Referencing Postgrad_draft Mar 09 Final

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Referencing

GuidelinesUsing the Harvard Referencing

System

at the

Durban University of Technology

2009


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Acknowledgements

Acknowledement is given to the following sources which assisted in the compilation of this guide, andfrom which many examples are used:

Mpendulo, N.N. 2008. Referencing guide: using the Harvard Referencing System. Durban Universityof Technology.

Vaal University of Technology. 2004. Postgraduate guidelines: bibliographical referencing for theses,dissertations and project reports. Vanderbijlpark: VUT Press.

Acknowledgement is also given to those whose input and assistance contributed to these guidelines:Prof Annelie Jordaan, Subject Librarians of the DUT Library

Compiled by:N. Muller, B. Jones and R. Naidoo.

Proofreading:B. Jones and N. Muller

2009


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Table of ContentsDefinitions ................................................................................................................................................................... 1

Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................ 3

Why is referencing important? ................................................................................................................................... 3

When do you reference?............................................................................................................................................. 3

General information for compiling the reference list or bibliography ....................................................................... 4

Date of publication ................................................................................................................................................. 6

Place of Publication ................................................................................................................................................. 6

Publisher ................................................................................................................................................................. 6

Titles ........................................................................................................................................................................ 7

General rules for in-text referencing .......................................................................................................................... 8

Paraphrasing ........................................................................................................................................................... 8

Direct quotes........................................................................................................................................................... 8

Rules for referencing, with examples........................................................................................................................ 10

Artists and artistic works ........................................................................................................................................... 10

Artists ................................................................................................................................................................ 10

Art works .......................................................................................................................................................... 10

Artefacts .................................................................................................................................................................... 11

Authorship ................................................................................................................................................................. 11

Single author..................................................................................................................................................... 12

Multiple authorship .......................................................................................................................................... 12

Authorship unknown ........................................................................................................................................ 13

Authorship as editor ......................................................................................................................................... 13

Corporate authorship ....................................................................................................................................... 13

Brochures, pamphlets, manuals, software programmes and specifications ............................................................ 13

Collected works chapter or contribution ............................................................................................................... 14

Conference or symposium proceedings .................................................................................................................... 14

Databases .................................................................................................................................................................. 15

Dictionaries ............................................................................................................................................................... 15

Edition ....................................................................................................................................................................... 15

Electronic sources ..................................................................................................................................................... 16

Annual reports .................................................................................................................................................. 16

Journal articles from online sources................................................................................................................. 16

Journal articles from the World Wide Web ...................................................................................................... 16

WWW pages with author ................................................................................................................................. 16

WWW pages with no author ............................................................................................................................ 17

Online newspapers ........................................................................................................................................... 17

Electronic discussion lists, listservs, blogs ........................................................................................................ 17

Personal electronic communications or messages (E-mail) ............................................................................. 17

E-books ............................................................................................................................................................. 18


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Electronic encyclopaedias ................................................................................................................................ 18

Encyclopaedias .......................................................................................................................................................... 18

Figures ....................................................................................................................................................................... 19

Government publications .......................................................................................................................................... 19

Government Gazettes ...................................................................................................................................... 19

Statutes/Acts .................................................................................................................................................... 20

Commissions of Inquiry .................................................................................................................................... 20

Councils............................................................................................................................................................. 20

Government departments ................................................................................................................................ 21

Papers ............................................................................................................................................................... 21

Journal/Periodical articles ......................................................................................................................................... 22

Journal/periodical without volume or issue number ....................................................................................... 22

Lecture notes or printed handouts ........................................................................................................................... 22

Letters/interviews/ telephonic communications ...................................................................................................... 23

Maps .......................................................................................................................................................................... 23

Newspapers ............................................................................................................................................................... 24

Online images ............................................................................................................................................................ 24

Image with title ................................................................................................................................................. 24

Patents ...................................................................................................................................................................... 24

Radio/Television broadcasts ..................................................................................................................................... 25

Secondary sources..................................................................................................................................................... 25

Theses and Dissertations ........................................................................................................................................... 26

Translations ............................................................................................................................................................... 27

Video recordings ....................................................................................................................................................... 27

Example of a Reference List ...................................................................................................................................... 28

EndNote ..................................................................................................................................................................... 29


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Definitions

Author Any person or entity responsible for a particular piece of work, including editors,

compilers, composers, persons interviewed or anyone with whom there has been

personal communication.

Bibliography List of books, articles or websites, arranged in alphabetical order at the end of the work,that have been used when preparing for, or writing an assignment, article, project, or

research paper, but which are not cited (referred to) in the written document. In

contrast, the reference list refers to all cited or in-text references.

Citation A written reference to a specific piece of work or portion of a work.

Copyright Copyright is a legal right giving the originator of a work exclusive rights to it, usually for a

limited time. Generally, it is the right to copy, but also gives the copyright holder the

right to be credited for the work (http://dictionary.oed.com).

Corporate author An organization or group of persons (including associations, institutions, companies,

governments, or religious bodies) that is identified by a particular name and acts as an

entity responsible for a particular body or piece of work. Examples are Durban University

of Technology (DUT), Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC), Students Representative

Council (SRC).

Ellipsis () The omission mark which identifies that words have been omitted from a direct

quotation.

Grey/gray literature Documentary material which is not commercially published or publicly available, such astechnical reports or internal business documents (http://dictionary.oed.com).

In-text referencing This is when the author inserts, at the appropriate places in his/her work, the surname of

the person whose original information has been cited and the year of that publication.

