Regulatory Benefits: Examining Agency Justification For New Regulations

7/30/2019 Regulatory Benefits: Examining Agency Justification For New Regulations

1/27

_APIMEO

^D^BP

Ea% 40':?Hbjbg`bp 0>40

PBORKDXAP] @BEBCMXZ6 B\DGMEMEO DOBEJ]

FRZXMCMJDXMAE CAP EB_ PBORKDXMAEZ

`} Zlbpvah D`hridhmpas

Xlb a~memaez b|~pbzzbh me xlmz _apimeo ^d~bp dpb xlb drxlapz deh ha eax pb~pbzbexacjmdk ~azmxmaez a xlb Gbpjdxrz Jbexbp ap Obapob Gdzae Remsbpzmx}%


2/27

4

Jaexdjx

Zlbpvah D`hridhmpasPbzbdpjl CbkkawGbpjdxrz Jbexbp dx Obapob Gdzae Remsbpzmx}

::>4 E% Cdmpcd| Hpmsb+ 8xl CkaapDpkmeoxae+ SD 000>4zd`hridhNogr%bhr?>:'==:'=3?3

D`zxpdjx

Xlmz zxrh} dxxbg~xz xa zlbh zagb kmolx ae wlbxlbp xlb `bebcmxz jkdmgbh `} xlb cbhbpdk dobejmbzdpb kmibk} xa `b djlmbsbh% Me jaexpdzx xa axlbp sdkmhdxmae zxrhmbz+ xlb zxrh} cajrzbz ae xlbdobejmbz `bebcmx jkdmgz pdxlbp xlde xlb djxrdkk} gbdzrpbh `bebcmxz% Zmejb dobejmbz frzxmc} xlbmp

pborkdxap} hbjmzmaez `dzbh ae b|~bjxbh `bebcmxz+ b|dgmemeo xlb trdkmx} ac xlbzb jkdmgz mzmg~apxdex% Xa ha xldx+ xlb zxrh} cajrzbz ae xwa dz~bjxz ac xlb dobejmbz pborkdxap} mg~djxdedk}zmz6 ,4- wlbxlbp xlb dedk}zmz hbgaezxpdxbz xlb b|mzxbejb ac d z}zxbgmj cdmkrpb+ deh ,0-wlbxlbp xlb dedk}zmz ~pasmhbz d ~paopdg xlbap} xldx b|~kdmez law xlb pborkdxmae warkh kbdh xa`bebcmjmdk arxjagbz% Xlb zxrh} rzbz xlb Gbpjdxrz Jbexbpz Pborkdxap} Pb~apx Jdph xa jaezxprjxmxz hdxdzbx%

FBK jahbz

I0:

Ib}waphz

Pborkdxap} `bebcmxz+ jazx `bebcmx dedk}zmz+ pborkdxap} mg~djx dedk}zmz+ ebbh cap pborkdxmae+ z}zxbgmj

cdmkrpb+ ~paopdg xlbap}+ Pborkdxap} Pb~apx Jdph


3/27

0

Pborkdxap} @bebcmxz6

B|dgmemeo Dobej} Frzxmcmjdxmae cap Ebw Pborkdxmaez

Gde} hb`dxbz asbp pborkdxmae cajrz gdmek} ae jazxz% Jpmxmjz dporb xldx+ dgaeo axlbp xlmeoz+ xlb

wbmolx ac pborkdxmaez hb~pbzzbz bjaeagmj djxmsmx}+4

pbhrjbz ~pahrjxmsmx}+0

deh hmzjarpdobz ebw

`rzmebzzbz capgdxmae%: Dhhmxmaedkk}+ pborkdxmaez jaecbp z~bjmdk ~pmsmkbobz ae mejrg`bexz8 deh

hmz~pa~apxmaedxbk} mg~djx zgdkkbp `rzmebzzbz%2 Dkk xlmz pbzrkxz me hmgmemzlbh ~paz~bpmx} deh

capboaeb a~~apxremxmbz cap xlb ~r`kmj% Ergbparz dxxbg~xz xa trdexmc} xlb pborkdxap} `rphbe

pbzrkxbh me bzxmgdxbz pdeomeo cpag lrehpbhz ac `mkkmaez

3

xa wbkk asbp d xpmkkmae hakkdpz%

?

Me jaexpdzx+ pborkdxmae dhsajdxbz jkdmg xldx gde} pborkdxap} `rphbe bzxmgdxbz b|doobpdxb

xlb jazxz%< Gapb mg~apxdexk}+ xlb} ~amex arx xldx pborkdxmae jpmxmjz cajrz b|jkrzmsbk} ae xlb jazxz

4 Eapgde S% Kad}vd+ Ded Gdpmd Asmbha+ deh Krmz Zbpsbe+ Xlb Mg~djx ac Pborkdxmae ae Opawxl deh Mecapgdkmx} 'Jpazz'Jarexp} Bsmhbejb ,_dzlmeoxae+ HJ6 _apkh @dei r`kmjdxmaez+ 0>>2-9 Pmjldph _mkkmdgz+ Xlb Mg~djx ac

Pborkdxmae ae Mesbzxgbex deh xlb R%Z% Bjaeag}+ Pbzbdpjl Zrggdp} ,Gbpjdxrz Jbexbp+ Obapob Gdzae Remsbpzmx}+

Fderdp} 44+ 0>44-%0 Zxbcde Dg`bj+ bx dk%+ Xlb ^apxbp L}~axlbzmz dx 0>6 Jde Besmpaegbexdk Pborkdxmae Beldejb Meeasdxmae deh

Jag~bxmxmsbebzz1+ Hmzjrzzmae ^d~bp ,Pbzarpjbz cap xlb Crxrpb+ Fderdp} 444-+

lxx~6!!www%pcc%apo!pcc!hajrgbexz!pcc'h~'44'>4%~hc%: Xlagdz F% Hbde+ Pa`bpx K% @pawe+ deh Smjxap Zxdeoa+ Besmpaegbexdk Pborkdxmae dz d @dppmbp xa xlb Capgdxmae ac

Zgdkk Gdercdjxrpmeo Bzxd`kmzlgbexz6 D Kaeomxrhmedk B|dgmedxmae+Farpedk ac Besmpaegbexdk Bjaeagmjz dehGdedobgbex8>+ ea% 4 ,Frk} 0>>>-6 23?29 Zmgbae Hfdeias+ bx dk%+ Xlb Pborkdxmae ac Bexp}+ Xlb Trdpxbpk}

Farpedk ac Bjaeagmjz 44?+ ea% 4 ,Cb`prdp} 4+ 0>>0-6 4:?9 Kbapd Ikd~~bp+ Krj Kdbsbe+ deh Pdolrpdg Pdfde+

Bexp} Pborkdxmae dz d @dppmbp xa Bexpb~pbebrpzlm~+Farpedk ac Cmedejmdk Bjaeagmjz >3-6

2=430=%8 @prjb ]dehkb+ @aaxkboobpz deh @d~xmzxz me Pbxpaz~bjx+Pborkdxmae 00+ ea% : ,4===-6 2?9 Bpebzxa Hdk @+

Pborkdxap} Jd~xrpb6 D Pbsmbw+ A|caph Pbsmbw ac Bjaeagmj ^akmj} 00+ ea% 0 ,Freb 0>+ 0>>3-6 0>:002%2 Hbde+ @pawe+ deh Zxdeoa+ Besmpaegbexdk Pborkdxmae dz d @dppmbp xa xlb Capgdxmae ac Zgdkk Gdercdjxrpmeo

