REGULATING THE INTERNAL

ENVIRONMENT

HOW THE BODY’S ORGAN SYSTEMS INTERACT

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION AND HOMEOSTASIS- ORGAN SYSTEMS

• Cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems maintain relatively

stable internal environments, even in the face of changing

external environments.

HOMEOSTASIS AND ORGAN SYSTEMS

• Biology functions on many different levels; atoms, cells, organs. Each level, from smallest to largest, depends on one another to constitute this condition we call LIFE.

• You are alive because every level of your organization is working together and operating properly within the boundaries we call…

•HOMEOSTASIS

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

T J

TISSUESTISSUES

HOMEOSTASIS- WHAT DOES YOUR BODY NEED TO KEEP IN BALANCE???

• WHAT SUBSTANCES AND ORGAN SYSTEMS ARE INVOLVED???

SUBSTANCE ENTRANCE INTO BODY

DELIVERY TO CELLS

REMOVAL FROM CELLS

REMOVAL FROM BODY

OXYGEN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

CARBON DIOXIDE

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

WATER DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

URINARY SYSTEM

SALTS DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

URINARY SYSTEM

CELL WASTE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

URINARY SYSTEM

SUGAR, FOOD DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

EXCRETORY SYSTEM

HEAT SKIN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

SKIN

THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

• The circulatory system act as the transport system of the body.

• It makes exchanges with other systems to maintain homeostasis– Urinary System- Liquid waste out, filters blood

• Filters out Na, K, N, Urea & some water

– Respiratory system- O2 in & CO2 out– Digestive System- Solid waste out, sugar in– Integumentary System- Heat

The Circulatory System• Arteries- thick walled tubes carry blood FROM

the heart to the body and the lungs• Veins- Thin walled tubes carry blood TO the

heart from the body and the lungs • Capillaries- small tubes that connect arteries

and veins– Thin walls allow for material exchange between

blood and cells

• Blood- fluid consisting of three types of cells– Red blood cells- carry oxygen– White blood cells- fight infections and kill bacteria– Platelettes- help in forming blood clots

The Circulatory System:Pathway of Blood Through Body and Heart

• FROM BODY• A- vena cava• RIGHT ATRIUM• RIGHT VENTRICLE• B- pulmonary artery• LUNGS- CO2 OUT• LUNGS- O2 IN• C- pulmonary vein• LEFT ATRIUM• LEFT VENTRICLE• D- aorta• E- artery• TO BODY• LIVER- CONTROLS BLOOD SUGAR• F- renal artery• KIDNEY- FILTERS BLOOD• G- renal vein

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I

A

BC

D

E

GF

Circulatory System

The Urinary System• Where blood goes to get

filtered• Kidney- main unit of the

Urinary System• Ureter- where liquid waste

leaves kidney• Bladder- liquid waste stored• Urethra- liquid waste exits

body• Blood enters the kidney

through the renal artery• Nephron- functional unit of

the kidney

The Urinary System- Kidney & Nephron

• Pathway of Waste-– Capsule- Adjacent to

Glomerulus– Proximal Tubule– Distal Tubule– Collecting Duct– Ureter– Bladder– Urethra

• Pathway of blood-– Renal artery– Arteriole– Glomerulus- where

materials are first exchanged

– Ateriole– Capillary network– Veinule– Renal Vein

Urinary System

URINARY SYSTEM

WHERE ARE THE NEPHRONS?

The Digestive System• Liver works with circulatory

and endocrine systems to control the levels of glucose (sugar) in the blood-– Pancreas secretes insulin if

blood glucose gets too high– Adrenal gland secretes

epinephrine if blood glucose gets too low

• Gets rid of solid waste

The Respiratory System• Part of Gas Exchange System with the Circulatory

System• Oxygen inhaled through nasal passage (nose)• Goes through Pharynx->Larynx->Trachea• Enters Lungs through Bronchus & Bronchial Tree• ALVEOLI- Functional Unit of the Lungs

– Sacs- Smallest branches of the Bronchi– Where gas exchange occurs

• Oxygen enters the Alveoli and passes into the capillaries

• Carbon Dioxide leaves the capillaries, goes through the alveoli, and passes out until its exhaled

The Respiratory System

The Integumentary System• The Skin- largest organ• Contains all Four Types of Tissues

