Regional Human Regional Human Development Report on Development Report on

Social Inclusion for Social Inclusion for Europe and CISEurope and CIS

UNDP, RBEC Regional CenterUNDP, RBEC Regional Center

Bratislava Workshop, May 6-7 Bratislava Workshop, May 6-7 20092009

Shahrbanou Tadjbakhsh Shahrbanou Tadjbakhsh

Primary assumptionsPrimary assumptions

This is a HUMAN DEVELOPMENT report This is a HUMAN DEVELOPMENT report about Social Exclusion/Inclusionabout Social Exclusion/Inclusion

It is about ALL the countries, not just It is about ALL the countries, not just the EU candidatesthe EU candidates

The different skills of authors should The different skills of authors should be combined in an inter-sectoral way: be combined in an inter-sectoral way: We may or may not want to keep to We may or may not want to keep to specific chaptersspecific chapters

A learning process for all!A learning process for all!

Brainstorming: IntroductionsBrainstorming: Introductions

Who are weWho are we What do we know about HD or SEWhat do we know about HD or SE Why an HD report on SE/SI is Why an HD report on SE/SI is

important?important?

What we want to achieve What we want to achieve during the workshopduring the workshop

Adoption of conceptual frameworkAdoption of conceptual framework Outline and structure of the reportOutline and structure of the report Detailed chapter assignmentsDetailed chapter assignments Background papers TORs including Background papers TORs including

regional case studies and thematic regional case studies and thematic paperspapers

Outline of and directions for survey Outline of and directions for survey instrument development instrument development

Timetable and next steps Timetable and next steps

Conceptual FrameworkConceptual Framework

Conceptual framework: HD and Conceptual framework: HD and Social exclusion/Inclusion Social exclusion/Inclusion

Elements for the researchElements for the research structure of the Reportstructure of the Report Questions about next stepQuestions about next step

Human Development Human Development and Social Exclusion: and Social Exclusion:

An Analytical An Analytical FrameworkFramework

Human DevelopmentHuman Development As argued first in the UNDP global As argued first in the UNDP global Human Human

Development ReportDevelopment Report of 1990, the concept of 1990, the concept of human development was conceived as of human development was conceived as an alternative vision to the prevailing an alternative vision to the prevailing development paradigms of the time.development paradigms of the time.– economic growth does not automatically trickle economic growth does not automatically trickle

down to improve people’s well-being, down to improve people’s well-being, – while approaches such as basic needs do not while approaches such as basic needs do not

hand over decision-making to beneficiaries hand over decision-making to beneficiaries themselvesthemselves

HD proceeds from the perspective of the HD proceeds from the perspective of the individual instead and his/her moral right to individual instead and his/her moral right to develop his/her capabilities and exercise develop his/her capabilities and exercise the greatest possible freedom in choicesthe greatest possible freedom in choices

HD slogansHD slogans

Individuals as point of departure, means Individuals as point of departure, means and ends of development (about people, by and ends of development (about people, by people and for people)people and for people)

A destination, a goal for social and political A destination, a goal for social and political processes, as well as a road to get there processes, as well as a road to get there

Gives people agencyGives people agency Capabilities and functioningsCapabilities and functionings To be what one wants to be and do what To be what one wants to be and do what

one wants to do one wants to do

Choices are limitless: greater access to Choices are limitless: greater access to knowledge, better nutrition and health knowledge, better nutrition and health services, more secure livelihoods, security services, more secure livelihoods, security against crime and physical violence, against crime and physical violence, satisfying leisure hours, political and satisfying leisure hours, political and cultural freedoms, a sense of participation cultural freedoms, a sense of participation in community activities, and self-respect in community activities, and self-respect and dignity.and dignity.

