Reflections on opening new telecommunication windows · Access Metro Long-haul Submarine • Local...

Reflections on opening new telecommunication windows

Fatima Gunning, PhDPhotonic Systems Group, Tyndall National InstituteUniversity College Cork, Ireland

[email protected]

IEEE Photonics Webinar, March 21st 2018

Telecoms evolution

2IEEE Webinar – March 21st, 2018 [email protected]

Telecoms evolution


Optical fibres

• Guiding light through a glass pipe

• Early discoveries dates back 1840 (Daniel Collodonand Jacques Babinet - light could be directed along jets of water for fountain displays)

• 1854: John Tyndall (Carlow) demonstrated that light could travel through a curved stream of water thereby proving that a light signal could be bent.

• Optical fibres originally developed for medical applications (endoscopes)

4• IEEE Webinar – March 21st, 2018 [email protected]

Optical fibres

• Guiding light through a glass pipe

• Early discoveries dates back 1840 (Daniel Collodonand Jacques Babinet - light could be directed along jets of water for fountain displays)

• 1854: John Tyndall (Carlow) demonstrated that light could travel through a curved stream of water thereby proving that a light signal could be bent.

• Optical fibres originally developed for medical applications (endoscopes)

• First study on viability for optical communications dated back to 1966 (Charles Kao – Nobel Prize 2009)

5• IEEE Webinar – March 21st, 2018 [email protected]

For a comprehensive history on optical fibres see Jeff Hetch’s publications (http://www.jeffhecht.com/books.html), in particular “City of Light – The Story of FiberOptics”, Oxford Press (1999).

Internet timeline


John Naughton, “A Brief History of the Internet” (2000)K. Hafner and M. Lyon, “Where Wizards Stay up Late” (1998)https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/

A communication system

Optical Transmitter

Communication Channel Optical Receiver

Message signal

Source of Information

User of Information

Transmitted signal

Received signal

Estimate of message signal

Communication System

Simon Haykin, Communication Systems, 4th Edition, ISBN: 978-0-471-17869-9 (2000)

https://archive.org/details/CommunicationSystems4thEditionSimonHaykinWithSolutionsManual


Communication channel - SMF


Optical Communications

9

1st

win

do

w

Enablers:• Relative low loss fibre• AlGaAs lasers• Si detectors

Challenges:• Loss & dispersion• Low data rates

IEEE Webinar – March 21st, 2018 [email protected]


10

1st

win

do

w

2n

dw

ind

ow

0 (

12

60

-13

60

)

Enablers:• Low loss fibre• InGaAsP lasers• InGaAs or Ge detectors

Challenges:• Nonlinearities• Repeaters required

Achievements:• TAT-8: 1st optical

transatlantic cable• Start of internet world-

wide (WWW)



11

1st

win

do

w

2n

dw

ind

ow

0 (

12

60

-13

60

)

3rd

win

do

wC

(1

53

0-1

56

5)

Enablers:• Low loss• InGaAsP lasers• InGaAs or Ge detectors• Erbium-doped fibre

amplifiers*

Challenges:• Dispersion• Nonlinearities (high P)

Achievements:• TAT-12/13: 1st optical

transatlantic cable with EDFAs

• Enabled today’s Internet & Communications

• Enabling IoTs and IoE

*R. J. Mears, L. Reekie, I. M.

Jauncey and D. N. Payne,

Electronics Letters, vol. 23, no. 19,

pp. 1026-1028, September 10 1987.



12

1st

win

do

w

2n

dw

ind

ow

0 (

12

60

-13

60

)

3rd

win

do

wC

(1

53

0-1

56

5)

S(1

46

0-1

53

0)

L (1

56

5-1

62

5)

Enablers:• Low loss• InGaAsP lasers• InGaAs or Ge detectors

Challenges:• Dispersion• Efficient high gain

amplifiers• Nonlinearities

Achievements:• C+L enabling high capacity

networks today and for the next decade

• Additional Raman amplification schemes will help with capacity increase**

** f.ex.: L. Galdino et al, Xtera communications March 2018 & arXiv.orgIEEE Webinar – March 21st, 2018 [email protected]

A Traditional Network

Access Metropolitan (Metro) Long-haul / Core Submarine

Access Metro Long-haul Submarine

• Local traffic

(FTTH/FTTB)

