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Reforms of the 1730’s – 1760’s
The 1st Great AwakeningA move away from predestination towards
living asJesus had instructed.Related Terms/People/LiteratureArminianism – free will instead of
predestinationJonathan EdwardsGeorge WhitefieldSinners in the Hands of an Angry God
Reform 1820’s-1850’s
The Second Great AwakeningPreached that you were capable of self-
improvement.Salvation through repentance.Each person had a duty to combat sin; lead to
reform movementsRelated Terms/People/LiteratureCharles G. FinneyBurned-over districtMormons; Millerites; Spiritualist; ShakersGrowth of Baptist and Methodist is South
Reforms of 1820’s-1850’s
Education ReformPublic Schools were formed to provide
educational AND moral direction.Middle class families viewed it as a chance
for advancement and to instill Protestant ethics.
Save immigrants and poor children from bad influences and bad parents to influence good citizenship.
Related Terms/People/Literature: Horace Mann
Reforms of 1820’s – 1850’s
Asylum/Prison ReformReformers believed that all problems were
correctable. This lead to many state supported prisons and asylums. Poor treatment/abuse of prisoners and patients lead to reform.
Related Terms/People/Literature: Dorothea Dix
Reform of 1820’s – 1850’s
Reform Turns Radical in the 1830’s Women’s MovementTemperance Movement - Reform
dedicated to the removal of alcohol from society due to rise in alcoholism, spousal abuse, and mismanagement of family funds.
Women’s Equality – Seneca Falls Convention demanded women’s right to vote; rejected the Cult of Domesticity; gender equality
Reform of 1820’s – 1850’s
Women’s Movement ContinuedRelated Terms/People/Literature:Lucretia MottElizabeth Cady StantonSojouner TruthClara BartonDorothea DixSeneca Falls Convention
Reform of 1820’s – 1850’s
Abolitionist MovementAbolition of slavery.Mostly appealed to small town citizens in the
North.Related Terms/People/LiteratureWilliam Lloyd Garrison – The LiberatorFrederick Douglass – The North StarHarriet Tubman – Underground RailroadHarriet Beecher Stowe – Uncle Tom’s CabinAmerican Anti-Slave SocietyLiberty Party
Reform of 1820’s – 1850’s
Utopian CommunitiesReformers who grew tired of trying to reform society
began their own ideal communities.Key Terms/People/LiteratureRobert Owen and Charles Fourier created socialist
communitiesShakers – believed in sexual equality and the 2nd coming of
ChristOnieda Community – 2nd coming of Christ has already
occurred which negates the need for moral rules; free love
George Ripley formed a utopian society based on education
Reform of 1820’s – 1850’s
TranscendentalismLiterary & philosophical idea that
individuals can transcend reality & connect with universal spiritual forces
Key Terms/People/LiteratureHenry David Thoreau – Walden Pond
(advocated a utopia of 1); Civil Disobedience
Ralph Waldo Emerson – Nature; Self-Reliance
Reform of 1880’s
Civil Service ReformBrought on by the spoils system and the
growth of government during the Second Industrial Revolution
Pendleton Act 1883 – merit based exams for civil service jobs
Women’s Christian Temperance Movement
Fought for temperance, improvement in race relations and women’s right to vote. (Carrie Nation)
Populist Reforms 1880-1896
Granger MovementThey were angry at wholesalers, banks,
and railroads (Eastern establishment) They established co-ops, banks and grain elevators. Granger movement died out in the 1870’s depression.
Populist Reforms 1880-1896
National Farmer’s AllianceOcala Demands: Free Coinage of Silver,
railroad regulation, direct election of US Senators, national income tax, storage of grain in government silos when prices are low
Populist Reforms 1880-1896
Populist PartyPolitically oriented group of agrarian
farmers in the Midwest and South that formed a coalition with factory workers that advocated a wide range of economic and political legislation
In addition to the Ocala Demands they wanted an 8 hour workday, break-up of monopolies, and immigration restrictions.
Populist Reforms 1880-1896
Populist PartyKey terms/people/literatureWilliams Jennings BryanBimetalismBland Allison ActSherman Silver Purchase Act*Populist ideas enacted by other parties:
national income tax, direct election of US Senators, secret ballot. The movie, Wizard of Oz, is a populist allegory.
Progressive Reforms 1890s-1920s Began in cities to reform working
conditions, living conditions and labor problems.
Themes: belief in progress, Social Gospel, government help to achieve goals, change environment to change people, and humanize industry and urbanization
Progressive Reforms 1890s-1920s Populist Movements Prohibition – lead to 18th Amendment Prostitution – raised moral conscience; many
states outlawed brothels Good Government Movement – fought to end
local government corruption. Moved power away from party bosses to city councils and mayors.
Muckraking Journalism – Journalist used their craft to expose societal problems in many different areas.
Progressive Reforms 1890s-1920s Standardizing Education – assimilation of
immigrants, creative intelligence Women’s Movement – Women’s suffrage
movement (19th Amendment); birth control education to help eliminate poverty
African-American Movement – racial equality; integrated schools etc.
Workers Movement – Union Movement
Progressive Presidents
Teddy Roosevelt – trust busting; industry regulations; conservation of land and resources; Department of Commerce and Labor; Big Stick Diplomacy
William Howard Taft – trust buster; safety codes for miners; Children’s Bureau; split the Department of Commerce and Labor into two separate departments; Dollar Diplomacy
Woodrow Wilson – graduated income tax; Federal Reserve Act; Clayton Anti-Trust Act; 16-20th Amendments; Moral Diplomacy
Progressive Reforms 1890s-1920s Key terms/people/literatureSettlement housesJane HullSocial GospelMugwumpsJacob Riis – How the Other Half LivesHenry George – Progress and Poverty
(showed the gap between rich and poor)
Progressive Reforms 1890s-1920s Key terms/people/literatureLincoln Steffan – Shame of the Cities
(exposed city political machine corruption)
Ida Tarbell – History of Standard Oil (exposed Rockefeller’s ruthless business practices)
Upton Sinclair – The Jungle (exposed unsanitary conditions of meatpacking industry which would lead to the Pure Food and Drug Act)
John Dewey – Education reform
Progressive Reforms 1890s-1920s Key terms/people/literatureMargaret SangerBooker T. Washington – Atlanta Compromise
SpeechWEB DuBois – Niagara MovementNAACPSamuel Gompers – American Federation of LaborWomen’s Trade UnionIndustrial Workers of the WorldTriangle Shirtwaist Comapany