E.g. According to Jones (2009) this referencing guide is important for academic purposes.

Or: Jones (2009) states that this referencing guide is important for academic purposes.

Or: This referencing guide is important for academic purposes (Jones, 2009).

Journals see Periodicals.

List of references List of the in-text references, arranged in alphabetical order with full bibliographic details

at the end of your document. See also Reference list.

Paraphrasing The restatement of the information that you are using but described in your own words.

Periodicals This refers to journals, magazines or newspapers. This type of material is published

periodically, e.g. daily, weekly, monthly, bi-monthly.

Plagiarism The submission, without acknowledgement of written, visual or oral material, or an

idea, originally produced by someone else, purporting to be ones own work. For

example, copying directly from any text (including the Internet) without using quotation

marks and proper referencing; presenting someone elses ideas using ones own words
http://dictionary.oed.com/http://dictionary.oed.com/http://dictionary.oed.com/


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Books

Surname and initial ofAuthor/ editor

Year of publicaton

Title

Edition (if not the 1st)

Place of publication

Name of publisher

Journal articles

Surname and initial ofAuthor of article

Year of publication

Title of the article

Title of the journal

Volume and issue numberof the journal

Page numbers of the article

Electronic

information

The same details as for abook or a journal article

In addition, note the dateyou accessed theinformation

Note the web address ofthe information (URL)

Introduction

The purpose of this Durban University of Technology (DUT) reference guide is to explain how to cite in-text

referencing and how to write up your reference list. It is also aimed to give you a clear understanding of the

method required for acknowledging sources of information in your written work. There are many different

referencing conventions; the DUT has standardized on the Harvard Referencing System and this guide outlinesthe steps that you need to take to ensure that the presentation of your references (both in-text and in the

reference list) is academically presentable and correct.

Why is referencing important?It is good academic practice meaning you are acknowledging the original author/s ideas as theirs and not

your own.

It shows the breadth and depth of the literature you have read. This is important for academic writing.

It shows how you have built on the ideas and thoughts of other people.

It enables the reader of your work to find the information you have used so they can verify your

information.The reader is able to read the literature to which you have referred.

Plagiarism can be avoided if you know how to reference correctly.

In summary, referencing is a method of acknowledging the sources of information and the ideas that you have

used in your work, in a way that identifies their source.

When do you reference?The academic discipline of writing requires two instances of referencing. The first is when you paraphrase

someones words or ideas or use a quote in the text of your work. This is known as in-text referencing or in-text

citing. For in-text referencing you will need to record the authors surname followed by the date. The secondiswhen you list all the works that you have referred to (cited) in the body of your work. This is known as the list of

references (or reference list) which contains full details of all the in-text citations (see diagram below for

information that you need to record).

So, when you are reading the literature in your field, you need to ensure that you note the full details, including

the page numbers from which the information is taken. Although page numbers are not always cited, it is good

practice during your research to write them down so that you can find the reference again easily. See the

different requirements for various media below:


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General information for compiling the reference list or bibliography

All in-text references must be included in an alphabetical list, by authors surname, at the end of the

work. As stated earlier, this is known as the Reference List.

A bibliography is a list of all works you used in preparation of the work, but which were not necessarily

cited/referred to (see Definitions).

This list must not be numbered.

One line is left open between each reference.When there is no author, use the title (Examples are given below).

References must be a full description of the intext references.

If there is more than one publication by the same author, arrange the works in chronological order, from

the most recent to oldest.

In your reference list/bibliography the following abbreviations are accepted:

o & (ampersand) appears between the names of authors but onlywhere these appear in

Brackets, in in-text referencing

o (ed.) editor

o (eds.) editors

o col. column

o comp(s). compiler/compilerso ed. edition

o et al. and others

o n.d. or s.d. no knowledge of the date (no date / sine anno)

o no. number

o par. paragraph

o s.l. no place of publication (sine loco)

o s.n. publisher is unknown (sine nomino)

o vol. volume

Example of a title page of a book:

A full description

means giving theinformation as shown

in the diagram above

Title

Sub-title. The sub-title

follows the title, separated

by a colon, e.g. Title: sub-title

The authors of the book

The publisher. This

information is not always

found on the title page.

The places of publication.

Also not always found on

the title page.


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Example of the back (verso) of the title page of a book:

Date of publication.

Publisher. Use the first provided.

Place of publication - London

Example of a journal title page/cover

Title of journal

Year

Volume and issue number

Authors of article

Title of article

Page numbers of article


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Date of publicationThe date of publication of the work usually appears on the verso of the title page of the work (the imprint

page)

If no date is given for a publication, use an approximate date following the examples below:

Publication date unknown or uncertain Example of convention to use

one or the other date is correct

the probable datethe approximate date

when the decade is known but not the year

when there is no knowledge of the date at all (sine

anno/no date)

1982 or 83

1982?c.1982

198-

s.a. or n.d.

Place of PublicationThe place of publication is given in the language in which you are writing, for example, isiZulu or

Afrikaans.

Give only the first place appearing on the title page.

If no place can be traced, the abbreviation s.l. (sine loco) is used.The place of publication is the town/city. However, for the United States of America, the State should

also be included. See the table below for the abbreviations to be used.

State Abbreviation State Abbreviation

Alabama Ala. Montana Mont.

Alaska Ak. Nebraska Nebr.

Arizona Ariz. Nevada Nev.

Arkansas Ark. New Hampshire N.H.

