RAP PUBLICATION 2014/26
ASIA-PACIFIC FISHERY COMMISSION (APFIC)
Regional overview of aquaculture trendsin the Asia-Pacific Region 2014
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RAP PUBLICATION 2014/26
ASIA-PACIFIC FISHERY COMMISSION (APFIC)
Regional overview of aquaculture trendsin the Asia-Pacific Region 2014
Prepared by the Secretariat of the Asia-Pacific Fishery Commission
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONSREGIONAL OFFICE FOR ASIA AND THE PACIFIC
Bangkok, 2014
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The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not implythe expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of theUnited Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or areaor of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specificcompanies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not implythat these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar naturethat are not mentioned.
The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarilyreflect the views or policies of FAO.
ISBN 978-92-5-108675-9
© FAO 2014
FAO encourages the use, reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product.Except where otherwise indicated, material may be copied, downloaded and printed for private study,research and teaching purposes, or for use in non-commercial products or services, provided thatappropriate acknowledgement of FAO as the source and copyright holder is given and that FAO’sendorsement of users’ views, products or services is not implied in any way.
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For copies write to: The Senior Fishery OfficerFAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific39 Phra Athit RoadBangkok 10200ThailandTel: (+66) 2 697 4000Fax: (+66) 2 697 4445E-mail: [email protected]
Citation:
Asia-Pacific Fishery Commission. 2014. Regional overview of aquaculture trends in the Asia-PacificRegion 2014, RAP Publication 2014/26, 45 p.
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Foreword
This biennial review of aquaculture production in the Asia-Pacific region has been produced by theAsia-Pacific Fishery Commission (APFIC) Secretariat as part of its function to inform member countriesof the status and trends in the fishery and aquaculture sectors of the region.
The Asia-Pacific region is the world leader in total aquaculture production, producing 58.5 milliontonnes of aquaculture products in 2012, representing more than 89 percent of total global aquacultureproduction in that year (excluding aquatic plants). This production comprised more than 225 speciesand species groups in 2012.
It is clear that, more than any other region, the review of aquaculture production by species,commodity group, country and subregion is important to understand trends in aquaculturedevelopment and the distribution of this production.
The regional overview is prepared for member countries and other stakeholders to provide easy accessto the complex and diverse aquaculture production of the Asia-Pacific region.
Hiroyuki KonumaAssistant Director-General and Regional Representative
FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific
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Contents
Page
Foreword .................................................................................................................................................................. iii
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................ 1
Aquaculture Trends in Asia and the Pacific Region ............................................................................ 2
Trends in South Asia ....................................................................................................................................... 4Trends in Southeast Asia ............................................................................................................................... 6Trends in the People’s Republic of China ................................................................................................ 8Trends in the Other Asia subregion .......................................................................................................... 11Trends in Oceania ............................................................................................................................................. 13
Freshwater Carnivorous Finfish with High Input Requirements .................................................. 15
Eels (Order Anguilliformes and Synbranchiformes) ............................................................................... 15Perch-like fish (Family Percichthyidae) ...................................................................................................... 16Snakeheads (Family Channidae) ................................................................................................................. 16Salmonids (Family Salmonidae) farmed in freshwater ...................................................................... 16Other high value freshwater finfish .......................................................................................................... 16
Freshwater Finfish with Low Input Requirements .............................................................................. 18
Carps and barbs (Family Cyprinidae) ......................................................................................................... 19Catfish (Order Siluriformes) ........................................................................................................................... 21Tilapia (Genus Oreochromis) ......................................................................................................................... 22Freshwater fish nei ........................................................................................................................................... 22Gourami (Family Osphronemidae) ............................................................................................................. 23Milkfish (Genus Chanos) ............................................................................................................................... 23Other low value freshwater finfish ........................................................................................................... 23
Marine and Brackish Water Finfish Species ............................................................................................ 24
Milkfish (Genus Chanos) ............................................................................................................................... 24Japanese Seabass and Barramundi (Family Centropomidae and Percichthyidae) .................... 25Jacks (Family Carangidae) ............................................................................................................................. 25Seabream and porgies (Family Sparidae) ................................................................................................ 25Flatfish (Genus Psetta and Paralichthys) .................................................................................................. 25Groupers (Subfamily Epinephelinae) .......................................................................................................... 26Tilapia cultured in marine environments (Genus Oreochromis) .................................................... 26Salmonids cultured in brackish water and marine environments (Genus Salmo andOncorhynchus) ................................................................................................................................................... 26Cobia (Family Rachycentridae) ..................................................................................................................... 26Mullets (Genus Mugil and Liza) ................................................................................................................... 27Snappers (Family Lutjanidae) ....................................................................................................................... 27Other marine finfish ....................................................................................................................................... 27
Crustaceans ............................................................................................................................................................. 28
Whiteleg Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) ............................................................................................... 29Giant Tiger Prawn (Penaeus monodon) .................................................................................................... 29Other shrimp and prawn Species (Family Caridea) ............................................................................. 30Freshwater prawns (Genus Macrobrachium) ......................................................................................... 30
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Crabs (Infra-order Brachyura) ....................................................................................................................... 31Freshwater crayfish and crawfish (Procambarus and Cherax spp.) ................................................ 31Lobsters (Panulirus spp.) ................................................................................................................................. 31
Molluscs .................................................................................................................................................................... 32
Low value molluscs ......................................................................................................................................... 32High Value Molluscs species ....................................................................................................................... 33
Aquatic Plants ....................................................................................................................................................... 34
Seaweed for food purposes ......................................................................................................................... 34Seaweeds for biopolymers ........................................................................................................................... 34
Annex – Data tables ........................................................................................................................................... 35
South Asia – Aquaculture production by major group (2010 to 2012) ...................................... 37Southeast Asia – Aquaculture production by major group (2010 to 2012) .............................. 37China – Aquaculture production by major group (2010 to 2012) ................................................ 38Other Asia – Aquaculture production by major group (2010 to 2012) ...................................... 38Oceania – Aquaculture production by major group (2010 to 2012) ............................................ 39Freshwater carnivorous finfish (2002 to 2012) ...................................................................................... 39Freshwater omnivorous and herbivorous finfish (2002 to 2012) .................................................. 40Marine finfish (2002 to 2012) ....................................................................................................................... 40Crustaceans by major group (2002 to 2012) ......................................................................................... 41Marine and brackishwater shrimp and prawns (2002 to 2012) .................................................... 41Freshwater crustaceans (2002 to 2012) ................................................................................................... 42Low value molluscs (2005 to 2012) ........................................................................................................... 43High value molluscs (2002 to 2012) .......................................................................................................... 43Aquatic plants by country (2002 to 2012) .............................................................................................. 44Aquatic plants by species (2002 to 2012) ............................................................................................... 45
Contents (continued)
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1
Introduction
The Asia-Pacific region is the world leader in total aquaculture production. In 2012 the regionproduced 58.5 million tonnes of aquaculture products (excluding aquatic plants), accounting for89 percent of the global aquaculture production of 66.7 million tonnes. More than any other region,the review of aquaculture production by species, commodity group, country and subregion isimportant to understand the trends in aquaculture development.
The Asia-Pacific region reports a staggering list of 225 cultured species at family or species levelindicating the diversity of the aquaculture sector in the region:
● 33 molluscs● 18 aquatic plants● 129 finfish● 31 crustaceans (crabs, shrimp prawns, lobsters, crayfish)● 2 amphibians (frogs)● 2 reptiles (turtles)● 10 other invertebrates (jellyfish, sea urchins, sea cucumber)
This review of aquaculture status and trends covers the states, entities and areas of Asia and thePacific region that report aquaculture statistics to the Food and Agriculture Organization of theUnited Nations (FAO), and which are within the area of competence of the Asia-Pacific FisheryCommission (APFIC). It is based on the data provided in the FAO FishStaJ database1.
For the aquaculture overview of the Asia-Pacific, the countries comprising the subregions aredivided as follows:
South Asia Bangladesh (the People’s Republic of ), Bhutan (the Kingdom of ), India (the Republic of ),Maldives (the Republic of ), Nepal (Federal Democratic Republic of ), Pakistan (IslamicRepublic of ) and Sri Lanka (the Democratic Socialist Republic of ).
Southeast Asia Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia (the Kingdom of ), Indonesia (the Republic of ), Lao PDR(People’s Democratic Republic), Malaysia, Myanmar (the Union of ), Philippines (theRepublic of the), Singapore (the Republic of), Thailand (the Kingdom of), Timor-Leste (theDemocratic Republic of ) and Viet Nam (the Socialist Republic of ).
China China (People’s Republic of ), Hong Kong SAR (Special Administrative Region of China),Macao SAR (Special Administrative Region of China) and Taiwan Province of China.
Other Asia Japan, Kazakhstan (the Republic of ), Korea DPR (Democratic People’s Republic of ),Mongolia, Korea RO (Republic of ), Tajikistan (the Republic of ) and Uzbekistan (theRepublic of ).
Oceania American Samoa, Australia, the Cook Islands, Fiji Islands (the Republic of the), FrenchPolynesia, Guam, Kiribati (the Republic of ), the Marshall Islands, the Federated States ofMicronesia (FSM), Nauru (the Republic of ), New Caledonia, New Zealand, Niue (theRepublic of ), Norfolk Island, Northern Mariana Islands (the Commonwealth of the), Palau(the Republic of), Papua New Guinea (PNG), Pitcairn Island, Samoa (the Independent Stateof ), Solomon Islands, Tokelau, Tonga (the Kingdom of ), Tuvalu, Vanuatu (the Republic of ),and Wallis and Futuna Islands.
1 http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/166235/en
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Aquaculture Trends in Asia and the Pacific Region
Global aquaculture production has grown steadily, with an average growth rate of 4.5 percent peryear between 2002 and 2012. This has accelerated to 5.0 percent per year over the last five years.
In terms of value, the Asia-Pacific region contributed USD108.34 billion, with an average annualgrowth of 6.4 percent per year from 2002 to 2012. This equated to 79 percent of the total globalaquaculture value, generating USD138 billion in 2012.
Box 1: Top Asia-Pacific aquaculture producing countries in 2012
By weight: Seven Asia-Pacific states are found in the global top ten states in terms of aquacultureproduction in 2012: China (1), India (2), Viet Nam (3), Indonesia (4), Bangladesh (5), Thailand (7) andMyanmar (10).
By value: Similarly, Asia-Pacific states hold seven of the top ten positions: China (1), India (2), Indonesia (3),Viet Nam (5), Japan (7), Bangladesh (8) and Thailand (9).
Representing such a large majority of global production, both in terms of quantity and in termsof value, it is no surprise that most of the top aquaculture producing states are located in theAsia-Pacific region (Box 1). In Figure 1 the trends in global aquaculture production by volume aregiven from the period 2002 to 2012. The figures exclude aquatic plants.
Figure 1: Trends in global aquaculture production (volume) 2002 to 2012, excluding aquatic plants
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The top ten countries in terms of quantity and value are listed in Table 1 (2012 data).
Table 1: Top ten global aquaculture producer states in 2012, by quantity and value (excluding aquatic plantproduction)
By Quantity By Value
CountryTonnes
CountryUS$
(Thousand) (Million)
China 41 111 China 66 224
India 4 209 India 9 248
Viet Nam 3 086 Indonesia 6 725
Indonesia 3 085 Chile 5 993
Bangladesh 1 726 Viet Nam 5 807
Norway 1 321 Norway 5 166
Thailand 1 234 Japan 4 223
Chile 1 071 Bangladesh 3 911
Egypt 1 018 Thailand 3 316
Myanmar 885 Egypt 2 010
Rest of world 38 360 Rest of world 25 330
Total 97 101 Total 137 953
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Trends in South Asia
The increase in total production quantity in South Asia, (excluding aquatic plants) from 2002 to2012 can be seen in Figure 2. In 2012 the total production was 6,121,709 tonnes and valued atUSD13 488 936. This is an increase of 28.75 percent in terms of value and 16.15 percent in termsof volume.
The total increase in production from 2002 to 2012 was 16.15 percent in terms of volume and28.75 percent in terms of value.
Figure 2: Trends in aquaculture production in South Asia by major species groups (excluding aquatic plants)
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The top 15 species produced in the South Asian subregion are given in Table 2. Freshwater anddiadromous fish species strongly dominate production in this subregion with 90.2 percent of thetotal. Although only contributing 2.4 percent of total production by volume, it is interesting tonote that marine fish production increased by 160 percent from 2010 to 2012.
In 2012, freshwater and diadromous fish, accounted for about 90 percent of total aquacultureproduction in South Asia in 2012. This subregion also produces crustaceans, marine fish, andmolluscs, and this is increasing. Table 2 shows the top species with the Indian carps dominating thelist. Catla (Catla catla) production was preeminent, although production decreased slightly between2010 and 2012.
In freshwater fish production, fish from lower trophic levels, such as the omnivorous and herbivorousIndian carps, dominated. India alone produced 2,458,788 tonnes in 2012. In Bangladesh the mostpopular species produced is Rohu (Labeo rohita) with a total production of 295 575 tonnes and inNepal and Pakistan the most popular species in 2012 were silver carp (Hypopthalmichthys molitrix)and Rohu (Labeo rohita), respectively with productions of 11 452 and 43 212 tonnes.
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There is also substantial production of other carps and barbs in the region, including mrigal carp(Cirrhinus mrigala) (356 875 tonnes) mostly from India and Bangladesh. The production of grass carphas more than doubled from 77 863 tonnes in 2010 to 167 263 tonnes in 2012.
