The change in direction of a wave as is crosses the boundary between two media in which the wave travels at different speeds.

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Material Index of RefractionVacuum 1.0000

Air 1.0003Ice 1.3100

Water 1.3330Ethyl Alcohol 1.3600

Plexiglas 1.5100Crown Glass 1.5200

Light Flint Glass 1.5800Dense Flint Glass 1.6600

Zircon 1.9230Diamond 2.4170

Rutile 2.9070Gallium phosphide 3.5000

The separation of light into colors arranged according to their frequency, by interaction with a prism or diffraction grating.

White light separates into different colors (wavelengths) on entering the raindrop because red light is refracted by a lesser angle than blue light. On leaving the raindrop, the red rays have turned through a smaller angle than the blue rays, producing a rainbow.

1) Any incident ray traveling parallel to the principal axis of a converging lens will refract through the lens and travel through the focal point on the opposite side of the lens.

2) Any incident ray traveling through the focal point on the way to the lens will refract through the lens and travel parallel to the principal axis.

3) An incident ray which passes through the center of the lens will in effect continue in the same direction that it had when it entered the lens.

1) Any incident ray traveling parallel to the principal axis of a diverging lens will refract through the lens and travel in line with the focal point (i.e., in a direction such that its extension will pass through the focal point).

2) Any incident ray traveling towards the focal point on the way to the lens will refract through the lens and travel parallel to the principal axis.

3) An incident ray which passes through the center of the lens will in effect continue in the same direction that it had when it entered the lens.

Always Virtual, Smaller, and Right-Side Up

Cornea is oval shaped instead of spherical. This causes light to focus on two or more spots.

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