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INDEX

Abbott Laboratories, 328, 333 AC medium, 10, 82, 335 Acephalina, 184, 229 acephalinid gregarine, 229 acid-fast organisms, 347-348 acetoin, 344, 346 acetylmethylcarbinol, 344, 346 acid-fast staining (Ziehl-Neelsen method),

347-348 Acyrthosiphum pisum. 118 Adelina. 185, 233 Adenophorca, 235. 236 adult bee paralysis virus, II Aedes aegypti. 5, 157 A. sierrensis. 231 A. taeniorrhynchus, 16 A. triseriatus, 213 Aegerita, 114 aerobes, 335 Ageniaspis. 285 agriotypiform larvae, 289 Akanthomyces, 114 albuminoid crystals, 62 alfalfa weevil, 318, 321 Allantocystis. 184 Allantonematidae, 235, 236, 237, 238, 240,

242, 245, 246, 275, 276, 277, 278 allantonematids, 237. 238, 240, 241, 243 Allantonematoidea, 236 Alloxystidae, 282 Alphavirus, 17 Amblyospora. 180, 209 American foul brood, 87 amoebae, 173, 177 Amoebida, 177, 193

Amsacta moorei entomopoxvirus, 15, 30, 31 Amyelois (Paramyelois) transitella. 44, 73 Amylostereum sp., 271 anaerobes, 335 anaerobic pathogens, 82 analine blue, \08 analine blue-lactophenol analine blue, 348,

356 Anaphes sp., 299 Anaplasma, 59, 64 A. marginale. 59 A. avis, 59 Anaplasmataceae, 59 Anastrepha suspensa, 118 Andrenidae, 287 Anopheles, 180,211 A. bradleyi. 211 ant, 162, 179, 238, 262, 283 Anthonomus grandis, 171 Anticimex, 330, 333 Apanteles jlavicoxis, 331 Aphelenchida, 235, 237, 241, 273 Aphelenchina, 237 Aphelenchoididae, 237, 240, 245 Aphelenchoidea, 237 aphelenchoidids, 237 Aphelopus, 285 aphid, 118,317,329,331 aphidiid, 317 Aphidiidae, 282, 293 Aphidius erir. 317 A. matricariae. 331 Aphodius Jimetarius. 265 Aphytis melinus, 331 Apis mellifera, 132

379

380 INDEX

Apis mellifera filamentous virus, 16 apodous larvae, 289 Applied Bionomics, 330, 333 arbovirus, 16, 17, 18 Arizona Biological Control Inc., 330, 331,

332, 333 Ascaridida, 237, 244 Aschersonia, vi, 113, 139, 140 ascocarp, 112 ascomycete, 178 Ascomycotina, 106, 112 Ascosphaera, 113 A. apis, 132, 133 ascospores, 112, 113, 133, 135, 138 ascus, 112, 113 Asiloidea, 283 Aspergillus, vi, 115, 163 Aspergillus flavus, 107, 162 Associates Insectary, 332, 333 Alta texana, 162 Aulacidae, 282 autogamy, 172 Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis

virus, 15, 36 azide dextrose broth, 336

Bacillidium, 180 Bacillus, 80,81,84,85,87 B. alvei, 81 B. cereus, 87,94 B. fibourgensis, 65, 86 B. larvae, 81, 87, 99,100 B. megaterium, 66, 87 B. popillae, 81, 86, 95, 96, 328 B. sphaericus, 86, 87, 98 B. thuringiensis, 80, 81, 85, 86,92,93 B. thuringiensis var. israelensis, 81, 328 B. thuringiensis var. thuringiensis, 328 Bacteria, vi, ix, I, 2, 79-103 bacterial colony characteristics, 83-84, 89 Bacterial spore stain, 357-358 bacteriological loop, 358, 359 bacteriological needle or wire for stab cultures,

358, 359 bacteriological tests, 341-347 bacteriosis, 82 Bactimos®, 328 Bactosteine®, 328 Baculoviridae, 6, 7, 15, 16 Baculovirus, 13, 14, 43 baculoviruses, 13, 14,43

bark beetles, 105, 245, 246, 276, 279 Barrouxia, 184 B. ornata, 184 Bartonella, 59 B. bacilliformis, 59, 64 Bartonellaceae, 59 basidia, 129 Basidiomycotina, 106 basidiospores, 129 Bathyplectes sp., 232 Bathyplectus curculionis, 321 BBL (Bioquest), 335 Beauveria, 115 B. bassiana, vi, 105, 106, 107, 159, 160,

161, 329 bedbugs, 57, 60, 65 bee larvae, 113 bees, 283 beetles, 185, 235 Beneficial Biosystems, 331, 332, 333 Beneficial Insectary Inc., 329, 331,332,333 Beneficial Insects Ltd., 330, 333 Bergoldiavirus, 6 Bethyloidea, 287 Better Yield Insects, 330, 333 BHIA (brain-heart infusion agar), 82, 337 BHIB (brain-heart infusion broth), 337 binary fission, 58, 172 Biochem Products, 328, 333 Biocontrol Co., 330, 333 Biogenesis Inc., 330, 333 Bio-Insect Control, 330, 331, 333 biological control agents, 171 Biological insecticide, 81 Bio-Resources, 330, 331, 332, 333 Biosis, 329, 333 bipyramidal crystals, 62 birefringence, 2, 9 black flies, III, 124, 181, 182 black scale, 331 Blastocrithidia, 177 Blastodendrion, 112 Blattabacterium, 59, 60 B. cuenoti, 59, 65 Blattabacterium sp. 57, 59 Blattidae, 282, 287 "blue disease 61 blue-green algae, 79 bluetongue virus, 18 boll weevil, 171 Bombus terrestris, 268, 269

bombyliidae, 283, 286 Bombyx mori, II, 15, 32, 33 Bombyx mori cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus,