Table 2: Top 15 species by volume (tonnes) in South Asia comparing 2010 and 2012
Cultured species 2010 2012
Catla 2 924 694 2 705 068
Rohu labeo 579 354 970 445
Mrigal carp 265 180 356 875
Freshwater fishes nei 212 292 355 623
Silver carp 359 338 339 317
Striped catfish 125 724 259 637
Giant tiger prawn 46 634 192 995
Grass carp 77 863 167 263
Marine fishes nei 92 518 147 384
Whiteleg shrimp 0 136 300
Tilapias nei 25 673 125 537
Common carp 237 807 71 328
Giant river prawn 30 681 45 242
Silver barb 11 837 43 085
Cyprinids nei 14 732 42 659
The most cultured crustacean is the giant tiger prawn (Penaeus monodon) but it is noteworthy thatproduction of whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) has increased from no production in 2010to 136,300 tonnes in 2012. This increase is mainly due to greater cost-efficiency in culturetechnology, particularly in India. Compared to other countries in the Asia-Pacific region, South Asiahas not experienced serious problems with acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease, sometimesknown as early mortality syndrome (EMS/AHPND). Total crustacean production was 225 756 tonnesin 2010 increasing to 440 736 tonnes in 2012.
The top three species produced in Sri Lanka in 2012 were: giant tiger prawn, (3 310 tonnes), tilapia(1 825 tonnes) of and Common carp (1 371 tonnes).
Mollusc production in the South Asian region is low, with a total production of 12 911 tonnes, valuedat USD29 million in 2012. The two main species produced are green mussel (Perna viridis) producedin India and Indian backwater oyster (Crassostrea madrasensis), produced mainly in India, witha smaller production in Sri Lanka.
The marine fish cultured in the subregion, mostly in India and Bangladesh, are not defined and areclassed as marine fish nei (“not elsewhere identified”). There was a decrease in production in 2010,but there was a recovery between 2010 and 2012 from 92 518 to 147 384 tonnes, mainly due to anincrease in India from 18 693 to 84 164 tonnes.
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Trends in Southeast Asia
Compared to other subregions in Asia-Pacific, aquaculture production in Southeast Asia is highlydiversified with a large number of species cultured in fresh, brackish and marine environments.Total production in terms of quantity (excluding aquatic plants) from 2002 to 2012, can be seen inFigure 3.
In 2012 the total production was 9 544 216 tonnes, valued at USD20 436 824. This is an increase of13.10 percent in terms of volume and 23.93 percent in value from 2010 to 2012. Between 2002 and2012 the increase was 176.6 percent in volume and 244.40 percent in value.
Figure 3: Trends in aquaculture production in Southeast Asia by major species groups (excluding aquaticplants)
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In Table 3 the top 15 species produced in the Southeast Asian subregion are presented. Pangasius(Pangasius sp.) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) are the two dominant species with whitelegshrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), milkfish (Chanos chanos) and giant tiger prawn (P. monodon), thenext three most popular species produced.
It is interesting to see that despite the serious problems many Southeast Asian countries haveexperienced with early mortality syndrome (EMS)/acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND),the total production in the subregion of whiteleg shrimp and giant tiger prawn has not gone down.There will probably be a drop in production in 2013/2014 as Thailand and Malaysia, in particular,continue to experience problems with the disease. EMS/AHPND was first reported in southern Chinain 2010 and subsequently in Viet Nam, Thailand, and Malaysia.
EMS/AHPND disease typically affects shrimp postlarvae within 20–30 days after stocking andfrequently causes up to 100 percent mortality. The causative agent of EMS/AHPND has beenreported to be a bacterium; a pathogenic Vibrio belonging to the Harveyi clade, presumably Vibrioparahaemolyticus, and the disease continues to be very costly both at farm and national level incountries where the disease is present.
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Total production of freshwater and diadromous finfish production in the subregion, was 6 937 558tonnes worth USD11.58 billion in 2012. The growth in both volume and value from 2010 to 2012was high, respectively 34.1 and 16.5 percent with an increase in volume of 225.23 percent between2002 and 2012.
The top 3 producing countries of freshwater and diadromous fish are: Indonesia (2 606 580 tonnes),Viet Nam (2 091 200 tonnes) and Myanmar (824 317 tonnes). Most of the freshwater and diadromousfish species are low value species, some for export but mostly for local consumption.
The Pangasius catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus and P. bocourti), mostly produced in Viet Nam, havethe largest production at 1,621,108 tonnes in 2012. This is followed by Nile tilapia (Oreochromisniloticus), produced mainly in Indonesia, Thailand and Philippines, at 1,053,379 tonnes in 2012.Both species are important in terms of export and are, globally, two of the most traded species.
Crustacean production in Southeast Asia is mainly focused around shrimp and prawn production,with the two most prominent species being whiteleg shrimp and giant tiger prawns. There is alsoconsiderable production of other species e.g. tropical spiny lobster, orange mud crab and swampand swimming crabs. Total production in 2012 was 1,712,997 tonnes worth USD7.62 billion.The countries with the highest production of crustaceans in Southeast Asia were: Thailand(623 660 tonnes), Viet Nam (513 100 tonnes), Indonesia (387 698 tonnes), Philippines (72 822 tonnes)and Myanmar (58 981 tonnes).
Marine finfish production totalled 143,575 tonnes worth USD557,156 000 in 2012. The biggestproducers were Indonesia (72,905 tonnes), Viet Nam (51,000 tonnes), Malaysia (13,369 tonnes) andThailand (2 848 tonnes).
Of the 47 species of marine finfish cultured in Southeast Asia, the most cultured were easternpomfred (53,313 tonnes), marine fish nei (51,685 tonnes), groupers nei (14,882 tonnes) and mulletsnei (6 566 tonnes).
Table 3: Top 15 species by volume (tonnes) in Southeast Asia, comparing 2010 and 2012
Cultured species 2010 2012
Pangas catfishes nei 1 306 838 1 631 108
Nile tilapia 808 646 1 053 379
Whiteleg shrimp 977 408 1 003 161
Milkfish 772 817 871 329
Giant tiger prawn 576 180 591 590
Rohu labeo 553 879 585 101
T. shaped catfishes nei 328 398 521 688
Common carp 427 542 512 023
Cyprinids nei 491 314 474 504
Marine molluscs nei 165 000 390 000
Tilapias nei 236 303 279 245
Freshwater fishes nei 342 694 253 402
Green mussel 199 598 136 916
Blood cockle 154 336 111 284
Silver barb 90 462 110 315
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Trends in the People’s Republic of China
China, has, by far, the world’s largest and most diverse aquaculture production. The total volumeand value of aquaculture in China in 2012 was estimated at 41 459 361 tonnes with a value ofUSD67.5 billion. Growth since 2010 has been 11.90 percent, and over a ten year period (2002 to2012) 69.39 percent. In Figure 4 the trend in production from 2002 to 2012 can be seen.
Figure 4: Trends in aquaculture production in China by major species groups (excluding aquatic plants)
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In Table 4, the top 15 species by volume for 2010 and 2012 are presented, showing a steadyincrease in all the species. The Chinese carps dominate the top 15, but oysters nei and Japanesecarpet shell are also high on the list.
Freshwater and diadromous finfish species, especially the Chinese carps are the most important toaquaculture in China. The carp produced are mainly for domestic consumption and are of crucialimportance in both rural and urban areas of China to supply a good and fairly cheap source ofprotein for the Chinese people.
Total production within this group amounted to 23.5 million tonnes worth USD33.5 billion in 2012,up from 20.1 million tonnes worth USD29.8 billion in 2010.
China cultured 35 different species of freshwater and diadromous finfish in 2012, of which carps andbarbs are the most important group, although other groups including Tilapia sp. and Pangasius sp.are also significant.
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Production in China is unevenly distributed between the provinces. In Table 5 the top five provincesin China in terms of aquaculture production (volume) for marine and freshwater aquaculture arelisted. For freshwater aquaculture the top five provinces account for 85.52 percent of China’s totalproduction, and for marine/brackish water aquaculture the figure is 64 percent. There are severalother countries in the Asia-Pacific region, where there are this type of large difference anddiversification at the national level (e.g. India, Thailand, Indonesia).
Molluscs were the next highest group culture in China, with a total production of 12.5 million tonnesin 2012, more than 25 percent of China’s total aquaculture production. This amounted to 80 percentof total world mollusc production, underlining the importance of China in global molluscproduction. Most of the mollusc production in China is done in brackish and marine environments,where 14 out of 19 total species are cultured.
Crustaceans were the third most cultured group in China, with a total production of 3.6 milliontonnes in 2012. The top crustacean species are whiteleg shrimp (1 466 559 tonnes), Chinese mittencrab (714 380 tonnes), red swamp crawfish (554 821 tonnes), oriental river prawn (237 431 tonnes)and giant river prawn (131 472 tonnes). Most crustacean production in China is conducted infreshwater, where 9 out of 16 total species are cultured. There is also a large production ofcrustaceans in the marine environment, where 11 species are cultured. Interestingly, whiteleg shrimpare cultured equally in fresh and marine/brackish waters.
Table 4: Top 15 species by volume (tonnes) in China comparing 2010 and 2012
Cultured species 2010 2012
Grass carp 4 224 696 4 783 371
Cupped oysters nei 3 642 829 3 948 817
Japanese carpet shell 3 539 051 3 735 613
Silver carp 3 607 592 3 687 781
Common carp 2 539 323 2 897 679
Bighead carp 2 552 598 2 852 978
Crucian carp 2 216 886 2 450 981
Whiteleg shrimp 1 231 249 1 466 559
Scallops nei 1 407 467 1 419 956
Nile tilapia 999 187 1 164 999
Freshwater fishes nei 630 196 951 808
Marine molluscs nei 470 915 897 188
Sea mussels nei 702 157 764 395
Constricted tagelus 714 434 720 466
Chinese mitten crab 593 313 714 380
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Compared with other species, there is relatively low production of marine finfish in China.However, compared with other regions, production is still huge, with a total production in 2012 of1 068 519 tonnes worth USD2.6 billion.
The largest marine finfish group/species is marine fish nei with a production in 2012 of318 726 tonnes. It is difficult to compare data in these nei classes as authorities sometimes reclassifyspecies.
Other important marine finfish species are higher value carnivorous species and include:Japanese seabass (Lateolabrax japonicus) with a production of 125 836 tonnes, pompanos nei(112 000 tonnes), grouper nei (95 217 tonnes) and the large yellow croaker (Larimichthys croceus),an omnivorous species, with a production of 95 118 tonnes.
Table 5: The top five producing provinces in China divided into freshwater aquaculture and marine/brackishwater culture environment (Bureau of Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture. 2013. Chinese Fishery StatisticalYearbook 2013. China Agricultural Press, Beijing 145 pp.).
Province Tonnes Province Tonnes
Shandong 4 362 443 Hubei 3 676 396
Fujian 3 326 595 Guangdong 3 440 941
Guangdong 2 757 362 Jiangsu 3 118 368
Ciaoniing 2 635 627 Hunan 2 109 424
Guangxi 977 307 Jiangxi 2 105 141
Total 16 483 105 Total 26 445 448
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Trends in the Other Asia subregion
In 2012 the Other Asia subregion had an annual aquaculture production (excluding aquatic plants)of 1 188 952 tonnes with a value of USD5.68 billion. This is under 5 percent of the total globalaquaculture production. The development of the subregion’s aquaculture production from 2002 to2012 can be seen in Figure 5. Compared to other subregions in Asia-Pacific, the increase over thelast decade has been quite low. Production was quite stable between 2002 and 2010, with a slightdecline from 2010 to 2012 of about 6.0 percent in terms of volume and a slight increase in termsof value at 4.3 percent.
Figure 5: Trends in aquaculture production in “Other Asian” by major species groups (excluding aquatic plants)
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The largest producing country in the subregion is Japan, with a production of 633 067 tonnes valuedat USD4.22 billion. The Republic of Korea had the second largest production, 484 404 tonnes valuedat USD1.4 billion. Both Japan and the Republic of Korea concentrate on production of higher valuespecies.
The third major producer in the subregion is the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea whichproduced 64 050 tonnes worth USD49.6 million in 2012. In Table 6 a list of the most producedspecies in the subregion are listed.
Table 6 shows that this subregion has a comparatively large production of molluscs and marinefinfish. In 2012 the total production of molluscs was 779 602 tonnes and the total production ofmarine finfish 316 954 tonnes (including pelagic, demersal and marine fish nei). The production ofmolluscs in the subregion is mostly high value species e.g. Pacific cupped oyster (Crassostrea gigas)and Yesso scallop (Patinopecten Yessoensis).
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The top cultured species is the Pacific cupped oyster, cultured mainly in the Republic of Korea andJapan. With a production of 445 972 tonnes in 2012, it is slightly down from 2010.
The Yesso scallop is popular in Japan, with a total production for the subregion of about185 006 tonnes in 2012. The Korean mussel (Mytilus coruscus) was produced exclusively in theRepublic of Korea with 61 310 tonnes in 2012, a decline from the 2010 figures.
The culture of marine finfish in the subregion is an important activity generating more than70 percent of the subregions value in 2012. The main production of marine finfish is by Japan andthe Republic of Korea. There are 21 species of marine finfish cultured in the subregion and, as canbe seen in Table 6, the Japanese amberjack (Seriola quinqueradiata), is by far the most popular.
There were a total of 18 freshwater and diadromous freshwater finfish species cultured in thesubregion, mostly comprising high value carnivorous species together with a few lower value carpspecies. The most important species cultured in 2012 was the Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica),produced in Japan and the Republic of Korea.