• 20-40 km

• Exchange traffic

• 200-700 km

• Inter-exchange

traffic

• >700km

• Intercontinental

traffic

• >1000km


Moving to new topologies

Source: (2016) Xiang Liu and Frank Effenberger, "Emerging Optical Access Network Technologies for 5G Wireless [Invited]," J. Opt. Commun. Netw. 8, B70-B79 (2016)https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.8.000B70 (Huawei)


https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.8.000B70

Internet anywhere

Source: (2018) Nokia 5G-ready mobile transport


https://networks.nokia.com/solutions/mobile-transport

Enablers for near-term capacity demands

• C+L• Multi-level formats (PAM4, m-QAM & energy-efficient constellations)• Dual polarisation• Multi-carriers (& orthogonal carriers)• Silica-based multi-model fibres (orthogonal modes / mode-multiplexing)• Silica-based multi-core fibres• DSP• FEC• Impairment compensation

Nonlinearities will still be an issue.


What if we optimise the fibre to minimise impairments?


Potential avenues – 80s

• Fluoride and Chalcogenite glass

fibres were good options

• Prediction of loss minima didn’t

include OH and other impurities,

but shown the potential for low loss

further in the IR

• Challenges: high nonlinearity and

difficult to handle.

• 1st transmission in fluoride fibres

with sc lasers @140 Mbit/s##

18

# reploted from S. Shibata, M. Horiguchi, K. Jinguji, S. Mitachi, T. Kanamori, T. Manabe, “Prediction

of Loss Minima in Infra-red Optical Fibres”, Elec. Lett vol. 17 n. 21 pp/775-777 (1981).


## R. A. Garnham, et al., "140 Mbit/s receiver performance at 2.4 mu m

using InAsSbP detector," in Electronics Letters, vol. 24, no. 23, pp. 1416-

1417, 10 Nov. 1988.

BaF2-GdF4-ZrF4

CaF2-BaF2-YF3-AlF4

GeS3

Potential avenues – 80s

• Fluoride and Chalcogenite glass

fibres were good options

• Prediction of loss minima didn’t

include OH and other impurities,

but shown the potential for low loss

further in the IR

• Challenges: high nonlinearity and

difficult to handle.

• 1st transmission in fluoride fibres

with sc lasers @140 Mbit/s##

19

# reploted from S. Shibata, M. Horiguchi, K. Jinguji, S. Mitachi, T. Kanamori, T. Manabe, “Prediction

of Loss Minima in Infra-red Optical Fibres”, Elec. Lett vol. 17 n. 21 pp/775-777 (1981).


## R. A. Garnham, et al., "140 Mbit/s receiver performance at 2.4 mu m

using InAsSbP detector," in Electronics Letters, vol. 24, no. 23, pp. 1416-

1417, 10 Nov. 1988.

BaF2-GdF4-ZrF4

CaF2-BaF2-YF3-AlF4

GeS3

Recent revisited interest due to other applications rather than communications.For example, H. Ebendorff-Heidepriem, “Glasses for Infrared Fibre Applications”, ECOC 2013 paper Tu.1.A.1.

Other potential avenues

• Large effective area fibres – still single mode, minimising nonlinearities

• Hollow core photonic bandgap fibres – low loss, low nonlinearities, low latency – dispersion and mode confinement can be engineered.

• Anti-resonant hollow core fibres – broadband transmission window, low nonlinearities


Hollow Core Photonic Bandgap Fibres (HC-PGBF)


Why HC-PBGF?