The most basic and universal (which have The most basic and universal (which have been quantified ) are:been quantified ) are:– To live a long and healthy lifeTo live a long and healthy life– To be educatedTo be educated– To have access to incomesTo have access to incomes– (To participate in decision makings) not (To participate in decision makings) not

quantifiedquantified

Policy-wisePolicy-wise

Can’t be too prescriptive (it was Can’t be too prescriptive (it was conceived against the cookie cutter conceived against the cookie cutter model)model)

But generally, policies driving towards But generally, policies driving towards HD need to simultaneously encompass:HD need to simultaneously encompass:– efficiency/productivity efficiency/productivity – Equity Equity – SustainabilitySustainability– Empowerment/participationEmpowerment/participation

Link to SELink to SE

What limits these freedoms and What limits these freedoms and choices is social exclusion, both as a choices is social exclusion, both as a process and as an outcome. process and as an outcome.

Exclusion hampers choices and Exclusion hampers choices and opportunities, thus reduce human opportunities, thus reduce human development. development.

Inclusion is therefore the goal to Inclusion is therefore the goal to achieveachieve

Both concepts are complementary in policy Both concepts are complementary in policy terms: human development bears a stronger terms: human development bears a stronger focus on what needs to be achieved; while focus on what needs to be achieved; while social inclusion focuses on how it should be social inclusion focuses on how it should be achieved. achieved.

Social inclusion adds the process dimension Social inclusion adds the process dimension of exclusion (the agents, groups, and of exclusion (the agents, groups, and institutions that exclude) to the human institutions that exclude) to the human development concept. development concept.

A social inclusion perspective can thus help A social inclusion perspective can thus help sharpen the strategies for achieving human sharpen the strategies for achieving human development by addressing the development by addressing the discrimination, exclusion, powerlessness and discrimination, exclusion, powerlessness and accountability failures that lie at the root of accountability failures that lie at the root of poverty and other development problems. poverty and other development problems.

BrainstormingBrainstorming

A report about exclusion or inclusion?A report about exclusion or inclusion? What are the linkages between HD What are the linkages between HD

and SE? and SE?

Social Exclusion: Why? Social Exclusion: Why? Origin of Social Inclusion interest: To make Origin of Social Inclusion interest: To make

Welfare state more effectiveWelfare state more effective The ILO (1996): social exclusion in r The ILO (1996): social exclusion in r

discussions on chronic unemployment, discussions on chronic unemployment, unskilled workers and immigrants. unskilled workers and immigrants.

EU: originally understood social exclusion in EU: originally understood social exclusion in terms of exclusion from the paid labour force terms of exclusion from the paid labour force and explicitly assigns an active obligation to and explicitly assigns an active obligation to the State and its governance institutions to the State and its governance institutions to identify and remove barriers to full identify and remove barriers to full participation in paid employment and to participation in paid employment and to regularly report on progress. regularly report on progress.

As it was applied in practice, the concept As it was applied in practice, the concept shifted from exclusion to inclusion and shifted from exclusion to inclusion and became less narrowly economically and became less narrowly economically and labour force focused. labour force focused.

Social Inclusion now recognizes the central Social Inclusion now recognizes the central importance of social processes of inclusion or importance of social processes of inclusion or exclusion and the role of informal as well as exclusion and the role of informal as well as formal institutions. formal institutions.

It now defines full participation and the It now defines full participation and the barriers to participation much more broadly barriers to participation much more broadly and has correspondingly broadened the and has correspondingly broadened the responsibilities of the State and its responsibilities of the State and its institutions to identify and address social and institutions to identify and address social and political barriers well beyond its initial remit. political barriers well beyond its initial remit.