Bzxd`kmzlgbexz9 Dexlae} Lb}bz+ Mz Besmpaegbexdk Pborkdxmae @dh cap Jag~bxmxmae1 D Zrpsb}+Farpedk acPborkdxap} Bjaeagmjz :3+ ea% 4 ,0>>=-6 4040 Pb~apx xa Jaeopbzz ae xlb @bebcmxz deh Jazxz ac Cbhbpdk

Pborkdxmaez deh Recrehbh Gdehdxbz ae Zxdxb+ Kajdk+ deh Xpm`dk Bexmxmbz ,_dzlmeoxae+ HJ6 Accmjb ac Gdedobgbex

deh @rhobx+ 0>40-+ lxx~6!!www%wlmxblarzb%oas!zmxbz!hbcdrkx!cmkbz!ag`!ampd!hpdcxQ0>40QjazxQ`bebcmxQpb~apx%~hc%? Emjakb S% Jpdme deh _% Gdpi Jpdme+ Xlb Mg~djx ac Pborkdxap} Jazxz ae Zgdkk Cmpgz ,_dzlmeoxae+ HJ6 Zgdkk

@rzmebzz Dhgmemzxpdxmae+ Zb~xbg`bp 0>4>-+ lxx~6!!dpjlmsb%z`d%oas!dhsa!pbzbdpjl!pz:?4xax%~hc%< Cpdei Djibpgde+ Xlb Re`bdpd`kb Kmolxebzz ac Pborkdxap} Jazxz+Caphldg Rp`de Kdw Farpedk::+ ea% 8

,0>>3-6 4>?44>=39 Kmzd Lbmevbpkmeo+ Pborkdxap} Jazxz ac G}xlmj pa~apxmaez+ Xlb ]dkb Kdw Farpedk4>?+ ea% ?

,4==%


4/27

:

deh asbpkaai xlb `bebcmxz ac pborkdxmae%= Xlbzb `bebcmxz jde `b zr`zxdexmdk% Cap b|dg~kb+ xlb

Besmpaegbexdk ^paxbjxmae Dobej} ,B^D- bzxmgdxbh xldx Jkbde Dmp Djx pborkdxmaez obebpdxbh (00

xpmkkmae me ebx `bebcmxz hrpmeo xlb ~bpmah cpag 4=?> xa 4==>%4> Xlb Accmjb ac Gdedobgbex deh

@rhobx ,AG@- zrggbh r~ dobejmbz `bebcmx bzxmgdxbz deh careh xldx doopbodxb `bebcmxz ac

gdfap pborkdxmaez mzzrbh me 0>>40>44 pdeobh `bxwbbe (484 `mkkmae deh (?>> `mkkmae+44

wlmkb

doopbodxb jazxz wmxlme xlb zdgb ~bpmah pdeobh `bxwbbe (8: `mkkmae deh (3? `mkkmae%40 _lmkb

jaejbhmeo xlb jpmxmjz ~amex xldx pborkdxmaez gd} `b jazxk}+ dhsajdxbz jkdmg xldx pborkdxmaez

`bebcmxz frzxmc} xlbmp jazxz%

Xlb AG@ pb~apx+ lawbsbp+ ldz gdfap zlapxjagmeoz% Mx aek} mejkrhbz pborkdxmaez wmxl

gaebxmvbh jazx deh `bebcmx bzxmgdxbz% Zmejb aek} d cpdjxmae ac pborkdxmaez gaebxmvb `bebcmxz+ xlb

AG@ pb~apx kbdsbz arx xlb gdfapmx} ac zmoemcmjdex pborkdxmaez% Me dhhmxmae+ xlb bzxmgdxbz sdkmhmx}

mz rejbpxdme% Xlb AG@ pb~apx djieawkbhobz xldx mx hb~behz ae xlb cbhbpdk dobejmbz cap mxz asbpdkk

bzxmgdxb+ }bx xlb dedk}zmz trdkmx} sdpmbz wmhbk} `bxwbbe dobejmbz%4: Xlb cbw zxrhmbz xldx ldsb

b|dgmebh xlb djjrpdj} ac dobejmbz jazx deh `bebcmx bzxmgdxbz rzmeo pbxpaz~bjxmsb dedk}zmz

}mbkhbh gm|bh bsmhbejb%48 Xlbzb zxrhmbz zroobzxbh xldx dobejmbz xbehbh xa asbpbzxmgdxb àxl

= Zmheb} Zld~mpa+ Prxl Prxxbe`bpo+ deh Fdgbz Oaahwme+ Zdsmeo Kmsbz+ ^pbzbpsmeo xlb Besmpaegbex+ Opawmeo xlb

Bjaeag}6 Xlb Xprxl Dàrx Pborkdxmae+ _lmxb ^d~bp ,Jbexbp cap ^paopbzzmsb Pbcapg+ Frk} 0>44-+

lxx~6!!www%~paopbzzmsbpbcapg%apo!dpxmjkbz!Pbo@bebcmxzQ44>=%~hc9 Prxl Prxxbe`bpo deh Dzzajmdxbz+ Mej%+Eax Xaa

Jazxk}+ Dcxbp Dkk6 De B|dgmedxmae ac xlb Meckdxbh Jazx Bzxmgdxbz ac Lbdkxl+ Zdcbx} deh Besmpaegbexdk ^paxbjxmaez+

^pb~dpbh cap r`kmj Jmxmvbe Carehdxmae ,_dzlmeoxae+ HJ6 r`kmj Jmxmvbe Carehdxmae+ Cb`prdp} 0>>8-+

lxx~6!!www%jmxmvbe%apo!hajrgbexz!DJC4 xa 4==> ,_dzlmeoxae+ HJ6

Besmpaegbexdk paxbjxmae Dobej}+ Ajxa`bp 4==?-%44 Accmjb ac Gdedobgbex deh @rhobx+Hpdcx 0>40 Pb~apx xa Jaeopbzz%40 M`mh%4: M`mh%+ =4>%48 Accmjb ac Gdedobgbex deh @rhobx+ Sdkmhdxmeo Pborkdxap} Dedk}zmz6 0>>2 Pb~apx xa Jaeopbzz ae xlb Jazxz deh@bebcmxz ac Cbhbpdk Pborkdxmaez deh Recrehbh Gdehdxbz ae Zxdxb+ Kajdk+ deh Xpm`dk Bexmxmbz ,_dzlmeoxae+ HJ6

Accmjb ac Gdedobgbex deh @rhobx+ 0>>2-+

lxx~6!!www%wlmxblarzb%oas!zmxbz!hbcdrkx!cmkbz!ag`!mecapbo!0>>2Qj`!cmedkQ0>>2Qj`Qpb~apx%~hc9 _mezxae Ldppmeoxae+

Pmjldph H% Gapobezxbpe+ deh ^bxbp Ebkzae+ Ae xlb Djjrpdj} ac Pborkdxap} Jazx Bzxmgdxbz+Farpedk ac âkmj}

Dedk}zmz deh Gdedobgbex4=+ ea% 0 ,0>>>-6 0=?:009 _mezxae Ldppmeoxae+ Opdhmeo Bzxmgdxbz ac xlb @bebcmxz deh