California Calif. New Jersey N.J.

Colorado Colo. New Mexico N.Mex.

Connecticut Conn. New York N.Y.Delaware Del. North Carolina N.C.

District of Columbia D.C. North Dakota N.D.

Florida Fla. Ohio Oh.

Georgia Ga. Oklahoma Okla.

Hawaii Hi. Oregon Oreg.

Idaho Id. Pennsylvania Pa.

Illinois Ill. Rhode Island R.I.

Indiana Ind. South Carolina S.C.

Iowa Ia. South Dakota S.D.

Kansas Kans. Tennessee Tenn.

Kentucky Ky. Texas Tex.Louisiana La. Utah Ut.

Maine Me. Vermont Vt.

Maryland Md. Virginia Va.

Massachusetts Mass. Washington Wash.

Michigan Mich. West Virginia W.Va.

Minnesota Minn. Wisconsin Wis.

Mississippi Miss. Wyoming Wyo.

Missouri Mo.

PublisherA colon (:) separates the place of publication and the publisher, e.g. London: Facet Publishing.If no publisher is given, the abbreviation s.n. (sine nomino) may be used.


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Initials of publishers are usually omitted. E.g. J.L. van Schaik is referenced as Van Schaik.

Initials are only used if it is necessary to distinguish between different publishers, e.g. W.H. Allen and J.A.

Allen.

TitlesNote that the titles of published works are always italicized.

o

This means that the titles of unpublished works are never italicized.For journals, the title of the journal is always italicized.

o But the title of a journal article is never italicized.

The title of a journal must not be abbreviated. For example, the British Medical Journalis not abbreviated

to BMJ.

Only the first word and proper nouns of ajournal article title begin with an upper case letter.

All relevant words of thejournal title begin with an upper case letter.

Where there is no author of an article, use the title as the main entry.

Example: Reference List

Jones, T. 1990. Anorexia nervosa. British Medical Journal, 29(4): 23-28.

Volume numberIssue

number

Page numbersArticle title which is not italicised

Journal title


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General rules for in-text referencing

For both paraphrasing and direct quotation, page numbers are included if a direct quotation or

paraphrase of a concept/idea/expression from a specific page is used.

Example:

Instant messaging, or IM, is a form of real-time, virtually instantaneous communication between two ormore people using a textual format (Bradley, 2007:134).

Bradley (2007:134) uses his definition of instant messaging to describe that it is a way of communicating

instantly between people but using a method that is in electronic written form.

Paraphrasing

When paraphrasing an author, use the method for recording the author and publication date as shown

below:

Example:

Research shows that there are other, some more preferable, resources than Pageflakes (Bradley, 2007).

Bradley (2007) found that that there are other resources that are more preferable to Pageflakes.

Direct quotes

When an exact quotation is used where the source is given at the beginning or the middle of the

sentence, place the full stop (which indicates the end of the sentence) inside the quotation marks.

Example:

Swart (1989:4) states that it is the policy of an academic library to meet the education needs and

research needs of the lecturers and students.

The policy of an academic library is to meet the education needs and research needs of the lecturers

and students. (Swart, 1989:4) and it is this context that

If the source of the direct quotation is given at the end of the sentence, then the full stop is placed after

the bracket.

Example:

An academic library must also provide in the education needs and research needs of the lecturers and

students (Swart, 1989:4).

When using a direct quote but not using it entirely, use the ellipsis to indicate where words are omitted.


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Example:

Swart (1989:4) states that an academic library supports the objectives of the academic institution of

which it forms partAn academic library must also provide in the education needs and research needs of

its special user group.

When using a direct quote where there are errors in spelling, phrase or punctuation use the word [sic]

after the error to show that this is not your error.

Example:

the Ministry will ensure that the new funding formula for higher education responds to such needs for

academic development programmed *sic+, including (South Africa, 1997b:23).

If a quotation exceeds 30 words or is longer than two lines, the quotation is indented on both the left and

the right margins. No quotation marks are used in the quote.

Example:

The South African Higher Education landscape, after the democratic elections of 1994, saw various

strategies being employed to effect significant change in that sector, with the rationale that the

restructured landscape would be:

socially just and equitable in its distribution of resources and opportunities, meet

the requirements of longterm sustainability and enhance the productivity of thesystem through effectively and efficiently meeting the teaching, skills development

and research needs of the country (Macozoma, 2002:1).

The correct word

is programmes


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Rules for referencing, with examples

Artists and artistic works

Artists

Example: In-text The first time an artist is mentioned in the text, provide his/her full names and dates of birth

and death. Thereafter, use only the artists surname.

Gerald Sekoto (1913-1993)

In the case of a living artist, cite as follows:

Veena Naidoo (1971), a Durban artist

Art worksIf the art work is represented in the text, it is referred to as a Figure.

The title of the art work is given in italics.

Art works are not contained in the Reference List, but are itemized under the heading List of Figures,

which appears after the Table of Contents.

Remember, however, that the information source from which the art work was obtained, must appear in

the Reference List.

Example: In-text

In Sekotos Study for The Donkey Cart

If this art work is represented in the text, then follow the example below:

Figure 5: Sekoto, Gerald. 1946. Study for The Donkey Cart. Pencil on paper.


Sekoto, Gerald. 1946. Study for The Donkey Cart. Pencil on paper [online]. Available at

http://www.iziko.org.za/sang/exhib/sekoto.html [Accessed 25 September 2008].