Crustacean production in the subregion is low. Total production amounted to just 4 434 tonnesworth USD146 million in 2012. The principle crustacean species farmed is the whiteleg shrimp(Litopenaeus vannamei), which was only introduced into the Republic of Korea in 2006, but hasexperienced high growth since then. The only other important species cultured is the kuruma prawn(Penaeus japonicus), which is cultured in Japan.
Table 6: Top 15 species by volume (tonnes) in Other Asia comparing 2010 and 2012
Cultured species 2010 2012
Japanese amberjack 1 344 023 1 580 648
Japanese eel 605 135 644 979
Silver seabream 633 268 609 135
Pacific cupped oyster 530 781 528 848
Yesso scallop 395 218 508 391
Bastard halibut 490 519 449 272
Abalones nei 197 708 213 237
Korean rockfish 170 940 132 923
Pearl oyster shells nei 112 473 121 056
Kuruma prawn 96 692 103 767
Ayu sweetfish 95 634 95 836
Tiger pufferfish 97 020 91 938
Rainbow trout 60 749 64 047
Trouts nei 53 982 60 344
Coho (= Silver) salmon 77 386 56 112
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Trends in Oceania
Oceania’s total aquaculture production amounted to 186 759 tonnes worth USD1.2 billion in 2012.There has been a slight decrease in production from 2010 to 2012, 0.53 percent in volume, but overthe last ten years (2002 to 2012) there was an average yearly growth of 4.43 percent. Oceania’sproduction is dominated by the production of high value molluscs together with freshwater anddiadromous fish. The development of production from 2002 to 2012 can be seen in Figure 6.
Figure 6: Trends in aquaculture production in Oceania by major species groups (excluding aquatic plants)
The biggest producers by far in 2012 were New Zealand (100 161 tonnes) and Australia(80 004 tonnes). Third in the subregion is French Polynesia with a production of 2 654 tonnes in2012. In Table 7 the top species produced are listed.
The majority of the culture in the Oceania subregion is of molluscs with a significant productionof Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) (43 785 tonnes in 2012). Total mollusc production in 2012 was107 537 tonnes with a value of USD305 million.
Eighty percent of mollusc production in Oceania is the New Zealand mussel (Perna canaliculus)cultured in New Zealand.
Other major mollusc species cultured in the subregion, including the Pacific cupped oyster(Crassostrea gigas), are produced mostly in Australia and New Zealand.
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There were only 6 species of marine finfish cultured in Oceania with the Atlantic salmon being themost important. All of this production was from Tasmania in Australia, where some large and verymodern salmon farms operate. Second was chinook (spring or king) salmon (Oncorhynchustshawytscha) with a production of 12 397 tonnes, and thirdly Barramundi or the giant seaperch(Lates calcarifer) with 4 498 tonnes grown in 2012.
There is some production of freshwater and diadromous finfish species. Freshwater fish make up lessthan 2 percent of the aquaculture production in Oceania, and only 8 species of freshwater/diadromous fish were cultured in 2012. These included Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), Freshwaterfish nei, common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and silver perch (Bidyanus bidyanus).
Table 7: Top 15 species by volume (tonnes) in Oceania comparing 2010 and 2012
Cultured species 2010 2012
New Zealand mussel 95 168 86 447
Atlantic salmon 31 807 43 785
Flat and cupped oysters nei 14 931 15 745
Chinook (= Spring = King) salmon 12 905 12 397
Barramundi (= Giant seaperch) 3 638 4 498
Penaeus shrimps nei 5 280 3 941
Australian mussel 3 465 3 404
Aquatic invertebrates nei 1 852 2 834
Blacklip pearl oyster 2 129 2 559
Southern bluefin tuna 3 324 2 486
Blue shrimp 1 195 1 714
Marine fishes nei 4 291 1 665
Nile tilapia 1 275 1 526
Pacific cupped oyster 2 503 1 236
Blacklip abalone 1 985 605
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Freshwater Carnivorous Finfish with High Input Requirements
Freshwater carnivorous finfish are generally defined as the group of high value freshwater fish thatrequire a high level of protein input due to their carnivorous nature. Also included here, becausethey are cultured in freshwater, are species that are basically marine or brackish water speciese.g. pomfred, some salmonids and eels. In Figure 7 the total production for the region of eels,perch-like fish, snakeheads, freshwater salmonids and knifefish/gobies can be seen.
Figure 7: Changes in freshwater carnivorous fish species production from 2002 to 2012 in Asia and the Pacificregion
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The culture of this group of high value freshwater fish in the Asia and the Pacific region has beenincreasingly fairly constantly over the past decade, with a growth rate of 17 percent per yearbetween 2002 to 2012, reaching a total production of 1 758 479 tonnes in 2012. From 2010 to 2012there was an increase in all five groups. The increase in these species correlates to the general risein living standards across the region, with growing middle class affluence fuelling demand for highervalue species.
Eels (Order Anguilliformes and Synbranchiformes)
The production of eels in the Asia and the Pacific region in 2012 was 557 407 tonnes, which is anannual growth of 11 percent since 2002 when production was 200 804 tonnes (Figure 7). Productionis dominated by two species, the Asian swamp eel (Monopterus albus) and Japanese eel (Anguillajaponica). The main producer is China, with 533 430 tonnes, almost 96 percent of the totalproduction in the region. The other countries in the region that produce eels are Japan, Indonesia,Republic of Korea, Singapore, Thailand and Cambodia which produce smaller quantities throughaquaculture.
It should be noted that the accurate reporting of eel production with respect to the actual speciesproduced is now of considerable importance with regard to the CITES listing. The APFIC regionshould see a significant decline in Anguilla anguilla production (in principle to zero) from Asiancountries that lie outside of its natural range and therefore cannot import elvers from Europe. Thishas mean that considerable attention has turned to the sourcing of glass eels/elvers from withinthe Asia region from countries such as Myanmar and Indonesia and elsewhere.
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Perch-like fish (Family Percichthyidae)
The total production of this group was 541 870 tonnes in 2012. This is an annual increase of17 percent a year between 2002 and 2012. The group include Barramundi (Lates calcarifer), alsocalled the giant seaperch, Mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi), largemouth black bass (Micropterussalmoides), silver perch (Bidyanus bibyanus), golden perch (Macquaria ambigua), European perch(Perca fluviatilis), Murray cod (Maccullochella peelii), Waigieu seaperch (Psammoperca waigiensis) andother seabreams. The largemouth black bass and the Mandarin fish are by far the dominant specieswith production of 243 196 and 281 502 tonnes respectively; both species are solely produced inChina. There is a smaller, but increasing, production of Barramundi in Taiwan Province of China with16 821 tonnes in 2012.
Snakeheads (Family Channidae)
The snakeheads are the third largest group of the freshwater carnivorous finfish requiring high feedinput. The total production in 2012 was 506 036 tonnes, which is an annual increase of 29 percentsince 2002 when the total production was 39 427 tonnes. In 2012 China produced 480 594 tonnesof snakehead, with Bangladesh, Indonesia, Thailand and Cambodia also contributing. The species aremostly unclassified snakeheads with smaller amounts of Indonesian snakeheads and stripedsnakeheads among others. China has recently started to report snakehead production separately(as with other species). Due to changes in how the snakeheads are reported in the statistics, it isdifficult to identify a trend for the group, although it is clear that the group as a whole is seeingstrong growth. It is also worth noting that the snakehead species are mainly produced for local andsometimes regional markets, but rarely exported outside the region.
Salmonids (Family Salmonidae) farmed in freshwater
The Salmonids are farmed in both fresh and marine waters, but this section only describesproduction and trends for freshwater culture. The freshwater production of salmonid species in theregion was stable between 2003 to 2011 but then had a slight jump in 2012 with a production of41 995 tonnes, an increase of around 19 percent in one year. This was mainly due to increasedproduction of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in China and increased production of chinooksalmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in New Zealand. Other countries in the region produce valuablesalmonids, particularly rainbow trout in Japan and the Republic of Korea. It is also interesting to note,small, but increasing production from some of the more mountainous states e.g. Nepal, Republic ofKorea, Kazakhstan, and Tajikistan.
This rise in the volume of production of rainbow trout in China has grown at 9 percent per yearsince it was first reported in 2003, making it the predominant freshwater salmonid in the region.
Other high value freshwater finfish
Other high value fish species being produced in the region in freshwater include knifefish, gobies,sturgeons nei (Acipenseridae spp.), eastern pomfred (Schuettea scalaripinnis) and puffers nei(Tetraodontidae spp.). With a total production in 2012 of 111 173 tonnes, there is considerableproduction of this diverse group, which are mostly produced for regional markets. The two dominantspecies are eastern pomfred and sturgeons nei. The eastern pomfred, which is produced inIndonesia, reached a production of 53 314 tonnes in 2012, up from 14 625 tonnes in 2011. Thesturgeons nei are mainly produced in China (55 184 tonnes in 2012) and in Viet Nam with a smallerbut increasing production of 1 200 tonnes in 2012. The production of marble goby (Oxyeleotrismarmorata), produced in Indonesia, Singapore and Malaysia, had a total production of 939 tonnesin 2012. In Bangladesh there is a niche production of Bronze featherback (Notopterus notopterus) of533 tonnes in 2012. The bronze featherback is originally from the Tonle Sap river and lake system,but is also used for aquaculture in Bangladesh.
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With slow growth rates and carnivorous diets as well as the requirement for moving or well-aeratedwater, culture of these species is comparatively costly. There has been an increased focus onintensification of the aquaculture sector in the region, but given the high levels of input requiredfor these carnivorous species it is important that responsible intensification, especially for thecarnivorous species, should also include increased efficiency.
With increasing demand for resources in the region and globally it is important for the sector tothink about utilization of resources e.g. good water quality, feed, suitability and quality of land.
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Freshwater Finfish with Low Input Requirements
Freshwater omnivorous and herbivorous fish are an important food for many countries in Asia andthe Pacific region. Traditional pond culture still remains the dominant production system for finfishspecies and due to the herbivorous nature of many of the species in this group, the requirementfor inputs is lower than for the carnivorous species.
More than 80 percent of the total production is from aquaculture ponds. These are often extensivesystems that integrate agriculture and aquaculture systems (IAA-farming) and hence are linked withother agriculture activities in order to capitalize on their by-products. The main motivations forpracticing IAA-farming are increased income and food for home consumption from the availablefarm resources while reducing environmental impacts. One example of IAA-farming systems are theVAC-systems. The VAC-systems are a combination of horticulture, aquaculture, and livestock keepingwithin the same system. VAC comes from the Vietnamese words for garden (Vuon), pond (Ao) andlivestock quarters (Chuong). The aquaculture part of the VAC-system often produces various carpspecies and was developed as a food security strategy for rural areas of Viet Nam. The advantageof the system is that it recirculates nutrients among the three subsystems providing both aneconomically and environmentally sustainable system. The VAC-systems are typically small-scale andfamily operated, and on average, occupy 0.5 ha of land with the aquaculture pond usually no biggerthan 1 500 m2. The systems culture many of the main carp species including Rohu (Labeo rohita),silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), Mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala), grass carp (Ctenopharyngodonidella) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio).
In general, the culture of this group of low value herbivorous and omnivorous freshwater fish in theAsia and the Pacific region has been growing more slowly than carnivorous freshwater finfish overthe past decade, with a growth rate of 6 percent per year between 2000 and 2012. However it isimportant to note that this type of aquaculture is still the backbone of aquaculture production inAsia and the Pacific, especially for poorer rural farmers. These traditional systems are often neglectedin both research and development as well as in policy development.
The production from individual operation of such systems may be small and sometimes it mightnot be captured in the national statistics, as the products are often both grown and traded in thelocal community. However, the large number of these ponds and the aggregated production andvalue to the households engaged in the activity is probably very significant. Studies and analysesof the real impact of these systems and their contribution to income generation and nutrition inrural areas should be undertaken to better understand and appreciate the contribution from thesesystems.
The production of this group increased nearly 10 percent from 2011 to 2012, with a production of33 177 037 tonnes, accounting for more than 95 percent of the freshwater fish production in theAsia-Pacific region. This group is divided into 7 groups, namely carps and barbs, catfish, tilapia,freshwater fish nei, Gourami, milkfish and others. The total production for each of the groups canbe seen in Figure 8.
Whilst most countries in the Asia-Pacific region have some production from this group, the mainproducers are China and India with the Chinese and Indian carp species. Production in Viet Namgrew at an impressive 18 percent in terms of volume between 2002 and 2012. Most of the increasein production in recent years has come from Viet Nam and India.
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Carps and barbs (Family Cyprinidae)
The majority of aquaculture production both globally and in the region is from production of carpsand barbs. One could argue that carps and barbs are the backbone of the aquaculture industry withthese species providing both nutrition and income to many people in the region. Carp and barbproduction is particularly important in the most populous states, China, India and Bangladesh.Production is nearly entirely consumed domestically with only a very few high value species beingtraded within the region.
The total production of carps and barbs from Asia and the Pacific region in 2012 was 24 068 000tonnes (Figure 8).
The top six cultured finfish species in the Asia-Pacific region are carps from freshwater production.These are: grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), silver carp (Hypopthalmichthys molitrix), Catla (Catlacatla), common carp (Cyprinus carpio), bighead carp (Hypopthalmichthys nobilis) and crucian carp(Carassius carassius), with a further five Roho labeo (Labeo rohita), wuchang bream (Megalobramaamblycephala), cyprinids nei (Cyprinidae), black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus) and mrigal carp(Cirrhinus mrigala).
