221, 232Adaptive Range Multi-objective Genetic
Algorithm (ARMOGA), 11, 22, 25,125, 128
Multi-objective genetic algorithm(MOGA), 22
Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm(NSGA), 11, 21, 24, 26, 125
Single-Objective GeneticAlgorithm (SOGA), 9, 20
Micro-Genetic Algorithm(micro-GA, l-GA), 11, 20, 125
Glow, 41GM, 102–105Gradient-based method, 8Gross Indicated Specific Fuel Consumption
(GISFC), 192see Fuel Consumption, 192
Grouping, 95–97Growth rate, 50–52
HHeat Release Rate (HRR), 106n-Heptane, 42, 46, 79High Throughput Computing (HTC), 219Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition
(HCCI), vii, 2, 10, 13, 75, 79,84–88, 94–96, 99–101, 104–109,113–117, 162–165, 234, 284
Hydrocarbons (HC), 63, 102see Unburned Hydrocarbons (UHC),
63, 102
306 Index
IIgnition, 41
discrete particle ignition kernel model(DPIK), 41, 180
Shell auto-ignition model (Shell model), 42Ignition delay, 10, 163Indicated Mean Effective Pressure (IMEP), 88,
101, 104, 148, 154, 162, 169, 220,235, 261, 264–265, 267, 269
Indicated Specific Fuel Consumption (ISFC),148, 182, 185, 187–188
Gross Indicated Specific Fuel Consumption(GISFC), 125, 129, 139–144, 192,194–200, 206–207, 209, 212–213,215–218, 222–231, 236–237, 239,243, 248–249, 261, 264–269, 271,273, 276–280
Iso-octane, 79, 180Intake Valve Closing (IVC), 10, 88Internal Combustion Engines, 1, 2, 14Intrinsic Low-Dimensional Manifolds
(ILDM), 79
Kk-e model, 33, 35, 37
RNG k-e model, 37, 39K-nearest neighbors (KN), 13, 72, 125Kelvin-Helmholtz (KH) model, 51Knock, 42Kriging (KR), 13, 72, 125Kwickgrid, 126, 191, 193
LLagrangian-Drop Eulerian-Fluid (LDEF), 75Large Eddy Simulation (LES), 33–34, 38,
40, 70Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS), 8Law-of-the-wall, 66Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
(LLNL), 114–116, 122–124, 236Ligament diameter, 50Linearized Instability Sheet Atomization
(LISA) model, 49–50, 180Locally Homogeneous Flow (LHF), 30
MMaximum merit function (MMF)
see merit functionMean Deviation of the Distance between
Neighbor Pareto Solutions(MDDNPS), 129–132
Mean Distance between Extreme ParetoSolutions (MDEPS), 129–132
Mean Distance to the Pareto Front (MDPF),129–132
Mercedes Benz, 178Mercury Marine, 182Merit Function, 11, 20–22, 181, 183–184, 189
Maximum merit function (MMF), 184Method of Characteristics (MOC), 179Methyl Butanoate (MB), 79Methyl decanoate (MD), 79, 83, 87, 89Misfire, 236, 240ModeFRONTIER, 11, 16, 21, 27, 73, 128,
144, 211Modified Bessel function, 51–52Modulated Kinetics (MK), 13–14, 234,
255, 269Monte-Carlo, 34, 68Multi-component, 6, 60Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithms
(MOEA), 24Multi-step phenomenological soot model
see sootMulti-zone, 13, 94, 96, 99Multiple injection, 9–10
NNagle and Strickland-Constable, 45NEDC, 264Negative Valve Overlap (NVO), 258Neural Networks (NN), 13, 72, 125, 138, 140,
144–145Non-differentiable Interactive Multi-objective
BUndle-based optimization System(NIMBUS), 9
Non-Methane Hydrocarbons(NMHC), 239–240, 248–249
Non-Parametric Regression (NPR), 71, 210non-premixed combustion, 107, 117Niche, 25–26
Niching technique, 125, 131, 135, 284Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), 43, 154Nitrogen monoxide (NO), 3, 5, 10, 43–44, 107,
109, 112, 114, 154Nitrogen Oxide (NOx), 3–11, 43–44, 71,
101, 104–109, 114–115, 118–125,128–129, 176, 182, 185–218,222–230, 233–242, 245–251,255–257, 261, 264–277
Nozzle flow model, 46–48Number of Pareto Solutions (NPS), 129–130Nukiyama-Tanasawa distribution, 49Nusselt number, 59
Index 307
On-Octane, 79Ohnesorge number, 52OpenFOAM, 70Ordinary Differential Equations (ODE),
80, 95, 106–107
PPareto
Pareto front, 19, 21–26, 128–136, 193–195,212, 222, 236, 269, 277
Pareto design, 198, 261, 269–270, 277Partially Premixed Combustion (PPC), 2, 14,
40, 234, 255, 259Particulate Matter (PM), 1, 148, 239Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), 9, 11Path Flux Analysis (PFA), 80–84, 106Peak Pressure Rise Rate (PPRR), 236–242,
245, 247–257Peclet number, 59Perfectly Stirred Reactor (PSR), 38Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
(PAH), 46Port Fuel Injection (PFI), 6, 60Prandtl number, 36–37, 59Premixed Charge Compression Ignition