Example: List of Figures

(The List of Figures appears after the Table of Contents)

Figure number Title Artist Date of work Page number on which

image appears in your work

Figure 5 Study for the donkey cart Gerald Sekoto 1946 page 23
http://www.iziko.org.za/sang/exhib/sekoto.htmlhttp://www.iziko.org.za/sang/exhib/sekoto.html


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Artefacts

Example: In-text

Ceramic stoneware glazed with metal attachments as in Taskers (2002) artefact

Example: Reference listArtist/technologist/innovator/researcher name. Year. Artefact description. Town: Institution.

Tasker, A.R. 2002. Communion vessel 1. Vanderbijlpark: Vaal Triangle Technikon.

Authorship

Some general guidelines:

References to different works by the same author are listed chronologically from most current to oldest.

Example: In-text

Swart (2004, 1999, 1994) repeatedly refers to

References to multiple works by different authors are listed chronologically from most current to oldest.

Example: In-text

Koen (1995), Van Dyk (1994), and Swart and Venter (1989)

When referring to two authors with the same surname with different initials who published in the year,

their initials must be used when referring to them in the text to distinguish between them.

Example: In-text

Research shows that teenagers are (Jones, S. 1990:9)

Studies highlight brothers and sisters (Jones, T. 1990:12)


Jones, S. 1990.Adolescence. New York: Wiley.

Jones, T. 1990. Sibling rivalry.Journal of Child Psychology, 5(2):12-16.

When you reference more than one work by an author for the same year, distinguish these works by

adding a, b or c in lower-case letters after the dates.

Example: In- text

According to Venter (1996a:46) information on the Internet must be carefully evaluated.


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Venter (1996b) states that readers of the Internet must pay close attention to its reliability.


Venter, H. 1996a. Introduction to the Internet. Cape Town: Tafelberg.

Venter, H. 1996b. Evaluating information on the Internet. Journal for Computer Science, 2(4):14-18.

Single author

Example: In-text

Instant messaging, or IM, is a form of real-time, virtually instantaneous communication between two or more

people using a textual format (Bradley, 2007:134).

Bradley (2007:134) uses his definition of instant messaging to describe that it is a way of communicating instantly

between people but using a method that is in electronic written form.

A questionnaire method was chosen for this small research because this study required a high response rate

(Oppenheim, 2004).

Example: Reference list

Bradley, P. 2007. How to use Web 2.0 in your library. London: Facet Publishing.

Oppenheim, A.N. 2004. Questionnaire design, interviewing and attitude measurement. London: Pinter

Publications.

Multiple authorship

If there are up to three authors, all the authors are always cited and should be listed in the order in which

they appear.

If there are more than three authors, use their surnames the first time the in-text reference appears, but

in subsequent in-text references only reference the surname of the first author, followed by et al.

(meaning and others).

Example: In-text

Research has found that coral has a porous structure and because it is similar to bone, it can be used to repair

broken jaws, backbones and limbs (Barbor, Boyle, Cassidy and Senior, 1997). [First time cited]

Barbor et al. (1997) further suggest that [Subsequent times cited]


Barbor, M., Boyle, M., Cassidy, M., Senior, K. 1997. Biology. London: Collins Educational.


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Authorship unknown

This will apply to most dictionaries and encyclopaedias.

Where the author is unknown or authorship cannot be established, the title of the work is used, followed

by the date.

Example: In-text

According to The concise South African dictionary(1999)


The concise South African dictionary. 1999. Cape Town: Macmillan.

Authorship as editor

Example: In-text

According to Jardine (1988)


Jardine, F. (ed.) 1988. The education of the gifted child. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Corporate authorship

When referencing a corporate author, the name of the corporate author is typed in UPPER CASE. If the

reference is to a department of the corporate author, this is given in lower case.

DURBAN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY. 2008. Rule book for students.

DURBAN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY. Department of Postgraduate Support and Development. 2008.

Handbook for postgraduate students.

Brochures, pamphlets, manuals, software programmes and specifications

These appear as Appendices which are numbered sequentially e.g. Appendix A, Appendix B or Appendix

1, Appendix 2 and so on.

Appendices are placed at the back of the work, after the Reference list.

Similar to List of Tables, List of Figures, List of Images, the List of Appendices appears after the

Table of Contents page.Appendices are not listed in the reference list/bibliography.

Department of the

Corporate Author

Corporate

author


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Example: In-text

The software coding used for this report is (Appendix 1).

The respondents signed the Informed Consent Form (Appendix 1).

Collected works chapter or contribution

The page numbers of the contributors work must be given.

Example: In-text

In his seminal contribution on writers and class culture, Evans (1986:10-16)


Evans, D. 1986. Writers workshop and the working class culture. In Thompson, J. (ed.)Adult learners in a new

South Africa. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. 10-16.

Conference or symposium proceedings

A conference is treated as a corporate author.

If the publication as a whole is referred to, give the name, dates and location of the conference.

If a specific contribution is referred to, give the authors surname, initials and title of presentation. This is

followed by an In reference giving the details of the conference proceedings as a whole.The titles of published proceedings are italicized; the titles of unpublished proceedings are not italicized.

Example: In-text

Specific contribution but unpublished:

Cronje (1961:73) contends that integration is the keystone to the whole learning process.

Vahed (2008:56) asserts that traditional learning does not always promote learner comprehension of the subject

matter and she therefore developed the Muscle Mania multi media game (MMG) to enhance learnersunderstanding.