In 2012 the total production of grass carp was a staggering 4 977 694 tonnes. The grass carp ismainly produced in China (4 781 698 tonnes), but there is production in Bangladesh (17 661), Bhutan(36 tonnes), Cambodia (190 tonnes), Hong Kong SAR (492 tonnes), India (123 240 tonnes), Lao PDR(6 500 tonnes), Malaysia (3 029 tonnes), Myanmar (16 484 tonnes), Nepal (2 375 tonnes), Pakistan(23 950 tonnes), Sri Lanka (1 tonne), Taiwan Province of China (1 181 tonnes), Tajikistan (57 tonnes)and Uzbekistan (800 tonnes). The production of silver carp is also massive with total production inthe region in 2012 of 3 871 941 tonnes. The carp species with the highest rate of growth currentlyis the Catla, the production of which has been growing at just under 20 percent per year in termsof volume from 2002 to 2012.
Figure 8: Changes in freshwater low input fish species production from 2002 to 2012 in Asia and the Pacificregion
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Common carp is the most widely cultured species in the region with 19 countries having reportedculturing this species. The other most widely cultured species are grass and silver carps (12 countrieseach), bighead carp (10 countries), Roho and mrigal (9 countries each), and Catla with 8 countries.
Production of all of the species in this group is generally increasing, except for mrigal carp, whichhas been decreasing at 4 percent per year from 2002 to 2012). The rate of growth since 2002 forall the important carp species has started to show signs of slowing down. This might be linked tothe increasing trend of some of the higher value species in both this group and also in thecarnivorous freshwater fish group. Slower growth, or even stagnation, might be due to lower profitmargins for the farmers and shrinking markets for the traditional carp and barb species.
There is not much international trade of carp and barb species as they are largely consumed locally.There is some trade between India, Nepal and Bangladesh with Myanmar recently developingexports of carp to neighbouring Bangladesh and the Middle East.
China is the main producer and consumer of carps. About 70 percent of the production is in Chinawith total production in 2012 of more than 17 million tonnes. This comprises bighead carp, blackcarp, common carp, crucian carp, grass carp, mud carp and silver carp. Outside of China the increasein production of carps and barbs is due to the rapid growth rates in India, Bangladesh, Myanmar,Viet Nam, and Pakistan.
In India it is the group of Indian major carps that dominate production with Catla (2 458 788 tonnes),Roho (627 662 tonnes), and Mrigal (165 782 tonnes), but also a large production of grass carp(123 240 tonnes), and silver carp (123 240 tonnes). Catla production in India has increased from424 381 tonnes in 2002 to 2.5 million tonnes in 2012. It is interesting to note that the productionof common carp was 186 454 tonnes in 2010, but there was no reported production between 2011and 2012 (similarly no production is reported between 2004 and 2009).
The importance of carps to Indian aquaculture is clear as this equates to 77 percent by volume and83 percent by value of India’s total aquaculture production.
It should also be noted that there are huge geographical differences in production, as well asconsumption. These do not always match e.g. in the case of India, where Andhra Pradesh is a massiveproducer of freshwater fish, but levels of fish consumption indicated from household surveysremains relatively low compared to adjoining states.
Bangladesh produced more than 1 million tonnes of carps and barbs in 2012. Indian carps dominatethe production with Rohu (295 575 tonnes), Catla (222 859 tonnes), and Mrigal (161 443 tonnes)being the main species. There is also a large production of silver carp (180 625 tonnes) common carp(64 769 tonnes) and silver barb (43 085 tonnes). Most of the aquaculture systems in Bangladesh areextensive polyculture systems.
Myanmar produced 746 761 tonnes of carps and barbs in 2012. The main species in Myanmar byfar, is the Rohu labeo (Labeo rohita) with a total production of 576 971 tonnes, or more than77 percent of carps and barbs production in 2012. Carp production in Myanmar is a rapidly growingactivity and as noted above there is a developing trade of carps to Bangladesh and India. Myanmaris increasingly interested to diversify its aquaculture production away from rohu.
Viet Nam produced 550 000 tonnes of carps and barbs in 2012. There has been a slight decline from2011 where production was 640 000 tonnes. All of the production is reported as cyprinids nei andcommon carp. This however covers a wide variation of different carp species being culturedespecially in the Northern parts of Viet Nam, where both polyculture and monoculture systems ofcarp aquaculture are practiced.
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Indonesia produced 422 232 tonnes of carps and barbs in 2012, mostly Common carp, which hada production of 374 366 tonnes in 2012 or 89 percent of the total carp and barb production. Thereis also a smaller production of gudgeons, Hoven’s carp, nilem carp and silver barb.
Pakistan produced 139 743 tonnes of carps and barbs in 2012. From 2000 to 2010 there was a veryhigh growth rate of 27 percent per year in terms of volume but from 2010 to 2012 there has beenno increase. Most of this production comprised Rohu (43 212 tonnes), silver carp (23 950 tonnes),mrigal carp (24 206 tonnes) and grass carp (23 950 tonnes), all grown in extensive polyculture ponds.
Lao PDR produced 75 600 tonnes of carp and barb in 2012. What is interesting in Lao PDR is to seethe trend towards a large number of different species. Lao PDR Production consists of bighead carp(8 500 tonnes), Catla (6 500 tonnes), common carp (7 500 tonnes), grass carp (6 500 tonnes), isok barb(5 200 tonnes), mrigal carp (6 000 tonnes), mud carp (4 000 tonnes), Rohu (6 900 tonnes), silver barb(8 000 tonnes), silver carp (10 400 tonnes) and small mud carp (6 100 tonnes). Production of carp andbarb is important for Lao PDR making up 75 percent by volume of total aquaculture production,although there is increasing commercial culture of tilapia in cages.
Catfish (Order Siluriformes)
The total volume of catfish produced in the Asia and the Pacific region in 2012 was 3 395 321 tonnes,making it the second most cultured group of freshwater fish requiring low input after the carpsand the barbs. The top five producing states in the region and in the world are Viet Nam, China,Indonesia, Bangladesh, Thailand and Malaysia. This group includes the pangas catfish (Pangasiusspp.), Clarias spp., Mystus spp., Silurid spp., Pelteobagrus spp. and some introduced species e.g. channelcatfish (Ictalurus punctatus).
In 2002 the total production was only 266 747 tonnes so the increase in production has beenspectacular with an increase of more than 25 percent per year since 2002.
The biggest producer of catfish is Viet Nam, which has seen a dramatic increase in the productionof tra (Pangasianodon hypopthalmus) and basa (Pangasius bocourti), the two main catfish speciescultured there. Production has increased from 135 000 tonnes in 2002 to 1.26 million tonnes in 2012.Exports to the European Union (EU) increased, but in recent years has seen a decline due toincreasing availability or sourcing of other white fish meats (e.g. North Atlantic cod) and due to badpress in the European media. The Viet Nam Association of Seafood Exporters (VASEP) estimates thatViet Nam accounts for about 40 percent of the total European (27 countries) frozen freshwater filletsmarket. The years 2012 to 2014 saw an increase in exports to the Russian Federation, in an attemptto diversify markets. Besides the production from Viet Nam there are smaller volumes beingproduced in Malaysia (18 389 tonnes), Indonesia (340 000 tonnes), and Cambodia (26 800 tonnes).
The second largest group of catfish reported is the Clarias Spp. group, including hybrid catfish,torpedo-shaped catfish, Hong Kong SAR and Philippine catfish. The total production of Clarias sp.in the region amounted to nearly 500 000 tonnes in 2012.
The American Channel catfish has also been imported into China, which now reports a productionof 0.2 million tonnes in 2010. Since its first importation in 2002, production has grown very rapidlyby 280 percent per year in terms of volume and 230 percent per year in terms of value between2003 and 2010. Much of this production is reportedly exported to the USA, although there is nowalso some domestic consumption in China.
The other main species of catfish produced in the region is the Amur catfish (Silurus asotus)produced mainly in China, with some production in the Republic of Korea. China produced408 750 tonnes in 2012.
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Tilapia (Genus Oreochromis)
Tilapia production in the Asia and the Pacific region has increased steadily over the past twodecades and is the third most important cultured finfish species in this group after carps/barbs andcatfish. In 2012 the total production of freshwater cultured Tilapia was 3 044 460 tonnes up from2 448 830 million tonnes in 2010.
There is a small percentage (less than 2 percent) produced in environments other than freshwater.
Tilapia are together with the Pangassid catfish, one of the most internationally traded freshwaterfinfish species. The increase in production is driven by demand from an international market morethan a domestic market, although Tilapia has also gained in popularity in the region. Being a morecommercial product, the culture is more regulated and intensive than, for example carp species.To supply global value chains it is important to have traceability and standardization of size, feedsand output from production systems. Quality control and food safety issues are also crucial.
In 2012, China produced 1 552 999 tonnes of tilapia with a production of 1 165 000 tonnes of Niletilapia and a smaller production of Blue tilapia (388 000 tonnes). This is 51 percent of the total Tilapiaproduction in the region. Most of the Chinese production is in the Southern provinces ofGuangdong and on the island of Hainan. Indonesia is also a large producer of Nile tilapia (660 929tonnes in 2012), as well as some Mozambique tilapia (17 799 tonnes in 2012). In 2012 The Philippinesproduced 246 002 tonnes of Nile tilapia and Thailand had a production of 153 311tonnes.
The main species is the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), followed by Mozambique tilapia andsome hybrid species. The production of Tilapia has increased 24 percent between 2010 and 2012,mainly because of increased production in Indonesia, Viet Nam, China and Bangladesh.
Tilapia hybrids between the blue (Oreochromis aureus) and Nile tilapia have been reported by Chinasince 2007, and current production is already greater than 0.3 million tonnes. This production ratehas grown at 7 percent per year between 2010 and 2012, and is expected to continue in 2013.
Freshwater fish nei
It is difficult to define a real trend in the freshwater fish nei as reporting details have changed overtime. The total volume of freshwater fish nei reported in 2012 was 1 531 051 tonnes, a significantamount.
The major producer of the fish reported as “freshwater fish nei” is China, which reported 949 871tonnes in 2012. As species reporting develops and improves this category should become smaller.
India also reports a large quantity as “freshwater fish nei”. The production in 2012 was306 009 tonnes. There is a large variation in the numbers reported year by year in this category,so there is, again, no clear trend. It may well be comprised largely of Pangasius spp. catfish, whichare otherwise unreported in India.
Viet Nam reported 170 000 tonnes of nei production in 2012, up from 58 600 tonnes in 2010, butdown from 556 500 tonnes reported in 2007. There is so much variation in this group that it isdifficult to see any pattern. There is sometimes a correlation with some of the main identified species(e.g. if the nei goes down, you would see the reported Pangasius production increase in Viet Nam),but it is not easy to determine the actual reason.
The less nei reported, the easier it will be to manage the sector, so an effort to minimize the neireporting should be made.
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Gourami (Family Osphronemidae)
The total production of gouramis in the Asia and the Pacific region was 163 741 tonnes in 2012, anincrease of 53 percent since 2010 and with a growth rate of about 12 percent per year in terms ofvolume between 2002 and 2012. The main reasons for this large increase is a jump in productionof climbing perch in Bangladesh, from 7 125 tonnes in 2010 to 31 143 tonnes in 2012, andfrom Indonesia with an increase of Giant gourami production from 56 889 tonnes in 2010 to84 681 tonnes in 2012.
The main species produced are giant gourami (Osphoronemus gourami) (88 647 tonnes in 2012),Snakeskin gourami (Trichopodus pectoralis) (41 671 tonnes in 2012), climbing perch (Anabastestudineus) (33 212 tonnes), kissing gourami (Helostoma temminckii) (201 tonnes) and gouramis nei(10 tonnes in 2012) Gouramis are mainly produced in Indonesia (85 631 tonnes in 2012), Thailand(38 378 tonnes in 2012), Bangladesh (31 143 tonnes in 2012), with smaller quantities originating inCambodia (8 400 tonnes in 2012) and Philippines (189 tonnes in 2012).
Milkfish (Genus Chanos)
Most of the milkfish cultured in the region is grown in brackish and marine environments andwill be reported in the marine and brackish section. The small portion of milkfish that is grownin freshwater amounted to 70 843 tonnes in 2012. The main countries are the Philippines with41 524 tonnes in 2012, followed by Taiwan Province of China (29 302 tonnes in 2012) and Sri Lanka(17 tonnes in 2012).
Other low value freshwater finfish
The total production of other low value freshwater finfish was 453 998 tonnes in 2012. Some of thespecies in this group, for example the mullets (order Mugiliformes), are mostly produced in marineand brackish waters, but there is some limited production in freshwater. The total production ofmullet (Mugil cephalus) in the region amounted to 1 306 tonnes in 2012. Mullet is one of the speciesonly consumed locally and not exported at all. Pacus and pirapatinga (Collossoma spp. and Piaractusspp.) are species originally from Latin American and are often not reported in the region. There wasa total reported production of 106 157 tonnes in 2012 up from 102 019 tonnes in 2010. Productionis focused in China, Viet Nam and Myanmar.
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Marine and Brackish Water Finfish Species
Total production of cultured marine and brackishwater fish species in the Asia and the Pacific regionincreased to 2 556 553 tonnes in 2012. Most of the species produced in marine and brackish waterare species requiring high feed inputs, as they are carnivorous species. There is a notable exceptionof the milkfish which is a herbivorous species, produced mainly in the Philippines. One of the mainchallenges with production of marine and brackish water species is the high cost associated withfeed. Most of the feed is based on usage of low value fish from capture fisheries, and concerns areoften raised, especially among environmental NGO’s, about the sustainability of “feeding fish to fish”.There are, however, several on-going initiatives working to reduce the dependence on low-value fishfrom capture fisheries and, for example, use fish waste from the processing plants and/or alternativesources of protein (e.g. plant based). In Figure 9 the distribution and trend of the marine andbrackish finfish is shown.