5/27

8

`bebcmxz deh jazxz% Lawbsbp+ xlb} hmzdopbbh ae wlbxlbp dobejmbz wbpb gapb kmibk} xa

asbpbzxmgdxb `bebcmxz xlde jazxz%

Me xlmz ~d~bp+ M xdib d hmccbpbex d~~padjl% Rzmeo d hdxdzbx jaezxprjxbh cpag xlb Gbpjdxrz

Jbexbpz Pborkdxap} Pb~apx Jdph+ M b|dgmeb xlb kmibkmlaah xldx dobejmbz pbdkmvb xlb `bebcmxz xlb}

jkdmg cap pborkdxmaez% Xa ha xldx+ M dzi xwa trbzxmaez6

4% Habz d pborkdxmae dhhpbzz d z}zxbgmj ~pa`kbg zrjl dz gdpibx ap oasbpegbex cdmkrpb10% Habz d pborkdxmae b|~kdme law mx warkh zaksb xlb ~pa`kbg1

Xlb kaomj `blmeh xlmz b|bpjmzb mz zxpdmolxcapwdph% Me xlbmp dedk}zmz+ cbhbpdk dobejmbz ldsb xa

jkbdpk} mhbexmc} deh hbgaezxpdxb xlb b|mzxbejb ac xlb ~pa`kbg xlb} dpb xp}meo xa zaksb xlparol

pborkdxmae% Aek} zmoemcmjdex ~pa`kbgz xldx dpb rekmibk} xa `b zaksbh wmxlarx d oasbpegbex djxmae

wdppdex cbhbpdk pborkdxmae% _lbe dobejmbz cdmk xa hbgaezxpdxb xldx xlb ~pa`kbg b|mzxz deh mz

z}zxbgmj+ xlb} dpb kbzz kmibk} xa djlmbsb xlb `bebcmjmdk arxjagbz xldx xlb} zbbi xlparol

pborkdxmae% Zmgmkdpk}+ mc dobejmbz cdmk xa b|~kdme law xlbmp pborkdxmae wmkk cm| xlb ~pa`kbg+ xlb

pborkdxmae gd} eax hbkmsbp xlb mexbehbh pbzrkxz%

Xlb oadk ac xlb ~d~bp mz xwacakh% Cmpzx+ M dxxbg~x xa zlbh zagb kmolx ae xlb sdkmhmx} ac

pborkdxap} `bebcmxz jkdmgbh `} xlb cbhbpdk dobejmbz% Zbjaeh+ rzmeo jdzb zxrhmbz+ M ~amex arx xlb

zlapxjagmeoz me dobejmbz pborkdxap} dedk}zmz ~pdjxmjbz wlbe mx jagbz xa bzxmgdxmeo `bebcmxz% Me

jaexpdzx xa xpdhmxmaedk sdkmhdxmae zxrhmbz+ M ha eax jlbji xlb djjrpdj} ac xlb dobejmbz bzxmgdxbz%

Mezxbdh+ M b|dgmeb xlb kaomj ac xlb pborkdxap} dedk}zmz xa hbxbpgmeb wlbxlbp xlb pborkdxmae wmkk

kmibk} hbkmsbp xlb ~pagmzbh `bebcmxz% Xlb dhsdexdob ac xlmz d~~padjl mz xldx mx mz eax kmgmxbh xa

pborkdxmaez wmxl gaebxmvbh `bebcmxz% Pdxlbp+ mx b|~azbz xlb asbpdkk xpbehz me xlb cbhbpdk dobejmbz

pborkdxap} dedk}zmz ~pdjxmjbz%

Jazxz ac Cbhbpdk Pborkdxmae+ Hmzjrzzmae ^d~bp ,Pbzarpjbz cap xlb Crxrpb+ Zb~xbg`bp 4+ 0>>3-+

lxx~6!!www%pcc%apo!pcc!Hajrgbexz!PCC'H^'>3':=%~hc%


6/27

2

Pborkdxap} Pb~apx Jdph

Gbpjdxrz Jbexbp zjlakdpz Fbpp} Bkkmo deh ^dxpmji GjKdrolkme hbsbka~bh xlb Pborkdxap} Pb~apx

Jdph dz d xaak xa gbdzrpb `axl xlb trdkmx} deh rzb ac pborkdxap} dedk}zmz me cbhbpdk dobejmbz% 42

Xlb drxlapz hbsbka~bh xlbmp trdkmxdxmsb cpdgbwapi ormhbh `} xlb pbtrmpbgbexz deh pborkdxap}

~lmkaza~l} arxkmebh me ^pbzmhbex Jkmexaez B|bjrxmsb Aphbp 40>:-+

lxx~6!!www%wlmxblarzb%oas!zmxbz!hbcdrkx!cmkbz!ag`!dzzbxz!pborkdxap}QgdxxbpzQ~hc!d'8%~hc%4? B|bjrxmsb Aphbp 40


7/27

3

Xlb Pb~apx Jdph zjapbz xlb trdkmx} ac pborkdxap} dedk}zmz `dzbh ae 40 jpmxbpmd opar~bh mexa xlpbb

jdxboapmbz ,zbb D~~behm| D cap hbxdmkz-6

4% A~beebzz law bdzmk} jde d pbdzaed`k} mexbkkmobex+ mexbpbzxbh jmxmvbe cmeh xlb dedk}zmz+rehbpzxdeh mx+ deh sbpmc} xlb rehbpk}meo dzzrg~xmaez deh hdxd1

0% Dedk}zmz law wbkk habz xlb dedk}zmz hbcmeb deh gbdzrpb xlb arxjagbz ap `bebcmxz xlbpborkdxmae zbbiz xa djjag~kmzl+ hbcmeb xlb z}zxbgmj ~pa`kbg xlb pborkdxmae zbbiz xa zaksb+

mhbexmc} deh dzzbzz dkxbpedxmsbz+ deh bsdkrdxb jazxz deh `bebcmxz1

:% Rzb law grjl hmh xlb dedk}zmz dccbjx hbjmzmaez me xlb ~pa~azbh prkb+ deh wldx~pasmzmaez hmh xlb dobej} gdib cap xpdjimeo xlb prkbz bccbjxmsbebzz me xlb crxrpb1

Xa bezrpb jaezmzxbej}+ bdjl pborkdxmae mz zjapbh `} dx kbdzx xwa xpdmebh b|~bpxz% Mehmsmhrdk zjapbz

dpb xlbe jag`mebh xlparol hbkm`bpdxmae% _lmkb trdkmxdxmsb bsdkrdxmae jde `b zr`fbjxmsb deh sdp}

cpag aeb pdxbp xa xlb eb|x+ xlb Pb~apx Jdph drxlapz hbzmoebh xlb ~pajbzz xa bezrpb lmol mexbp'pdxbp

pbkmd`mkmx}% Mexbp'pdxbp pbkmd`mkmx} pbcbpz xa xlb hbopbb xa wlmjl pdxbpz dopbb wmxl bdjl axlbpz

zr`fbjxmsb bsdkrdxmaez ae d omsbe zr`fbjx% Me xlb b| ~azx xbzx ac mexbp'pdxbp pbkmd`mkmx}+ Bkkmo deh

GjKdrolkme careh lmol kbsbk ac jaezmzxbej} deh dopbbgbex dgaeo xlb pdxbpz zjapbz%4 ~amexz% Xlb carp trbzxmaez wmxlme xlb Dedk}zmz jdxboap} mejkrhb

zbsbpdk zr`'trbzxmaez xa pbckbjx xlb hmccbpbex dz~bjxz ac pborkdxap} dedk}zmz% Zmgmkdp xa xlb gdme

jpmxbpmd+ xlb zr`'trbzxmaez dpb zjapbh ae d vbpa xa cmsb zjdkb% Xlb zr`'trbzxmae zjapbz dpb

dsbpdobh xa ~pahrjb xlb cmedk zjapb cap xlb trbzxmae%

4< Cap d hbxdmkbh hmzjrzzmae ac xlb zjapmeo ~pajbzz deh mexbp'pdxbp pbkmd`mkmx}+ zbb Bkkmo deh GjKdrolkme+ Xlb Trdkmx}

deh Rzb ac Pborkdxap} Dedk}zmz me 0>>


8/27

?