Published proceedings:

In his paper, Optimization criteria for public transportation services, Lewandowski (in Schneider, 2001),

postulates that transport systems in the 21stcentury


Unpublished proceedings:Cronje, F.J.C. 1961. A modern didactic view of the learning process. In South African Society for the Promotion of

Education. A few modern pedagogical principles for education. Papers read at the Third Annual Congress of


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SASPE held in Pretoria on 29 and 30 September 1961. Pretoria.

Vahed, A. 2008. Muscle Mania multi media game: exploring the effectiveness of this learning intervention.

Paper delivered at the 1st

Southern African conference on the first-year experience, Stellenbosch, South Africa 8

10 September 2008.

Published proceedings:

Schnieder, E. 2001. Control in transportation systems 2000 : a proceedings volume from the 9th IFAC Symposium,

Braunschweig, Germany, 13-15 June 2000. Oxford: Pergamon.

DatabasesSee Electronic sources

Dictionaries

Example: In-text

According to the Oxford English Dictionary(2008: 1136) the meaning ofpaucity is smallness of quantity or size.

Gratuity is the practice of giving money for a quality service rendered (Beaver, 2005:172).


Oxford English Dictionary. 2008. Paucity. Oxford: Claredon Press.

Beaver, A. A dictionary of travel and tourism terminology. Gratuity. 2nd

ed. Oxford: CABI Publishing.

Edition

Editions are the number of times the book has been reproduced

This is not to be confused with (ed.) or (eds.), the abbreviations for Editor or Editors.

Only editions after the first edition are given, e.g. 2nd

, 3rd

, 7th

Information about reprints or impressions is not required

Example: In-text

The edition is not given in an in-text reference.


This is the editor This is the edition

Jardine, F. (ed.) 1990. The education of the gifted and talented child. 4th

ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.


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Electronic sources

These include online resources such as Internet and World Wide Web (WWW).

You must indicate whether the work is from a CD-ROM, DVD or an online source. This is known as the

medium of the work/information.

The Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is given instead of the place of publication and the name of the

publisher.

When citing online references it is important to give the date on which the source was accessed. In thiscontext the document may change or may move to a different address.

Remember to refer to the diagram on page 3 for requirements of electronic referencing.

Annual reports

Example: Intext

The directors of Pick n Pay (2008) highlighted that the companys figures for the year


Company. Year. Title [online]. Available at: url [Accessed date].

Pick n Pay. 2008.Annual report 2008 [online]. Available at: http://picknpay-

ir.co.za/financials/annual_reports/2008/index.html[Accessed 6 January 2009].

Journal articles from online sources


Authors Surname, Initials. Year. Title of article.Journal Title [Type of medium], Vol(issue):pages. Available at: url[Accessed date].

Lumpkin, A. 2008. Teachers as role models: teaching character and moral virtues.Journal of Physical Education,

Recreation and Dance [online], 79(2):45-50. Available at: http://proquest.umi.com [Accessed 28 February 2008].

Journal articles from the World Wide Web

Example: Reference listAuthors Surname, Initials. Year. Title of article.Journal Title [Type of medium], Vol(issue):pages. Available at: url[Accessed date].

Timberlake, K. 2002. The role of the Internet in education.Australian Journal of Education [online], 25(5):23-30.

Available at: http://www.indiana.edu.au/intro/role.html [Accessed 24 March 2004].

WWW pages with author


Authors Surname, Initials. Year. Title [Type of medium]. Available at: url [Accessed date].

Dube, G. 2003. How to chair meetings [online]. Available at:

http://www.essex.ac.uk/staffdev/c/management/char.html [Accessed 12 March 2004].

This is the URL. The word

processing software

automatically splits this over

two lines as it is considered

as one word
http://proquest.umi.com/http://www.indiana.edu.au/intro/role.htmlhttp://www.essex.ac.uk/staffdev/c/management/char.htmlhttp://www.essex.ac.uk/staffdev/c/management/char.htmlhttp://www.indiana.edu.au/intro/role.htmlhttp://proquest.umi.com/


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WWW pages with no author


Title [Type of medium]. Year as appears on site. Available at: URL [Accessed date].

HIV/ AIDs statistics in South Africa [online]. 2004. Available at:

http://www.gov.za/documents/2000/aidsplan2000.pdf [Accessed 3 May 2004].

Online newspapers

For electronic newspaper articles insert a comma between [type of medium] and the date.

Reference list

Authors Surname, Initials. Year. Title of article. Title of newspaper[type of medium], Month and day: pagenumber/s. Available at: url [Accessed date].

Tangayi, F. 2003. Surviving in the era of epidemics. Mail and Guardian [online], February 3:12. Available at:http://www.mg.co.za [Accessed 10 February 2003].

Electronic discussion lists, listservs, blogs

In the examples below, Sabilist is the name of the listserv on which this information was found.

Example: In-text

According to Dany (2003) electronic information resources are defined


Authors Surname, Initials. Day Month Year. Subject of message. Discussion list[online]. Available at: E-mailaddress [Accessed date].

Dany, J. K. 10 June 2003. Re: Electronic information resources. Sabilist [online]. Available at:

[email protected] [Accessed 17 June 2003].

Personal electronic communications or messages (E-mail)

Example: In-text

Thobani (2004) indicated that the subject of Internet access remains


Senders Surname, Initials. (senders E-mail address), Day Month Year. Subject of message. E-mail to RecipientsInitials and Surname (recipients E-mail address) [Accessed date].