15 Borrelinavirus, 6 Bouin Dubosq Brasil, 352, 355 Bracon hebetor, 67 braconid, 171,318,319,320 Braconidae, 282, 285, 290, 293 Brachycera, 283 Brain-heart infusion agar (BHlA), 10, 82, 337 brain-heart infusion broth (BHIB), 337 BR Supply Co., 329, 333 bumblebees, 238, 245, 268, 269, 283, 290 Bunting and Sons, 330, 333 Bunyamwera virus, 17 Bunyaviridae, 6, 17 Bunyavirus, 17 Burnella, 179 bursa, 244

caddisflies, 182 caddis fly, 261 Calicilike virus of naval orange worm, 18, 37 Caliciviridae, 6, 18 Calicivirus, 18 California Green Lacewings, 330, 332, 333 California Nematode Laboratories, 329, 333 Candida, 112, 130 capsid (virus), 21, 34, 35, 53, 55 capsule granulin (virus), 27 capsules (virus), 9, 10,21,25,26,27,62 carbohydrate fermentation studies, 341-342 Carpophilus sp., 227, 228, 275 catalase, 86, 336, 342 catalase test, 342 caudate larvae, 289, 293, 318 Caudospora, 182, 220 C. simulii, 220 Cephalina, 183, 227, 228 cephalinid gregarine, 227, 228 Ceraphronidae, 283 Ceraphronoidea, 283 Certan®, 328 Chagasella, 185 Chalcididae, 282 chalcidoid, 309, 327 Chalcidoidea, 282, 289, 290, 293 chalcidoidids, 284 chalk-brood, 113 Chaoboridae, 180

Champmanium, 180 chironomid, 122, 191 Chironomidae, 182 Chironomus plumosus, 208 Chylamydiales, 58

INDEX 381

Chloralphenol (clearing medium), 288, 359 Chloriridoviridae, 6 Chloriridovirus, vi, 16 Choristoneura fumiferana, 28 Chromogenesis (bacterial), 84 chronic bee paralysis virus associate, 17 chronic bee paralysis virus group, 6, 16, 45 chrysidiform larvae, 289 Chytridiomycetes, III Chytridiospidae, 179 Chytridiopsis, 179 cicada, 117, 136 Cicadellidae, 287 cilia, 175, 176 ciliate protozoan, 2 Ciliatea, 176 ciliates, 172, 173 Ciliophora, 172, 176 Cimex sp., 60, 65 C. lectularius, 57 circular (bacterial colony), 83, 89 clamp connections, 108, 109 Clodotanytarsus sp., 207 Clostridium, 80, 85, 87 C. botulinum, 79 C. sporogenes, 97 Cnidospora, 172, 178 coarctate pupa, 286 coccid, 233 Coccidia, 184 Coccidians, 172 coccinellid beetles, 112 Coccinellidae, 66 cockroaches, 57, 60, 65, 184,281,311,312 Codecap, 329, 333 codling moth, 143 Coelomomyces, 106, 110, 111, 122 Coelomycidium, 111,123,124 Coelosporidium, 182 coiled rodlike structure (virus), 21 Coleoptera, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 287 coliform bacteria, 341 colony characteristics (bacterial), 83-84, 89 Colorado Insectary, 329, 333 Colorado potato beetle, 329, 332 Comperia merceti, 311, 312

382 INDEX

Comperiella bifasciata, 332 concentrically ringed (bacterial colony), 83, 84 conidia, vi, 106, 107, 110, 111, 112,113,

114, 115, 116, 119, 120, 154, 160, 161, 165, 166, 168

Conidiobolus, III C. apiculatus, 106 C. coronatus, 106 C. thromboides, 119 conidiophores, 111, 112, 113, 114, 121, 141,

142, 150, 156, 165, 166 conjugation, 172 Conopidae, 283, 290, 293 Contortylenchidae, 236 Contortylenchus brevicomi, 276 contoured (bacterial colony), 83, 89 convex (bacterial colony), 83, 89 copepods, 106 Copidosoma, 285 Cordyceps, 113, 114, 115, 136 Cordyceps ravenellii, 137, 138 C. sobolifera, 136 core (virus), 21, 27, 35, 41, 42,53 cotton blue, 108 Cougourdella, 182, 221 C. rhyacophilae, 221 Coxiella, 63 CPV (cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus), 6, 7, 8,

9, 10, 13, 14, 15,21,32,33,34,35 cricket paralysis virus, 9, 17,52 crickets, 171, 184,283,329 Crithidia, 177 Cryptochetidae, 284 Cryptochetum, 286 crystalline bipyramidal bodies (rickettsial), 62 crystalline bodies (rickettsial), 62, 67 crystalline parasporal body (bacterial), 86, 93 crystals (rickettsia), 61, 62 CTIFL, 331, 333 Culex fatigans, 65 C. pilosus, 199, 201 C. pipiens, 60, 65, 200 C. pipiens quinquifasciatus, 24, 200 C. quinquefasciatus, 125, 126 C. restuans, 222 C. solinarius, 209 Culicidae, 66, 81,179,180,181,182 Culicinomyces, 115 C. clavosporus, 157 Culicospora. 222

