REFFERENCES
Afifi, M. S., Salama, O. M., Gohar, A. A., and Marzouk, A. N. (2006). Iridoids with
antimicrobial activity from Plumeria alba L. Publisher: Assiut University
Press 29, 215-223.
Akhtar, P., Ali, M., Mir, S. R., and Sharma, M. P. (2004). Volatile constituents of
rhizomes of Alpinia galanga (Linn.) Willd. Journal of Essential Oil-Bearing
Plants 7, 243-246.
Akiyama, K., Kikuzaki, H., Aoki, T., Okuda, A., Lajis, N. H., and Nakatani, N.
(2006). Terpenoids and a diarylheptanoid from Zingiber ottensii. J Nat Prod
69, 1637-40.
Amatayakul, T., Cannon, J. R., Dampawan, P., Dechatiwongse, T., Giles, R. G. F.,
Huntrakul, C., Kusamran, K., Mokkhasamit, M., and Raston, C. L. (1979).
Chemistry and crystal structures of some constituents of Zingiber cassumunar.
Australian Journal of Chemistry 32, 71-88.
Ansari, S. H., and Qadry, J. S. (1990). Effects of plant hormones on the growth and
chemical composition of volatile oil of Cymbopogon citratus (D.C.) Stapf.
Indian Journal of Forestry 13, 73-75.
Anulakanapakorn, K., Bunyapraphatsara, N., and Satayavivad, J. (1987).
Phytochemical and pharmacological studies of the flowers of Millingtonia
hortensis Linn.f. Journal of The Science Society of Thailand 13, 71-83.
Areesorn, N. (2003). SPA SENSATION "The Meteoric Rise of Thai Spas". Naphalai
Areesorn. http://www.tatnews.org/emagazine/1942.asp.
Ashok, B. T., and Ali, R. (1999). The aging paradox: free radical theory of aging.
Experimental Gerontology 34, 293-303.
Atta-Ur-Rahman, and Alvi, K. A. (1987). Indole alkaloids from Alstonia scholaris.
Phytochemistry 26, 2139-2142.
Bailey, A. J. (2001). Molecular mechanisms of ageing in connective tissues.
Mechanisms of Ageing and Development 122, 735-755.
114
Baker, D. M., and Nabney, J. (1975). Indentification of a novel constituent of the
essential oil of Zingiber cassumunar. International Flavours and Food
Additives 6, 136-137.
Balcombe, N. R., and Sinclair, A. (2001). Ageing: definitions, mechanisms and the
magnitude of the problem. Best Practice & Research Clinical
Gastroenterology 15, 835-849
Baliga, M. S., Jagetia, G. C., Ulloor, J. N., Baliga, M. P., Venkatesh, P., Reddy, R.,
Rao, K. V., Baliga, B. S., Devi, S., Raju, S. K., Veeresh, V., Reddy, T. K., and
Bairy, K. L. (2004). The evaluation of the acute toxicity and long term safety
of hydroalcoholic extract of Sapthaparna (Alstonia scholaris) in mice and rats.
Toxicol Lett 151, 317-26
Balza, F., Abramowski, Z., Towers, G. H. N., and Wiriyachitra, P. (1989).
Identification of proanthocyanidin polymers as the piscicidal constituents of
Mammea siamensis, Polygonum stagninum and Diospyros diepenhorstii.
Phytochemistry 28, 1827-1830.
Banerji, A., and Siddhanta, A. K. (1981). Scholarine: An indole alkaloid of Alstonia
scholaris. Phytochemistry 20, 540-542.
Bin Jantan, I., Yassin, M. S. M., Chin, C. B., Chen, L. L., and Sim, N. L. (2003).
Antifungal activity of the essential oils of nine Zingiberaceae species.
Pharmaceutical Biology 41, 392-397.
Bordoloi, A. K., Sperkova, J., and Leclercq, P. A. (1999). Essential oils of Zingiber
cassumunar Roxb. from northeast India. Journal of Essential Oil Research 11,
441-445.
Bramadhayalaselvam, A., Hussain, A. J., Mathuram, V., Rao, R. B., and Patra, A.
(1997). 13C-NMR assignments of iridoids from Plumeria alba. Fitoterapia 68,
554-555.
Brand-WIlliams, W., Cuvelier, M. E., and Berset, C. (1995). Use of a free radical
method to evaluate antioxidant activity. Food Science & Technology (London)
28, 25-30.
Brooks, B. T. (1912). New Philippine Essential Oils. Philipp. J. Sci. 6A, 333-51.
C. Rocquet , F. B. (2002). Molecular aspects of skin ageing - recent data. acta
dermatovenerologica 11.
115
Cambie, R. C. (1931). "Fijian medicinal plants" CSIRO, Australia.
Casey, T. E., Dougan, J., Matthews, W. S., and Nabney, J. (1971). Essential oil of
"phlai", Zingiber cassumunar, from Thailand. Tropical Science 13, 199-202.
Center, M. P. I., pharmacy, F. o., and University, M. (1992). "Thai Medicinal plants,"
Medicinal Plant Information Center, Bangkok.
Channa, S., Dar, A., Ahmed, S., and Atta-ur-Rahman (2005). Evaluation of Alstonia
scholaris leaves for broncho-vasodilatory activity. Journal of
Ethnopharmacology 97, 469-476.