Thobani, D.S. ([email protected]), 10 June 2004.Access to the Internet. E-mail to C.J. Funda ([email protected])[Accessed 10 June 2004].
http://www.gov.za/documents/2000/aidsplan2000.pdfhttp://www.mg.co.za/http://www.mg.co.za/http://www.gov.za/documents/2000/aidsplan2000.pdf


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E-books


Authors Surname, Initials. Year. Title of book[type of medium]. Place of publication: Publisher. Available at:URL/website address [Accessed date].

Burton, R. 2007.Anatomy of melancholy[online]. Adelaide: eBooks@adelaide. Available at:http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/b/burton/robert/melancholy/ [Accessed 11 February 2008].

Electronic encyclopaedias

Example: In-text reference

According to Stam and Stam (1994), libraries in the Middle ages were

Neurotransmitters are defined as (Wikipedia 2008).


Stam, D.H. and Stam, D.C. 1994. Libraries of the Middle Ages. InEncarta95. *CD-ROM]. Microsoft.

Wikipedia. 2008. Copyright [online]. Available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright [Accessed 8 December

2008].

Please Note:

Although reference to Wikipedia and online information has been made, there is no guarantee that the

information you find is correct. Please always be mindful that information that you find on the Internet could be

written by anyone and as it has not necessarily been peer reviewed, i.e. confirmed as correct, you may be usingincorrect or invalid information. Wikipedia does not have formal peer reviewed processes which means that

some of the entries may contain misleading information.

Encyclopaedias

In-text

According to the Oxford World Encyclopedia (1998:1255), gold and other metal products are chief South African

exports.

Reference list

Oxford World Encyclopedia. 1998. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Be careful to use the English

or the American spelling as it

appears on the work.
http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/b/burton/robert/melancholy/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyrighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyrighthttp://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/b/burton/robert/melancholy/


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Figures

Figures are listed on a separate page which appears after the Table of Contents page.

In the text, a figure appears as:

Example: List of Figures

(This appears after the Tables of Contents).

List of Figures

Figure 1.1: The Industrial Energy Management Cycle 4

Figure 2.1: Diesel Engine Ideal Limited-Pressure Cycle 17

Government publications

Government Gazettes

Example: In-text

In the Standards and Requirements Regarding Control of Export of Groundnuts: Amendment (Republic of SouthAfrica, 2003)


Country. Year. Title. (Notice number) Government Gazette number: Day and month.

Republic of South Africa. 2003. Standards and Requirements Regarding Control of Export of Groundnuts:

Amendment. (Notice 23 of 2003) Government Gazette no. 23717: 17 January.

If this is given.


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Statutes/Acts

Example: In-text

According to the National Youth Commission Amendment Act 19 of 2000 (Republic of South Africa, 2000), the

young people of today are


Republic of South Africa. 2000. National Youth Commission Amendment Act 19 of 2000. Pretoria: Government

Printer.

Commissions of Inquiry

Titles of Commissions of Inquiry are different from other titles in that all the significant words of the title

have an initial capital letter.

Example: In-text

No chairperson:

In its Commission of Inquiry into Public Violence and Intimidation (1993), the Commission determined that

Chairperson:

According to the Commission of Inquiry (Katz 1994) the tax system


No chairperson:

Republic of South Africa. Commission of Inquiry into Public Violence and Intimidation. 1993. Final Report.

Pretoria: Government Printer.

Chairperson:

Katz, M.M., Chairperson. 1994. Interim report of the Commission of Inquiry into Certain Aspects of the Tax

Structure of South Africa. Pretoria: Government Printer.

Councils

Example: In-text

The Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC) (2003) undertakes research


Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC). 2003. Annual report. Pretoria.


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21

Government departments

Example: In-text

In its guide for health care professionals in rural areas (Department of Health, 2002).


Department of Health see Republic of South Africa. Department of Health.

Republic of South Africa. Department of Health. 2002. A guide for primary health care professionals working in

rural areas. Pretoria: Government Printer.

Papers

Green Papers

Example: In-text

It has been reported that education at a tertiary level is in the process of changing (Republic of South Africa,

1996)


Republic of South Africa. (1996). Green paper on higher education transformation. Pretoria: GovernmentPrinter.

White Papers

Example: In-text

According to the White Paper (Republic of South Africa 1995: 21) higher education

In its discussion of renewable energy options for South Africa (Republic of South Africa, 2004).


Republic of South Africa. Department of Education. 1995. White Paper on education and training. Government

Gazette no. 16312, 15 March.

Republic of South Africa. Department of Minerals and Energy. 2004. White Paper on the renewable energy policy

of the Republic of South Africa. Government Gazette no. 26169, 14 May.


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Journal/Periodical articles

Example: In-text

Previous studies have shown that elderly people are motivated to join exercise groups (Means, 2003).


Surname, Initials. Year. Title of article. Title of journal, volume number (issue number): page numbers of article.

Means, K.M., OSullivan, P.S., Rodell, D.E. 2003. Psychosocial effects of an exercise program in older persons who

fall.Journal of Rehabilitation Research & Development, 40(1): 49-58.

Journal/periodical without volume or issue number

Use the date or any other descriptor, e.g., Spring.

Where there is no volume or issue number, a comma (not a colon) is placed after the title of the journal.

This indicates that the page numbers follow.

Example: In-text

Boulders (1997) analysis of structural requirements for

Glatt (1980) indicates that Scotland has always had a more serious drinking problem than England.


Boulder, J. 1997. The city and the Olympic games: what next?Architect and Builder, Spring: 33-40.