C. magra, 222 Culicosporella, 179, 182, 199, 201 C. lunata, 199, 201 Culiseta incidens, vi C. melanura. 210 C. morsitans, 226 culture media, 335-341 curled (bacterial colony), 83, 89 Cyclocephala immaculata. 29 cycIopiform larvae, 289 CycIorrhapha, 283, 286 Cynipidae, 282 Cynipoidea, 282, 289, 290 cyst, 2, 113, 133, 172, 174, 176, 179, 180,

181, 183, 184, 185, 228, 233 cytochrome oxidase test, 85, 87, 342 cytogamy, 172 cytoplasmc polyhedra, 349 cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (CPV), 6, 7, 8,

9, 10, 13, 14, 15,21,32,33, 34, 35 cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus detection, 348-

349

DA (dextrose agar), 337 Dacnusa sibirica. 331 Dactylophorya, 176 Dasyhelea obscura. 184 "daughter cells" (rickettsias), 74 DB (dextrose broth), 338 Deladenus siricidicola, 272 Deladenus spp., 240, 242, 245, 271 Dendroctonus brevicomis, 276 density (bacterial colony), 83 densonucleosis virus, 48, 49 Densovirus, 6, 17,48,49,50 Dermacentor andersoni. 68, 69, 71, 72 Deuteromycetes, 110 Deuteromycotina, 106, 112 deutomerite, 183 dextrose agar (DA), 337 dextrose broth (DB), 338 Diapriidae, 282 diaspid scale, 139 Diceroprocta apache, 136 Difco Laboratories, 335 differential media, 335-341 Dipel®, 328 Diplocystis, 184 Diplogasteridae, 236, 245, 265 Diplogasteroidea, 236

diplospores, 202 Diptera, 115, 177,281,282,283,284,285,

286, 289, 292 Discophyra. 176 dissolution in alkali (virus inclusion bodies),

37 Dobellina mesnili. 177 Dorylaimida, 235 Douglas fir tussock moth, 130 dragonfly, 151 Drosophila sp., 9, 14, 16 Drosophila X virus, 14, 18 dryinid, 305, 306 Dryinidae, 285, 287, 288, 289, 292 dsDNA viruses, 6, 15, 16 dsRNA viruses, 6, 14, 18 Duboscqia. 181, 216 D. legeri. 216 Dufourea trochantera. 294 dung beetles, 245 Durham tube, 342 Dutky-Fest microinjector, 362 Dysdercus ruficollis. 185 Dytiscidae, 185

Edovum puttleri, 332 Elcar®, 328 elevation (bacterial colony), 83, 89 Encarsia formosa, 314, 330 encyrtid, 303, 311, 312, 315, 316 Encyrtidae, 282, 284, 285, 289, 292 encyrtids, 285, 288 encyrtiform larvae, 289 Encyrtus. 284 E. saliens. 303, 304 endomixis, 172 endoparasites (insect), 281-323 English Woodlands, 330, 331, 333 Entaphelenchidae, 235, 237, 246, 273, 274 entaphelenchids, 237 Enterella. 59,61,66 E. stethorae. 59 Enterobacter. 88, 341 Enterobacteriaceae, 84, 341 Enterocystis. 184 entire (bacterial colony), 83, 89 Entomophaga. Ill, 119 E. grylli, 119 Entomophthora. vi, 107, 111, 116, 119 Entomophthora spp., 106

Entomophthorales, 110 Entomopoxvirinae, 15

INDEX 383

entomopoxviruses (EPV), 6, 8, 13, 15,21, 28, 29, 30, 31

envelope (virus), 21, 26, 27,40,43,46,47 enveloped viruses. 6, II, 16, 17,40,43,46,

47 Eperythrozoan. 59 E. coccoides. 59, 65 E. ovis. 59, 64 E. parvum. 59, 65 Ephemeroptera, 184 epibasidium, 112, 129 Epistylis, 176 erose (bacterial colony), 83, 89 Erynia. 111,118 E. aphidia. vi, 118 E. echinospora. 118 Escherichia coli. 84, 341 Eucharitidae, 282 Eucoccidia, 184 Eucoilidae, 282 eucoiliform larvae, 289 Eudiplogaster aphodii. 265 Eugregarinida, 183, 184 eulophid, 314 Eulophidae, 282, 284 Eumycotina, 106 Eupelmidae, 282 European foul brood, 86 Eurystylops sierrensis. 294 Eurytomidae, 282 Evaniidae, 282 Evanioidea, 282

F arinocystis, 184 fat body, 23, 24,172,173,174,178,179 fat droplets, 9 fat globules, 2, 19 Faure mounting medium, 288, 360 Feulgen-Schiff reaction, 10 Feulgen-Schiff reaction for granulosis virus

capsules, 349-350 Figitidae, 282 filamentous (bacterial colony), 83, 89 filamentous bee virus group, 6, 46, 47 flagella, 58, 175, 176, 177,350 flagella stain, 350 flagellates, 172, 173, 177 flat (bacterial colony). 83, 89

384 INDEX

Flavivirus, 17 fleas, 58, 65, 177, 185, 229, 277 flies, 64, 79, 235 Foothill Agricultural Research Inc., 330, 331,

332, 333 form (of colony), 83, 89 Fossil Flower, 330, 333 freeze drying, 13 Fulgoridae, 287 fulgorids, 287 Fungi, vi, ix, 1, 2, 3, 105-170 Fungi Imperfecti, 106 Fusarium, 114, 154, 155