• Predicted minimum loss ~0.1-0.2dB/km[1], and dependent on:• Rayleigh scattering (negligible)

• Confinement loss (negligible)

• Infrared absorption

• Surface scattering

• Nonlinear coefficient likely to be small (~0.001W-1km-1 )[2]

• Latency ~ 99.7% of c [3],[4]


[1] P.J. Roberts et al, Opt. Express, 13(1), 236244 (2005)[2] C.M. Smith et al, Nature, 424 (6949), 657-659 (2003)[3] F. Poletti, Nature Photonics 7, 279–284 (2013)[4] C. Cookson, FT Magazine May 10, (2013)And also: Tutorial by D. J. Richardson et al., "Hollow core fibres and their applications," OFC 2017

1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 350010

0

101

102

103

Atte

nu

atio

n (

dB

/km

)

Wavelength (nm)

Loss vs. wavelength in HC-PBGFs

~-3

Silica Absorption 0.1-0.2%

Minimum Loss~2m

IEEE Webinar – March 21st, 2018 [email protected] 23

Lowering the loss of HC-PBGF

24

Y. Chen et al, J. Lightwave Technol. 34 (1), pp. 104-113 (2016)More on hollow core fibres: E. Numkam Fokoua et al, IEEE IPC’16 paper TUF3.1 (2016)


Length Scaling

Chen at al., OFC (2014)

Chen at al., OFC PDP (2015)

Jasion at al.,Optics Express (2015)

Mangan at al., OFC (2015)

2015

2014

2015

2002-2013Wheeler, et al., OFC PDP (2012)

Corning, (2002)

Mangan, et al., OFC PDP (2004)

Fluid DynamicsPrediction

<1km

1.15km

2.75km

11km

• New fabrication tools/approaches• New modelling tools – optical, fluid dynamics, ….• New characterisation tools (defects, contaminants, surface roughness,…)


detectorslasers

passives modulators

fibre

amplifiersfilters

Is optical communications at ~2000nm possible?


detectorslasers

passives modulators

fibre

amplifiersfilters

1mm

AW

G f

ilter

slotted FP laser [1]

HC-PBGF [3]

photodetector

[2]

optical amplifier[4]

Is optical communications at ~2000nm possible?

[1] R. Phelan et al, PTL 24 (8) pp.652-654 (2012)[2] N. Ye et al., PTL 27 (14) pp.1469,1472, July15, 15 (2015)[3] M. Petrovich, , Opt. Express 21 (23), pp. 28559-28569 (2013)[4] Z. Li et al, Opt. Express 21, 9289-9297 (2013)[5] M. Sadiq et al, JLT 34 (8), pp. 1706-1711, Apr. 2016 (2016)

modulator

[5]


IR Fibre Amplifiers (TDFA + HDFA)


Possible x3-4 Capacity Improvement (as compared to C+L)

1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200

0

10

20

30

40Solid: Fiber laser pumped

Open: Diode pumped

Wavelength [nm]

Gain

[dB

]

0

10

NF

[dB

]

0.1

1

10

1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400

Loss (

dB

/km

)

Wavelength (nm)

TDFA (35THz)

TDFA+HDFA (42THz)

Optimized HC-PBGF

Z. Li et al. Opt. Express 21 (22), pp. 26450-26455 (2013)

Thulium-doped fibre amplifiers

29

E. Russell et al. Photonics West, 2018


Discrete Mode Laser Diode Overview


Etched features select 1Fabry Perot mode

Moving from 1.55 to 2µm: InxGa1-xAs on InP

• InP material system : mature growth/processing

• A Indium composition of 75% is required to obtain bandgap longer than 2 m.


R. Phelan et al, M.4.4.1 ECOC’14

SMSR ~50dB

2 Laser Performance

32

R. Phelan M.4.4.1 ECOC’14


Coarse WDM at 2m

• Transmission over 1km of HC-PBGF

• Total capacity: 100Gbit/s

33

com

bin

er

com

bin

er

5G

Sa/s

4-A

SK

Fast-

OF

DM

12.5Gb/s OOK

2:1

com

bin

er

TDFA

ATT

OSNROSA/

PD

DPO/

ED

TDFA

HC-PBGF

TDFA

MZM

RF

Amp

RF

Amp2µm

PD

2µm

Laser

Filter

0 4 8 12 16 20-60

-40

-20

0

20

Frequency (GHz)

S2

1 (

dB

)

direct

external

(b)

Fast OFDM + 4ASK to increase spectral efficiency (x4)