Figure 9: Changes in freshwater carnivorous fish species production from 2002 to 2012 in Asia and the Pacificregion
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Milkfish (Genus Chanos)
Milkfish (Chanos chanos) is by volume the most popular marine fish cultured in the Asia and thePacific region, comprising over 30 percent of the total production of all marine fish species cultured.In 2012 the total production of milkfish from marine and brackish waters was 872 184 tonnes.
When talking about milkfish it is necessary to mention the Philippines. They are traditionally thelargest producers of milkfish, but in recent years Indonesia has taken the lead as the biggestproducer. In 2012 Indonesia produced 482 930 tonnes and the Philippines produced 345 205 tonnes.Nearly all the Indonesian production comes from brackishwater ponds, with only small quantitiesfrom marine cages. The Philippines have produced milkfish for generations and they are typicallyproduced in brackishwater ponds. These systems are fed with either pellets or low value fish andare part of the general trend of intensification of mariculture in the Philippines. It is interesting to
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see a huge increase in production from Taiwan Province of China from 20 380 tonnes in 2010 upto 42 296 tonnes in 2012. Milkfish is also increasingly popular on the Pacific Islands and theproduction trend here is increasing.
Japanese Seabass and Barramundi (Family Centropomidae andPercichthyidae)
The Japanese seabass and the Barramundi (Lates calcarifer) are two very important groups ofcarnivorous marine/brackishwater finfish cultured in the Asia and the Pacific region, with a totalproduction of 185 073 tonnes in 2012.
China produced 125 836 tonnes of Japanese seabass (Lateolabrax japonicus) in 2012. Malaysia isquickly increasing production of Barramundi, producing 20 089 tonnes in 2012. Thailand alsoproduces significant quantities of Barramundi (17 146 tonnes in 2012), but this is quite variablebetween successive years.
Jacks (Family Carangidae)
The total production of Jacks, a very important group of marine fish for the Asia and thePacific region, was 177 909 tonnes in 2012. The majority of this production is in Japan where160 215 tonnes of Japanese amberjack (Seriola quinqueradiata) were produced in 2012. Productionis up from 158 960 tonnes in 2010 to 177 909 in 2012, a significant increase in the region. The jacksare cultured in marine cages with only a very small portion cultured in brackish ponds.
Japanese culture of amberjack is the leader within this family, with production of 138 936 tonnesin 2012, a growth rate of just 1 percent per year, although slightly down on 2008 production.
There are also a number of other species including golden trevally, white trevally and greateramberjack cultured.
Seabream and porgies (Family Sparidae)
In 2012 there was a total production of seabream and porgies of 115 300 tonnes. This is one of thefew groups that are declining in production, especially in Japan where production of Blackheadseabream (Acanthopagrus schlegeli) has fallen since 2010.
Besides the blackhead seabream, there are two other important species in this group namely thesilver seabream (Pagrus auratus), porgies and seabreams nei (Sparidae spp.). Seabream and porgieproduction only occurs in Japan, China and Republic of Korea. The silver seabream is produced inboth Japan (56 653 tonnes in 2012), the Republic of Korea (2 870 tonnes in 2012) and TaiwanProvince of China (27 tonnes in 2012).
The Porgies are mainly produced in China which reached a total production in 2012 of52 328 tonnes.
Flatfish (Genus Psetta and Paralichthys)
Production of flatfish in the Asia and the Pacific region is limited to two species namely bastardhalibut (Paralichthys olivaceus) and turbot (Psetta maxima).
In 2012 total production was 106 496, which, since 2005, has been quite stable, with bastard halibutproduced in Japan (3 125 tonnes) and the Republic of Korea, (39 371 tonnes), with China producing64 000 tonnes of Turbot, all figures being from 2012.
26
Groupers (Subfamily Epinephelinae)
The groupers are a fairly diverse group with a number of different species produced. Totalproduction in 2012 was 118 039 tonnes, an increase of 46 percent since 2010. The major producersinclude China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand and the Philippines.
In 2010, production of eight different individual grouper species was reported, however the bulk ofthe production (110 151 tonnes in 2012) was reported as groupers nei, especially from China, TaiwanProvince of China, Thailand and Indonesia.
Since grouper are particularly difficult to culture, full-cycle culture of most grouper species is notyet possible, although several important advances have been made in recent years.
Tilapia cultured in marine environments (Genus Oreochromis)
Tilapias are cultured in both fresh and brackish marine environments but are mainly a freshwaterspecies that can tolerate saltwater. In 2012 the total production in marine/brackish environmentswas 64 947 tonnes. The main species are Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and Mozambique tilapia(Oreochromis mossambicus), as well as a large number of tilapias nei.
The leading countries in the region are Indonesia (34 134 tonnes of Nile tilapia and 4 968 tonnesof Mozambique tilapia in 2012) and Philippines (10 786 tonnes of Tilapia nei and 3 741 tonnes ofNile tilapia in 2012).
Some of this production of tilapias has come from polyculture of tilapias with shrimp in an effortto reduce mortalities resulting from the IMNV virus affecting Indonesian shrimp farms since 2006.There has also been research and good results with producing shrimp and tilapia in polyculture toreduce the risk of EMS in shrimp. The tilapia appear to be able to change water chemistry througha probiotic action and perhaps consume infected shrimp before they can pass on the virus or thebacteria to their neighbours.
In addition, Taiwan Province of China produced 9 696 tonnes of tilapias nei, in brackishwater in 2012.
Salmonids cultured in brackish water and marine environments (GenusSalmo and Oncorhynchus)
The total production of the marine and brackish production of salmonids was 64 707 in 2012. Thisproduction was mainly in Australia and New Zealand with some also in Japan. Japan has gone fromfarming 116 tonnes of Coho salmon (Oncorhrynchus kisutch) in 2011 to 9 728 tonnes in 2012.
In Australia it is the farming of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), in the Southern parts of the countrythat contribute the 43 785 tonnes produced in 2012. In New Zealand 11 194 tonnes of Chinooksalmon (Oncorhrynchus tshawytscha) was produced in 2012.
Cobia (Family Rachycentridae)
The total production of Cobia (Rachycentron canadum) in 2012 was 41 399 tonnes. After a few yearsof rapid growth there seems to be a flattening out of the production in the region.
In 2012 China was the lead country with 37,210 tonnes, Viet Nam second with and estimated2 000 tonnes, followed by Taiwan Province of China and Singapore with 1 384 and 1 tonnerespectively.
27
Mullets (Genus Mugil and Liza)
The main species of mullets cultured in the region are the flathead grey mullet (Mugil cephalus), thesquaretail mullet (Liza vaigiensis) and other mullets nei. In 2012 the total production of mullets frommarine and brackish waters amounted to 13 890 tonnes, with an annual growth rate of 3 percentbetween 2002 and 2012. All of this production came from brackish and marine waters in Indonesia(6 547 tonnes), Republic of Korea (5 839 tonnes), Taiwan Province of China (1,206 tonnes) andSingapore (299 tonnes).
Snappers (Family Lutjanidae)
Total production from this group in the region totalled 7 283 tonnes in 2012, down 8 226 tonnesin 2010, mainly due to reduced production of John’s snapper in Malaysia (which was down nearly500 tonnes to 2 057 tonnes in 2012). The main species of snappers produced in the region in 2012included the mangrove red snapper (Lutjanus argentimaculatus) from Malaysia, Hong Kong SAR andSingapore, John’s snapper (Lutjanus johnii) from Malaysia and Singapore, Russell’s snapper (Lutjanusrusselli) from Hong Kong SAR and other snappers nei in small quantities from Cambodia, BruneiDarussalam, Hong Kong SAR, Singapore and the Philippines.
Other marine finfish
Total production from this group in the region totalled 106 620 tonnes in 2012 with the mainspecies including righteye flounders nei, tiger pufferfish, Japanese jack mackerel and river eels nei.
Two other marine finfish are from the family Larimichthys and Sciaenops, popularly called croakersand drums, are also included in this group. This group of fish is of interest because of the largereported production from China.
Despite China’s has decrease in reporting the amount of nei fish, other countries especiallyBangladesh, Indonesia and India have increased this nei production. Since individual species are notreported, trends cannot be determined, beyond the observation that this is a growth area in thesethree countries.
28
Crustaceans
Crustaceans, especially the shrimp species whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) and the gianttiger prawn (Penaeus monodon), have generated considerable profit for the region and have thehighest unit value of any aquaculture group. In 2012 total production of crustaceans in the regionwas 5.78 million tonnes, with China the largest single country producer with nearly 3.6 milliontonnes or 62 percent of the total.
In recent years Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Syndrome (AHPNS), also known as Early MortalitySyndrome (EMS) has devastated production in several countries in the region.
Although there are many other crustacean species cultured in the Asia-Pacific region, thepredominant commercial species are penaeid shrimp: whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), gianttiger prawns (Penaeus monodon), together with Penaeus nei. The development of crustaceanproduction in the region can be seen in Figure 10.
Figure 10: Changes in crustacean species production from 2002 to 2012 in Asia and the Pacific region
7 000 000
6 000 000
5 000 000
4 000 000
3 000 000
2 000 000
1 000 000
0
Ton
nes
Freshwater prawnPenaeus neiCrabOther shrimpFreshwater crayfish
LobsterGiant tiger prawnWhiteleg shrimp
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Year
While some countries have experienced challenges and reduced production, other countries haveseen an opportunity and begun large-scale production of shrimp. Among the most notable is India,which increased production of whiteleg shrimp from non-reported in 2010 up to 136 300 tonnesin 2012. Indonesia has also increased their production significantly from 170 969 tonnes in 2009 to238 663 tonnes in 2012. The increase in these countries has covered some of the loss that has beenseen in countries affected by AHPNS.
As can be seen in Figure 10, crustacean aquaculture production in 2012 was dominated by penaeidshrimp. This comprised: whiteleg shrimp (850 074 tonnes) and giant tiger prawns (104 862 tonnes)followed by Penaeus nei (104 862). The major penaeid shrimp producing countries in 2012were: China (1 730 567 tonnes), Thailand (599 126 tonnes), Viet Nam (480 000 tonnes), Indonesia(354 974 tonnes) and India (268 200 tonnes).
29
Whiteleg Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)
Despite disease problems, whiteleg shrimp production in Asia and the Pacific region has increasedfrom 2.2 million tonnes in 2010 to more than 2.6 million tonnes in 2012. Since 2003/2004 there hasbeen a shift away from production of giant tiger prawn towards whiteleg shrimp. This is mainly dueto the perceived beneficial characteristics of whiteleg shrimp over the native giant tiger prawn.These characteristics include: Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) stocks, the ability to intensify production,easier domestication and better tolerance to low salinity.
Through this potential for increase in productivity per unit area and a more efficient use of feed,farmers hope to achieve higher profitability. China, Thailand and Indonesia were the leadingproducers in 2012 with 1 453 241 tonnes, 580 948 tonnes and 238 663 tonnes, respectively. NotablyIndia has increased production from nothing in 2010 to 136 300 tonnes in 2012 when culture of thisexotic species was permitted. Viet Nam, another main producer, registered 130 000 tonnes in 2012,similar to the 2010 production of 136 700 tonnes. Production in China is carried out in bothfreshwater and brackish water, with about 50 percent coming from each.
Thailand remained relatively disease-free until 2012, when the country’s shrimp production wascrippled by Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Syndrome (AHPNS). AHPNS has been the main reasonfor the fall in production from around 600 000 tonnes in 2010 to, an estimated, 200 000 tonnes in2014.
In Viet Nam, whiteleg shrimp has been produced since 2002/2003. AHPNS has also hit in Viet Nam,but the country’s production has recovered somewhat from the disease, although it is still presentin several places in the country.
Other countries that produced whiteleg shrimp in 2012, but at smaller volumes, are Malaysia(47 992 tonnes), Taiwan Province of China (13 318 tonnes), the Republic of Korea (2 784 tonnes) andPhilippines (5 558 tonnes). The three island states Vanuatu, Northern Mariana Islands and Guam allhave a small production of less than 20 tonnes, each.
Giant Tiger Prawn (Penaeus monodon)
The total production of Giant tiger prawn in the Asia-Pacific region in 2012 was 850 074 tonnes andis, after the whiteleg shrimp, the most important crustacean cultured there. There is no clear trendin production over the last ten years as it has fluctuated over the years. However, there has beenan increase over the last two years of more than 12 percent a year from 680 370 tonnes in 2010 upto 850 074 tonnes in 2012. This increase is mainly due to a large increase in India where productionin 2010 was zero, and in 2012 the production was up to 126 900 tonnes. It should be noted thatIndia the year before (2009) produced 90 080 tonnes, and that the zero in 2010 could be explainedby an increase in Penaeus nei by 100 714 tonnes.
The top five producing countries in 2012 were Viet Nam (350 000 tonnes), India (131 900 tonnes),Indonesia (116 311 tonnes), China (64 554 tonnes) and Bangladesh (57 785 tonnes). Viet Nam is byfar the largest producer of this species with 41 percent of the regions’ production. AHPNS is alsoa problem for the giant tiger prawn industry, although, it would appear, to a lesser extent than forwhiteleg shrimp.
There has been a shift in production of giant tiger prawns to whiteleg shrimp, which is wellillustrated by how the industry has developed in Thailand where production of P. monodon was200 574 tonnes in 2002, and then steadily declined to 17 782 tonnes in 2012. In the same periodwhiteleg shrimp production has increased from 60 000 tonnes in 2002, to 580 948 tonnes in 2012.Similar trends have been seen across the region over the past ten years.