Galbergia, 182 Galleria mel/onella, vi, 11, 17,48,49,50,

109, 247 Galleria mellonella densovirus, 17 Galleria mel/onella rearing method, 360 gametangia, III gametocysts, 184 gametocytes, 184 gamogony, 172 gamontocyst, 229, 230, 231 gamonts, 184, 229, 230, 231 Gasteruptiidae, 282 Giemsa, 10, 173, 178,351-353 Giemsa method, 62, 351-353 Giemsa stain, 351-353 Giemsa stain for Microsporidian spores, 352 Giemsa stain for virus po1yhedrosis inclusions,

353 Giemsa stain with HCI hydrolysis, 62, 351-

352 Giemsa staining, slow, with acid hydrolysis

for virus inclusion bodies, 352 Giemsa with HCI hydrolysis to differentiate

Rickettsia from granulosis virus capsules, 351

globules of spheroidocytes, 62 Glugea, 179, 204 G. trichopterae, 204 gnats, 177 Gothard Inc., 330, 333 Gram stain, 84, 353 granuloses. 13 granulosis virus (GY), vi, 6, 7,8.9, 15,21,

23,25, 26, 62. 349, 350 granulosis virus inclusion capsules, 57, 62,

349, 350

grasshoppers, 88, 171, 177, 194, 195,260, 284, 329

gregarines, 172 Gregarinia, 183 Guegen's solution, 108, 354 Gurleya, 180, 205 Gurney Seed and Nursery Co., 329, 330,

333 GY (granulosis virus), vi, 6, 7, 8, 9, 15,21,

23, 25, 26, 62, 349, 350 gypsy moth, 328, 331 Gypsy Moth Control Co., 331, 333

Habronema muscae, 258 Haematopinus suis, 65 Haemobartonella, 59 H. muris, 59, 65 Haemosporina, 183 Haemoproteus, 183 Haplosporida, 182, 183, 225 Haplosporidium, 182 Harmony Farm Service and Supply, 330, 333 Hazardia, 179, 200 H. milleri, 200 Heidenhain's iron hematoxylin, 355 Helicosporidium, 178, 198 H. parsiticum, 178, 198 Heliothis, 10, 328 helodid beetle, 202 Heloridae, 282 hematoxylin, 173, 355 Hemiascomycetes, 112 Hemiptera, 177, 281, 287 Herpetomonas, 177 Hesperomyces virescens, 112 Hessea, 179 Hesseidae, 179 Heterorhabditidae heterorhabditids, 237, 243, 244 Heterorhabditis, vi, 87, 238, 240, 241, 244,

248,249,250,251,329 H. bacteriopiJora, 247 Heterotylenchus autumnalis, 278 Hexatylina, 236 Hirsutel/a, vi, 107, 114, 145, 146, 147 H. saussurei, 145 Holotrichida, 176 Homoptera, 105,281,282,283,284,287,

292 honeybee, 9, 11. 46, 86, 87, 113

horse flies, 64 horsehair worms, 241 housefly, 309, 310, 313, 331, 332 Howardula sp., 275 human flea, 65 human louse, 57, 64, 65 Humber Growers, 330, 333 Hyalincocysta, 180, 210 H. chapmani, 210 Hybrizontidae, 282 hydrogen sulfide production, 343~344 Hydroporus palustris, 185 Hylemia brassicae, 120 Hymenoptera, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286,

287, 289, 291, 292 hymenopteriform larvae, 289 Hymenostilbe, 114, 151 H ypermastigida, 177 hypermetamorphosis (larval), 284 hyphal body, 106 hyphal septa, 108, 109 hypobasidium, 112, 129

Ibaliidae, 282 ichneumonid, 290, 321 Ichneumonidae, 282, 289, 290, 293 Ichneumonoidea. 2R2, 290, 293 inclusion bodies (rickettsial), 64 inclusion bodies (virus), vi, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, II,

14, 15,62 inclusion virus, 2 indole production, 344 insect endoparasites, 281 ~323 Insecticola, 114, 152, 153 Integrated Pest Management, 330, 331, 332,

333 Ips, 263, 264, 266, 267 iridescent virus, II Iridoviridae, 6, 16 iridoviruses, vi, 6, 9, II, 13, 14, 16, 41,

42 iron hematoxylin, 10 iron hematoxylin stain, 354~356 iron hematoxylin stain for granulosis virus

capsules, 354~356 irregular (bacterial colony), 83, 89 Isaria, 113, 143, 144 Ithania, 185 I. wenrichi, 185 Issia, 179

Japanese beetle, 60, 328 Jirvecia, 182

Kelp fly virus, 17 Kelp virus group, 17 Kinetoplastida, 177

INDEX 385

Kings Natural Pest Control, 328, 330, 333 Koch's postulates, 1,242,361 Koch's rules of pathogenicity (postulates), 85 Koppert, BY, 331, 333 Koppert Ltd., 329, 333 Kovac's reagent, 344 Kunafrin Trichogramma Insectaries, 330, 333

Laboulbeniales, 105, 131 Laboulbeniomycetes, 112 lacto-aceto-orcein stain, 174, 199, 209, 357 lactophenol, 356 lactophenol analine blue, 348 lactophenol cotton blue, 348 Lagenidium, III L. giganteum, 125, 126 Lankesteria, 184, 230, 231 L. clarki, 231 Laporte Insectaries, 329, 333 larval hypermetamorphosis, 284 latent infections, 7 lateral body (virus), 21 leafcutter bee, 113 leafhoppers, 287, 305 leaf-mining flies, 331 Legerella, 185 Leishmania, 177 leishmanial, 177 Leopteridae, 282 Lepidoptera, 282, 283, 284 Leptomonas, 177 Leucocytozoon, 182 Leucospididae, 282 lice, 58, 60, 65 Litomastix, 285, 287, 316 lobate (bacterial colony), 83, 89 locule (fungal), 140 locusts, 177, 283 Lygus sp., 299 lyophilization, 13, 110