Jaezxprjxmeo xlb Mehmjbz

Xlb zxrh} cajrzbz ae xwa dz~bjxz ac xlb pborkdxap} dedk}zmz6 ,4- wlbxlbp xlb dedk}zmz

hbgaezxpdxbz xlb ebbh cap pborkdxmae+ deh ,0- wlbxlbp xlb dedk}zmz hbgaezxpdxbz xldx xlb

pborkdxap} djxmae wmkk dhhpbzz xlb ~pa`kbg% Cdmkrpb xa ~pahrjb d jkbdp+ bg~mpmjdkk} zr~~apxbh

dedk}zmz ae xlbzb trbzxmaez mejpbdzbz xlb kmibkmlaah xldx dobejmbz wmkk cdmk xa pbdkmvb xlb `bebcmjmdk

arxjagbz xlb} zbbi xlparol pborkdxmae%

Xa `b bccbjxmsb+ d pborkdxmae grzx dhhpbzz d pbdk z}zxbgmj ~pa`kbg% B|bjrxmsb Aphbp

40


9/27

Accmjb ac Gdedobgbex deh @rhobx+ Jmpjrkdp D'8+ 0%


10/27

=

Xd`kb 4% @bebcmx Mehmjbz

@bebcmxz Mehb| Pb~apx Jdph Zr`'Trbzxmaez

Z}zxbgmj ^pa`kbg 3D- Habz xlb dedk}zmz mhbexmc} d gdpibx cdmkrpb ap axlbp z}zxbgmj ~pa`kbg13@- Habz xlb dedk}zmz arxkmeb d jalbpbex deh xbzxd`kb xlbap} xldx b|~kdmez

wl} xlb ~pa`kbg ,dzzajmdxbh wmxl xlb arxjagb d`asb- mz z}zxbgmjpdxlbp xlde debjhaxdk13J- Habz xlb dedk}zmz ~pbzbex jpbhm`kb bg~mpmjdk zr~~apx cap xlb xlbap}1

^paopdg Xlbap} 2J- Habz xlb dedk}zmz ~pasmhb d jalbpbex deh xbzxd`kb xlbap} zlawmeo lawxlb pborkdxmae wmkk ~pahrjb xlb hbzmpbh arxjagbz1

2H- Habz xlb dedk}zmz ~pbzbex jpbhm`kb bg~mpmjdk zr~~apx cap xlb xlbap}1

Xlb xlpbzlakh xldx xlb zxrh} bzxd`kmzlbz cap dobej} dedk}zmz mz zbx hbkm`bpdxbk} kaw% Xlb

jaezxprjxbh mehmjbz dpb `medp}9 xlb} zjapb xlb PMDz rzmeo d ^dzz!Cdmk opdhmeo zjlbgb% De PMD

cdmkz ae bmxlbp mehb| mc mx zjapbz ea gapb xlde aeb ae bdjl ac xlb mehb|z zr`'trbzxmaez% Me xlb

Pb~apx Jdphz opdhmeo z}zxbg+ de PMD zjapbz vbpa mc mx ~pasmhbz ea rzbcrk jaexbex ae xlb mzzrb9 mx

zjapbz aeb mc mx ~pasmhbz aek} d ~bpcrejxap} zxdxbgbex wmxl kmxxkb b|~kdedxmae ap hajrgbexdxmae

,zbb D~~behm| @-% Xlrz+ me aphbp xa cdmk rehbp xlb jaezxprjxbh mehmjbz+ de PMD ldz xa jaexdme

smpxrdkk} ea dedk}zmz ae xlb mehb|z hmgbezmae% De PMD xldx ~pasmhbz bsbe gmemgdk mecapgdxmae

warkh pbjbmsb d ~dzzmeo opdhb%

Xlb zxrh} zbxz xlb kaw xlpbzlakh me aphbp xa djjarex cap xlb cdjx xldx zagbxmgbz dobejmbz

ldsb xa pborkdxb bsbe mc zakmh bsmhbejb'`dzbh pbzbdpjl ae xlb zr`fbjx mz redsdmkd`kb% Xlb zxrh}z

oadk mz xa lmolkmolx jdzbz wlbpb dobejmbz cdmkbh xa ~pasmhb de} frzxmcmjdxmae cap xlbmp djxmaez deh

eax xa ~bedkmvb xlbg cap pborkdxmeo me dpbdz xldx dpb b|jbbhmeok} jag~kb|% Cap xldx pbdzae+ de

PMD cdmkz xlb mehb| aek} mc mx cdmkz ae bdjl zr`'trbzxmae% De PMD xldx zmg~k} zxdxbz wldx gdpibx

ap oasbpegbex cdmkrpb mx zbbiz xa zaksb warkh ~dzz xlb Z}zxbgmj ^pa`kbg mehb|+ bsbe mc mx

~pasmhbz ea xlbap} ap bg~mpmjdk bsmhbejb xa zr~~apx mxz jkdmg% Zmgmkdpk}+ de PMD xldx hbzjpm`bz

wl} xlb dobej} xlmeiz mxz djxmaez wmkk zaksb xlb ~pa`kbg warkh ~dzz xlb^paopdg Xlbap} mehb|%


11/27

4>

Pbzrkxz

@bxwbbe 0>>< deh 0>44+ xlb Pb~apx Jdph ldz zjapbh 4:8 bjaeagmjdkk} zmoemcmjdex pborkdxmaez+

wlmjl dpb mejkrhbh me xlb hdxdzbx% 04 Xlb kmzx mejkrhbz =8 ~pbzjpm~xmsb deh 8> `rhobx pborkdxmaez%00

Xlb Gbpjdxrz Jbexbp zxa~~bh zjapmeo `rhobx pborkdxmaez me 0>4>%0: Xlrz+ xlb hdxdzbx mejkrhbz

`rhobx pborkdxmaez cap 0>>< deh 0>>= aek}% @rhobx pborkdxmaez xbehbh xa ldsb kawbp trdkmx}

pborkdxap} dedk}zmz% Xlb} zjapbh de dsbpdob ac 0> ~amexz me 0>>>= jag~dpbh xa de dsbpdob

zjapb ac :0 ~amexz cap ~pbzjpm~xmsb pborkdxmaez%08 Me dhhmxmae+ xlbpb mz zagb bsmhbejb xldx AMPD

xbehz xa xpbdx `rhobx pborkdxmaez hmccbpbexk}%02 Zmgmkdpk}+ dobejmbz ~pa~azmeo `rhobx pborkdxmaez

cajrz gdmek} ae xlbmp mg~djx ae xlb cbhbpdk `rhobx deh eax ae xlbmp bjaeagmj dedk}zmz%