H. Zhang et al., ECOC’14, paper P5.20 (2014)H. Zhang et al., Opt. Express 23, 4, pp. 4946-4951 (2015)


Coarse WDM at 2m

• Transmission over 1km of HC-PBGF

• Total capacity: 100Gbit/s

34

com

bin

er

com

bin

er

5G

Sa/s

4-A

SK

Fast-

OF

DM

12.5Gb/s OOK

2:1

com

bin

er

TDFA

ATT

OSNROSA/

PD

DPO/

ED

TDFA

HC-PBGF

TDFA

MZM

RF

Amp

RF

Amp2µm

PD

2µm

Laser

Filter

0 4 8 12 16 20-60

-40

-20

0

20

Frequency (GHz)

S2

1 (

dB

)

direct

external

(b)

25ps/div 25ps/div

-4 -2 0 2 4-0.2

-0.1

0

0.1

0.2

In Phase

Qu

ad

ratu

re

-4 -2 0 2 4-0.2

-0.1

0

0.1

0.2

In Phase

Qu

ad

ratu

re

back-to-back after transmission

NR

Z O

OK

4A

SK

F-O

FD

M

gas absorption – laser peak detuningCompetitive mode: SMSR>35dB

H. Zhang et al., ECOC’14, paper P5.20 (2014)H. Zhang et al., Opt. Express 23, 4, pp. 4946-4951 (2015)


Single channel transmission over 3.8km of HC-PBGF

• Key feature: extending laser bandwidth to 11GHz by injection locking.

• 52 Gbit/s single channel Z. Liu et al, JLT 33, 1373-1379 (2015)


Strained InP-based modulators at 2 µm

• TE polarized input =1994 nm;

• fiber-to-fiber insertion loss is 16-18 dB

• Electrode length of 2 mm

• DC Extinction ratio of 16 dB

25% greater optical confinement for 25 MQWV 4V to 2.7V (2 mm long electrode)Commercial LiNBO3 ~9-11 V

V ~2.7V

25 MQW

3.5Vp-p 215-1 NRZ 10Gbps

• 3-dB bandwidth ~9 GHz on chip

• Electrical S11<-10 dB up to 20 GHz

• Large signal at 10 Gbps

M. U. Sadiq, Optics Express 23(9) pp. 10905 (2015)


4x10G Transmission Experiment

• Error free transmission (BER~10-9) for the pattern length of 231-1 is confirmed for all four channels.

• Average OSNR of 25.76 dB is required for BER~10-9.

• OSNR spreading of 2 dB between channels.


M. Sadiq et al, JLT 34 (8), pp. 1706-1711 (2016)

37

High speed photodiode


15.6 Gbit/s eye diagram (2 µm, -3.07 dBm,-10V)Small signal (2 µm,-10V)

>9.6 GHz RF bandwidth:• Long carrier transient time due to the

thick absorption region

• Limitation of the modulator used

Large SNR:• High coupling efficiency

N. Ye et al., JLT 33 (5), pp. 971-975 (2015)

N. Ye et al, PTL 27 (14), pp.1469,1472 (2015)

0 2 4 6 8 10-15

-12

-9

-6

-3

0

S2

1 (

dB

)

Frequency (GHZ)

D50, -10V

38

90° optical hybrid

Transmission spectra for different output ports of 90º optical hybrid (32 µm×1644 µm) around 2 µm with ASE input. (a) Span-90 nm (b) Span-20

nm (c) Fitted curve over 20 nm span.

• Optimum length- 1644 µm • CMRR > 15.6 dB, • Excess loss-2.2 dB including the MZI

structure • Phase deviation from quadrature

condition - around ±10°

N. .Ye et al, ECOC paper P2.14 (2014)


2m MUX/DEMUX

• 20 channel AWG design

• 100GHz channel spacing

• 2THz Free Spectral Range

• Measured loss ~ 12-15dB

• 3dB uniformity

• Crosstalk <15dB

1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030-30

-25

-20

-15

-10

Tra

nsm

iss

ion

(d

B)

Wavelength (nm)