Chivapat, S., Chavalittumrong, P., and Chuntapet, P. (1998). Study on toxicity of
Quisqualis indica Linn.seed. Bulletin of Department of Medical Sciences 40,
9-21.
Choi, H.-S., Song, H. S., Ukeda, H., and Sawamura, M. (2000). Radical-Scavenging Activities of Citrus Essential Oils and Their Components: Detection Using 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl. . Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 48, 4156-4161.
Choi, E.-M., and Hwang, J.-K. (2005). Screening of Indonesian medicinal plants for
inhibitor activity on nitric oxide production of RAW264.7 cells and
antioxidant activity. Fitoterapia 76, 194-203.
Chulasiri, M. (1998). Mutagenicity and antimutagenicity of flavonoids extracted from
Millingtonia hortensis L. J Toxicol Sci 23 Suppl 2, 224-8.
Chulasiri, M., Bunyapraphatsara, N., and Moongkarndi, P. (1992). Mutagenicity and
antimutagenicity of hispidulin and hortensin, the flavonoids from Millingtonia
hortensis L. Environ Mol Mutagen 20, 307-12.
Connell, D. W. (1971). Chemical composition of certain products from ginger
(Zingiber officinale). Australian Chemical Processing & Engineering 24, 27.
de Magalhaes, J. (2007). The free radical theory of ageing in the genome era.
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part A: Molecular & Integrative
Physiology
de Zwart, L. L., Meerman, J. H. N., Commandeur, J. N. M., and Vermeulen, N. P. E.
(1999). Biomarkers of free radical damage : Applications in experimental
animals and in humans. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 26, 202-226.
116
Department of Pharmaceutical Botany Faculty of Pharmacy, M. U. (1996).
"Medicinal Plant in Thailand," Amarin Printing and Publishing Pubic Co.,Ltd.,
Bangkok.
Ekundayo, O. (1985). Essential oils. Part VII. Composition of the leaf volatile oil of
Cymbopogon citratus. Fitoterapia 56, 339-342.
Espin, J. C., Soler-Rivas, C., and Wichers, H. J. (2000). Characterization of the total
free radical scavenger capacity of vegetable oils and oil fractions Using 2,2-
Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical. Laboratorio de Fitoquimica
Departamento Ciencia y Tecnologia de los Alimentos, CEBAS-CSIC,
Murcia, Spain. (2000), 48(3), 648-656. Journal of Agricultural and Food
Chemistry 48, 648-656.
Fang, S.-T., and Chu, J.-H. (1964). The chemical constituents of leaves of Quisqualis
indica. Huaxue Xuebao 30, 226-9.
Fields, K. A. (2000). Skin breakthroughs in the year 2000. Int J Fertil Womens Med
45, 175-81.
Ford, S. M., Hook, J. B., and Bond, J. T. (1980). The effects of butylated
hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene on renal function in the rat. I.
Effects on fluid and electrolyte excretion. Food Cosmet Toxicol 18, 15-20.
Fornworth, N. R., and Banyapraphatsara, N. (1994). "Thai medicinal plants:
recommented for primary health care system.," Medicinal Plant Information
Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bankok.
Gardner, S., Sidisunthorn, P., and Anusarnsunthorn, V. (2000). "A field guide to
forest tree of northern thailand," Kobfai Publishing Project, Bankok.
Gunasingh, C. B. G., and Nagarajan, S. (1980). Flavonoids of the flowers of Plumeria
alba. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 42, 178-9.
Gupta, P., Yadav, D. K., Siripurapu, K. B., Palit, G., and Maurya, R. (2007).
Constituents of Ocimum sanctum with Antistress Activity. J Nat Prod.
Gupta, S., Mediratta, P. K., Singh, S., Sharma, K. K., and Shukla, R. (2006).
Antidiabetic, antihypercholesterolaemic and antioxidant effect of Ocimum
sanctum (Linn) seed oil. Indian J Exp Biol 44, 300-4.
H.R. Juliani, J. E. S. (2002). Antioxidant Activity of Basil. In "Trends in new crops
and new uses", pp. 575-579. ASHS Press.
117
Halliwell, B., and Gutteridge, J. M. (1995). The definition and measurement of
antioxidants in biological systems. Free Radic Biol Med 18, 125-6.
Halliwell, B., Murcia, M. A., Chirico, S., and Aruoma, O. I. (1995). Free radicals and
antioxidants in food and in vivo: what they do and how they work. Crit Rev
Food Sci Nutr 35, 7-20.
Halliwell Barry, J. M. C. G. (1999). " Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine," 3th
ed/Ed. Oxford University Press.
Han, J. P., Zhang, W. S., Cao, H. B., Chen, S. L., and Wang, Y. Y. (2007). Genetic
diversity and biogeography of the traditional Chinese medicine, Gardenia
jasminoides, based on AFLP markers. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology
35, 138-145.
Harrison, J., Silva Santisteban, A., and Reyes Rojas, B. (1973). Pharmacognosis and
pharmacology of Plumeria alba. Boletin de la Sociedad Quimica del Peru 39,
89-92.