Glatt, M.M. 1980. Recent books on the abuse of alcohol and alcoholism. British Book News, 133-137.

Lecture notes or printed handouts

When you receive handouts from your lecturers and the notes contain no references, ask for the

references. This will enable you to explore the topic further; it also shows where the lecturer obtained

his/her information and follows good academic practice in that he/she is not implying it is his/her own

information. Having obtained the original source of information, it will enable you to research it. This will

also increase your breadth of reading.

The title is not italicized.

Example: In-text

I have used the calculations supplied by Dlala (2001) to


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Lecturers Surname, Initials. Date of issue. Title. Name of issuing body.

Dlala, K. 2001. Electrical Engineering notes. Durban University of Technology.

Letters/interviews/ telephonic communications

The following details must be provided:

Surname and initials of interviewee/author of communication

Year

Designation of person

Name of organization

Place of origin

Date of letter/ interview/communication

Example: In-text

In a personal interview, the researcher asked Mr Bailes (1998)

According to Van der Merwe (1979), mampoer was already being distilled in the Marico area as early as 1841.


Name of person interviewed. Year. Name of interviewer. Place, Town/city where interview occurred, Day Month.

Balfour, R. 2003. Interviewed by S. Sigenu. Telkom Head Office, Durban, 3 February.

Bailes, N. 1998. Interview with Mr Nigel Bailes, Sales Manager, Barcode Systems Africa, Johannesburg, 20

October.

Van der Merwe, J.J. 1979. Verbal communication with the author. Zeerust (Cassette recording in possession of

the author).

Maps

The originator may be the cartographer, compiler, editor, surveyor, maker, etc.


Originators name. Date. Title, Scale. Place of publication: Publisher.

Map Studio. n.d. Locality map: KwaZulu-Natal. 2nd

ed., 1:600 000. Cape Town: Map Studio.


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Newspapers

Example: In-text

Author known:

According to Knowler (2008), ATM fraud is rife in South Africa, and it affects people of all ages, cultures and

economic backgrounds.

Author unknown:

and this is a primary concern of health practitioners (Why AIDS is increasing at an alarming rate in our country

2003).


Author known:

Knowler, W. 2008. Tis not the season for folly. Daily News, 17 November: 6.

Author unknown:Why AIDS is increasing at an alarming rate in our country. 2003. Sunday Times, 12 June: 4-5.

Online images

Refer to Artists and art works, regarding List of Figures.

Image with title

Example: In-text

If one looks at The lunar interior(1999)

Example: List of References

Name of image [image]. Year, Name and place of the sponsor of the source. Available at: url [Accessed date].

The lunar interior[image]. 1999, PlanetScapes US. Available at:

https://reader009.{domain}/reader009/html5/0528/5b0af0ea0710d/5b0af108a7aa2.jpg[Accessed 13 February 2008].

Patents

Patents are entered under the name/s of the inventor/s.

If applicable, the name of the patentee and the number of the patent is given.

The patentee is the patent holder and may be a company/organization or individual.

If the patent is registered in the name of the company (patentee) and the name/s of the inventor/s are

not known, enter the reference under the name of the company.
http://www.planetscapes.com/solar/browse/moon/moonint.jpghttp://www.planetscapes.com/solar/browse/moon/moonint.jpg


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Example: In-text

The patent of Marson, Wad, Zpp and Dodds (1991) is used for

The Technikon Pretoria furnace assembly patent (1995) is an example of research


Where the inventor is the holder of the patent:

Marson, S.L., Wad, S.A., Zpp, C.M. and Dodds, D.R. 1991. Method for membrane reactor resolution of

stereoisomers. (US patent 5,007,217).

Name of inventor is unknown:

Technikon Pretoria. 1995. Furnace assembly. (SA patent 94/7624).

Radio/Television broadcasts

Example: In-text

According to the TV programmeAsikhulume (2004)

According to a news broadcast (Eight oclock news, 2002), youngsters


Television programme:

The rate of new HIV/AIDS infections in KwaZulu-Natal is decreasing. 2004.Asikhulume (SABC 1). 10 January,

18.30.

Radio broadcast:

Eight oclock News. 2002. (Radio Metro). 20 February, 20.00.

Secondary sources

It is not usually seen as scientifically acceptable to use secondary sources, so attempts should be made to find the

original work.

Secondary sources are used only when all avenues to find the original have been exhausted.

Example: In-text

Butterfield (as quoted by Johnson and Medinnus, 1974) found that

Butterfield, as cited by Johnson and Medinnus (1974), found that

Butterfield is the

original source;

Johnson &

Medinnuss work isthe secondary source


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26


Johnson, R.C. and Medinnus, G.R. 1974. Child psychology: behaviour and development. 3rd

ed. New York: Wiley.

Theses and Dissertations

If a thesis is published, it is treated as a book.

If a thesis is not published, the following information must be provided, in addition to the usual author

title and date details:

o Name of qualification

o Name of educational institution

o Location of the institution

If the location (town/city) forms part of the institutions name, the location is not included

The titles of unpublished theses are not italicized.

Use the terms Mini-dissertation, Thesis, Dissertation etc. as they appear in the work.

It is suggested that abbreviated qualifications are given as follows (this is not an exhaustive list):o B.Tech.

o D.Phil.

o D.Tech.

o LLD.

o LLM.

o M.A.

o M.Sc.o M.Tech.

o Ph.D.

