+ All Categories
Home > Education > Reflexes present at birth

Reflexes present at birth

Date post: 07-May-2015
Category:
Upload: shayonisen2012
View: 1,899 times
Download: 2 times
Share this document with a friend
28
REFLEXES PRESENT AT BIRTH SUBMITTED BY: SHAYONI SEN BDS IIIRD YEAR DEPARTMENT OF PEDODONTICS
Transcript
Page 1: Reflexes present at birth

REFLEXES PRESENT AT BIRTH

SUBMITTED BY:SHAYONI SEN

BDS IIIRD YEAR

DEPARTMENT OF PEDODONTICS

Page 2: Reflexes present at birth

CONTENTS INTRODUCTION GENERAL BODY REFLEXES FACIAL REFLEX ORAL REFLEXES REFERENCE

Page 3: Reflexes present at birth

INTRODUCTION A REFLEX is defined as

an involuntary, or automatic, action that your body does in response to something, without even having to think about it.

Types of reflexes present at birth:

1. General body reflexes2. Facial reflexes3. Oral reflexes

Page 4: Reflexes present at birth

GENERAL BODY

REFLEXES

Page 5: Reflexes present at birth

MORO REFLEXES Any sudden movement

of the neck initiates this reflex.

A way of eliciting the reflex is to pull the baby half-way to sitting position from supine and suddenly let head fall back to a short distance.

Reflex consists of rapid abduction and extension of arms with opening of hands.

Page 6: Reflexes present at birth

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Its nature gives an indication of the muscle tone.

• The responses may be asymmetrical if muscle tone is unequal on two sides or there is a weakness of an arm or injury to humerous or clavicle

This reflex disappears in 2-3 months.

Page 7: Reflexes present at birth

STARTLE

REFLEX

•It is similar to moro reflex, but it is initiated by sudden noise or any other stimulus•In this, the elbows are flexed and the hands remain closed, there is less of embrace, outward and inward movement of arms.

Page 8: Reflexes present at birth

WALKING/ STEPPING REFLEX

•When the sole of the foot is pressed against couch, the baby tries to walk.•It persists as voluntary standing.

Page 9: Reflexes present at birth

PALMER/ GRASP REFLEX

When the baby’s palm is stimulated, the hand closes.

There is also a corresponding planter reflex.

Both normally disappear by 24 months.

Page 10: Reflexes present at birth

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

An exceptionally strong grasp reflex may be found in the spastic form of cerebral palsy and in kernicterus.

It may be asymmetrical in hemiplegia and in cases of cerebral damage.

It should have disappeared in 2-3 months and persistence may indicate the spastic form of cerebral palsy.

Page 11: Reflexes present at birth

LIMB PLACEMENT REFLEX•When the front of the leg below the knee, or arm below the elbow is brought into contact with edge of the table, the child lifts the limb over the edge.

BABINSKI’S REFLEX•Stroking of the lateral surface of the planter surface of the foot from the heel to the toe results in flexion of the toe.

Page 12: Reflexes present at birth

ASYMMETRIC TONIC NECK REFLEX When the baby is at rest

and not crying, he lies at intervals with his head on one side, the arm extended to the same side, and often with a flexion of the contra lateral knee.

This reflex normally disappears after 2 or 3 months, but may persist in spastic children.

Page 13: Reflexes present at birth

PARACHUTE REFLEXIt

appears at about 6-9 months

and persists

thereafter

.

The reflex is

elicited by

holding the child in ventral suspension and suddenl

y lowerin

g him to

couch. The arm

s extend as defensive a defensive

reaction

.

In children

with cerebral palsy,

the reflex may be absent or

abnormal.

It would be asymmetri

cal in spastic

hemiplegia.

Page 14: Reflexes present at birth

LANDAU REFLEX It is seen in vertical

suspension, with the head, spine and legs extended.

If the head is flexed, the hips, knees and the elbows also flex.

It is normally present from 3 months and is difficult to elicit after 1 year.

Absence of reflex occurs in hypotonia, hypertonia or severe mental abnormality.

Page 15: Reflexes present at birth

FACIAL REFLEX

Page 16: Reflexes present at birth

NASAL REFLEX

Stimulation of the face or nasal cavity with water or local irritants produce apnea in neonates.

Breathing stops in expiration with laryngeal closure and infants exhibit bradycardia and lowering of cardiac output.

Blood flow to skin, splanchic areas, muscles and kidney decreases, whereas the flow to the heart and brain is protected.

Page 17: Reflexes present at birth

CORNEAL REFLEX •Consists of blinking when cornea is touched

PUPIL REFLEX•Pupil reacts to light, but in preterm baby and some full term babies the duration of exposure to the light may have to be prolonged to elicit the reflex.

Page 18: Reflexes present at birth

ORAL REFLEXES

Page 19: Reflexes present at birth

ROOTING REFLEX When the infant’s cheek

contacts the mother’s breast, the baby’s mouth results in vigorous sucking movements resulting in baby rooting for milk.

When the corner of mouth is touched, the lower lip is lowered, the tongue moves towards the point stimulated.

When the finger slides away, the head turns to follow it.

Page 20: Reflexes present at birth

Onset is 28 weeks IU

Disappears by 3-4 months

Well-establised by 32-34 weeks IU

Page 21: Reflexes present at birth

SUCKING

Onset~ 28 weeks iu

Well-establised~ 32-34 weeks

iu

Disappear~ around 12

months

Elicited by~ introducing a finger into the

mouth

Page 22: Reflexes present at birth

SWALLOWING

Begins around 12 and half weeks IU life.

Full swallowing and sucking is established by 32-36 weeks of IU life.

Their absence in full-term baby would suggest a developmental defect.

Page 23: Reflexes present at birth

TYPESINFANTILE SWALLOW

•ACQUIRED CONGENITAL REFLEX

•Until primary molars erupt, infant swallows with jaws separated and the tongue thrust forward using facial muscles.•This is non-conditional congenital reflex.

•After eruption of posterior primary teeth, from18 months of age onwards, the child tends to swallow with teeth brought together by masticatory muscle action, without a tongue thrust.

Page 24: Reflexes present at birth

GAG REFLEX

Seen at 18 and half weeks of IU life.

In buccal cavity and pharynx, the ectoderm/endod

erm zone is towards the

posterior third of tongue.

Touching here elicits

a gag reflex, a protective

reflex.

Page 25: Reflexes present at birth

CRY

It is a non-conditioned reflex which accounts for its lack of individual

character and is of sporadic nature.

Starts as early as 21-29 weeks IU life.

Page 26: Reflexes present at birth

MASTICATION

It is a conditioned reflex, learned initially by irregular and poorely coordinated, chewing movements.

The proprioceptive responses of TMJ and PDL of erupting dentition establishes a stabilized chewing pattern, aligned to

the individual dental intercuspation.

Page 27: Reflexes present at birth

REFERENCE SHOBHA TONDON (FOR PEDIATRICS

DENTISTRY) 2nd EDITION.

Page 28: Reflexes present at birth

Recommended