Hase, T., Kawamoto, Y., Ohtani, K., Kasai, R., Yamasaki, K., and Picheansoonthon,
C. (1995). Cyclohexylethanoids and related glucosides from Millingtonia
hortensis. Phytochemistry 39, 235-241.
Hase, T., Ohtani, K., Kasai, R., Yamasaki, K., and Picheansoonthon, C. (1996).
Millingtonine, an unusual glucosidal alkaloid from Millingtonia hortensis.
Phytochemistry 41, 317-321.
Hinneburg, I., Damien Dorman, H. J., and Hiltunen, R. (2006). Antioxidant activities
of extracts from selected culinary herbs and spices. Food Chemistry 97, 122-9.
Hsu, C.-F., and King, P.-H. (1940). Chemical study of the seed of Quisqualis indica
(shiu-chun-tzu). I. Composition of the crude oil. J. Chinese Pharm. Assoc. 2,
132-156.
Ibrahim, H., and Zakaria, M. B. (1987). Essential oils from three Malaysian
Zingiberaceae species. Malaysian Journal of Science 9, 73-76.
Ionescu, J. G. (2005). The photoaging of human skin (How can we slow down this
process?). Professor John G. Ionescu.
ISPA (2007). Internation spa association
http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/SPA.
118
Itoh, A., Ikuta, Y., Tanahashi, T., and Nagakura, N. (2000). Two Alangium alkaloids
from Alangium lamarckii. J Nat Prod 63, 723-5.
Itoh, A., Tanahashi,T., and Nagakura, N.(1996). Acylated tetrahydroisoquinoline-
monoterpene glucosides from Alangium lamarckii. Phytochemistry 41,
651-656.
Itoh, A., Tanahashi, T., and Nagakura, N. (1997). Five tetrahydroisoquinoline-
monoterpene glycosides with a disaccharide moiety from Alangium lamarckii.
Phytochemistry 46, 1225-1229.
Itoh, A., Tanahashi, T., Nagakura, N., and Nayeshiro, H. (1994).
Tetrahydroisoquinoline-monoterpene glucosides from Alangium lamarckii and
Cephaelis ipecacuanha. Phytochemistry 36, 383-387.
Itoh, A., Tanahashi, T., Tabata, M., Shikata, M., Kakite, M., Nagai, M., and
Nagakura, N. (2001). Tetrahydroisoquinoline-monoterpene and iridoid
glycosides from Alangium lamarckii. Phytochemistry 56, 623-630.
Jagetia, G. C., and Baliga, M. S. (2003). Modulation of antineoplastic activity of
cyclophosphamide by Alstonia scholaris in the Ehrlich ascites carcinoma-
bearing mice. J Exp Ther Oncol 3, 272-82.
Jagetia, G. C., Baliga, M. S., and Venkatesh, P. (2003). Effect of Sapthaparna
(Alstonia scholaris Linn) in modulating the benzo(a)pyrene-induced
forestomach carcinogenesis in mice. Toxicology Letters 144, 183-193.
James South, M. (2003). The free radical theory of aging. In "Anti-Aging Bulletin",
Vol. 4, pp. 3-10.
Jantan, I. b., Ahmad, A. S., Ali, N. A. M., Ahmad, A. R., and Ibrahim, H. (1999).
Chemical composition of the rhizome oils of four Curcuma species from
Malaysia. Journal of Essential Oil Research 11, 719-723.
Jayaprakasha, G. K., Jagan Mohan Rao, L., and Sakariah, K. K. (2005). Chemistry
and biological activities of C. longa. Trends in Food Science & Technology
16, 533-548.
Jayaprakasha, G. K., Jena, B. S., Negi, P. S., and Sakariah, K. K. (2002). Evaluation
of antioxidant activities and antimutagenicity of turmeric oil: a byproduct from
curcumin production. Journal of Biosciences 57, 828-835.
119
Jeenapongsa, R., Yoovathaworn, K., Sriwatanakul, K. M., Pongprayoon, U., and
Sriwatanakul, K. (2003). Anti-inflammatory activity of (E)-1-(3,4-
dimethoxyphenyl) butadiene from Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. J
Ethnopharmacol 87, 143-8.
Jirovetz, L., Buchbauer, G., Shafi, M. P., and Leela, N. K. (2003). Analysis of the
essential oils of the leaves, stems, rhizomes and roots of the medicinal plant
Alpinia galanga from southern India. Acta Pharmaceutica (Zagreb, Croatia)
53, 73-81.
Jitoe, A., Masuda, T., and J., M. T. (1994). Novel antioxidants, cassumunarin A, B, C,
from Zingiber cassumunar. Tetrahedron Letters 35, 981-4.
Jong-Anurakkun, N., Bhandari, M. R., and Kawabata, J. (2007). alpha-Glucosidase
inhibitors from Devil tree (Alstonia scholaris). Food Chemistry 103,
1319-1323.
Joshi, K. C., Prakash, L., and Singh, P. (1973). Chemical investigation of the barks of
Tecomella undulata, Heterophragma adenophylum, and Millingtonia hortensis
(Bignoniaceae). Journal of the Indian Chemical Society 50, 561-562.
Julsrigival, J. (2007). Chemical constituents and biological activities of the essential
oil from Wansaolong, Chiangmai university, Chiangmai.