03

Xlmz kbh

xlb Gbpjdxrz Jbexbp xa cajrz b|jkrzmsbk} ae ~pbzjpm~xmsb pborkdxmaez%

Xlb hdxd me Xd`kb 0 zlaw xlb erg`bp ac pborkdxmaez xldx cdmk ae bmxlbp xlb Z}zxbgmj

^pa`kbg ap xlb^paopdg Xlbap} mehmjbz% Xlb Xaxdkjakrge zlawz xlb erg`bp ac pborkdxmaez xldx

cdmkbh ae bmxlbp mehb|% Mx mz zgdkkbp xlde xlb zrg ac xlb xwa mehmjbz zmejb zagb pborkdxmaez cdmkbh

ae `axl% Dz xlb hdxd zlaw+ 40-%08 M`mh%02 ^dxpmji D% GjKdrolkme deh Fbpp} Bkkmo+ Habz AMPD Pbsmbw Mg~pasb xlb Trdkmx} ac Pborkdxap} Mg~djx Dedk}zmz1

Bsmhbejb cpag xlb Cmedk ]bdp ac xlb @rzl MM Dhgmemzxpdxmae+Dhgmemzxpdxmsb Kdw Pbsmbw 3:+ ea% Z~bjmdk Bhmxmae

,0>44-6 4?=0>0%03 Bpmj D azebp+ Xpdezcbp Pborkdxmaez deh Jazx'Bccbjxmsbebzz Dedk}zmz+Hrib Kdw Farpedk2:+ ea% : ,0>>:-6

4>3?4444%


12/27

44

Xd`kb 0% Pborkdxmaez Cdmkmeo @bebcmxz Mehmjbz

Z}zxbgmj

^pa`kbg

^paopdg Xlbap} Xaxdk

^pbzjpm~xmsb 0: ! =8 ,08"- ? ! =8 ,?"- 0< ! =8 ,:>"-

@rhobx :: ! 8> , ,


13/27

40

Xd`kb :% ^pbzjpm~xmsb Pborkdxmaez Cdmkmeo ae @bebcmx Mehmjbz

^pa~azbh Prkb PME Dobej} Zjapb Z}zxbgmj

^pa`kbg

^paopdg

Xlbap}

@bebcmxz

( gke

Jazxz

( gke

Gahmcmjdxmaez xa xlb

LM^DD ^pmsdj}+ Zbjrpmx}+deh Becapjbgbex Prkbz

>==4'

D@2?

LLZ 48 Cdmk Cdmk E!D 433

Zxdxb'Z~bjmcmj MesbexapmbhPadhkbzz DpbdGdedobgbex6 Jakapdha

>2=3'DJ?8

RZHD 4= Cdmk E!D E!D

Pbebwd`kb Crbkz ^paopdg 0>3>'D>2

HAK 08 Cdmk E!D 83

Bg~ka}gbex Bkmom`mkmx}Sbpmcmjdxmae

=>>>'DI=4

CDP 08 Cdmk E!D 33=

Ldvdph JaggremjdxmaezZxdehdph

404

LLZ 02 Cdmk :424 =80

Gdehdxap} Mez~bjxmae acJdxcmzl deh Jdxcmzl^pahrjxz

>2:

HAX 03 Cdmk =:4 4:+8'DD=0

HAB 0? Cdmk E!D ?? 4:=

@dzbk MM6 ZxdehdphmvbhA~xmae

422?'DH>?

XPBDZ 0? Cdmk E!D ?4

Pbcrob Dkxbpedxmsbz cap

Rehbpopareh Jadk Gmebz

404='

D@23>'D^=>

B^D :4 Cdmk 4:> :0>

=0

Pbsmzmeo RehbpoparehZxapdob Xdei Pborkdxmaez

0>2>'DO83

B^D :0 Cdmk ::> ??>&

04>&

Jpmxbpmd deh Zxdehdphz capJaakmeo _dxbp MexdibZxprjxrpbz

0>8>'DB=2

B^D :: Cdmk 82: =+


15/27

48

Pborkdxmaez cdmkmeo ae xlb@bebcmxz mehmjbz apmomedxb cpag sdpmarz hb~dpxgbexz% _lmkb xlb

Besmpaegbexdk ^paxbjxmae Dobej} deh xlb Hb~dpxgbex ac Xpdez~apxdxmae djjarex cap d kdpobp

zldpb ac cdmkmeo pborkdxmaez+ xlmz gd} zmg~k} pbckbjx xlb cdjx xldx xlb} mzzrbh gapb ~pbzjpm~xmsb

pborkdxmaez me 0>>44 xlde axlbp dobejmbz% Me aphbp xa rehbpzxdeh wldx xlb cdmkmeo zjapbz ae

bmxlbp mehb| zmoemc}+ kbxz b|dgmeb d cbw PMDz me gapb hbxdmk%

Z}zxbgmj ^pa`kbg Mehb|

_lbe de PMD cdmkz ae xlb Z}zxbgmj ^pa`kbg mehb|+ mx jde `b hrb xa aeb ac xlpbb pbdzaez6

4%

Xlb ~pa`kbg xlb PMD dhhpbzzbz mz eax z}zxbgmj

0% Xlb ~pa`kbg habz eax pbtrmpb oasbpegbex djxmae:% Xlb PMD dhhpbzzbz d z}zxbgmj cdmkrpb `rx cdmkz xa jaggremjdxb xlmz me xlb dedk}zmz

Zjbedpma 46 Ea Bsmhbejb ac d ^pa`kbg

Me xlb cmpzx zjbedpma+ de PMD cdmkz wlbe mx ~amexz xa d ~pa`kbg `rx ~pasmhbz kmxxkb bsmhbejb xldx xlb

~pa`kbg b|mzxz% Aeb b|dg~kb mz LM^DD gahmcmjdxmae prkb ,PME6 >==4'D@2?-% Mzzrbh `} xlb

Hb~dpxgbex ac Lbdkxl deh Lrgde Zbpsmjbz ,LLZ- me Frk} 0>4>+0? xlb LM^DD Gahmcmjdxmae prkb

wdz aeb ac aek} xwa prkbz me Xd`kb : xldx cdmkbh ae `axl mehmjbz% Me dhhmxmae+ mx ldh xlb ~aapbzx

trdkmx} dedk}zmz+ zjapmeo aek} 48 ~amexz% Xlb prkb gahmcmbh LM^DD pbtrmpbgbexz cap ~pmsdj}+

zbjrpmx}+ deh becapjbgbex rehbp xlb Lbdkxl Mecapgdxmae Xbjleakao} cap Bjaeagmj deh Jkmemjdk

Lbdkxl ,LMXBJL- Djx ac 0>>=%

0? Hb~dpxgbex ac Lbdkxl deh Lrgde Zbpsmjbz+ Gahmcmjdxmaez xa xlb LM^DD pmsdj}+ Zbjrpmx}+ deh Becapjbgbex

Prkbz rehbp xlb Lbdkxl Mecapgdxmae Xbjleakao} cap Bjaeagmj deh Jkmemjdk Lbdkxl Djx+Cbhbpdk Pbomzxbp?2+ ea%