EU EU

– EU social inclusion strategy: EU social inclusion strategy: facilitating cooperation between facilitating cooperation between Member StatesMember States

EU social inclusion strategy: EU social inclusion strategy: facilitating cooperation between facilitating cooperation between

Member StatesMember States Common social inclusion objectivesCommon social inclusion objectives

– Access to resources, rights and services needed for Access to resources, rights and services needed for participation in societyparticipation in society

– Inclusion through employment for those who can work, support Inclusion through employment for those who can work, support for those who can’tfor those who can’t

– Policy coordination, participation, mainstreamingPolicy coordination, participation, mainstreaming A thematic approachA thematic approach

– Active inclusionActive inclusion Adequate Income supportAdequate Income support Inclusive labour marketsInclusive labour markets Access to quality servicesAccess to quality services

– Child poverty (2007 focus year, report on child poverty and Child poverty (2007 focus year, report on child poverty and well-being)well-being)

– Housing exclusion and homelessness (2009)Housing exclusion and homelessness (2009)– The social aspects of migration and ethnic minorities (2010)The social aspects of migration and ethnic minorities (2010)

EU Social Inclusion EU Social Inclusion objectivesobjectives

to make "ato make "a decisive impact on the eradication decisive impact on the eradication of poverty and social exclusion by ensuring:of poverty and social exclusion by ensuring:

(d) access for all to the resources, rights and (d) access for all to the resources, rights and services needed for participation in society, services needed for participation in society, preventing and addressing exclusion, and preventing and addressing exclusion, and fighting all forms of discrimination leading fighting all forms of discrimination leading to exclusion; to exclusion;

(e) the active social inclusion of all, both by (e) the active social inclusion of all, both by promoting participation in the labour promoting participation in the labour market and by fighting poverty and market and by fighting poverty and exclusion;exclusion;

(f) governance(f) governance

EU directivesEU directives3 key ingredients of the “Open Method 3 key ingredients of the “Open Method

of Coordination” peer pressure, of Coordination” peer pressure, regular reporting, mutual learningregular reporting, mutual learning

Non-bindingNon-binding political agreement on political agreement on common common objectivesobjectives

Common indicatorsCommon indicators Translating the EU objectives into national/regional Translating the EU objectives into national/regional

policies (policies (National ReportsNational Reports on Strategies for on Strategies for Social Protection and Social Inclusion)Social Protection and Social Inclusion)

Common analysis and assessment of the National Common analysis and assessment of the National Reports : Reports : Joint Report + supporting documentJoint Report + supporting document

PROGRESSPROGRESS: financial support to promote policy : financial support to promote policy cooperation and transnational exchange of cooperation and transnational exchange of learning and good practice.learning and good practice.

Social Inclusion indicators Social Inclusion indicators (EU)(EU)

At Risk of poverty rate (60% of median) + poverty At Risk of poverty rate (60% of median) + poverty thresholdsthresholds

Persistent at risk of poverty rate (2 out of 3 years Persistent at risk of poverty rate (2 out of 3 years in poverty)in poverty)

Relative median poverty risk gap: Distance Relative median poverty risk gap: Distance between median income of the poor and the between median income of the poor and the poverty thresholdpoverty threshold

Long term unemployment rateLong term unemployment rate Population living in jobless householdsPopulation living in jobless households Early school leaversEarly school leavers Employment gap of migrantsEmployment gap of migrants Material deprivation (Adopted 10-02-09)Material deprivation (Adopted 10-02-09) HHousing (to be developed)ousing (to be developed) Self-declared unmet need for careSelf-declared unmet need for care Child well-beingChild well-being

Back to HD: What is Social Back to HD: What is Social ExclusionExclusion

While the precise definition varies, there is broad While the precise definition varies, there is broad agreement that social exclusion consists of agreement that social exclusion consists of “Exclusion from social, political and economic “Exclusion from social, political and economic institutions resulting from a complex and dynamic institutions resulting from a complex and dynamic set of processes and relationships that prevent set of processes and relationships that prevent individuals or groups from accessing resources, individuals or groups from accessing resources, participating in society and asserting their rights” participating in society and asserting their rights” (Beall & Piron, 2004). (Beall & Piron, 2004).

It occurs when the institutions that allocate It occurs when the institutions that allocate resources and assign value operate in ways that resources and assign value operate in ways that systematically deny some groups the resources systematically deny some groups the resources and the recognition that would allow them to and the recognition that would allow them to participate fully in social life (Stewart et al, 2005).participate fully in social life (Stewart et al, 2005).