Kamariah, A. S., Lim, L. B. L., Baser, K. H. C., Ozek, T., and Demirci, B. (1999).
Composition of the essential oil of Plumeria obtusa L. Flavour and Fragrance
Journal 14, 237-240.
Kasali, A. A., Oyedeji, A. O., and Ashilokun, A. O. (2001). Volatile leaf oil
constituents of Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf. Flavour and Fragrance
Journal 16, 377-378.
Kasumov, F. Y., and Babaev, R. I. (1983). Components of the essential oil of
Cymbopogon citratus Stapf. Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii 1, 108-109.
Kaweetripob, W., Mahidol, C., Prawat, H., and Ruchirawat, S. (2000). Chemical
investigation of Mammea siamensis. Pharmaceutical Biology 38, 55-57.
Keawpradub, N., Houghton, P. J., Eno-Amooquaye, E., and Burke, P. J. (1997).
Activity of extracts and alkaloids of thai Alstonia species against human lung
cancer cell lines. Planta Med 63, 97-101.
120
Kelm, M. A., Nair, M. G., Strasburg, G. M., and DeWitt, D. L. (2000). Antioxidant
and cyclooxygenase inhibitory phenolic compounds from Ocimum sanctum
Linn. Phytomedicine 7, 7-13.
Kothari, S. K., Bhattacharya, A. K., Ramesh, S., Garg, S. N., and Khanuja, S. P. S.
(2005). Volatile Constituents in Oil from Different Plant Parts of Methyl
Eugenol-Rich Ocimum tenuiflorum L.f. (syn. O. sanctum L.) Grown in South
India. Journal of Essential Oil Research 17, 656-658.
Kuroyanagi, M., Fukushima, S., Yoshihira, K., Natori, S., Dechatiwongse, T.,
Mihashi, K., Nishi, M., and Hara, S. (1980). Studies on Thai medicinal plants.
Part VIII. Further characterization of the constituents of a Thai medicinal
plant, Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 28,
2948-59.
Kulisic, T., Radonic, A., Katalinic, V., and Milos, M. (2004). Use of different
methods for testing antioxidative activity of oregano essential oil. Food
Chemistry 85, 633-640.
Laskar, S., and Majumdar, S. G. (1988). Variation of major constituents of essential
oil of the leaves of Ocimum sanctum Linn. Journal of the Indian Chemical
Society 65, 301-2.
Lee, I. A., Lee, J. H., Baek, N. I., and Kim, D. H. (2005). Antihyperlipidemic effect of
crocin isolated from the fructus of Gardenia jasminoides and its metabolite
Crocetin. Biol Pharm Bull 28, 2106-10.
Lee, K.-G., and Shibamoto, T. (2002). Determination of Antioxidant Potential of
Volatile Extracts Isolated from Various Herbs and Spices. J. Agric. Food
Chem. 50, 4947-4952.
Likhitwitayawuid, K., Ruangrungsi, N., Boriboon, M., Lange, G. L., and Decicco, C.
P. (1988). Studies on Thai medicinal plants. Part VII. Constituents of the stem
bark of Michelia longifolia. Journal of Science Society of Thailand 14, 73-76.
Lin, T.-C., Ma, Y.-T., Wu, J., and Hsu, F.-L. (1997). Tannins and related compounds
from Quisqualis indica. Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society (Taipei) 44,
151-155.
121
Lin, Z., and Hua, Y. (1987). Chemical constituents of the essential oil from Zingiber
officinale Rose. of Sichuan. Sichuan Res. Inst. Chem. Ind. Daily
Necessities, Chongqing, Peop. Rep. China. (1987), (6), 444-8. Youji
Huaxue 6, 444-448.
Liu, H. X., Gao, L., Liu, M. A., Li, Q., Jiang, Y. Y., and Zhang, S. S. (2006).
Characterization and determination of genipin-1-beta-gentiobioside in
gardenia fruit by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet
detection following electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Microchemical
Journal 84, 38-43.
Macabeo, A. P. G., Krohn, K., Gehle, D., Read, R. W., Brophy, J. J., Cordell, G. A.,
Franzblau, S. G., and Aguinaldo, A. M. (2005). Indole alkaloids from the
leaves of Philippine Alstonia scholaris. Phytochemistry 66, 1158-1162.
Machado, M. I. L., De Vasconcelos Silva, M. G., Matos, F. J. A., Craveiro, A. A., and
Alencar, J. W. (1999). Volatile constituents from leaves and inflorescence oil
of Ocimum tenuiflorum L. f. (syn. O. sanctum L.) grown in northeastern
Brazil. Journal of Essential Oil Research 11, 324-326.
Mahidol, C., Kaweetripob, W., Prawat, H., and Ruchirawat, S. (2002). Mammea
coumarins from the flowers of Mammea siamensis. J Nat Prod 65, 757-60.
Malek, S. N. A., Ibrahim, H., Lai, H. S., Serm, L. G., Seng, C. K., Yusoff, M. M., and
Ali, N. A. M. (2005). Essential oils of Zingiber ottensii Valet. and Zingiber
zerumbet (L.) Sm. from Sabah, Malaysia. Malaysian Journal of Science 24,
49-58.
