Introduction to Referencing

B.A HARSHI MADUBASHINIBSc (Hon’s)In Quantity SurveyingLECTURER, University Of Salford,UK, FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & CONSTRUCTION ICBT CAMPUS MOUNT LAVINIA

Session AimsWhy referenceHow to review literature betterHow to cite and refer to others

work within the textHow to list references

Why reference?

Books Journals www Films Sound recording Video/DVD/CD-ROM Broadcasts

Illustrations British Standard

Publications Government Publications Conferences E-Mail Online Databases

1. To show your ability to research • How many sources• Range of different sources

Why reference?

1. To acknowledge other writers/work

2. To allow others to locate your sources

3. List references correctly4. Avoid plagiarism

References & Bibliography

What is the difference between the References Section and Bibliography Section?

All works cited must be listed correctly in the 'References' section

Any work that you have read/seen and you feel is relevant but has not been used in your work appears in the 'Bibliography'

Principles of citation Each citation should include Author’s last name(Family name)Year of the book published in the

brackets.Ex: Phillips(1999) Suggest that

Multiple sentences relating to one citationWeed(2007) described how hosting the

Olympic generates tourism during the games and afterword's. he also asserts that the effects are seen across the whole country.

Citing items with two or three authorsInclude all the names:(Daly, Speedy and Jackson 2006)

or

Daly, Speedy and Jackson (2006) discuss the ...

Citing items with more than three authorsUse the first author followed by

et al(Russell et al. 2005)

or Russell et al. (2005) give a description of

“Et al.” is a scholarly abbreviation of the Latin phrase et alia, which means “and others.”

Citing diagrams, tables, figures, etc.Osbourn and Greeno (2002, p206) provide a

diagram of the typical detail for raft foundation

Ex: 1. In your text : In the book by Cole (1994, p38) there is a figure by Stoner & Freeman explaining the ………..2. If you have included the diagram in your work, a citation should appear below it: Stoner and Freeman (Cole 1994, p38) In your bibliography : COLE, G.A. (1994). Strategic management: theory and practice. London, DP Publications Ltd.

Direct QuotationsDirect quotations AuthorYear of the PublicationPage numberQuotation marks "……."

Dickinson (2010, p. 51).

Example of Direct QuotesAs Lock (1994, p. 5) states:

"Project management techniques find their application in many situations far removed from the obvious industrial project scene, helping to manage changes of premises, new installations, refurbishment or maintenance of existing plant and facilities, company relocations and so on.“

As Lock (1994, p. 6) states:

“Every project manager must ensure that his project is efficiently and sensibly planned and scheduled from the start, and that critical tasks are identified."

You also need to add you own words, thoughts and ideas. Use the quotes to justify you own thoughts and ideas.

What does it mean when ……… are added within a quotation?

“ Many issues have to be considered……………. and these have to be resourced”( Watson 2003, p. 12)

Words cut from quotation

Example of Multiple AuthorsDickinson, S., Hanney, N., and Armatys, J.,

2010. Professional Information Management. Sheffield: Hallam Publishing◦ 3 or less◦ The order that the authors are given on the front

cover is the order they are written.◦ However, when listing references in the references

section they should be in alphabetical order of the surname of the first author.

Citing more than one piece of work by the same author in same yearUse letters

◦Lower case◦after date

E.g. Dickinson (2010a) and

Dickinson (2010b) etc.

How to List References

Style

When listing references:Highlight titles of books

◦Bold ◦Underline◦Italics

You may put date in brackets (2014)

Listing References for books

◦Author or editors name◦Year of the book published◦The title of the book◦If it is edition other than the first◦The city the book was published on◦The name of the publisher

EX: PHILLIPS, David (2006). Quality of life: concept, policy and practice. London, Routledge.

Citing References for books

Alvesson,Millar and Due,Billing (2009) Understanding gender and organizations.2nd ed., London,Sage Publications.Alvesson First author's surname

Millar First author's first name (use first one only)

Due Second author's surname

Billing Second author's first name (use first one only)

(2009) Year of publication

Understanding gender and organizations Title of book in italics

2nd ed., Edition (in this case 2nd edition)*

London Place of publication

sage publications Publisher

HOW to Cite for Edited Book Entries

Bruni First chapter author's surname

Anderson First author's first name (use first one only)

Gherardi Second chapter author's surname

Sara Second author's first name (use first one only)

(2002) Year of publication

'Engendering diffrences...' Title of chapter in single quotation marks

in Aaltio, I and Mills, A (eds) 'in' plus the editors of the book

Culture, Identity... Title of book in italics

London Place of publication

Routledge Publisher

pp21-38 Pages of the chapter or article

Edited Book EntriesBruni, Anderson and Gherardi,

Sara (2002) ‘En-gendering differences, transgressing the boundaries, coping with the dual presence’ in Aaltio, I and Mills, A (eds) Gender, Identity and the Culture of Organizations London: Routledge pp21-38

Books with No Identifiable Authors or Editors

Title of the bookYearplace of publication publisher

Building maintenance: strategy, planning and procurement. (2000). Coventry, Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors

Anonymous booksUse AnonYearPlace of publicationPublisher

ANON. (2005). A woman in Berlin: diary 20 April 1945 to 22 June 1945. London, Virago. (Anon. 2005

Sources Without a Date

Author No date

Ex: Smith, James. (n. d.).

Journal ArticlesThe author’s name or names Year article title, full journal/magazine titleVolumeissue or number pages

Ex: DAVIS, Simon (2004). Project management in local and central government: an interim view. Project manager today, XVI (5), 4-5.

Electronic SourcesAuthor and published yearTitle of electronic sourceThe date you accessed the sourceThe electronic address or emailThe type of electronic source (email,

discussion forum) Ex: young,c.(2001) English heritage position

statesmen on the Valetta convention,[Online],available:http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/imagepages/9124.htm.[24.aug.2001]

References for Images Artist, year, title, format In: then

reference as a book In text : (Reynolds circa 1775) In reference list : REYNOLDS,

Joshua (circa 1775). Self portrait. [painting]. In: SMITH, J. & JONES, S. Sir Joshua Reynolds. Sheffield, Sheffield Hallam University Press, 1998.

References for Images (web site) Artist Year Title Format Last accessed date at: URL

Ex: In text : (Reynolds circa 1775) In Reference list : REYNOLDS, Joshua (circa 1775).

Self portrait. [online image]. Last accessed 1 August 2006 at: http://www.tate.org.uk/servlet/ViewWork?workid=12394

Reference for Oral Presentation

The spoken citation can also

include an author and published date if appropriate.

“Norman Hollenberg’s 2004 article ‘Angiotensin Receptor Blockers’ explains the relationship of renin to hypertension. Patients with hypertension suffer from . . .”

References for Oral Presentation GRAPHICS - Include the source of

the image, photograph or illustration in your PowerPoint presentation.

include the author/year or title/year, if you provide your audience with a

complete list of references. Include a complete list of your

References as a slide at the end of your PowerPoint presentation

Reference for video Author (artist) Title of programme Year Format Last accessed date URL.

Ex: GERVAIS, R. (2006) Ricky Gervais video podcast No 8. [video podcast] 26 July. Last accessed 3 August 2006 at: http://podcast.rickygervais.com/podcast.xml

Gervais (2006) is ... (in text )

Paraphrasing and Summarizing

You are paraphrasing when you used other writer’s ideas into your own words you have to provide the original source.

When you doing summarizing part if you use main points from a original source you have to provide reference.

PlagiarismPlagiarism is cheating by

presenting someone else’s work as your own.

Plagiarism video

Any Questions?

Referencing Quiz