DFID:DFID: “Social exclusion describes a process by “Social exclusion describes a process by which certain groups are systematically which certain groups are systematically disadvantaged because they are discriminated disadvantaged because they are discriminated against on the basis of their ethnicity, race, against on the basis of their ethnicity, race, religion, sexual orientation, caste, descent, gender, religion, sexual orientation, caste, descent, gender, age, disability, HIV-status, migrant status or where age, disability, HIV-status, migrant status or where they live. Discrimination occurs in public they live. Discrimination occurs in public institutions, such as the legal system or education institutions, such as the legal system or education and health services, as well as social institutions and health services, as well as social institutions like the household.” like the household.”

European Commission:European Commission: The European The European Commission defines social inclusion as “a process Commission defines social inclusion as “a process which ensures that those at risk of poverty and which ensures that those at risk of poverty and social exclusion gain the opportunities and social exclusion gain the opportunities and resources necessary to participate fully in resources necessary to participate fully in economic, social and cultural life and to enjoy a economic, social and cultural life and to enjoy a standard of living and well-being that is considered standard of living and well-being that is considered normal in the society in which they live.normal in the society in which they live.

Possible working definitionPossible working definition

Social exclusion refers to limited/inequitable Social exclusion refers to limited/inequitable opportunities and capabilities to participate opportunities and capabilities to participate in decision making, gain access to in decision making, gain access to exercising choices in terms livelihood exercising choices in terms livelihood opportunities and social services due to opportunities and social services due to discriminatory institutional practices in the discriminatory institutional practices in the political, economic, cultural and social political, economic, cultural and social spheres based on gender, ethnicity, spheres based on gender, ethnicity, geographical location, age, income status, geographical location, age, income status, health status, educational attainment, and health status, educational attainment, and disability.disability.

BrainstormingBrainstorming

What is our HD driven SE definition?What is our HD driven SE definition? What are its elements?What are its elements?

Features of SE (brainstorm)Features of SE (brainstorm)– Both a process and outcome. Both a process and outcome. – Is linked to inequalities between groups, as well as Is linked to inequalities between groups, as well as

individuals. individuals. – It results from direct or indirect discrimination that It results from direct or indirect discrimination that

policy and regulations can impose and/or lack of policy and regulations can impose and/or lack of capacities of institutions, capacities of institutions,

– It also results as well as social traditions and values It also results as well as social traditions and values among different social groups of population of a among different social groups of population of a country. country.

– Social exclusion is multi-dimensional and often Social exclusion is multi-dimensional and often involves economic, political, cultural, social and involves economic, political, cultural, social and spatial exclusion. spatial exclusion.

– Multiple deprivations often reinforce each other. Multiple deprivations often reinforce each other. – It is both a a relative concept in that exclusion can It is both a a relative concept in that exclusion can

only be judged by comparing the circumstances of only be judged by comparing the circumstances of an individual (or group or community) relative to an individual (or group or community) relative to others within the same society; and as an absolute others within the same society; and as an absolute conceptconcept

– Lack of power, or unequal power relations, is at Lack of power, or unequal power relations, is at the root of every type of exclusion. the root of every type of exclusion.

– Disrespect, discrimination, and degradation are Disrespect, discrimination, and degradation are processes leading to exclusion as much as processes leading to exclusion as much as vulnerability stemming from poverty, or lack of vulnerability stemming from poverty, or lack of basic needs. basic needs.

– While exclusion may result from life course While exclusion may result from life course shocks, it can also be triggered by shocks, it can also be triggered by circumstances of birth. Being born into poverty circumstances of birth. Being born into poverty or to parents with low employable skills, for or to parents with low employable skills, for example, places one at a serious disadvantage example, places one at a serious disadvantage in relation to future life course survival in relation to future life course survival chances.chances.

– At the root of social exclusion is the problem of At the root of social exclusion is the problem of discriminatory rules and behaviour, advertently discriminatory rules and behaviour, advertently or inadvertently, against one or some groups of or inadvertently, against one or some groups of population compared to the others. population compared to the others.