Macchiavello method, 62 Macchiavello stain, 356~357 Macrocentrus, 285

386 INDEX

macroconidia, 114, 155 Malacasoma sp., 87 Malameba locustae, 177, 194, 195 malarial parasites, 183 Malpighamoeba, 174 M. mellificae, 177 malpighian tubules, 172, 173, 174, 176, 177,

184, 185, 194,244 Malpighiella refringens, 177 mandibulate larvae, 289 margin (bacterial colony), 83, 89 Massospora, Ill, 117 Massospora cicadina, 107 Mastigomycotina, 106, 110 Mastigophora, 177 Mattesia, 184, 232 M. dispora, 173 M. grandis, 171 mayflies, 184, 205 meconium, 285 median bulb (nematode), 245, 246, 263, 266,

273 Megaspilidae, 283 Mellinger's Nursery, 328, 329, 333 Melolontha melolontha, 77, 87 M elolontha spp., 61 Melophagus ovinus, 60, 64 Membracidae, 287 Meristacrum, Ill, 121 mermithid, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262 Mermithida, 236, 237, 238 Mermithidae, 235, 236, 238, 245, 259 Mermithoidea, 236 mermithids, 237, 238, 241, 243 Mermithina, 236 metacorpus, 242, 246 Metaphycus funicularis, 307, 308 Metaphycus helvolus, 331 Metaquino®, 329 Metarrhizium, 115 M. anisopliae, vi, 105, 106, 107, 115, 164,

165, 166, 329 methyl blue, 91 methyl red-Voges Proskauer (MR-VP) test,

87, 88, 344-345 microaerophiles, 335 microbotrophic, 235, 236, 245 Microchelonus blackburni, 331 micrococci, 336 Micrococcus, 86, 336 microconidia, 114, 155

Microctonus aethiopoides, 318 microinjector, 242 microscopic preparations, 361 Microspora, 174 Microsporida, 183 microsporidan, vi, 173, 182, 197 Microsporidea, 178 Microsporidia, 174, 178 Microsporidia spore stain for determining the

number of nuclei in spores, 357 microsporidian, 175 Microsporidium, 178 Microterys ishii, 315 microtype eggs, 286, 291 microtype larva, 286, 289 midges, 182, 238 "milky disease," 81 milky spore, 328 millipore filter, 13, 342 mini (satellite) virus, 17 mites, 5 Mitoplistophora, 181 Mobilina, 176 Monocystis, 184 monoembryonic, 285 monorefringent, 9 mosquito, vi, 8,16,66,87,106, Ill, 115,

179,180,181,182,184,190,199,209, 211,213,231,328

mosquito iridescent virus, 16 mouse louse, 65 M razekia, 180, 207, 208 MR-VP test, 87, 88, 344-345 multiple fission, 172 multiple nucleocapsids (MNPV), 15, 21, 39,

40 murine typhus, 65 Musca autumnalis, 278 Musca sp., 258 muscidiform larvae, 289 Muscidifurax raptor, 313, 331 mycelium, 1,2,106,107,110,112,113,

115, 119, 129, 132 mycetangia, 105 mycetocytes, 60, 65 Mycetophilidae, 105 Mycetmporidium, 183 Mycoderma, 112 Mycotal®, 329 Myiobium, 182 Myiophagus, 13, 111

mymarid, 299, 300, 301, 302 Mymaridae, 282, 284, 289, 292 mymariform larvae, 289 Myriangium, 113, 134, 135 Myrmecisporidium. 182 Myrophagus. 13, III

NA (nutrient agar), 82, 338 Nabis sp., 30 I, 302 Nairobi sheep disease, 17 N airovirus, 17 Nasonia vitripennis, 331 Natural Pest Control. 331, 333 Natural Pest Controls, 328, 330, 331, 332,

333 navel orange worm, 73, 74, 75, 76, 319, 332 NB (nutrient broth), 338 Necessary Trading Co., 330, 333 Nematocera, 283 Nematoda, 2 nematode slide-mounting procedure, 239-240 nematodes, vi, ix, I, 80, 87, 235-280 Nemestrinidae, 283, 286 Neoaplectana, 235, 238, 240, 241, 244, 252,

253, 254, 255, 256, 329 N. carpocapsae, 329 N. glaseri. 329 neoaplectanid nematodes, 80, 87, 171 neogregarinid, 232 Neogregarinida, 184, 232 Neotylenchidae, 236, 237, 240, 241, 242,

245, 271 Neotylenchoidea, 236 neotylenchids, 237, 240, 243 Nepa cinerea, 184 Nephridiophaga, 183 Nepidae, 180 nerve tissue, 178 Neuroptera, 282 neutral red stain, 357 Nitidulidae, 245 nitrate culture broth, 345 nitrate reduction test, 345 Nodamura virus, 17 Nodaviridae, 6, 9, 17 Nodavirus, 17 Nomuraea. 105, 107, 115 N. rileyi. vi, 105, 107, 169, 170 nonenveloped viruses, 6, 15, 16 noninclusion virus, 10, II noniridescent virus, 11

INDEX 387

nonoccluded viruses, 9,11,12, 13, 14,43,44 Nosema, 171, 182,223 N. fumiferanae, 175 N. locustae, 171,175,195,223,224,329 NPV (nuclear polyhedrosis virus), vi, 6, 8, 9,