Masuda, T. (1997). Anti-inflammatory antioxidants from tropical Zingiberaceae
plants. Isolation and synthesis of new curcuminoids. ACS Symposium Series,
219-233.
Masuda, T., Jitoe, A., and Mabry, T. J. (1995). solation and structure determination of
cassumunarins A, B, and C: new anti-inflammatory antioxidants from a
tropical ginger, Zingiber cassumunar. Journal of the American Oil Chemists'
Society 72, 1053-7.
McMakin, P. D. (1988). "A Field Guide to the Flowering Plants of Thailand," White
Lotus Co.,Ltd., Thailand.
122
Menon, A. N. (2006). Chemical composition of the volatile oils of Alpinia galanga
plant parts from Keral. Journal of Essential Oil-Bearing Plants 9, 277-282.
Mi, F. L., Huang, C. T., Chiu, Y. L., Chen, M. C., Liang, H. F., and Sung, H. W.
(2007). Aglycone geniposidic acid, a naturally occurring crosslinking agent,
and its application for the fixation of collagenous tissues. J Biomed Mater
Res A.
Moongkarndi, P., Bunyapraphatsara, N., Srisukh, V., and Wagner, H. (1991). The
inhibitory activity in 5-lipoxygenase pathway of hispidulin from Millingtonia
hortensis Linn. F.
Muller, F. L., Lustgarten, M. S., Jang, Y., Richardson, A., and Van Remmen, H.
(2007). Trends in oxidative aging theories. Free Radical Biology and
Medicine 43, 477-503.
Nair, G. A., Joshua, C. P., and Nair, A. G. R. (1979). Flavonoids of the leaves and
flowers of Quisqualis indica Linn. Indian Journal of Chemistry, Section B:
Organic Chemistry Including Medicinal Chemistry 18B, 291-292.
Nakatani, N. (2000). Phenolic antioxidants from herbs and spices. Biofactors 13, 141-
146.
Namiki, M. (1990). Antioxidants/antimutagens in food. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 29,
273-300.
Nedyalka V. Yanishlieva, E. M., Jan Pokorn�, (2006). Natural antioxidants from
herbs and spices. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology 108,
776-793.
Noguchi, N., Watanabe, A., and Shi, H. (2000). Diverse functions of antioxidants.
Free Radic Res 33, 809-17.
ORGANIZING, T. N. C. (1996). "Medicinal Plants Garden in Phutthamonthon,"
Commemoration of the celebration of the 50th anniversary of his majesty's
accession to the throne, Bangkok.
Osborne, D. B. E. (2002). water for health " The history of the word spa and its
relationship with water ". Vol. 2006.
Pan, P.-C., Fang, S.-D., and Tsai, C.-C. (1976). The chemical constituents of
Shihchuntze, Quisqualis indica L. II. Structure of quisqualic acid. Scientia
Sinica (English Edition) 19, 691-701.
123
Pande, C., and Chanotiya, C. S. (2006). Constituents of the leaf oil of Curcuma longa
L. from Uttaranchal. Journal of Essential Oil Research 18, 166-167.
Park, E. H., Joo, M. H., Kim, S. H., and Lim, C. J. (2003). Antiangiogenic activity of
Gardenia jasminoides fruit. Phytother Res 17, 961-2.
Peng, C. H., Huang, C. N., and Wang, C. J. (2005). The anti-tumor effect and
mechanisms of action of penta-acetyl geniposide. Curr Cancer Drug Targets
5, 299-305.
Pham, T. Q., Cormier, F., Farnworth, E., Tong, V. H., and Van Calsteren, M. R.
(2000). Antioxidant properties of crocin from Gardenia jasminoides Ellis and
study of the reactions of crocin with linoleic acid and crocin with oxygen. J
Agric Food Chem 48, 1455-61.
Pilun-owad, P. (2006). Current Situation. Dr.Paiboon Pilun-owad.
Pirom, K. (2006). Thai Spa Operators Association. Kornsuang Pirom.
Pongprayoon, U., Soontornsaratune, P., Jarikasem, S., Sematong, T., Wasuwat, S.,
and Claeson, P. (1997). Topical antiinflammatory activity of the major
lipophilic constituents of the rhizome of Zingiber cassumunar. Part 1. The
essential oil. Phytomedicine 3, 319-322.
Poobrasert, O., Constant, H. L., Beecher, C. W., Farnsworth, N. R., Kinghorn, A. D.,
Pezzuto, J. M., Cordell, G. A., Santisuk, T., and Reutrakul, V. (1998).
Xanthones from the twigs of Mammea siamensis. Phytochemistry 47, 1661-3.
Poskitt, E. M. E. (2003). historical review. british journal of heamatology 122, 554-2.
Prachyawarakorn, V., Mahidol, C., and Ruchirawat, S. (2006a). Pyranocoumarins
from the twigs of Mammea siamensis. Phytochemistry 67, 924-928.
Prachyawarakorn, V., Mahidol, C., and Ruchirawat, S. (2006b). Siamenols A-D, Four
New Coumarins from Mammea siamensis. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 54,
884-6.
Prakash, P., and Gupta, N. (2005). Therapeutic uses of Ocimum sanctum Linn (Tulsi)
with a note on eugenol and its pharmacological actions: a short review. Indian
J Physiol Pharmacol 49, 125-31.