4:8 ,Frk} 48+ 0>4>-6 8>


16/27

42

Xlb prkbz pbtrmpbgbexz obebpdkk} cbkk mexa xlpbb jdxboapmbz% Me xlb cmpzx jdxboap}+ xlb prkb

mg~azbh gapb zxpmeobex ~pmsdj} deh hmzjkazrpb prkbz% Cap b|dg~kb+ aeb ~pasmzmae pbtrmpbh

lbdkxljdpb ~pasmhbpz xa ~pajrpb de mehmsmhrdkz drxlapmvdxmae `bcapb zbkkmeo ~bpzaedk lbdkxl

mecapgdxmae xa xlmph ~dpxmbz ap zbehmeo gdpibxmeo jaggremjdxmaez% Deaxlbp ~pasmzmae pbtrmpbh

lbdkxljdpb ~pasmhbpz xa dkkaw mehmsmhrdkz xa a~x arx ac gdpibxmeo deh crehpdmzmeo

jaggremjdxmaez% Xlb prkb dkza pbtrmpbh lbdkxljdpb ~pasmhbpz xa mecapg mehmsmhrdkz ac xlbmp ebw

~pmsdj} pmolxz%

Xlb zbjaeh jdxboap} mejkrhbh ~pasmzmaez xldx bdzbh mehmsmhrdkz djjbzz xa xlbmp lbdkxl

mecapgdxmae% Cap b|dg~kb+ lbdkxljdpb ~pasmhbpz warkh `b pbtrmpbh xa gdib ~bpzaedk lbdkxl

mecapgdxmae dsdmkd`kb xa mehmsmhrdkz me de bkbjxpaemj capgdx% Xlb} warkh dkza `b d`kb xa pbkbdzb

~paac ac d jlmkhz mggremvdxmae wmxlarx ~dpbexz wpmxxbe drxlapmvdxmae+ dkxlarol dx kbdzx de apdk

drxlapmvdxmae warkh zxmkk `b pbtrmpbh% Me xlb xlmph jdxboap}+ xlb ~pasmzmaez wbpb gazxk}

hbpborkdxap}+ gdimeo mx bdzmbp cap zjmbexmzxz xa pbjbmsb hmzjkazrpbz cpag mehmsmhrdkz ap ~bpgmxxmeo

djjbzz xa ~bpzaedk lbdkxl mecapgdxmae 2> }bdpz dcxbp de mehmsmhrdkz hbdxl%

Hbz~mxb mxz oaah mexbexmaez+ xlb prkb ~pbzbexbh ea bsmhbejb xldx xlb pborkdxap} djxmae wdz

ebjbzzdp}% Xlb dobej} zmg~k} jkdmgbh xa mg~kbgbex xlb zxdxrxap} pbtrmpbgbexz jaexdmebh me xlb

LMXBJL Djx% Xlrz+ xlb PMD ~pbzbexbh ea bsmhbejb xldx rehbp xlb jrppbex LM^DD pborkdxmaez

lbdkxljdpb ~pasmhbpz z}zxbgdxmjdkk} d`rzbh xlbmp jkmbexz ~pmsdj} `} zbkkmeo ~bpzaedk mecapgdxmae

xa xlmph ~dpxmbz ap `} z~dggmeo xlbmp jkmbexz wmxl gdpibxmeo deh crehpdmzmeo jaggremjdxmaez% Me

dhhmxmae+ xlb PMD dhgmxxbh xldx xlb ~pasmzmaez mejpbdzmeo mehmsmhrdkz djjbzz xa lbdkxl

mecapgdxmae warkh kmibk} pbzrkx me ea hmccbpbejbz xa xlb ~pajbhrpbz jrppbexk} me ~kdjb% Bsbe cap

xlb hbpborkdxap} ~pasmzmaez+ xlb PMD ~pbzbexbh ea bsmhbejb xldx xlb jrppbex pborkdxmaez lmehbp

gbhmjdk pbzbdpjl `} pbhrjmeo djjbzz xa ~bpzaedk lbdkxl mecapgdxmae% Me cdjx+ cap bdjl ~pasmzmae+


17/27

43

xlb PMD dzibh xlb ~r`kmj xa jaggbex ae xlb b|xbex ac xlb ~pa`kbg+ ~axbexmdk `bebcmxz+ deh

pborkdxap} `rphbez%

Me xlbap}+ xlb ~pmsdj} deh zbjrpmx} ~pa`kbgz arxkmebh `} xlb prkb jarkh dpmzb% Me ~pdjxmjb+

LLZ careh ea bsmhbejb xldx xlb mzzrbz xlb prkb dhhpbzzbh djxrdkk} b|mzxbh% Xlb dobej} dhgmxxbh

xldx prkbz deh ~pajbhrpbz jrppbexk} me ~kdjb wbpb d~~dpbexk} zrccmjmbex xa bezrpb mehmsmhrdkz

~pmsdj} deh djjbzz xa lbdkxl mecapgdxmae% Xlb kdji ac bsmhbejb xldx xlb ~pa`kbg mz z}zxbgmj ~rxz

xlb prkbz `bebcmxz me har`x% _lmkb LLZ hmh eax gaebxmvb xlb prkbz `bebcmxz+ mx bzxmgdxbh xlb

prkbz jazx dx (433 gmkkmae% Zmejb xlb prkbz jazxz grzx frzxmc} xlb `bebcmxz+ mx mz kmibk} xldx LLZ

b|~bjxbh xlb prkbz `bebcmxz xa `b ac zmgmkdp ap opbdxbp gdoemxrhb% Mxz dedk}zmz+ lawbsbp+ ~pasmhbz

ea `dzmz cap b|~bjxmeo xlb dobej} xa djlmbsb xlb b|~bjxbh `bebcmxz%

Zjbedpma 06 Ea Ebbh cap Pborkdxmae

Me xlb zbjaeh zjbedpma+ de PMD mhbexmcmbz d pbdk ~pa`kbg `rx cdmkz xa hbgaezxpdxb xlb ebbh cap

pborkdxmae% X}~mjdkk} xlmz gbdez xldx xlb PMD cdmkz xa zlaw xldx xlbpb mz d gdpibx ap oasbpegbex

cdmkrpb xldx pbtrmpbz d oasbpegbex pbz~aezb% Acxbe+ ~pmsdxb djxapz ldsb dkpbdh} pbz~aehbh xa xlb

~pa`kbg+ gdimeo pborkdxmae pbhrehdex% Cap b|dg~kb+ Bg~ka}gbex Bkmom`mkmx} Sbpmcmjdxmae prkb

,PME6 =>>>'DI=4- zarolx xa pbhrjb xlb erg`bp ac redrxlapmvbh wapibpz lmpbh `} cbhbpdk

jaexpdjxapz `} bzxd`kmzlmeo gdehdxap} sbpmcmjdxmae ~pajbhrpbz9 }bx xlb prkb cdmkbh xa djjarex cap

xlb sakrexdp} jag~kmdejb `} xlb cbhbpdk jaexpdjxapz%

Dha~xbh dx xlb beh ac xlb @rzl dhgmemzxpdxmaez xbpg+ xlb prkb dgbehbh xlb Cbhbpdk

Djtrmzmxmae Pborkdxmaez lmpmeo ~pajbzz% Xlb prkb pbtrmpbh cbhbpdk jaexpdjxapz deh zr`jaexpdjxapz


18/27

4?