– Epithelial– Connective– Muscular– Nervous

• Acts as a barrier• Helps maintain body temperature

– Shivering– Goose bumps– Sweating– Blood vessels constricting & dialating

CHAPTER 5: MAINTAINING BALANCE IN ORGANISMS

• Types of Homeostatic Interactions– Chemical- Like Diffusion or

Osmosis– Behavioral- Feeling Thirsty or

Tired– Physiological- Kidney or Heart

Functions

• The Body Responds to the External Environment by Adjusting Conditions in the Internal Environment

The Nervous System• The nervous system

coordinates involuntary (shivering) and voluntary (running) responses of the body.– Neural and Glial Cells- The two

major cells of the nervous system.• Neurons- Send nerve impulses• Glial Cells- Insulate Neurons

– Hypothalamus- regulates physiological processes including actions of the endocrine system

The Endocrine System• The endocrine system is made up of

glands that produce and send chemical messengers directly into the blood.

• Hormones- Chemical Messengers from the Endocrine System.

• Major Hormones & Glands– Pituitary Gland- Controls other Glands– Adrenal Gland-

• Adrenaline- Flight & Fight • Epinephrine- raises blood sugar

– Thyroid Gland- • Thyroxine- Metabolism and cellular

respiration

– Pancreas- • Insulin- Decreases Blood Sugar

– Testes & Ovaries- Sexual Hormones

Skeletal & Muscular Systems

• Skeletal System-– Provides Structues– Protects Internal Structures– Provides Attachments for Muscles for Body

Movements

• Muscular System-– Provides Movement– Provides Warmth- shivering and contraction– Heart is a Muscle– Internal Organs move with the help of muscles

• Cells are trying to balance the internal environment and the external environment

• Types of Solutions– Hypertonic- more molecules outside– Hypotonic- more molecules inside– Isotonic- same- balanced

•If the molecules are small enough, they can move across the semi-permeable membrane

•Molecules move from greater concentration to a lower concentration through Diffusion

•Osmosis is the diffusion of liquids like water

HOMEOSTASIS- WHAT ARE WE BALANCING?

WHAT IS OUR BODY BALANCING?• Gases (O2 & CO2 & pH)- The Capillaries in the

circulatory system work with the alveoli in the lungs and respiratory system to exchange gasses– CO2 accumulates in the blood when you are active– CO2 LOWERS the pH of your blood– Exhaling CO2 and inhaling O2 RAISES the pH of

your blood

• Water and Solutes (H2O, Na, K, Urea)- The Capillaries work with Nephrons in the Kidneys and the Urinary system to maintain water balance

WHAT IS OUR BODY BALANCING?

• Sugar (Glucose)- The circulatory system works with the liver and pancreas in the digestive system to maintain blood-sugar levels

• Temperature- The integumentary, muscular, and circulatory systems work together to cause – shivering, – goosebumps, – sweating, and – increased bloodflow

WHAT ELSE DO I NEED TO KNOW?

• Your Endocrine system send chemical messages through your blood to regulate the body’s activities.

• The blood has many types of cells in the plasma-– Red blood cells carry oxygen– White blood cells fight infections– Platelettes help form blood clots

• The lymphatic system also helps fight infections• The skeletal system provides support and protection• The reproductive system provides continuity for the

species.• Cells and organelles• Levels of organization

Organ Systems

1-16

• Integration and coordination-

•Nervous system-

• brain, spinal cord, nerves, & sense organs

• operates by nerve impulses

• variety of mechanisms & purposes

• motor & sensory

•Endocrine system- hormones

•Chemical messengers

•Target tissue

Organ Systems

1-15

Body covering-

skin, hair, nails, glands

Protection

Temp regulation

Sensory organs

Support and movement-

Bones, ligaments, cartilage

Skeletal for framework and protection

Muscles for movement and body heat

Organ Systems

Transport-

Cardiovascular- heart, blood, etc.

Lymphatic- vessels & fluid

Fight infection

Reproduction-

Producing offspring

Fertilization and development

Organ Systems• Absorption and

excretion-– Digestive system-

• Absorb food and excrete waste

– Respiratory system-• Absorb oxygen and

excrete carbon dioxide

– Urinary system-• Store and excrete liquid

wastes and keep water balance

ORGAN SYSTEMS