– Exclusion can be measured using both Exclusion can be measured using both outcome indicators, that can be measured outcome indicators, that can be measured through several indicators related to well-being, through several indicators related to well-being, as well as some process indicators, leading to as well as some process indicators, leading to such differences, especially in four dimensions: such differences, especially in four dimensions: political, cultural, social and economic ones. political, cultural, social and economic ones.

Dimensions of ExclusionDimensions of Exclusion Exclusion from economic life results in and from Exclusion from economic life results in and from

inequalities in ownership of assets, incomes and inequalities in ownership of assets, incomes and employment opportunities.employment opportunities.

Exclusion from social services results in and from Exclusion from social services results in and from inequalities in access to a range of services – inequalities in access to a range of services – education, health and housing – and in human education, health and housing – and in human outcomes (including education, health, and outcomes (including education, health, and nutrition).nutrition).

Exclusion from political participation results in and Exclusion from political participation results in and from inequalities in the group distribution of political from inequalities in the group distribution of political opportunities and power at many levels, including opportunities and power at many levels, including political bureaucratic and military power.political bureaucratic and military power.

Cultural status exclusion results in and from Cultural status exclusion results in and from differences in recognition and (differences in recognition and (de factode facto) hierarchical ) hierarchical status of different groups’ cultural norms, customs status of different groups’ cultural norms, customs and practices.and practices.

ProcessProcess

OutcomeOutcome

Political Participation

Economic Social Cultural Status

Assets Employment & Income

Government ministers

Parliament Civil

service – various levels

Army Police Local

government Human

right organizations

Land Human

capital Commun

al resources

Minerals Capital

and credit Govt.

infrastructure

Other assets

Incomes Govt.

employment

Private employment

Skilled/unskilled employment

Informal sector opportunities

Education Health

services Safe water Housing Unemploymen

t Poverty Personal and

household security

Recognition of religious practices

Designation of state religion

Designation of national languages of administration and education

School curricula Recognition of

customary law Recognition and

support of ethno-cultural practices

Research queryResearch query

The essential research questions The essential research questions are: are:

WHO ARE THE EXCLUCED AND WHY?WHO ARE THE EXCLUCED AND WHY? a) what are the levels and dynamics of exclusion a) what are the levels and dynamics of exclusion

in terms of economic, social, cultural and political in terms of economic, social, cultural and political exclusion in the different countries or types of exclusion in the different countries or types of countries of the region? countries of the region?

b) which barriers do excluded groups face, b) which barriers do excluded groups face, c) what role does the existing system play in c) what role does the existing system play in

generating exclusion and in post-socialist generating exclusion and in post-socialist countries, how much of this is a legacy of the past countries, how much of this is a legacy of the past and how much the product of transition to the and how much the product of transition to the new system, and new system, and

d) what strategies are needed to overcome these d) what strategies are needed to overcome these barriers?barriers?

A A preliminary research preliminary research outline foutline for the Regional or the Regional Report for brainstormingReport for brainstorming

1) Conceptual analysis1) Conceptual analysis Conceptual basis for social inclusion; including Conceptual basis for social inclusion; including

definitions, conceptual linkages between human definitions, conceptual linkages between human development and social exclusion in its various development and social exclusion in its various manifestationsmanifestations

This section will introduce the concept of social This section will introduce the concept of social exclusion, its dimensions, manifestations and exclusion, its dimensions, manifestations and challenges. It establishes the conceptual linkages challenges. It establishes the conceptual linkages between human development and social inclusion, between human development and social inclusion, analyzes social exclusion as a process and state of analyzes social exclusion as a process and state of being excluded from the life of a community, and being excluded from the life of a community, and explores the potential of a social inclusion-based explores the potential of a social inclusion-based analysis to better understand and address the analysis to better understand and address the social dynamics of poverty and inequality in the social dynamics of poverty and inequality in the RBEC region. RBEC region.