xa sbpmc} xlb bg~ka}gbex bkmom`mkmx} ac xlb ebw lmpbz deh jrppbex bg~ka}bbz rzmeo B'Sbpmc}+ de

Mexbpebx'`dzbh z}zxbg dhgmemzxbpbh `} xlb R%Z% Jmxmvbezlm~ deh Mggmopdxmae Zbpsmjbz%0>?>4:+ Bg~ka}gbex Bkmom`mkmx}

Sbpmcmjdxmae ' pa~azbh Prkb+Cbhbpdk Pbomzxbp?:+ ea% 448 ,Freb 40+ 0>>


19/27

4> bg~ka}bpz pb~pbzbexmeo 0:+>>> lmpmeo zmxbz xa 4>:+>>> bg~ka}bpz

pb~pbzbexmeo 848+>>> lmpmeo zmxbz%0= Xlrz+ sakrexdp} bepakkgbex b|~bpmbejbh de dkgazx xwbex}'

cakh mejpbdzb me aek} xlpbb }bdpz% D jaexmermeo xpbeh ac mejpbdzbh bepakkgbex warkh zmoemcmjdexk}

pbhrjb xlb prkbz `bebcmxz+ wlmjl jarkh gdib xlb prkb pbhrehdex%

Zjbedpma :6 Kdji ac Xpdez~dpbej}

Me xlb xlmph zjbedpma+ de PMD dhhpbzzbz d z}zxbgmj cdmkrpb `rx cdmkz xa jaggremjdxb xlmz me mxz

dedk}zmz% Aeb b|dg~kb mz xlb jag`mebh PMD cap xlb xwa Eaehmzjpmgmedxmae ae xlb @dzmz ac

Hmzd`mkmx} prkbz ,PME6 44=>'DD88 deh 44=>'DD83- ~pa~azbh `} xlb Hb~dpxgbex ac Frzxmjb

,HAF- me 0>> Xlb prkbz mg~kbgbexbh xlb mg~pasbh djjbzzm`mkmx} zxdehdphz cap ~ba~kb wmxl

hmzd`mkmxmbz rehbp xlb Dgbpmjdez wmxl Hmzd`mkmxmbz Djx ac 4==> ,DHD-% Xlb cmpzx prkb d~~kmbh xlb

zxdehdphz xa jaggbpjmdk cdjmkmxmbz wlmkb xlb zbjaeh prkb d~~kmbh xa zxdxb deh kajdk oasbpegbex

zbpsmjbz%

Xlb prkbz ~rpzrbh de mg~apxdex zajmdk oadk `} ~pasmhmeo ~ba~kb wmxl hmzd`mkmxmbz wmxl

btrdk djjbzz xa jaggbpjmdk deh oasbpegbex cdjmkmxmbz% Xlb PMD bzxmgdxbh xlb jrppbex `dzbkmeb,

m%b%+ djjbzzm`mkmx} kbsbk rehbp xlb jrppbex zxdehdphz- deh xlb `bebcmxz xldx warkh pbzrkx cpag

dha~xmeo xlb ebw zxdehdphz% Xlb PMD hbgaezxpdxbh xldx xlb ~pa`kbg mx dhhpbzzbh wdz pbdk deh

0= Dehappd @prea+ Redrxlapmvbh Bg~ka}gbex me xlb Remxbh Zxdxbz6 Mzzrbz+ A~xmaez+ deh Kbomzkdxmae+ JPZ Pb~apxz,_dzlmeoxae+ HJ6 Jaeopbzzmaedk Pbzbdpjl Zbpsmjb+ Gdpjl 0+ 0>>=-+ 8%:> Hb~dpxgbex ac Frzxmjb+ Eaehmzjpmgmedxmae ae xlb @dzmz ac Hmzd`mkmx} `} ^r`kmj Djjaggahdxmaez deh me

Jaggbpjmdk Cdjmkmxmbz+Cbhbpdk Pbomzxbp?:+ ea% 44? ,Freb 4?+ 0>>>


20/27

4=

wmhbz~pbdh% ]bx HAF cdmkbh xa b|~kdme me mxz PMD wl} mx xlarolx xlb prkbz wbpb ebjbzzdp}% Xlb

PMD zmg~k} zxdxbh xldx mx wdz mg~kbgbexmeo xlb DHD%

Xbjlemjdkk}+ xlb mzzrb xlb prkbz dhhpbzz jaezxmxrxbz ebmxlbp gdpibx eap oasbpegbex cdmkrpb%

Mx mz eax d oasbpegbex cdmkrpb zmejb xlb jrppbex kawbp djjbzzm`mkmx} ac jaggbpjmdk deh

oasbpegbexdk cdjmkmxmbz habz eax zxbg cpag d ~pbsmarz oasbpegbex djxmae% Mx mz eax d gdpibx

cdmkrpb zmejb jaggbpjmdk `rzmebzzbz jarkh ~axbexmdkk} ~pasmhb ~ba~kb wmxl hmzd`mkmxmbz wmxl

mg~pasbh djjbzz cdjmkmxmbz mc xlb} jarkh jldpob d ~pbgmrg cap djjbzz% Xlb gdpibx zakrxmae+ m%b%+

jldpomeo ~ba~kb wmxl hmzd`mkmxmbz cap `bxxbp djjbzzm`mkmx}+ pdmzbz kbomxmgdxb btrmx} deh jmsmk pmolxz

jaejbpez% Mx mz+ xlbpbcapb+ hbbgbh redjjb~xd`kb% Me xlb d`zbejb ac de djjb~xd`kb gdpibx zakrxmae+

HAF wdz ~pa`d`k} pbtrmpbh rehbp b|mzxmeo zxdxrxbz xa pborkdxb%

Dz me ~pbsmarz zjbedpmaz+ xlb PMD cdmkbh xa b|~kdme xlb ebbh cap pborkdxmae% Me xlmz jdzb+

lawbsbp+ xlb ebbh cap pborkdxmae jde `b pbdzaed`k} mecbppbh cpag jaexb|x% Xlb agmzzmae pbzrkxz

cpag HAFz cdmkrpb xa jaggremjdxb mxz pbdzaemeo% Mx habz eax ebjbzzdpmk} ~rx xlb dobej}z d`mkmx}

xa djlmbsb mxz jkdmgbh `bebcmxz me har`x%

Me xlb d`asb zjbedpmaz+ dobejmbz dpb kbdzx kmibk} xa pbdkmvb xlb b|~bjxbh `bebcmxz wlbe xlb}

dhhpbzz l}~axlbxmjdk mzzrbz% Xlb `bebcmxz pbzrkxmeo cpag pbzaksmeo de mzzrb xldx habz eax dccbjx

de} mehmsmhrdk wmkk kmibk} djjprb xa ea aeb% Xlbzb `bebcmxz gd} `b btrdkk} l}~axlbxmjdk%

Dobejmbz dpb gapb kmibk} xa pbdkmvb `bebcmxz wlbe xlb} pborkdxb+ bsbe xlarol ~pmsdxb djxapz ldsb

xdibe zxb~z xa pbhrjb xlb ~pa`kbg% Me xlmz zjbedpma+ dobej} djxmaez dpb dx kbdzx ~dpxmdkk}

pbhrehdex% Dobejmbz jde jkdmg aek} d ~apxmae ac `bebcmxz pbzrkxmeo cpag pbhrjmeo ap bkmgmedxmeo

xlb ~pa`kbg+ wmxl xlb pbzx dxxpm`rxd`kb xa xlb ~pmsdxb djxmae%

Cmedkk}+ wlbe dobejmbz dhhpbzz z}zxbgmj cdmkrpbz+ bsbe mc xlb} cdmk xa jaggremjdxb xlb

bsmhbejb me xlbmp dedk}zbz+ xlb} dpb gapb kmibk} xa ~pahrjb xlb `bebcmxz xlb} jkdmg% ^aap