Prior, R. L., Wu, X., and Schaich, K. (2005). Standardized Methods for the
Determination of Antioxidant Capacity and Phenolics in Foods and Dietary
Supplements. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 53, 4290-4302.
124
Puri, K. B. a. S. (1998). Free radicals and antioxidants in health and disease. Eastern
Mediterranean Health Journal 4, 350-360.
R.F. ALMEIDA-DORIA, M. A. B. R.-D. A. (2000). Antioxidant activity of rosemary
and oregano ethanol extracts in soybean oil under thermal oxidation.
Rabbani, S. I., Devi, K., Khanam, S., and Zahra, N. (2006). Citral, a component of
lemongrass oil inhibits the clastogenic effect of nickel chloride in mouse
micronucleus test system. Pak J Pharm Sci 19, 108-13.
Rabe, J. H., Mamelak, A. J., McElgunn, P. J., Morison, W. L., and Sauder, D. N.
(2006). Photoaging: mechanisms and repair. J Am Acad Dermatol 55, 1-19.
Raina, V. K., Srivastava, S. K., Jain, N., Ahmad, A., Syamasundar, K. V., and
Aggarwal, K. K. (2002). Essential oil composition of Curcuma longa L. cv.
Roma from the plains of northern India. Flavour and Fragrance Journal 17,
99-102.
Raju, P. M., Ali, M., Velasco-Negueruela, A., and Perez-Alonso, M. J. Volatile
constituents of the leaves of Ocimum sanctum. Journal of Essential Oil
Research 11, 159-161.
Rao, K. N., Bhattacharya, R. K., and Veankatachalam, S. R. (1999). Inhibition of
thymidylate synthase by pergularinine, tylophorinidine and deoxytubulosine.
Indian J Biochem Biophys 36, 442-8.
Rao, K. N., and Venkatachalam, S. R. (1999). Dihydrofolate reductase and cell
growth activity inhibition by the [beta]-carboline-benzoquinolizidine plant
alkaloid deoxytubulosine from Alangium lamarckii: Its potential as an
antimicrobial and anticancer agent. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 7,
1105-1110.
Pilun-owad, P. (2006). Current Situation. Dr.Paiboon Pilun-owad.
http://www.federationofthaispa.com
Pirom, K. (2006). Thai Spa Operators Association. Kornsuang Pirom.
http://www.thaispaoperators.com
Pongprayoon, U., Soontornsaratune, P., Jarikasem, S., Sematong, T., Wasuwat, S.,
and Claeson, P. (1997). Topical antiinflammatory activity of the major
lipophilic constituents of the rhizome of Zingiber cassumunar. Part 1. The
essential oil. Phytomedicine 3, 319-322.
125
Poobrasert, O., Constant, H. L., Beecher, C. W., Farnsworth, N. R., Kinghorn, A. D.,
Pezzuto, J. M., Cordell, G. A., Santisuk, T., and Reutrakul, V. (1998).
Xanthones from the twigs of Mammea siamensis. Phytochemistry 47, 1661-3.
Poskitt, E. M. E. (2003). historical review. british journal of heamatology 122, 554-2.
Prachyawarakorn, V., Mahidol, C., and Ruchirawat, S. (2006a). Pyranocoumarins
from the twigs of Mammea siamensis. Phytochemistry 67, 924-928.
Prachyawarakorn, V., Mahidol, C., and Ruchirawat, S. (2006b). Siamenols A-D, Four
New Coumarins from Mammea siamensis. Chem Pharm Bull(Tokyo)54,884-6.
Prakash, P., and Gupta, N. (2005). Therapeutic uses of Ocimum sanctum Linn (Tulsi)
with a note on eugenol and its pharmacological actions: a short review. Indian
J Physiol Pharmacol 49, 125-31.
Puri, K. B. a. S. (1998). Free radicals and antioxidants in health and disease. Eastern
Mediterranean Health Journal 4, 350-360.
R.F. ALMEIDA-DORIA, M. A. B. R.-D. A. (2000). Antioxidant activity of rosemary
and oregano ethanol extracts in soybean oil under thermal oxidation.
Rabbani, S. I., Devi, K., Khanam, S., and Zahra, N. (2006). Citral, a component of
lemongrass oil inhibits the clastogenic effect of nickel chloride in mouse
micronucleus test system. Pak J Pharm Sci 19, 108-13.
Rabe, J. H., Mamelak, A. J., McElgunn, P. J., Morison, W. L., and Sauder, D. N.
(2006). Photoaging: mechanisms and repair. J Am Acad Dermatol 55, 1-19.
Raina, V. K., Srivastava, S. K., Jain, N., Ahmad, A., Syamasundar, K. V., and
Aggarwal, K. K. (2002). Essential oil composition of Curcuma longa L. cv.
Roma from the plains of northern India. Flavour and Fragrance Journal 17,
99-102.
Raju, P. M., Ali, M., Velasco-Negueruela, A., and Perez-Alonso, M. J. Volatile
constituents of the leaves of Ocimum sanctum. Journal of Essential Oil
Research 11, 159-161.