(PCCI), 10, 13, 102–105, 255Premixed combustion, 194, 233, 242, 245,
252, 255, 258Primary breakup, 48–51Primary Reference Fuel (PRF), 79, 101, 116,
236, 255Principal Component Analysis (PCA), 79–80,
85–93, 284Probability Density Function (PDF), 34, 40Progress equivalence ratio, 96–97, 108–113
QQuasi-Second-Order Upwind (QSOU), 68Quasi-Steady-State (QSS), 80, 82
RR-value-based breadth-first search (RBFS), 82Radial Basis Functions (RBF)
see Regression analysisRadius-of-Influence (ROI) model, 57–58, 219Rayleigh-Taylor (RT) model, 51–54, 70, 79,
101, 128Ranz-Marshall correlation, 59Reaction rate, 29, 38–40, 79–80, 107Reaction mechanism reduction, 13–14, 79–84
Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition(RCCI), vii
Regression analysisCOmponent Selection and Smoothing
Operator (COSSO) method, 12,71–73, 189, 195–196, 210,218, 222, 283
k-nearest method, 13, 72–73, 125, 133,138, 144–145, 211
Kriging method, 8, 13, 72–73, 125,138, 144–145
Neural networks method, 13, 72–73, 125,138, 144
Radial Basis functions method, 13, 72–73,125, 138–141, 144–145
Remapping, 95, 98–99Representative Interactive
Flamelet (RIF)see flamelet
Response Surface Method (RSM), 7–8, 12–13,72, 138–140, 144, 195–200,211–219, 227–230, 266–267,277–278
Reynolds Stress Model (RSM), 34Reynolds Averaged Numerical Simulation
(RANS), 33–34, 38RNG k-e model
see k-e modelRosin-Rammler
distribution, 149, 180
SSauter mean diameter (SMD), 185Sauter Mean Radius (SMR), 48Scaling law, 147–177, 269, 271–274,
280–281, 284–285Schmidt number, 37, 58Secondary breakup, 51–54Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR), viSemi-Implicit Method for Pressure-Linked
Equations (SIMPLE), 68SENKIN, 85Sequential Quadratic Programming
(SQP), 7Sharing function, 25Shell auto-ignition model
(Shell model)see ignition
Sherwood number, 58Single-cylinder research engine,
153, 178, 182Smoothing spline analysis of variance
(SS-ANOVA), 71–72
308 Index
Sootsoot emission, 3, 11, 71, 105, 115, 123, 125,
139, 152–156, 163, 165, 173–176,189–193, 196–198, 201–217,222–234, 237, 248, 252, 261,264–267, 271–278
soot formation, 10, 44–45, 150, 166,175–176, 189, 204, 230, 244
soot precursor, 44–46, 101, 128, 154,174–175
two-step soot model, 44–46, 101, 154multi-step phenomenological
soot model, 46Spalding mass transfer number, 58Spark Ignition (SI), 2, 5, 41, 177, 234, 284
spark-ignition direct injection (SIDI), 5Spray angle, 6, 46, 103, 137, 161, 168,
184, 191–192, 195–199, 201–203,205–206, 209–210, 212–213,215–218, 220, 225, 229–230,241–242, 250–251, 260–261, 275,277–278, 281
Spray equation, 32, 68, 75Spray tip penetration, 77–78, 147–152, 159,
164–165, 169, 175, 178, 203,207–208, 215, 223–226, 229,234, 249, 270, 272, 280, 284
Squish flow, 167, 170, 203Star-CD, 70Stratification, 5–6, 102, 178Subgrid-scale (SGS), 33, 70Surface-to-volume, 64, 163Swirl, 5–6, 10, 49–50, 68, 149, 151–153, 159,
176, 178, 180, 182, 195–200, 204,206–209, 225–226, 229–230, 236,244, 247, 250, 254–258, 270, 280
swirl ratio, 9, 11–12, 14, 125–128, 137,148, 151–154, 159, 161, 168, 176,189–199, 202–211, 220, 226,229–230, 241–246, 249–251,254–255, 258–261, 264,270–275, 278–281
TTaylor Analogy Breakup (TAB), 55, 180Taylor number, 52
Top Dead Center (TDC), 6, 149, 156–157,161, 168–173, 202, 252, 255, 275
Tumble flow, 5–6, 10, 149, 159–160, 178, 180,185, 227, 230–232
Turbulence, 4, 6, 11, 30, 32–42, 54, 67, 95,148, 151, 156, 158, 162–166, 171,175–176
Turbulence correlation time, 54Turbulent persistence time, 55Two-step soot model
see soot
UUnburned Hydrocarbons (UHC), 63, 102,
178–179, 187, 235Hydrocarbons (HC), 42, 63, 85, 87–88,
96, 102, 107–110, 178–179,182, 186–187, 235
VVariable Valve Timings (VVT), 5Vapor pressure, 47VECTIS, 70Vena contracta, 47–48Viscosity, 35, 38, 50–51, 53, 65
WWall film, 60–62Wall function, 67, 70Wall heat transfer, 3, 67, 102, 148, 156, 158,
175–176, 178, 182, 185–187Wall impingement, 60–63, 101, 128, 149,
178, 187, 191, 203, 205, 207–208,215–216, 224, 229, 234, 270, 280
Wavelength, 51–53, 100Wave number, 32, 50Wave stability theory, 49–53Weber number, 51, 52, 56, 60Well stirred reactor (WSR), 95
ZZel’dovich mechanism, 43, 128
Index 309