2) The State of Human 2) The State of Human Development and Profile of Development and Profile of the Socially Excluded in the the Socially Excluded in the

ECISECIS This section presents the key This section presents the key indicators used in analysing human indicators used in analysing human development and social exclusion in development and social exclusion in the ECIS, namely: human development the ECIS, namely: human development index, human poverty index and social index, human poverty index and social exclusion index. It will also present exclusion index. It will also present and analysis findings from quantitative and analysis findings from quantitative and qualitative studies that map the and qualitative studies that map the manifestations and perceptions about manifestations and perceptions about exclusion in the different regions. exclusion in the different regions.

3) Thematic analysis3) Thematic analysis

In these sections, four different themes will be In these sections, four different themes will be presented and analyzed in different chapters. presented and analyzed in different chapters.

For each theme area, the analysis will discuss For each theme area, the analysis will discuss the nature of exclusion; why people are the nature of exclusion; why people are excluded; where the excluded are found; excluded; where the excluded are found; what keeps them in exclusion; institutional what keeps them in exclusion; institutional arrangements that compound the process arrangements that compound the process and policies and measures in addressing and policies and measures in addressing exclusion.exclusion.

Economic exclusion as outcome Economic exclusion as outcome and processand process. This will include an . This will include an analysis of the dynamics related to analysis of the dynamics related to access to employment, incomes, access to employment, incomes, markets and assets, a markets and assets, a developmental analysis of developmental analysis of economic processes and policies, economic processes and policies, and an analysis of results in terms and an analysis of results in terms of poverty, inequality etc. of poverty, inequality etc.

Social exclusion,Social exclusion, including a including a sociological study on exclusion on sociological study on exclusion on the basis of gender, class, ethnicity, the basis of gender, class, ethnicity, religion, access to education and religion, access to education and health, and social services and health, and social services and networks etc, an analysis of policies networks etc, an analysis of policies in these areas hampering social in these areas hampering social solidarity, and a study of indicators solidarity, and a study of indicators of inequalities in these fields.of inequalities in these fields.

Cultural exclusion,Cultural exclusion, including an including an analysis of exclusion on the basis of analysis of exclusion on the basis of language, traditions, the levels of language, traditions, the levels of tolerance and social attitudes in tolerance and social attitudes in societies, an analysis of policies and societies, an analysis of policies and processes, and quantitative and processes, and quantitative and qualitative analysis of results.qualitative analysis of results.

Exclusion from political participation,Exclusion from political participation, including an analysis of exclusion in including an analysis of exclusion in political and civic processes in the political and civic processes in the region and participation in region and participation in democracy building, an analysis of democracy building, an analysis of policies and processes hampering policies and processes hampering participation, and a study of participation, and a study of indicators in these fieldsindicators in these fields

5) Policy analysis5) Policy analysis

An overall analysis of policy An overall analysis of policy options, institutions, and options, institutions, and instruments to promote social instruments to promote social inclusion as they exist in the region inclusion as they exist in the region and as pertaining to the four types and as pertaining to the four types of social exclusionof social exclusion

6) Policy 6) Policy recommendationsrecommendations

Set of recommendations drawn on Set of recommendations drawn on the basis of evidence presented in the basis of evidence presented in the report, including an analysis of the report, including an analysis of institutional responsibilities for institutional responsibilities for more inclusive policies and more inclusive policies and processes. processes.

7) Appendices, 7) Appendices, which will which will includeinclude

Inventory of data availability for the regionInventory of data availability for the region Update on MDGs progressUpdate on MDGs progress Comparative tables on the HDI and other Comparative tables on the HDI and other

composite indicatorscomposite indicators Technical annexesTechnical annexes BibliographyBibliography

QuestionsQuestions

Exclusion or InclusionExclusion or Inclusion Typology of countriesTypology of countries Chapter outlinesChapter outlines Research needed from thematic Research needed from thematic

papers and country studiespapers and country studies