Rao, K. N., Bhattacharya, R. K., and Veankatachalam, S. R. (1999). Inhibition of
thymidylate synthase by pergularinine, tylophorinidine and deoxytubulosine.
Indian J Biochem Biophys 36, 442-8.
126
Rao, K. N., and Venkatachalam, S. R. (1999). Dihydrofolate reductase and cell
growth activity inhibition by the [beta]-carboline-benzoquinolizidine plant
alkaloid deoxytubulosine from Alangium lamarckii: Its potential as an
antimicrobial and anticancer agent. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 7,
1105-1110.
Research, T. I. o. S. a. T. (1996). "Medicinal plants garden in Phutthamonthon,"
Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research, Bangkok.
Sacchetti, G., Maietti, S., Muzzoli, M., Scaglianti, M., Manfredini, S., Radice, M., and
Bruni, R. (2005). Comparative evaluation of 11 essential oils of different
origin as functional antioxidants, antiradicals and antimicrobials in foods.
Food Chemistry 91, 621-632.
Sakamura, F. (1987). Changes in volatile constituents of Zingiber officinale rhizomes
during storage and cultivation. Phytochemistry 26, 2207-12.
Sakamura, F., and Hayashi, S. (1978). Studies on constituents of essential oil from
Zingiber officinale Roscoe. Part I. Constituents of essential oil from rhizomes
of Zingiber officinale Roscoe. Nippon Nogei Kagaku Kaishi 52, 207-211.
Sakurai, N., Nakagawa-Goto, K., Ito, J., Sakurai, Y., Nakanishi, Y., Bastow, K. F.,
Cragg, G., and Lee, K. H. (2006). Cytotoxic Alangium alkaloids from
Alangium longiflorum. Phytochemistry 67, 894-897.
Salim, A. A., Garson, M. J., and Craik, D. J. (2004). New indole alkaloids from the
bark of Alstonia scholaris. Journal of Natural Products 67, 1591-1594.
Sallet, A. (1934). Medicinal plants of Indochina: Quisqualis indica L., an
antihelminthic. Bulletin des Sciences Pharmacologiques 41, 72-7.
Saralamp, P. (1996a). "Medicinal plants in Thailand," Department of Pharmaceutical
Botany, Faculity of Pharmacy, Mahidol University., Bangkok.
Saralamp, P. (1996b). "Medicinal plants in Thailand," Department of Pharmaceutical
Botany, Faculity of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok.
Semsei, I. (2000). On the nature of aging. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development
117, 93-108.
127
Shang, C., Hu, Y., Deng, C., and Hu, K. (2002). Rapid determination of volatile
constituents of Michelia alba flowers by gas chromatography-mass
spectrometry with solid-phase microextraction. Journal of Chromatography A
942, 283-288.
Sharma, J. N., and Seshadri, T. R. (1955). Survey of anthocyanins from Indian
sources. II. Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research 14B, 211-14.
Sharma, R. C., Zaman, A., and Kidwai, A. R. (1968). Chemical examination of
Millingtonia hortensis. Phytochemistry 7, 1891-1892.
Shirley Price, L. P. (1995). The genesis of essential oils. In "Aromatherapy for Health
Professionals", pp. 7-38. Churchill Living stone, New York.
Siddiqui, B. S., Ilyas, F., Rasheed, M., and Begum, S. (2004). Chemical constituents
of leaves and stem bark of Plumeria obtusa. Phytochemistry
Reports on Structure Elucidation 65, 2077-2084.
Singh, G., Maurya, S., Catalan, C. A. N., and de Lampasona, M. P. (2005). Chemical,
antifungal, insecticidal and antioxidant studies on Curcuma longa essential oil
and its oleoresin. Indian Perfumer 49, 441-451.
Singh, P., Prakash, L., and Joshi, K. C. (1972). Lapachol and other constituents from
the bignoniaceae. Phytochemistry 11, 1498.
Singh, S., Majumdar, D. K., and Yadav, M. R. (1996). Chemical and pharmacological
studies on fixed oil of Ocimum sanctum. Indian J Exp Biol 34, 1212-5.
Sirat, H. M., and Nordin, A. B. (1994). Essential oil of Zingiber ottensii Valeton.
Journal of Essential Oil Research 6, 635-636.
Smitinand, T., Larsen, K., and Nielsen, I. (1987a). "Flora of thailand," Chutima Press,
Bangkok.
Smitinand, T., Larsen, K., and Nielsen, I. (1987b). "Flora of thailand," Chutima Press,
bangkok.
Strain, J. J. a. B., I, F. F (1999). Diet and antioxidant defence. In "Antioxidant in
Encyclopedia of human nutrition" (S. Sadler, J.J. and Caballero, B., ed.), Vol.
1, pp. 95-120. Benjamin Academic Press.
Subramanian, S. S. N., S.; Sulochana, Mrs. N. (1971). Flavonoids of Millingtonia
hortensis. Current Science 40, 194-195.
128
Sukari, M. A., Rahmani, M., Lee, G. B., and Takahashi, S. (1995). Constituents of
stem barks of Ocimum sanctum. Fitoterapia 66, 552-3.
Suzuki, Y., Kondo, K., Ikeda, Y., and Umemura, K. (2001). Antithrombotic effect of
geniposide and genipin in the mouse thrombosis model. Planta Med 67,
807-10.