30
Besides the top five producing countries there are many other countries in the region producinggiant tiger prawn, namely: Myanmar (52 693 tonnes), Philippines (48 197 tonnes), and Thailand(17 782 tonnes). The Republic of Fiji, Brunei Darussalam and Papua New Guinea also produce smallervolumes.
Other shrimp and prawn Species (Family Caridea)
Other shrimp species produced include: Penaeid shrimp nei, kuruma prawn (Penaeus japonicas),fleshy prawn (Penaeus chinensis), banana prawn (Penaeus merguiensis), Indian white prawn (Penaeusindicus), speckled shrimp (Metapenaeus monoceros), and blue shrimp (Penaeus stylirostris). The totalproduction of these species was 234 316 tonnes in 2012. Most of these shrimp species are regionallytraded, but are rarely traded outside the region.
In 2012 the kuruma prawn was only produced in China (49 409 tonnes) and in Japan (1 596 tonnes).Since 2007 the production has been stable and seen little change. There has been no productionin Australia, Singapore and the Republic of Korea for more than ten years.
The fleshy prawn is produced in China (41 213 tonnes) and in the Republic of Korea (35 tonnes).There has been a decline in the production of this species since 2002, when China produced morethan 160 000 tonnes and the Republic of Korea produced 1 403 tonnes. The reduction in productionis likely due to the introduction of the whiteleg shrimp.
The banana prawn was, in 2012, mainly produced in Indonesia (13 128 tonnes), Malaysia (1 000tonnes), the Philippines (1 879 tonnes) and a small amount in Thailand (259 tonnes). Viet Nam usedto have a considerable production until 2009, at around 40 000 tonnes, but no production has beenreported there since.
Other penaeid species cultured around the region in 2012 included: the Indian white prawn(Penaeus indicus), produced mainly in Bangladesh and India at 4 381 and 1 300 tonnes respectively,speckled shrimp (Metapenaeus monoceros) produced in Bangladesh at 13 144 tonnes, (an increaseof more than a 100 percent since 2010), and the blue shrimp (Penaeus stylirostris) produced inNew Caledonia and French Polynesia at 1 643 and 71 tonnes in 2012 respectively.
Freshwater prawns (Genus Macrobrachium)
The total production of freshwater prawns in the Asia-Pacific region in 2012 was 513 005 tonnes. Thetwo main species are the oriental river prawn (Macrobrachium nipponense) and the giant river prawn(Macrobrachium rosenbergii). The oriental river prawn is cultured only in China (237 431 tonnes)whereas the giant river prawn is cultured more widely in some 12 countries in the region. Thetop five producers of giant river prawn in 2012 were, China (124 713 tonnes), Bangladesh(45 162 tonnes), Thailand (23 913 tonnes), Viet Nam (9 600 tonnes) and Taiwan Province of China(6 759 tonnes).
Besides the main two, there are a few other species cultured in the region, namely monsoon riverprawns (Macrobrachium malcolmsonii), river prawns nei and freshwater prawns and shrimp nei. InBangladesh and China there were 4 472 and 20 942 tonnes of freshwater prawns and shrimp neireported in 2012. The monsoon river prawns are only reported from Pakistan (136 tonnes) in 2012,and India, which used to have a considerable production with 4 100 tonnes in 2007, but has notreported any production since.
River prawns nei have only been reported in India with production of 30 426 tonnes in 2012.India began reporting river prawns nei in 2010 and have remained at a constant level of around30 000 tonnes. It should be noted that the reported production of giant river prawn from Indiastopped at the same time as river prawns nei started being reported.
31
It is not easy to intensify production of freshwater prawns because of their territorial habits anddivergent growth rates. Thus the development of this sector has been quite slow and, in some statesproduction has even shrunk, as attention and resources have been diverted to brackish orfreshwater shrimp production. Export markets for freshwater prawns are much smaller and lessdeveloped, mainly because consumers in general are less familiar with these species than withbrackishwater shrimp. The head-to-tail ratio in these species is also not favourable for markets wherethe heads of the shrimp are not consumed.
Crabs (Infra-order Brachyura)
There are a number of other decapod crustaceans produced in the region and, for a better overview,the group is divided into crab, freshwater crayfish & crawfish and lobster. The crabs include thefamilies Eriocheir spp., Scylla spp., Brachyura spp. and Portunus spp.
The total production in the Asia and the Pacific region was 1 004 231 tonnes in 2012, which is anincrease of 18 percent since 2010 (847 350 tonnes).
The Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) is by far the most important crab species produced inthe region with a total of 714 380 tonnes in 2012 or 71 percent of total crab production in theregion. Production is mostly in China with a very small amount produced in in Republic of Korea(12 tonnes).
The Indo-Pacific swamp crab (Scylla serrata) is a distant second in importance with production stillmainly in China, but it is also produced in many other countries in smaller volumes. China, produced128 983 tonnes in 2012. The other major producers are Philippines (16 360 tonnes), Indonesia (14 163tonnes) and Viet Nam (13 000 tonnes). There are a number of countries with production of less than200 tonnes, namely: Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Singapore, Sri Lankaand Thailand.
Other crab species cultured in the region include: Blue swimming crab (Brachyura sp.), marinecrabsnei, orange mud crab (Scylla olivacea), and swimming crab nei.
The production of orange mud crab is done exclusively in Myanmar with production in 2012 of1 733 tonnes, which has been increasing for the last five years.
Swimming crab nei is only reported in China and was a considerable 99 580 tonnes in 2012. Blueswimming crab is produced in Singapore (19 tonnes) and in Taiwan Province of China (1 tonne).
Freshwater crayfish and crawfish (Procambarus and Cherax spp.)
The freshwater crayfish and crawfish (Procambarus and Cherax spp.) are a small group of species butthe production has gone up in recent years, due to increased production in China of the red swampcrawfish (Procambarus clarkii) with a total production of 554 821 tonnes in 2012.
The other crayfish species cultured around the region in 2012 were: yabby crayfish (Cheraxdestructor), produced in Australia (41 tonnes) and in Indonesia (34 tonnes), and the red claw crayfish(Cherax quadricarinatus) solely produced in Australia (41 tonnes).
Lobsters (Panulirus spp.)
The third group are the lobsters (Panulirus spp. and Thenus spp.), which have small productionvolumes but high value. In 2012 the total production of lobster in the region was 2 035 tonnes withthe main species cultured being the tropical spiny lobster (Panulirus spp.) produced in Indonesia(488 tonnes), Philippines (38 tonnes) and Viet Nam (1 500 tonnes).
There is also a small production of the mud spiny lobster (Panulirus polyphagus) in Singapore(9 tonnes).
32
Molluscs
Mollusc culture is split into low and high value, with low-value species normally produced inextensive cultured systems (e.g. seeded blood cockle mudflats, mussel and oyster stake culture) andhigh-value species produced in intensive systems (fed systems, and, possibly, recirculation).
In 2012 the total production of all molluscs in the Asia-Pacific region was an impressive 14.05 milliontonnes, an increase from 2010 when production was just less than 13 million tonnes. In 2002production of molluscs was 9.96 million tonnes with a steady increase of more than 4 percent peryear since.
Low value molluscs
The low value molluscs which are cultured for human consumption were, in 2012, just over half ofthe total production in the region with a volume of 7.76 million tonnes. There are a number ofdifferent species, including Japanese carpet shell, constricted tagelus, blood cockle, green mussel,sea snails, Chinese mystery snails, swan mussel, Japanese hard clam, Korean mussel, and pen shellsnei. In 2012, 5.56 million tonnes of these species were produced and the production from 2002 to2012 can be seen in Figure 11.
In 2012 the most important low value mollusc species in the region, the Japanese carpet shell(Ruditapes philippinarum), was produced mainly in China (3 735 484 tonnes) with some productionin the Republic of Korea (12 623 tonnes). Production of the constricted tagelus (Sinovacula constricta)in China has remained constant over the last 5 years, with a total of 720 466 tonnes in 2012. Theblood cockle (Anadara granosa) is produced mostly in China (278 058 tonnes), but is also popularin Thailand (71 450 tonnes) and Malaysia (38 934 tonnes) and to a lesser content also in the Republicof Korea (2 232 tonnes) and Cambodia (900 tonnes). The green mussel (Perna viridis) is grown mainlyin Thailand and the Philippines (107 000 tonnes and 25 660 tonnes respectively).
Figure 11: Changes in low value molluscs’ species production from 2002 to 2012 in Asia-Pacific region
6 000 000
5 000 000
4 000 000
3 000 000
2 000 000
1 000 000
0
Ton
nes
Sea snailsChinese mystery snailSwan musselJapanese hard clamKorean musselPen shells nei
Green musselBlood cockleJapanese carpet shell
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Year
33
High Value Molluscs species
There is a trend in mollusc culture towards higher value species produced in more intensivesystems in suitable locations. High value species include mussels (produced in high input systems),oysters, scallops and abalone. The changes in total production between 2002 and 2012 can be seenin Figure 12.
Total production for this group was 6 268 379 tonnes in 2012. Growth in production has been slowover the last ten years with a 4.5 percent rise between 2010 and 2012.
The most produced high value mollusc species cultured in the region is cupped oysters nei(Crassostrea spp.), with a total production of 3 976 021 tonnes, produced mainly in China, with someproduction in Thailand.
Other popular high value mollusc species include scallops nei (Pectinidae spp.), grown only inChina (1 419 956 tonnes), the Pacific cupped oyster (Crassostrea gigas) with a total production of474 641 tonnes in 2012, mainly produced in Japan, with less production from China and theRepublic of Korea.
The Yesso scallop (Patinopecten Yessoensis) is also popular in Japan (185 006 tonnes in 2012) and theNew Zealand mussel (Perna canaliculus) in New Zealand (86 447 tonnes).
One species showing higher growth rates is abalone nei (Haliotis spp.), produced mostly in Chinaand the Republic of Korea at 97 443 tonnes in 2012.
Figure 12: Changes in high value molluscs’ species production from 2002 to 2012 in the Asia-Pacific region
7 000 000
6 000 000
5 000 000
4 000 000
3 000 000
2 000 000
1 000 000
0
Ton
nes
New Zealand musselAbalones neiSlipper cupped oysterAustralian mussel
Yesso scallopPacific cupped oysterScallops nei
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Year
34
Aquatic Plants
In 2012 the total production of aquatic plants in the Asia-Pacific region was 23 603 456 tonnes, upfrom 18 854 716 tonnes in 2010. Production has been growing steadily from 10 408 350 tonnes in2002 and the region produces over 99 percent of the total world production. Most of the productionis from brackish and marine environments with only around 1 percent from freshwater aquaculturesystems. Most of the freshwater production is production of Spirulina sp. (80 050 tonnes) producedin China.
In this report the aquaculture of aquatic plants are divided into two groups, the first groupconsisting of seaweeds of temperate waters that are traditionally used for food purposes and aremainly produced in East Asia. The second group consists of tropical species mainly processed asa source of commercially valuable biopolymers (carrageenan, agar) that are used for various foodand non-food purposes and are produced in Southeast Asia.
Seaweed for food purposes
The total production of seaweed for food purposes reached 12 548 952 tonnes in 2012, with Chinathe largest producer with 10 652 020 tonnes. The most important aquatic plant species cultured forfood is the Japanese kelp (Laminaria japonica), produced mainly in China with a production of4 895 030 tonnes in 2012. There is also some production in Japan and the Democratic People’sRepublic of Korea with 34 147 tonnes and 444 300 tonnes, respectively, in 2012.
Other important species include: aquatic plants nei which are produced mainly in China, at2 793 340 tonnes. In Japan the most produced species are laver (nori) with a total production of341 580 tonnes in 2012.
Other aquatic plants cultured for food in the region included bright green nori (Enteromorphaclathrata), green laver (Monostroma nitidum), caulerpa seaweeds (Caulerpa spp.), fragile codium(Codium fragile) (1 394 tonnes) and Haematococcus pluvialis (150 tonnes).
Seaweeds for biopolymers
The total production of seaweed used for biopolymers was 8 685 945 tonnes in 2012, with Indonesiaproducing more than 6.5 million tonnes or more than 75 percent of the total in the region. Themost important aquatic plant species cultured for use as biopolymers is Eucheuma sp., which isproduced mainly in Indonesia at 5 738 688 tonnes in 2012. Other important species include: elkhornsea moss (Kappaphycus alvarezii), produced mainly in Philippines (1 608 401 tonnes) and Malaysia(331 490 tonnes) in 2012. The species warty gracilaria (Gracilaria verrucosa) is produced solely inChina, at 1 967 780 tonnes in 2012.
The Graciliaria seaweeds nei (Gracilaria spp.) are mainly produced in Indonesia and Viet Nam andSpiny Eucheuma (Eucheuma denticulatum), produced mostly in Philippines and Malaysia, are alsoimportant species.
Other aquatic plants cultured for biopolymers in the region included brown seaweeds (Phaophyceae),Fusiform sargassum (Sargassum fusiforme) and Japanese isinglass (Gelidium amansii).