Example: In-text

Naidoo (2004) states that the factors which affect attitudinal change in managers are


Surname, Initials. Date. Title. Degree, Name of Institution, location of Institution if not obvious from the name.

Naidoo, T. 2004. An investigation into the factors that affect change in the attitudes of managers in higher

educational institutions on reaching positions of authority.M.Tech.: Commercial Administration, Durban

University of Technology.

Warning: Only reference dissertations or theses if you are using the authors own findings. Many students will

reference the author of a dissertation or thesis because that work has the information that is required without

realizing that it is based on another authors work. This means that you are incorrectly acknowledging anidea/thought/finding belonging to someone else, in effect giving someone else the credit.

The location of the Durban University

of Technology is Durban. Because

Durban forms part of the Universitys

name, this does not have to be

specified again
http://ir.dut.ac.za:8080/jspui/handle/10321/301http://ir.dut.ac.za:8080/jspui/handle/10321/301http://ir.dut.ac.za:8080/jspui/handle/10321/301http://ir.dut.ac.za:8080/jspui/handle/10321/301http://ir.dut.ac.za:8080/jspui/handle/10321/301


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Translations

Example: In-text

When you visit the Basilica you will see (Palladio c2006).


Palladio, A. c.2006. Palladio's Rome: a translation of Andrea Palladio's two guidebooks to Rome. Translated by

Vaughan Hart and Peter Hicks. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.

Video recordings

Example: In-text

As seen during Towards a better life for all (1994)

According to Sono (1980)


When only the title is known (no producer/compiler):

Title [video recording]. Date of production. Place: Name of distributor or supplier.

Towards a better life for all[video recording]. 1994. Johannesburg: African National Congress, Department of

Information.

When a producer or compiler is known:

Sono, J. 1980. Management in the 20th

century[video recording]. Johannesburg: Mast Video Training.


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Example of a Reference List

Andreas, S., Faulkner, C. (eds.). 1994. NLP: the new technology of achievement. London: Nicholas Brealey.

Babbie, E., Mouton, J. 2001. The practice of social research. Cape Town: Oxford University Press.

Bruyns, H.J. 2001. A model for managing large-scale change: a higher education perspective. South African

Journal of Higher Education, 15(2):14-21.

Burton, R. 2007.Anatomy of melancholy [online]. Adelaide: eBooks@adelaide. Available at:http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/b/burton/robert/melancholy/ [Accessed 11 February 2008].

Du Pr, R. 2006. The philosophy of a University of Technology in South Africa: an introduction. Kagisano, 5:1-23.

Du Toit, P., Heese, M., Orr, M. 1999. Practical guide to reading, thinking and writing skills. Cape Town: Oxford

University Press.

Durban University of Technology (DUT). 2007. Institutional audit 2007. Durban University of Technology.

Health Professions Council of South Africa (HPCSA). 2003. Regulations defining the scope of the profession of

Emergency Care: advanced life support. Pretoria: HPCSA.

Oxford English Dictionary[online]. Secondary. Available at: http://dictionary.oed.com/ [Accessed 2 February

2009].

McAlister, D.T., Ferrell, L. 2002. The role of strategic philanthropy in marketing strategy. European Journal of

Marketing. 36(5/6): 689-705.

Pandor, G.N.M. 2006. Letter to Professor B.C. Goba, Vice-Chancellor and Principal, Durban University ofTechnology, 22 June 2006.

Republic of South Africa. 1997a. Higher Education Act 101 of 1997 [online]. Available at

http://www.che.org.za/documents/d00004/index.php [Accessed 27 May 2007].

Republic of South Africa. 1997b. A programme for the transformation of Higher Education: education White

Paper 3. Pretoria: Government Printer.

Republic of South Africa. Department of Education. 2006. Funding for foundational provision in formally

approved programmes: 2007/8 to 2009/10. Pretoria: Government Printer.

Sibinda, G. 2008. Regulatory environment analysis in the South African telecommunications industry. South

African Journal of Economics 76(2):212-227.

Spekman, R. E., Isabella, L.A., MacAvoy, T., Forbes, T. 1996. Creating strategic alliances which endure. Long

Range Planning, 29(3):346-357.

Terre Blanche, M., Kelly, K. 1999. Interpretative methods. In: Terre Blanche, M. and Durheim, K. (eds.) Research

in practice: applied methods for social sciences. Cape Town: UCT Press.

Timm, D.N. 2005. The evaluation of the Augmented Programme for ND Analytical Chemistry at the ML Sultan

Technikon for the period 1994-1999. M.Sc. thesis, University of South Africa, Pretoria.
http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/b/burton/robert/melancholy/http://dictionary.oed.com/http://www.che.org.za/documents/d00004/index.phphttp://www.che.org.za/documents/d00004/index.phphttp://dictionary.oed.com/http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/b/burton/robert/melancholy/


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EndNote

The Durban University of Technology (DUT) has a campus wide license for EndNote. EndNote is a bibliographic

citation tool that helps you organise your citations and references as well as assisting with the relevant

conventions that are followed at DUT.

To download the software go toftp://dutlib. On this site youll find the software, updates and the DUT Harvard

style, together with a procedure on how to add the style to your personal library.

For various guides and online tutorials refer to http://www.endnote.com/support/.

Training is offered in the use of EndNote. These sessions will be advertised on the Librarys Website and

University noticeboards.
ftp://dutlib/ftp://dutlib/ftp://dutlib/http://www.endnote.com/support/http://www.endnote.com/support/ftp://dutlib/

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