15,21,36,37,38,39,40. NR bodies, 62 nuclear polyhedrosis, 328 nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV), vi, 6, 8, 9,

15, 21, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40 Nucleocapsid (virus), 21, 26, 39, 40, 46, 47 Nudaurelia 13 virus group, 6, 18, 53 Nudaurelia cytherea capenis virus, 18 nutrient agar (NA), 82, 338 nutrient broth (NB), 338 nutrient gelatin, 338-339

occluded virus, 13, 21 occlusion bodies (virus), 9, 31 occult virus, 7 Octosporea. 180 O. viridanae. 206 Oestroidea, 284 oJigopod larvae, 289 oocysts, 2, 183, 185, 226 Ooencyrtus, 284 Oomycetes, III opague (bacterial colony), 83 Ophryodendron. 176 Orbivirus, 6, 18 Organic Pest Control Naturally, 330, 333 Orphryocystis. 184 Orthoptera, 281, 283, 284, 287 oxidase test, 345-346 Oryctes monoceros, 280 Oryctes rhinoceros virus, 16, 43 Oxyurida, 235, 237, 241, 246, 280 oxyurids, 237, 241

Pachyrepoideus vindemiae, 331 Peaceful Valley Farm Supply, 328, 329, 330,

331, 332, 333 Paecilomyces, 107, 115 P. farinosus. 107, 168 palm weevil, 274 Panoquina. 148 pansporoblast, 178, 181,204,205,212,214,

215,216,217,218 pansporoblastic membrane, 178, 179 paracrystalline array (virus), 54 Paramyelois (Amyelois) transitella, 44, 73

388 INDEX

Parasitaphelenchidae, 237, 266, 267 Parasitaphelenchus, 240, 245, 266, 267 parasites, ix, 1, 2 Parasitorhabditis, 246, 263, 264, 279 parasporal crystal, 80 Parathelohania, 180, 211 Parvoviridae, 6, 14, 17 parvoviruses, 14 pathogenicity, 85 Pediculus humanus, 57, 64, 65 P. h. humanus, 65 Pegmatheca, 181 Pelecinidae, 282 Pelecinoidea, 282 penicillin-streptomycin, 13 Penicillium, 115, 167 Pentalitomastic plethoricus, 332 per os inoculation, 13, 63, 242 peritrichous flagella, 103 Periacineta, 176 perithecia, 113, 136, 137 Peritrichia, 176 per os injection, 362 Pest Management Group, 330, 333 Phalera bucephala, 34 Phanerotoma flavitestacea, 319, 320 Phanerotomaflavitestacae calyx virus, 16,44 pharyngeal glands, 242, 246 pharynx (nematode), 245 Phelobovirus, 17 phenylalanine agar, 346 phenylalanine deaminase, 88 phenylalanine deaminase test, 346 phialides, 113, 114, 115, 141, 142, 144, 147.

150,153,154,156,158,160,161,163, 167,168,170

Phlebotomus, 177 Phlebotomus spp., 64 Phoridae, 283 Phoroidea, 283 Phytomonas, 177 Picomoviridae, 6, 17, 52 Pieris brassicae, 171 pig louse, 65 pigs, 64 Pilosporella, 181,182,213 pink bollworm, 331 Pipunculidae, 283, 293 planidium, 285, 286, 287, 289 plant hoppers, 287 plasmodia, 181

Plasmodium, 174, 183,226 Plasmodium circumflexum, 226 Platygaster, 285 Platygasteridae, 282, 285, 289 Pleistophora, 181,197,218 polar cap, 197 polar filament, 173, 174, 178, 197, 198,224 polarized light, 2, 9 polaroplast, 174, 178, 197 Polistes fuscatus, 295, 296, 297 P. olivaceous, 145 polydisperse DNA genome (virus), 6, 14, 16,

44 polyembryony, 285 polyhedra, 2, 15, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40 polyhedrin, 40 polyhedroses, 13 Polynema goreum, 301, 302 Polyphaga sp., 137 Polyplax serrata, 65 P. spinulosa, 65 polypod larvae, 289 "potential" pathogens, 79, 80, 81 Poxviridae, 6, 15 poxviruses, 13 Praecocilenchus rhaphidophorus, 273, 274 probasidium, 112 Procaryotae, 79 Proctotrupoidea, 282, 290, 293 Procotrupidae, 282, 239 Professional Ecological Services, 330, 334 prophialides, 114, 150 Proteus, 88 Protista, 172 Protoctista, 172 protomerite, 183 protopod larvae, 289 Protozoa, ix, 2, 3, 171-233 Pseudaletia sp., 11 Pseudogibellula, 114, 150 Pseudomonas, 84, 341 P. aeruginosa, vi, 84, 85, 87, 101 Pseudomonas spp., 84 pseudopodia, 175, 176 Psyllotylenchus, 238 P. viviparus, 277 pteromalid, 310, 313 Pteromalidae, 282 Pulex irritans, 65 Pulvinariella mesen'lbryanthemi, 303, 307, 308 pulvinate (bacterial colony), 83, 89

punctiform (bacterial colony), 83, 89 purple broth base, 341-342 pycnidia, 113 Pyrgotidae, 283, 293 Pyrotheca, 182 Pythium, Ill, 127

radiately ridged (bacterial colony), 83, 89 raised (bacterial colony), 83, 89 rat louse, 65 rat flea, 65 rats, 65 red scale, 331, 332 Reoviridae, 6, 15, 18 reoviruses, 14 Resh Greenhouses and Hydroponic Garden