35
Annex – Data tables
36
37
Sou
th A
sia
– A
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re p
rod
uct
ion
by
maj
or
gro
up
(2
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01
2)
Sou
th A
sia
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
20
10
20
11
20
12
Aq
uat
ic p
lan
ts65
61
176
5 67
65
748
1 95
42
522
4 70
66
922
4 24
24
503
4 52
5
Cru
stac
ean
s21
3 68
221
9 47
124
9 60
327
4 23
626
6 57
722
9 55
819
2 32
721
6 96
122
5 75
640
9 75
244
0 73
6
Dia
dro
mo
us
fish
3520
666
142
191
159
153
9912
216
620
5
Fres
hw
ater
fis
h2
814
801
3 00
7 72
43
512
920
3 62
2 08
63
830
097
3 89
8 91
14
587
082
4 61
6 06
54
934
315
4 84
4 68
05
520
473
Mar
ine
fish
32 0
2636
745
47 4
9355
049
117
413
84 4
2222
7 71
017
5 61
892
518
113
098
147
384
Mo
llusc
s1
600
2 80
04
052
5 40
211
561
10 0
4619
195
19 8
8618
018
14 0
1712
911
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06
2 8
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3 2
68
12
23
81
9 8
10
3 9
62
66
34
22
7 7
93
4 2
25
61
85
03
1 1
73
5 0
35
55
15
27
4 9
71
5 3
86
21
56
12
6 2
33
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(2
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20
02
20
03
20
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20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
20
10
20
11
20
12
Aq
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ic p
lan
ts1
165
458
1 28
3 58
91
693
166
2 33
7 23
32
741
715
3 35
1 91
53
959
651
4 87
7 65
85
960
943
7 45
9 17
68
833
915
Cru
stac
ean
s71
2 38
988
5 15
71
022
847
1 17
8 61
71
355
728
1 41
6 21
41
516
088
1 55
8 55
81
680
777
1 75
4 98
81
712
997
Dia
dro
mo
us
fish
476
332
496
725
539
676
566
846
552
744
636
845
662
855
718
655
815
847
882
799
916
457
Fres
hw
ater
fis
h1
656
801
1 97
5 79
82
458
906
2 86
7 28
53
258
440
3 76
6 04
84
421
391
4 71
6 64
05
139
211
5 49
9 19
36
021
100
Mar
ine
fish
30 2
6833
506
32 2
1533
694
47 1
2946
564
73 6
7060
854
131
164
151
668
143
575
Mis
c. a
qu
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12 9
9116
348
16 3
4816
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19 6
6215
857
58 0
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449
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4 00
34
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4 90
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501
36 7
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s57
0 20
357
0 72
162
0 77
359
8 38
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7 03
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5 39
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2 16
659
6 27
957
9 37
248
3 88
069
6 08
0
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61
5 4
54
5 2
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52
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71
4 3
96
66
61
6 3
16
65
51
8 3
78
13
1
38
Ch
ina
– A
qu
acu
ltu
re p
rod
uct
ion
by
maj
or
gro
up
(2
01
0 t
o 2
01
2)
Ch
ina
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
20
10
20
11
20
12
Aq
uat
ic p
lan
ts7
737
328
8 59
2 56
49
383
461
9 49
7 02
99
508
352
9 76
2 13
59
940
764
10 5
00 2
8811
097
158
11 5
54 4
3812
835
556
Cru
stac
ean
s98
9 33
21
522
805
1 71
3 51
31
865
785
2 10
4 65
22
613
305
2 73
5 62
32
994
326
3 21
4 91
63
308
408
3 61
4 04
1
Dia
dro
mo
us
fish
254
518
294
319
291
343
288
838
317
889
362
466
352
521
365
270
377
126
391
530
433
730
Fres
hw
ater
fis
h14
034
884
13 9
75 8
4614
804
176
15 6
90 6
3416
671
167
17 3
28 6
3118
189
366
19 3
65 1
2120
427
543
21 6
20 2
3623
086
870
Mar
ine
fish
520
999
488
018
541
595
606
359
652
219
724
336
777
453
825
762
833
269
993
424
1 06
8 51
9
Mis
c. a
qu
atic
2626
3030
5 17
54
589
3 39
83
124
2 31
52
558
anim
al p
rod
uct
s
Mis
c. a
qu
atic
150
839
305
852
346
289
395
771
397
635
481
587
590
658
669
075
754
561
719
868
804
738
anim
als
Mo
llusc
s8
525
554
8 85
2 84
89
193
173
9 58
2 18
910
027
620
10 2
24 9
4810
413
486
10 8
51 6
0811
441
476
11 9
05 6
0512
448
905
Tota
l3
2 2
13
45
43
4 0
32
27
83
6 2
73
57
63
7 9
26
63
53
9 6
79
56
44
1 5
02
58
34
3 0
04
46
04
5 5
74
84
84
8 1
49
17
35
0 4
95
82
35
4 2
94
91
7
Oth
er A
sia
– A
qu
acu
ltu
re p
rod
uct
ion
by
maj
or
gro
up
(2
01
0 t
o 2
01
2)
Oth
er A
sia
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
20
10
20
11
20
12
Aq
uat
ic p
lan
ts1
499
804
1 37
4 05
41
475
792
1 57
3 19
11
699
957
1 75
1 21
71
821
661
1 75
9 38
51
778
768
1 78
6 32
01
907
380
Cru
stac
ean
s3
197
4 16
44
322
3 23
93
439
3 02
83
522
3 57
64
391
4 47
14
434
Dia
dro
mo
us
fish
55 9
9258
978
59 9
3660
046
62 3
2967
240
59 4
3063
184
61 0
6646
257
48 0
69
Fres
hw
ater
fis
h23
188
20 9
8321
863
17 8
2517
163
16 0
4617
887
18 8
8022
122
22 1
6720
993
Mar
ine
fish
es30
8 48
333
7 11
031
7 71
533
7 05
433
4 94
934
4 94
534
5 94
135
8 50
431
1 08
030
2 36
931
6 95
4
Mis
c. a
qu
atic
an
imal
3232
2929
2727
2422
2120
20p
rod
uct
s
Mis
c. a
qu
atic
an
imal
s31
912
21 5
8324
732
25 1
7821
957
20 2
6919
386
27 9
9925
917
20 4
5518
880
Mo
llusc
s76
9 57
183
6 83
582
0 78
280
7 33
087
5 69
399
3 07
482
6 27
185
7 59
784
0 71
573
9 63
177
9 60
2
Tota
l2
69
2 1
79
2 6
53
73
92
72
5 1
71
2 8
23
89
23
01
5 5
14
3 1
95
84
63
09
4 1
22
3 0
89
14
73
04
4 0
80
2 9
21
69
03
09
6 3
32
39
Oce
ania
– A
qu
acu
ltu
re p
rod
uct
ion
by
maj
or
gro
up
(2
01
0 t
o 2
01
2)
Oce
ania
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
20
10
20
11
20
12
Aq
uat
ic p
lan
ts5
104
4 60
46
524
8 79
011
717
2 84
23
483
7 62
813
605
13 0
4022
080
Cru
stac
ean
s5
993
5 71
26
304
6 08
96
190
5 54
45
495
6 15
76
769
5 82
15
891
Dia
dro
mo
us
fish
24 5
6021
921
23 3
1826
446
31 0
3737
650
38 4
2845
391
48 4
7453
777
60 8
99
Fres
hw
ater
fis
h1
367
2 60
12
573
3 65
74
232
3 82
91
864
2 54
32
768
2 57
22
868
Mar
ine
fish
4 01
72
416
4 56
12
249
3 64
72
139
6 60
67
290
7 61
56
014
4 16
1
Mis
c. a
qu
atic
an
imal
1 28
51
954
1 84
92
900
2 42
02
210
1 90
31
866
2 14
52
868
2 57
4p
rod
uct
s
Mis
c. a
qu
atic
an
imal
s1
116
1 89
21
550
1 85
23
536
2 83
4
Mo
llusc
s92
149
93 2
6710
2 66
911
3 02
511
5 64
712
0 65
612
0 73
911
0 93
311
8 14
012
0 78
810
7 53
8
Tota
l1
34
47
51
32
47
51
47
79
81
63
15
61
74
89
01
75
98
61
80
40
91
83
35
92
01
36
82
08
41
62
08
84
4
Fres
hw
ater
car
niv
oro
us
fin
fish
(2
00
2 t
o 2
01
2)
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
20
10
20
11
20
12
Eels
200
804
308
555
332
672
348
343
395
497
460
944
466
218
501
165
536
449
540
845
557
407
Per
ch-l
ike
fish
es11
5 39
624
2 37
426
7 89
629
5 56
832
0 39
237
6 63
640
3 77
642
6 69
345
2 47
949
5 88
354
1 87
0
Snak
ehea
ds
39 4
2792
780
49 9
3993
752
308
571
367
511
344
799
384
649
403
868
469
306
506
036
Oth
ers
144
10 1
439
891
16 1
9730
764
37 9
0233
863
42 8
7271
378
61 4
4711
1 17
3
Salm
on
ids
19 2
9228
551
29 1
4729
557
28 5
4032
302
32 9
6631
979
31 0
0834
154
41 9
95
Tota
l3
75
06
37
82
40
38
89
54
59
83
41
71
08
3 7
64
1 2
75
29
51
28
1 6
22
1 3
87
35
71
49
5 1
82
1 6
01
63
51
75
8 4
79
40
Fres
hw
ater
om
niv
oro
us
and
her
biv
oro
us
fin
fish
(2
00
2 t
o 2
01
2)
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
20
10
20
11
20
12
Car
ps
and
Bar
bs
13 9
8014
663
15 8
8416
693
17 4
8717
826
19 5
1621
019
22 0
5722
697
24 0
68
Cat
fish
267
603
776
1 01
31
286
1 75
62
283
3 30
02
634
2 87
63
395
Tila
pia
1 01
91
144
1 34
11
506
1 67
81
947
2 08
32
300
2 44
92
722
3 04
4
Fres
hw
ater
fis
h n
ei2
400
1 18
51
262
1 30
91
489
1 46
51
247
857
1 00
31
270
1 53
1
Go
ura
mis
772
1 58
61
802
1 99
12
193
2 57
82
592
2 80
63
023
3 23
73
553
Milk
fish
5567
5952
6167
6358
5868
71
Mu
llets
11
32
21
11
11
1
Oth
ers
915
617
219
822
024
727
731
734
538
445
3
Tota
l1
8 5
03
19
40
52
1 2
99
22
76
42
4 4
16
25
88
72
8 0
62
30
65
83
1 5
70
33
25
53
6 1
16
Mar
ine
fin
fish
(2
00
2 t
o 2
01
2)
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
20
10
20
11
20
12
Milk
fish
472
723
485
441
514
707
542
884
524
056
600
499
612
864
660
227
750
476
823
644
872
184
Mar
ine
Fish
es n
ei54
0 68
521
9 09
623
8 26
027
7 64
437
5 40
732
0 78
254
0 47
147
0 51
035
5 21
351
4 14
152
2 31
1
Bar
ram
un
di a
nd
sea
bas
s24
875
96 9
2797
787
106
471
112
483
130
585
133
061
145
855
160
525
180
267
185
073
Jack
s16
6 53
817
1 25
616
4 70
817
3 85
516
9 66
817
5 95
917
8 89
917
8 09
215
8 96
016
3 61
517
7 90
9
Seab
ream
an
d p
org
ies
78 9
3613
4 35
413
3 50
512
8 02
912
9 07
113
5 81
411
9 84
712
4 96
312
3 00
712
4 32
711
5 30
0
Hal
ibu
t an
d T
urb
ot
29 5
6945
473
57 3
8294
666
88 4
6595
763
105
596
119
328
104
902
108
280
106
496
Oth
ers
185
839
227
640
226
300
228
294
229
510
241
601
249
481
258
385
216
575
238
481
267
016
Gro
up
ers
22 3
0649
330
55 0
0860
787
62 7
7975
430
78 4
4874
598
81 0
9694
642
118
039
Mar
ine
tila
pia
52 5
5555
034
44 6
3145
902
54 2
7546
488
50 8
3448
662
60 5
3584
282
64 9
47
Salm
on
ids
29 3
6829
216
31 2
7937
009
40 4
7748
303
47 6
2658
055
58 8
5348
676
64 7
07
Co
bia
2 39
518
614
18 3
9920
379
22 5
4829
853
25 9
7433
271
40 5
0840
340
41 3
99
Mu
llets
18 9
9316
472
16 5
6918
460
19 3
7412
826
15 7
2716
216
16 3
5712
981
13 8
90
Snap
per
s2
226
3 17
94
342
3 90
04
774
4 71
27
301
7 64
08
226
9 01
57
283
Tota
l1
62
7 0
08
1 5
52
03
21
60
2 8
77
1 7
38
28
01
83
2 8
87
1 9
18
61
52
16
6 1
28
2 1
95
80
22
13
5 2
34
2 4
42
69
22
55
6 5
53
41
Cru
stac
ean
s b
y m
ajo
r g
rou
p (
20
02
to
20
12
)
Cru
stac
ean
gro
up
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
20
10
20
11
20
12
Shri
mp
s p
raw
ns
1 20
2 19
01
717
795
2 00
1 71
42
251
602
2 61
9 89
52
815
190
2 88
8 64
63
021
741
3 23
6 63
13
599
017
3 70
1 59
8
Fres
hw
ater
cru
stac
ean
s54
8 33
075
0 33
781
3 22
187
7 35
691
5 58
91
218
781
1 31
9 91
51
507
564
1 63
8 36
61
610
510
1 78
2 39
0
Cra
bs
sea
-sp
ider
s17
1 88
616
7 17
817
8 73
019
5 95
619
8 15
623
1 01
324
0 74
724
6 50
525
4 32
027
0 03
628
9 87
4
Lob
ster
s s
pin
y-ro
ck lo
bst
ers
1321
2424
2768
1 08
81
408
1 60
21
793
2 02
6
Tota
l1
92
2 4
19
2 6
35
33
12
99
3 6
89
3 3
24
93
83
73
3 6
67
4 2
65
05
24
45
0 4
01
4 7
77
21
85
13
0 9
19
5 4
81
35
75
77
5 8
89
Mar
ine
and
bra
ckis
hw
ater
sh
rim
p a
nd
pra
wn
s (
20
02
to
20
12
)
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
20
10
20
11
20
12
Wh
itel
eg s
hri
mp
252
919
701
540
998
440
1 30
3 35
51
688
169
1 92
5 24
51
861
946
1 96
2 63
12
211
362
2 56
2 33
82
608
804
Gia
nt
tig
er p
raw
n62
3 31
571
5 56
569
9 69
565
7 32
063
1 41
158
4 32
971
1 20
076
5 33
968
0 06
579
0 68
284
9 75
2
Pen
aeu
s sh
rim
ps
nei
57 1
1285
705
97 7
2710
9 85
610
2 54
511
3 33
312
4 65
672
870
176
454
89 4
2010
4 85
5
Ku
rum
a p
raw
n2
322
39 1
6241
562
37 9
2246
308
51 7
2549
393
52 3
0156
598
52 7
6751
101
Fles
hy
pra
wn
162
789
56 3
2650
006
45 0
4845
738
42 7
2042
682
44 4
6945
339
41 6
6241
248
Ban
ana
pra
wn
65 3
4380
166
77 5
9870
115
79 0
3463
448
43 7
1664
624
19 8
2114
002
16 2
66
Spec
kle
d s
hri
mp
……
……
……
…11
500
5 29
717
777
13 1
44
Met
apen
aeu
s sh
rim
ps
nei
22 6
0823
477
20 7
1014
500
14 7
9816
215
33 3
3428
921
40 4
9326
400
10 4
15
Ind
ian
wh
ite
pra
wn
14 8
2914
560
15 2
1811
100
10 3
8017
200
20 6
0018
536
841
3 56
45
681
Gre
asyb
ack
shri
mp
237
222
230
1 53
61
145
754
671
349
269
286
280
Nat
anti
an d
ecap
od
s n
ei24
535
022
660
926
714
026
119
287
104
52
Tota
l1
20
2 1
90
1 7
17
79
52
00
1 7
14
2 2
51
60
22
61
9 8
95
2 8
15
19
02
88
8 6
46
3 0
21
74
13
23
6 6
31
3 5
99
01
73
70
1 5
98
42
Fres
hw
ater
cru
stac
ean
s (2
00
2 t
o 2
01
2)
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
20
10
20
11
20
12
Ch
ines
e m
itte
n c
rab
294
061
317
955
358
941
378
376
409
802
489
479
518
367
574
252
593
318
649
259
714
392
Red
sw
amp
cra
wfi
sh…
44 5
7054
436
76 1
6611
2 62
026
5 47
936
4 61
947
9 37
456
3 28
148
6 31
955
4 82
1
Ori
enta
l riv
er p
raw
n86
496
169
131
183
961
177
312
180
471
192
397
205
010
209
401
225
645
230
248
237
431
Gia
nt
rive
r p
raw
n16
7 46
816
6 67
619
0 78
419
4 95
218
8 20
622
6 14
621
8 57
922
3 47
020
0 96
320
4 27
921
9 57
7
Riv
er p
raw
ns
nei
…...