Syed, M., Khalid, M. R., and Chaudhary, F. M. (1990). Essential oils of Grammineae
family having antibacterial activity. Part-I. (Cymbopogon citratus, C. martinii
and C. jawarancusa oils). Pakistan Journal of Scientific and Industrial
Research 33, 529-531.
Tadros, S. H., Eid, H. H., Michel, C. G., and Sleem, A. A. (2004). Phytochemical and
Biological study of Quisqualis indica L. grown in Egypt. Egyptian Journal of
Biomedical Sciences 15, 414-434.
Tansuwanwong, S., Hiroyuki, Y., Kohzoh, I., and Vinitketkumnuen, U. (2006).
Induction of apoptosis in RKO colon cancer cell line by an aqueous extract of
Millingtonia hortensis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 7, 641-4.
Taroeno, Brophy, J. J., and Zwaving, J. H. (1991). Analysis of the essential oil of
Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. from Indonesia. Flavour and Fragrance Journal
6, 161-3.
Thebtaranonth, C., Imraporn, S., and Padungkul, N. (1981). Phenylcoumarins from
Ochrocarpus Siamensis. Phytochemistry 20, 2305-2306.
Thubthimthed, S., Limsiriwong, P., Rerk-am, U., and Suntorntanasat, T. (2003).
Chemical composition and cytotoxic activity of the essential oil of Zingiber
ottensii. Acta Horticulturae 675, 107-109.
Tohar, N., Awang, K., Mohd, M. A., and Jantan, I. (2006). Chemical Composition of
the Essential Oils of Four Plumeria Species Grown on Peninsular Malaysia.
Journal of Essential Oil Research 18, 613-617.
Tsao, R., and Deng, Z. (2004). Separation procedures for naturally occurring
antioxidant phytochemicals. Journal of Chromatography B
Biomedically Relevant Plant Components: Active Principles and Toxicants 812,
85-99.
van Tubergen, A., and van der Linden, S. (2002). A brief history of spa therapy. Ann
Rheum Dis 61, 273-5.
129
Variyar, P. S., Gholap, A. S., and Thomas, P. (1997). Effect of -irradiation on the
volatile oil constituents of fresh ginger (Zingiber officinale) rhizome. Food
Research International 30, 41-43.
Venkatachalam, S. R., Kunjappu, J. T., and Nair, C. K. (1994). DNA binding studies
on deoxytubulosine, an alkaloid from Alangium lamarckii. Indian Journal of
Chemistry, Section B: Organic Chemistry Including Medicinal Chemistry
33B, 809-811.
Wang, F., Hu, H., Huang, S., Yang, D., and Xuan, Y. (2003). Component analysis of
ginger oils purified by molecular distillation. Zhongguo Yiyao Gongye Zazhi
34, 125-126.
Wannissorn, B., Jarikasem, S., Siriwangchai, T., and Thubthimthed, S. (2005).
Antibacterial properties of essential oils from Thai medicinal plants.
Fitoterapia 76, 233-236.
Wei, A., and Shibamoto, T. (2007). Antioxidant activities and volatile constituents of
various essential oils. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 55,
1737-1742.
Wen, Z., Yu, D., and Dang, Z. (2001). Antioxidant activity of ginger essential oil in
concentrated fish oil. Shipin Gongye Keji 22, 16-17.
Wickens, A. P. (2001). Ageing and the free radical theory. Respiration Physiology
128, 379-391.
Wisutwet, R. (2007). THAILAND – THE 'WELLNESS CAPITAL OF ASIA'. DR.
REWAT WISUTWET. Tourism Authority of Thailand.
Wolf Bors, W. H., Christa Michel and Kurt Stettmaier (1996). Flavonoids and
Polyphenols:chemistry and Biology. In "Handbook of Antioxidants" (E. C. L.
Packer, ed.), pp. 409-466. Marcel Dekker,Inc., New York.
Wong, K. C., Chong, T. C., and Chee, S. G. (1999). Essential oil of Curcuma mangga
Val. and van Zijp rhizomes. Journal of Essential Oil Research 11, 349-351.
Worwood, V. A. (2001). Essential oils and Hydrolats. In "Aromatherapy for the
beauty therapist", pp. 26-38. Thomson Learning, London.
Yamauchi, T., Abe, F., Chen, R.-f., Nonaka, G.-I., Santisuk, T., and Padolina, W. G.
(1990a). Alkaloids from the leaves of Alstonia scholaris in Taiwan, Thailand,
Indonesia and the Philippines. Phytochemistry 29, 3547-3552.
130
Yamauchi, T., Abe, F., Padolina, W. G., and Dayrit, F. M. (1990b). Alkaloids from
leaves and bark ofAlstonia scholaris in the Philippines. Phytochemistry 29,
3321-3325.
Young, I. S., and Woodside, J. V. (2001). Antioxidants in health and disease. J Clin
Pathol 54, 176-86.
Zhang, R., and Guan, B. (1981). Chemical constituents of Quisqualis indica L.
Zhongcaoyao 12, 40.
Zheng, W., and Wang, S. Y. (2001). Antioxidant Activity and Phenolic Compounds
in Selected Herbs. J. Agric. Food Chem. 49, 5165-5170.