Referencing & Bibliographies

When to reference

quoting the exact words of another writer

closely summarising a passage from another writer (paraphrasing)

using an idea or material which is directly based on the work of another writer

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Referencing styles

APA (American Psychological Association) more information can be found at the

INFO1010 Referencing page:

Harvard or Author-dateChicagoMLAVancouver<click>

http://www.newcastle.edu.au/library/info1010/apa.html

In-text referencing

acknowledge others’ work at the point it appears or is discussed in your essay

relies on reader getting the details from your bibliography or works cited list.

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APA style Intext referencing

In-text referencing

It’s there to refer the reader to the full details in the bibliography.

In-text referencing relies on the Bibliography or Reference list at the end of the article, chapter, etc.

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In-text referencing

one author: Shaw (1995) compares various testing

methods …

OR

In a recent study of various testing methods (Shaw, 1995) ...

• page numbers should be included only when using a direct quote

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In-text referencing

two authors: Robinson and Jones (1997) discuss the

implications of the major theories of …

One implication of these theories is that there may be a detectable increase in the rate of cooling in the earth (Robinson & Jones, 1997).

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In-text referencing

three, four or five authors: cite all authors the first time, then for

subsequent citations only use the surname of the first author followed by “et al.”

… are the major theoretical approaches (James, Larkin & Jones, 1998)

Which then becomes….. (James, et al., 1998).

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In-text referencing

Six or more authors:Use et al each time:

•Graham, et al. (1994) discuss the problems associated with …

•… found to be the major problems (Graham, et al., 1994)

•But use all the names in the bibliography

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In-text referencing

Where there is no author, use the title and publication date, e.g.

Recent fossil discoveries have shown … (World of scientific discovery, 1994)

You need only use the first 3-4 words of a title - enough to distinguish it from other items in the Bibliography

Do NOT use Anon or Anonymous<click>

Secondary referencing

Sometimes you will read important information cited by someone else.

In the in-text reference you need to mention the original author

Jones found that … (as cited in Miller 1996)•In the bibliography, you only include the

work you read, ie only Miller.

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Reference Lists & Bibliographies

You must include a Works cited list and a Bibliography at the end of your report, including full details of all the works cited Works cited/Reference List

• appears at the end of the essay and includes all the works cited within the essay itself in alphabetical order by author

Bibliography• includes the wider list of works that you read as

background in your research but did not reference directly in the essay

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Bibliographies

Bibliographies must: be in alphabetical order by author’s surname

•list items without authors in alphabetical order by their title - do not list under “Anonymous” or “Anon”

have all the elements of the reference in the correct order

use consistent punctuation throughout<click>

Works cited / Bibliography

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Bibliography syntax

There is a set pattern to when and how you put information in a bibliography, even down to the commas and full stops.

This pattern repeats itself for most forms – books, articles, videos, web pages etc

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Bibliography syntax

Author. Date. Title (ed). Place. PublisherSmith, J. (2000). Writing Reports (2nd ed.). Sydney: Booklist

House, S. & Call, T. (1999) Reporting the research. New York: Bookers

Cloak, P. (2001) Focus on reports Journal of Professional Writing 16,(2) 12-18

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Bibliography syntax

Changes do not really disturb the order. Eg - no author? – the title takes the author’s

place in the syntax.

Title. Date. Place and PublisherWebsters geographical dictionary. (1949).

Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster<click>

Books

Author(s) or Editor(s). (Year of publication). Title. (Edition) if applicable*. Place of publication: Publisher.

Jones, B. T. & Smith, N. V. (Eds.). (1982). Extinction. New York : Barnes and Ellis.

* Only include the edition if it is not the first edition, e.g. (2nd ed.), (5th ed.), (rev.ed.)

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Chapters in books

Author(s) of chapter. (Year of publication). Title of chapter. In Editor(s) of book. Title of book. (page numbers of chapter). Place of publication: Publisher.

<click>Schwartz, M. T. & Billoski, T. V. (1982) Greenhouse hypothesis: effect on dinosaur extinction. In B. T. Jones & N. V. Smith (Eds.). Extinction (pp. 175-189). New York: Barnes and Ellis.

Journal articles

Author(s). (year of publication). Title of article. Title of journal, volume number, (issue number), month or season, page numbers.

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Schwartz, M. T. (1976). Evolving ecosystems: role in dinosaur extinction. Nature, 12 (8), 16-17.

only use if there is no issue number

Full-text journal articles from electronic databases

Author(s). (year of publication) Article title. Title of journal, volume number (issue number), page numbers, Retrieved month day, year, from database name.

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Wrubel, R. (1998). Biotechnology: right or

wrong? BioScience, 48, 210-211. Retrieved March 9, 2000, from Expanded Academic ASAP database

Web pages

In-text referencing the same as printed items, i.e., (author, date) – (Louie, 1996)

Bibliography – Author(s). (year). Title. Retrieved month day, year, from: url

<click>Louie, J. (1996). Earth’s interior. Retrieved August 13, 2002, from http://www.seismo.unr.edu/ftp/pub/louie/class/100/interior.html

No author

Some items have no author particularly web pages and newspaper

articles as well as some books

Title. (edition). (publication year). Place of Publication: Publisher.

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Concise dictionary of biology (New ed.). (1990). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

No date

Some items have no date frequent occurrence with web pages,

and does happen in printed materialUse (n.d.) for no date

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Strauss, S. (n.d.) Pilot fatigue. Retrieved July 31, 2000, from http://www.ozemail.com.au/~dxw/Pilot_Fatigue.html

Referencing in all formats

Regardless of the format you use for your assignment (essay, report, etc), you must acknowledge the sources of your information.

Most style guides do not give specific guidelines for sources in new formats (electronic), but the same principles apply.

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Referencing in Powerpoint presentations

If you quote directly from a source ( a direct quote or images) in a powerpoint slide, you always need to cite the source

usually by including a note at the bottom of the slide

try to make the text of this note quite small (but still readable), so as not to intrude too much on the content of the slide

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Referencing images

Images from sources other than clip art must be acknowledged usually with a note

under the image, whether this be in an essay, report, presentation or web page

<click>From: Cartoon. (2000). Ariadne, (24). Retrieved on August 1, 2001 from http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue24/cartoon/