……
……
……
33 4
1421
833
30 4
26
Fres
hw
ater
pra
wn
s s
hri
mp
s n
ei…
51 2
1224
538
46 3
1620
191
40 8
5913
096
20 8
3921
524
18 3
8925
414
Mo
nso
on
riv
er p
raw
n…
227
245
3 93
84
039
4 10
0…
……
…13
6
Yab
by
cray
fish
172
121
114
120
9111
093
7166
4283
Mar
ron
cra
yfis
h58
6868
7764
8980
7677
8863
Red
cla
w c
rayf
ish
7537
591
9910
510
067
6857
5241
Saw
too
th c
arid
ina
–2
43…
…22
414
212
7
Tota
l5
48
33
07
50
33
78
13
22
18
77
35
69
15
58
91
21
8 7
81
1 3
19
91
51
50
7 5
64
1 6
38
36
61
61
0 5
10
1 7
82
39
0
43
Low
val
ue
mo
llusc
s (2
00
5 t
o 2
01
2)
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
20
10
20
11
20
12
Jap
anes
e ca
rpet
sh
ell
2 02
7 49
42
256
739
2 47
6 78
92
516
963
2 65
4 33
22
976
317
3 07
4 84
63
210
504
3 56
2 48
13
639
188
3 74
8 23
6
Co
nst
rict
ed t
agel
us
556
957
588
652
591
813
624
409
593
771
667
058
742
084
683
806
714
434
744
794
720
466
Blo
od
co
ckle
368
057
419
144
427
718
385
273
392
691
413
173
419
299
427
205
465
871
404
896
391
574
Sea
snai
ls…
136
336
177
137
208
471
218
003
258
688
224
967
203
795
207
838
203
266
214
346
Gre
en m
uss
el30
9 70
428
7 13
828
7 90
530
2 86
626
6 33
526
0 29
325
2 81
324
3 59
021
4 15
016
2 84
014
5 29
8
Ch
ines
e m
yste
ry s
nai
l…
56 4
6756
766
63 6
2177
746
84 1
7693
629
99 0
8011
0 42
210
5 25
411
1 73
6
Swan
mu
ssel
…70
053
73 2
9474
418
79 5
6484
470
89 3
9288
984
95 3
2890
765
92 3
47
Jap
anes
e h
ard
cla
m30
716
31 6
8426
382
23 5
1348
294
35 8
3652
261
51 8
8460
325
59 7
7162
969
Ko
rean
mu
ssel
13 2
0115
785
20 4
0943
953
81 6
1798
121
67 4
4255
035
54 4
4070
416
61 3
10
Pen
sh
ells
nei
…35
178
4 86
78
081
15 6
8012
095
11 1
5515
369
30 9
5530
126
15 0
61
Tota
l3
30
6 1
29
3 8
97
17
64
14
3 0
80
4 2
51
56
84
42
8 0
33
4 8
90
22
75
02
7 8
88
5 0
79
25
25
51
6 2
44
5 5
11
31
65
56
3 3
43
Hig
h v
alu
e m
ollu
scs
(20
02
to
20
12
)
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
20
10
20
11
20
12
Cu
pp
ed o
yste
rs n
ei
3 18
9 04
0
3 23
9 24
9
3 31
2 88
4
3 37
1 09
2
3 42
7 88
5
3 54
0 16
7
3 37
1 33
1
3 53
2 11
4
3 67
1 73
1
3
765
313
3 97
6 02
1
Scal
lop
s n
ei81
9 97
278
6 11
379
6 51
890
6 02
21
004
555
1 16
5 31
11
137
039
1 27
6 77
01
407
467
1 30
6 12
41
419
956
Pac
ific
cu
pp
ed o
yste
r
43
1 09
2
49
4 03
0
50
1 26
5
50
5 34
7
52
6 25
4
56
0 74
7
48
7 38
5
48
5 40
7
50
7 27
5
483
731
474
641
Yess
o s
callo
p
27
1 99
7
25
8 36
2
21
5 37
6
20
3 56
7
21
2 38
6
24
7 80
2
22
6 12
8
25
7 24
3
22
0 10
2
119
028
185
006
New
Zea
lan
d m
uss
el78
000
78 0
0085
000
95 0
0097
000
99 5
0010
0 10
089
850
95 1
6810
1 31
186
447
Ab
alo
nes
nei
2
410
11
960
16
076
18
023
22
645
30
039
38
542
48
816
62
995
8
3 77
197
443
Slip
per
cu
pp
ed o
yste
r12
570
14 5
1015
915
16 4
9516
838
20 5
0820
175
19 9
3122
525
21 4
6220
648
Au
stra
lian
mu
ssel
2 78
92
727
2 62
82
900
3 18
93
208
3 25
93
372
3 46
53
115
3 40
4
44
Aq
uat
ic p
lan
ts b
y co
un
try
(20
02
to
20
12
)
Co
un
try
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
20
10
20
11
20
12
Ch
ina
7 72
0 52
98
580
314
9 37
4 29
79
494
591
9 50
2 40
39
752
745
9 93
3 88
510
495
905
11 0
92 2
7011
549
555
12 8
32 0
60
Ind
on
esia
223
080
231
900
410
570
910
636
1 17
0 00
01
728
475
2 14
5 06
12
963
556
3 91
5 01
75
170
201
6 51
4 85
4
Ph
ilip
pin
es89
4 85
798
8 88
91
204
808
1 33
8 59
71
468
905
1 50
5 07
01
666
556
1 73
9 99
51
801
272
1 84
0 83
31
751
071
Rep
ub
lic o
f K
ore
a49
7 55
745
2 05
454
7 10
862
1 15
476
5 59
579
2 95
392
1 02
485
8 65
990
1 67
299
2 28
31
022
326
Jap
an55
7 95
247
7 70
548
4 38
950
7 74
249
0 06
251
3 96
445
6 33
745
6 42
643
2 79
634
9 73
744
0 75
4
Mal
aysi
a18
871
25 0
0030
948
40 0
0060
000
80 0
0011
1 29
813
8 85
720
7 89
223
9 45
033
1 49
0
Vie
t N
am25
000
30 0
0030
000
30 0
0036
000
38 0
0035
700
33 6
0035
000
206
900
234
600
Ind
ia65
61
176
5 67
65
748
1 95
42
522
4 70
66
922
4 24
24
502
4 50
2
Taiw
an P
rovi
nce
16 7
9912
250
9 16
42
438
5 94
99
390
6 87
94
383
4 88
84
883
3 49
6 o
f C
hin
a
Tim
or-
Lest
e…
.……
……
370
1 00
01
500
1 50
01
500
1 50
0
Mya
nm
ar…
……
……
…36
150
262
292
400
Sri L
anka
……
……
……
……
…1
23
Cam
bo
dia
3 65
07
800
16 8
4018
000
6 81
0…
……
……
…
Tota
ls9
958
951
10 8
07 0
8812
113
800
12 9
68 9
0613
507
678
14 4
23 4
8915
282
482
16 6
99 9
5318
396
811
20 3
60 1
3723
137
076
45
Aq
uat
ic p
lan
ts b
y sp
ecie
s (2
00
2 t
o 2
01
2)
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
20
10
20
11
20
12
Euch
eum
a21
6 73
029
3 71
350
0 39
297
7 57
51
157
435
1 57
2 86
42
005
831
2 85
9 08
83
465
196
4 60
2 71
35
836
068
seaw
eed
s n
ei
Jap
anes
e ke
lp3
763
745
3 66
0 17
63
574
527
3 92
6 44
73
947
549
4 16
8 76
04
320
913
4 48
6 40
54
702
583
4 81
2 90
15
237
778
Aq
uat
ic p
lan
ts3
462
262
2 26
5 73
42
241
695
1 84
6 44
52
077
552
2 29
6 45
42
454
485
2 49
2 25
13
124
076
2 88
6 15
92
812
765
nei
Wak
ame
295
948
1 76
9 17
72
245
276
2 43
9 71
22
115
354
1 76
5 61
61
756
195
1 69
4 54
01
537
339
1 75
4 50
42
139
477
Elk
ho
rn s
ea81
8 02
992
7 55
81
144
821
1 27
2 26
61
444
228
1 47
7 92
51
667
163
1 76
1 65
41
873
749
2 09
8 82
52
129
414
mo
ss
War
ty16
775
454
642
786
880
864
572
930
089
1 00
3 89
21
151
321
1 25
7 90
31
152
108
1 51
8 45
51
971
258
gra
cila
ria
No
ri n
ei58
7 75
063
6 91
470
8 86
370
3 09
380
5 26
190
4 17
081
4 66
01
074
750
1 07
2 35
01
027
450
1 12
3 29
0
Gra
cila
ria
36 6
4341
015
42 9
9575
383
157
423
282
204
245
649
207
776
552
606
682
611
827
305
seaw
eed
s
Lave
r (N
ori
)64
6 05
054
0 93
158
7 49
058
4 19
058
5 24
260
6 74
156
2 78
355
4 06
456
4 23
460
8 79
169
1 42
5
Spin
y83
922
82 3
2987
302
101
972
79 7
6210
3 10
510
8 66
411
8 07
913
3 58
313
6 18
313
7 60
3eu
cheu
ma
Fusi
form
…75
936
115
214
85 5
7311
5 71
813
6 26
087
480
79 4
9078
210
111
310
112
260
sarg
assu
m
Spir
ulin
a n
ei…
16 4
8335
889
48 4
7951
432
66 9
2062
320
70 8
9096
910
72 8
2080
050
Bro
wn
11 0
1633
661
22 8
1430
058
21 1
2520
909
17 7
0119
533
21 1
3325
880
14 3
78se
awee
ds
Bri
gh
t g
reen
…2
434
2 87
05
546
10 4
9410
550
12 5
4010
600
11 1
509
100
8 90
0n
ori
Gre
en la
ver
9 29
11
355
11 5
1481
468
268
48
003
5 90
34
531
6 08
56
002
Jap
anes
e…
867
1 00
687
52
623
1 00
01
200
1 20
01
200
…4
120
isin
gla
ss
Cau
lerp
a10
790
4 16
34
252
4 30
95
444
5 17
74
288
3 88
14
309
5 14
53
928
seaw
eed
s
Frag
ile c
od
ium
……
…1
597
165
158
1 18
61
796
1 39
41
005
855
Hae
mat
oco
ccu
s…
……
…10
010
010
015
015
020
020
0p
luvi
alis
Tota
l9
95
8 9
51
10
80
7 0
88
12
11
3 8
00
12
96
8 9
06
13
50
7 6
78
14
42
3 4
89
15
28
2 4
82
16
69
9 9
53
18
39
6 8
11
20
36
0 1
37
23
13
7 0
76
ASIA-PACIFIC FISHERY COMMISSION
FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific
39 Phra Athit Road, Bangkok, Thailand
www.apfic.org