Center, 331, 332, 334 Retortamonadida, 177 retroviruses, 14 Reuter Laboratories Inc., 328, 334 Rhabditida, 236, 237, 240 Rhabditidae, 236, 245, 246, 263, 264, 279 Rhabditina, 236 rhabditoid nematodes, 87, 88 Rhabditoidea, 236 rhabditoids, 235 Rhabdoviridae, 6, 16 rhabdoviruses, 14 rhizoid (bacterial colony), 83, 89 Rhodnius prolixus, 196 Rhopoea morbellosa, vi Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, 274 Rickettsia, ix, 2, 59, 65 rickettsias, 57-77 Rickettsia mooseri, 65 R. prowazekii, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 63, 65 R. rickettsii, 68, 69, 70 R. typhi, 58, 59, 60, 61, 65 Rickettsiaceae, 59 Rickettsiae, 59 Rickettsiales, 58 Rickettsiella, 57,58,59,60,61,63,66,73,

74, 75, 76, 77 R. popillae, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 66 rickettsemia, 61 Rincon Vitova Insectaries Inc., 330, 331, 332,

334 Ringer's solution, 82, 239, 288, 340-341, 361 Ripiphoridae, 281, 287, 289, 292 roaches, 177 Rochalimaea, 59, 60

R. quintana, 57, 58, 59, 64 rod (virus), 25 Rodentia, 61 rodents, 64, 65 rodent lice, 65 Roproniidae, 282 rugose (bacterial colony), 83, 89 Rynchophrya, 176 Rhynichoidomonas, 177

INDEX 389

Saboraud dextrose agar, 108, 339 Saboraud dextrose agar with yeast extract

(SOA + Y), 108, 339 Saboraud dextrose broth with yeast extract

(SOB+ Y), 339 Saboraud maltose agar with yeast extract

(SMA+Y),339 saebrood virus, 9, 11, 51 Saccharomyces, 112 sacciform larvae, 289 salivary glands, 183 sand flies, 64 Sandfly fever Sicilian virus, 17 Saprolegnia, III Sarcodina, 177 Sarcomastigophora, 172, 176 Sarcophagidae, 284, 286, 293 sarcophagids, 290 satellite (mini) virus, 17 sawfly, 177 scale insects, vi, 105, 112, 113, 114, 139,

303, 307, 308, 315 scarabaeid beetles, 283 Scarabaeidae, vi, 81, 280 Scelionidae, 282, 284, 289, 292 schizogony, 172 Schizogregarina, 184 Schizomycetes, 79 Sciara, 179 sciarid, 270 Sciaridae, 105, 245 Scoliidae, 287 scolytid, 263, 264, 266, 267 Scolytidae, 105, 246, 279 SOA + Y (Sabouraud dextrose agar with yeast

extract), 339 SOB + Y (Sabouraud dextrose broth with yeast

extract), 339 Secementea, 235, 236 "secondary cells" (rickettsias), 58, 75, 76, 77 septicemia, 80

390 INDEX

Septobasidiales, 13, 112 Septobasidium, 112, 128, 129 Sericesthis, vi Sericesthis iridovirus, vi Serratia marcescens, vi, 81, 84, 88, 103 Sessalina, 176 sheep ked, 60, 64 shell (virus), 21, 41, 42 shrimp, 5 sigma virus, 9, 16 silkworm, 87 Simuliidae, 81,111,181,182 Simulium vittatum, 123 Sindbis virus, 17 single-nucleocapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus

(SNPV), 15, 21 Sirex, 245, 272 Siricidae, 105, 242, 282 slow Giemsa staining, 352 SMA + Y (Sabouraud maltose agar with. yeast

extract), 339 Smithiavirus, 6 smooth (bacterial colony), 83, 89 Spaulding Laboratories, 331, 332, 334 Sphaerularia, 245 S. bombi, 238, 241, 268, 269 Sphaerulariidae, 236, 237, 245, 268, 269, 270 sphaerulariids, 237, 243 Sphaerulariopsis, 245 Sphaerularoidea, 236 Sphegigaster sp., 309, 331 spheriods (virus), 28, 29 Splangia endius, 332 Spicaria, 115 spicules, 241, 254 spikes (virus), 21, 34 spindle (bacterial colony), 83, 89 Spiroglugea, 180 spirurid, 257 Spirurida, 237, 244, 258 spittlebug, 306, 329 Splangia endius, 310 sporangia, 110, 111, 123, 126, 127 sporangiospores, 106 spore ball, 113, 133 spore production (fungi), 339 Spore stain-bacterial spores, 357-358 spore wall, 197 sporoblast, 174 sporocyst, 178 sporophorous vesicle, 178

sporop1asms, 178, 198 Sporozoa, 172, 178 sporozoites, 2, 174, 183, 184, 185 ssDNA viruses, 6, 17 ssRNA viruses, 6, 16, 17, 18 stab cultures, 363 stains and staining procedures, 347-358 staphylococci, 336 Staphylococcus, 86, 336 Steinemematidae, 236, 244 steinemematids, 237 Stempellia, 181 Stephanidae, 282 sterilize, 82 Stermia sp., 322, 323, 324 Stethorus spp., 66 streak plate method, 358, 363-364 streak plates, 358, 363 Strepsiptera, 281, 285, 286, 288, 289, 292 strepsipteran, 294, 295, 296, 297 Streptococcus, 84, 86, 336 S. faecalis, 84, 86, 340 Streptoccus faecalis differential medium, 340 S. pluton, 86 Streptococcus sp., 91 Strongylida, 237, 244 stroma, 109, 112, 113, 114, 128, 136, 139,