100 GHz 2 µm AWG packaged module

Output-fibre arrayInput-

Lens-ended fibreTEC pins

N. Ye et al., J. Lightwave Tech. 33(5) 971 (2015)


1st DWDM @ 2µm, 100 GHz, 160Gbit/s

41

Co

mb

ine

rC

om

bin

er

AWG

2:1

com

bin

er

TDFA

ATT

OSNR Power

DPO

TDFA

HC-PBGF

TDFA

MZM

RF Amp

RF Amp

2µm PD

Lasers

Filter

1…

7 o

dd

2…

8 e

ven

AWGr ATT

100GHz

H. Zhang et al., Opt. Lett. 40, 14, 3308-3311 (2015)


Moving to 50GHz

42

50GHz

100GHz

N. .Kavanagh et al, CLEO SF1F.5 (2016)


BER for 100 & 50GHz

43

100 GHz CH#7

N. Kavanagh et al, ICTON Mo.B6.2 (2016)N. .Kavanagh et al, CLEO SF1F.5 (2016)


Systems challenges reducing channel spacing @ 2m

44

26dB

10dB


N. .Kavanagh et al, CLEO SF1F.5 (2016)

Overview 2 µm systems demonstrations

45

Year #Ch. ModulationModulation Format

Data rate per channels (Gbit/s)

Channelspacing

Total Capacity(Gbit/s)

Ref

2012 1 1 x ext NRZ – OOK 8 - 8 Petrovich et al, ECOC’12 PDP Th.3.A.5

2012 41 x ext3 x dir

NRZ – OOKBPSK FAST OFDM

8.55

Coarse 20 MacSuibhne et al ECOC’12 PDP Th.3.A.3


NRZ – OOK4ASK FAST OFDM

12.58.3

Coarse 81 Zhang et al, ECOC’14 paper P5.20

2014 1 1 x dir 64QAM OFDM 30 - 30 Liu et al, OFC’15 paper Th1E.6

2015 1 1 x dir 64QAM OFDM 52 - 52 Liu et al, . JLT 33, 1373-1379



15.710

Coarse 100 Zhan et al, Opt. Express 23 (4) 4946-4951

2015 8 8 x ext 4ASK FAST OFDM 20 100GHz 160 Zhang et al, Opt. Lett. 40, 14, 3308-3311

2016 7 7 x ext NRZ – OOK 15 100 & 50 GHz 105 Kavanagh et al, CLEO SF1F.5 (2016)


Overview 2 µm systems demonstrations

46

Year #Ch. ModulationModulation Format

Data rate per channels (Gbit/s)

Channelspacing

Total Capacity(Gbit/s)

Ref

2012 1 1 x ext NRZ – OOK 8 - 8 Petrovich et al, ECOC’12 PDP Th.3.A.5


NRZ – OOKBPSK FAST OFDM

8.55

Coarse 20 MacSuibhne et al ECOC’12 PDP Th.3.A.3



12.58.3

Coarse 81 Zhang et al, ECOC’14 paper P5.20

2014 1 1 x dir 64QAM OFDM 30 - 30 Liu et al, OFC’15 paper Th1E.6

2015 1 1 x dir 64QAM OFDM 52 - 52 Liu et al, . JLT 33, 1373-1379



15.710

Coarse 100 Zhan et al, Opt. Express 23 (4) 4946-4951

2015 8 8 x ext 4ASK FAST OFDM 20 100GHz 160 Zhang et al, Opt. Lett. 40, 14, 3308-3311

2016 7 7 x ext NRZ – OOK 15 100 & 50 GHz 105 Kavanagh et al, CLEO SF1F.5 (2016)


Today we are working towards:• Higher performance components• Efficient amplifiers• Fibre processes

Other reasons to move to 2m


Gas Absorption Spectra & Laser lines


CO2 N2O

Source: HITRANCH4 HCl H2O

CH4 HCl H2O COEthylene, CH4H2S CO2 N2O

48

Silicon

• CMOS compatibility: electronics + photonics integration

• Transparent >1100nm

• Highly nonlinear! For wavelengths >2000 nm minimal two-photon absorption but with peaking efficient (3) processes.