140 Strongwellsea, 111 S. castrans, 107, 120 stylet (nematode), 245, 246 "stylopized," 287 "sty lops," 287 Suctora, 176 Suctorea, 186, 187 suctorians, 172 sudan III, 2, 9, 358 Sudan III to differentiate virus polyhedra from

fat droplets, 358 surface (bacterial colony), 83, 89 surface sterilization, 82, 108 surface units (virus), 21 Symbiotes, 59, 60, 65 S. lectularius, 57, 59 synnemata, 109, 113, 114, 143, 146, 147,

148,149, 150, 151, 152, 153 Synnematium, 114, 148, 149 Syrphoidea, 283

T-7+TIC, 341 1:abanidae, 64, 111

Tabanomyces. III Tabanomyces milkoi. 121 Tachinaephagus zealandicus. 331 tachinid, 322, 323, 324, 325 Tachinidae, 283, 284, 286, 289, 293 tachinids, 290 TAF,239 techniques, 335-364 Teknar®, 328 teleoform larvae, 289 Telomyxa. 179. 202. 203 Tenebn'o molitor. 225 tenebrionid beetle, 159 tentacles, 176 Tephritoidea. 283 Tergitol-7, 84. 341 Tergitol-7+TIC agar (T-7+TTC), 84. 341 termite, 171, 177 Tetradonematidae, 235. 236, 245 Tetrahymena. 173,176,188,189,190 T.pvriformis. 188, 189 Tetrastichus. 284 The Nematode Farm, 329. 334 Thelastoma pterygoton. 280 Thelohania. vi, 181,214,215 Thelohania californica. 215 Thuricide®, 328 Tiphiidae. 287 Tipula. 14, 16 Tipula iridescent virus, 16 Tipula paludosa. 8 tipulid, 185 tissue smear, 361 Togaviridae, 6, 17 Tolypocladium. 115. 158 Torymidae, 282 Toxoglugea. 180. 212 translucent (bacterial colony), 83 transovarial transmission, 7, 172 transovarially, 174 transovum transmission, 172 trench fever, 57 Tribolium. 184 Trichodina, 176 Trichoduboscqia. 181, 217 T. epori. 217 Trichogramma, 327, 330 T. minutum. 298 Trichogrammatidae, 282. 284, 292 Trichomonadida, 177 Trichomycetes, 105

Trichoplusia ni. vi, 15, 36 Trichoplusia RNA virus, 18, 53, 54 Trichoptera, 182, 261 Trigonalidae, 283, 284 Trigonaloidea, 283

INDEX 391

triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TIC), 84, 341 Tripius. 245 T. sciarae. 270 triple sugar iron agar (TSI), 343-344 triungulin. 285, 287, 288, 289 Trogoderma. 233 trophozoites, 183, 184, 227, 229 "true" pathogen, 79 Trypanosoma. 171, 177, 196 T. rangeli, 196 trypanosomatids, 177 Trypanosomatina, 177 trypetid fly, 1I8 TSI (triple sugar iron agar), 343-344 TIC (triphenyltetrazolium chloride), 84, 341 Tylenchida, 235, 236, 241 Tuzetia, 182 typhus fever, 57

ultraviolet light, 81, 173 umbonate (bacterial colony), 83, 89 undulate (bacterial colony), 83, 89 unenveloped viruses, II, 16, 17 Unique Nursery, 330, 331, 334 urate, 2, 9, 20 Urceolaria, 176 Uredinella. 112 uredospore, 1/2 uric acid crystals, 9, 20 uterine sac, 241, 245, 268, 269, 270 Uukuvirus, 17

"vacuoles" (rickettsial), 58, 62, 77 Vairimorpha. 179 V. necatrix, 175 Vanhomiidae, 282 vaspar, 361 Vectobac®, 328 Vertalec®, 329 Verticil/ium. 115, 156 V. lecanii. 105, 115, 329 "vesicles" (rickettsial), 58, 62, 75, 76 vesiculate larvae, 289 Vespidae, 287 viral inclusions, 49 virogenic area, 49

392 INDEX

virions, 6, 7,11,14,15,16,17,18,21,31, 39,49,50

virus inclusion bodies, dissolution in alkalai, 364

virus particles, 6, 7, 10, 14, 54 virus rods, 25 viruses, vi, ix, 5-53 Voges Proskauer (VP) test, 87, 88, 344-345,

346-347 Vorticella, 176, 191, 192 VP test (Voges Proskauer), 87, 88, 344-345,

346-347

wasps, 283 water beetle, 186 wax moth, vi Weaver and Thomas fixative, 288, 364 weevil, 159 Weiseria, 181, 219 W. laurenti, 219 wet mount, 361 white flies, vi, 105, 113, 139,314, 329, 330 Whitefly Control Co., 330, 334

Wolbachia, 59,60,64,71,72 W. melophagi, 59, 60, 64 W. pipientis, 59, 60, 61 Wolbachiae, 59 wood roaches, 171 woodwasps, 245

Xenophylla cheopis, 65 Xenorhabdus luminescens, vi, 84, 87, 90, 244 X. nematophilus, 80, 87, 102,244,341 Xenorhabdus spp., 84, 240, 241, 244 Xenos peckii, 295, 296, 297

yeasts, 112 yellow fever virus, 17

Ziehl-Neelson Hethod (acid-fast staining), 347

Zoecon Corporation, 328, 334 zoospores, 106, 110, III Zygomycetes, 110 zygospores, 110, 116, 121 zygotes, 172, 183