• Devices with applications both in telecom and in sensing


S. Pearl et al, Appl. Phys. Lett 93, 131102 (2008)R.M. Osgood Jr et al, Adv. In Optics and Photonics 1, 162-235 (2009)J. Leuthold et al, Nat. Photonics 4, 535-544 (2010)N.K. Hon et al, J. Appl. Phys. 110, 011301 (2011)N. Ophir et al, PTL 24, 276-278 (2012)E. Agrell et al, J. Optics 18, 063002 (2016)

Advantages of shifting to 2m

1. Availability of key optical components:

• Semiconductor lasers, detectors and other optical devices

• Relative low loss fibres with low nonlinearity and low latency

• Optical fibre amplifiers

2. Exploiting Silicon at best performance:

• Efficient nonlinear processes

• Minimal two-photon absorption

• CMOS compatible

3. Laser safety

• Deemed safe at 2000nm.

• Good news for devices to the home, sensing, IoTs applications.

50

A new fibre geometry emerging –Anti-resonant hollow core fibres


40.2 µm

20μm

22.3 µm

Width = 359.6

nm

JR Hayes et al., OFC PDP TH5A.3 (2016))


Extended Single Mode Optical Bandwidth


800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 20000

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Wavelength (nm)

Loss (

dB

/km

)

800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 20000

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Wavelength (nm)

Loss (

dB

/km

)

800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 20000

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Wavelength (nm)

Loss (

dB

/km

)

Mangan et al. OFC 2004, PDP24

Wheeler et al. OFC 2012, PDP5A.2

Debord et al., Opt. Express, 28597 (2013)

Tubular-ARFKagome - ARF

PBGF

JR Hayes et al., OFC PDP paper Th5A.3 (2016)

53

Broadband Data transmission test – 100 m


1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200-80

-70

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

-24 -22 -20 -18

1110987

6

5

4

3

-24 -22 -20 -18

1110987

6

5

4

3

-15 -13 -11 -9

1110987

6

5

4

3

Pow

er

(dB

)

Wavelength (nm)

Received power (dBm)

B-2-B

-log(B

ER

)


Transmitted

-log(B

ER

)

-log(B

ER

)


CW laser

1065 nm

1565 nm

1963 nm

ModulatorLiNbO3

1-µm

1.3-1.6-µm

2-µm

2 -1 PRBS, 10 GHz OOK31

Antiresonantfiber, 100 m

Receiver

0.8-1.7 µm

1.2-2.2 µm

BERTester

4.9dB 6.3dB 18.5dBTotal 100m

link loss:

JR Hayes et al., OFC PDP paper Th5A.3 (2016)

54

Internet timeline


John Naughton, “A Brief History of the Internet” (2000)K. Hafner and M. Lyon, “Where Wizards Stay up Late” (1998)https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/

Internet timeline


Reflections on transmission windows for optical communications

• Fundamental physics and limits calculations were studied well in advance of actual devices fabrication & implementation

• A combination of fabrication of low loss fiber and availability of laser diodes at certain wavelengths have shown to be the key enabling technologies to the opening of new transmission windows.

• Current research solutions would continue to provide for near-future capacity needs, including the adoption of SDM.

• For the future, and in order to exploit the full potential of Silicon photonics & integration, moving to wavelengths ~2000nm would be ideal.


Sponsors


Acknowledgements

59

Tyndall National Institute:• B. Corbett• P. O’Brien• F. Peters• N.Kavanagh• E. Russell• J. O’Callahan• E. Pelucci• A. Gocalinska• K. Thomas• P. Morrissey• M. Sadiq• N. Ye• J. Zhao• H. Zhang• K. Shortiss

ORC, University of Southampton• D. Richardson• M. Petrovich• F. Poletti• E. Numkam Fokoua• Z. Li• Shaif-ul Alam• J. Wooler• Z. Liu• R. Slavik• N. Wheelan• Y. Chen• J.R. Hayes• S.R. Sandoghchi• G.T. Jasion• T.D. Bradley• P.E. Horak

Eblana Photonics:• B. Kelly• R. Phelan• J. O’Carroll• M. Gleeson

OFS:• L. Nielsen

Phoenix Photonics:• I. Giles

Aston University:• A. Ellis


Reflections on opening new telecommunication windows

Fatima Gunning, PhDPhotonic Systems Group, Tyndall National InstituteUniversity College Cork, Ireland

[email protected]

IEEE Photonics Webinar, March 21st 2018

Thank you!

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