21/27

0>

~pbzbexdxmae gd} dccbjx dobejmbz xpdez~dpbej} me xlb prkbgdimeo ~pajbzz `rx habz eax hmpbjxk}

mg~djx xlbmp d`mkmx} xa djlmbsb xlb hbzmpbh arxjagbz%

^paopdg Xlbap} Mehb|

Zmgmkdp xa xlb Z}zxbgmj ^pa`kbg mehb|+ de PMD gd} cdmk xlb^paopdg Xlbap} mehb| cap aeb ac xlb

cakkawmeo pbdzaez6

4% Kmxxkb bsmhbejb xldx xlb pborkdxap} djxmae wmkk pbzrkx me `bebcmjmdk arxjagbz0% ^paopdg xlbap} mz sdkmh `rx eax jaggremjdxbh me xlb PMD

Zjbedpma 46 Ea ^paopdg Xlbap}

Me xlb cmpzx zjbedpma+ de PMD cdmkz xa hbgaezxpdxb xldx mxz ~pa~azbh djxmaez dpb pbkdxbh xa xlb

`bebcmjmdk arxjagbz xlb pborkdxmae zbbiz xa djlmbsb% Cap b|dg~kb+ xlb Zxdehdphmvbh A~xmae prkb

,PME6 422?'DH>?-+ ~pa~azbh famexk} me 0>>< `} xlb Xpbdzrp} Hb~dpxgbex+ xlb Cbhbpdk Pbzbpsb

Z}zxbg+ deh xlb Cbhbpdk Hb~azmx Mezrpdejb Jap~apdxmae+ zarolx xa mg~pasb xlb pmzi zbezmxmsmx} ac

xlb b|mzxmeo pmzi'`dzbh jd~mxdk prkbz%:4 Mx zbx ebw zxdehdphz cap dzzbzzmeo jd~mxdk pbtrmpbgbexz cap

a~bpdxmaedk pmzi% Xa pbhrjb mxz `rphbe+ xlb prkb dkkawbh `deiz xa a~x me xa xlb ebw pmzi'`dzbh

jd~mxdk pbtrmpbgbex cpdgbwapi% Xlb prkb rkxmgdxbk} zarolx xa mg~pasb zajmdk wbkcdpb `}

mejpbdzmeo `deimeo djxmsmx} wlmkb gdmexdmemeo xlb zdgb hbopbb ac jaecmhbejb me `dei zdcbx} deh

zarehebzz%

Xlb Zxdehdphmvbh A~xmae prkb zxdxbh wlmjl z}zxbgmj cdmkrpbz mx zarolx xa jappbjx% Cmpzx+

jpbhmxapz cdjbh mecapgdxmae dz}ggbxp} wlbe mx jdgb xa hmzjbpemeo `deiz djxrdk pmzi deh jd~mxdk

:4 Hb~dpxgbex ac xlb Xpbdzrp}+ Cbhbpdk Pbzbpsb Z}zxbg+ deh Cbhbpdk Hb~azmx Mezrpdejb Jap~apdxmae+ Pmzi'@dzbh

Jd~mxdk Ormhbkmebz9 Jd~mxdk Dhbtrdj} Ormhbkmebz6 Zxdehdphmvbh Cpdgbwapi+Cbhbpdk Pbomzxbp?:+ ea% 483 ,Frk} 0=+

0>>%


22/27

04

dhbtrdj}% Zbjaeh+ hb~azmx mezrpdejb+ wlmjl ~paxbjxbh jpbhmxapz cpag kazzbz+ jpbdxbh d gapdk

ldvdph `} pbhrjmeo jpbhmxapz mejbexmsb xa pbzxpdme `deiz cpag rehbpxdimeo b|jbzzmsb pmzi% Dz d

pbzrkx ac xlbzb z}zxbgmj cdmkrpbz+ `deiz cdmkbh xa crkk} xdib mexa djjarex xlb ~azmxmsb b|xbpedkmxmbz

ap ~r`kmj `bebcmx obebpdxbh `} d zareh `deimeo z}zxbg%

_lbpb xlb PMD cbkk zlapx wdz ~pbzbexmeo d jpbhm`kb xlbap} xldx warkh kmei xlb prkbz

pbtrmpbgbexz xa mxz mexbehbh arxjagbz% Xlb PMD dkza accbpbh ea bsmhbejb xldx de} ac xlb

~pa~azbh pbtrmpbgbexz warkh kbdh xa mejpbdzbh bjaeagmj djxmsmx} ap d zdcbp deh gapb zareh

`deimeo z}zxbg% Xlrz+ wlmkb xlb prkbz zxdxbh oadkz wbpb kdrhd`kb+ xlb PMD ~pasmhbh kmxxkb

bsmhbejb xldx mx warkh djxrdkk} djlmbsb xlbg% Mx mz rejkbdp wlbxlbp xlb prkbz pbtrmpbgbexz warkh

kbdh xa de} mg~pasbgbex me bjaeagmj djxmsmx} kbsbkz ap `deimeo zdcbx}% Xlb prkbz a`fbjxmsbz

gmolx eax `b djlmbsbh ap gmolx `b djlmbsbh aek} ~dpxmdkk}% Me dhhmxmae+ xlb kdji ac rehbpk}meo

jdrzdkmx} xlbap} rehbpgmebz xlb dobejmbz d`mkmx} xa bsdkrdxb xlb prkbz bccbjxmsbebzz ap xa

dxxpm`rxb de} mg~pasbgbexz me arxjagbz xa xlb prkbz pbtrmpbgbexz%

Zjbedpma 06 Kdji ac Xpdez~dpbej}

Me xlb zbjaeh zjbedpma+ xlb jdrzdkmx} xlbap} jde `b mg~kmbh cpag xlb jaexb|x+ `rx xlb PMD habz d

~aap fa` jaggremjdxmeo xlb xlbap} xa mxz drhmbejb% Aeb b|dg~kb mz xlb Hb~dpxgbex ac Bebpo}

prkb xldx zbx bebpo} jaezbpsdxmae zxdehdphz cap ckrapbzjbex kdg~z deh mejdehbzjbex pbckbjxap

kdg~z ,PME6 4=>8'DD=0-%:0 Xlb prkb mg~azbh gapb zxpmeobex bebpo} zxdehdphz ae kdg~z me aphbp

xa pbhrjb larzblakh bebpo} jaezrg~xmae deh kbzzbe xlb besmpaegbexdk mg~djxz ac ~pahrjmeo

bebpo}%

:0 Hb~dpxgbex ac Bebpo}+ Bebpo} Jaezbpsdxmae paopdg6 Bebpo} Jaezbpsdxmae Zxdehdphz cap Obebpdk Zbpsmjb

Ckrapbzjbex Kdg~z deh Mejdehbzjbex Pbckbjxap Kdg~z+Cbhbpdk Pbomzxbp?8+ ea% 3= ,D~pmk 4:+ 0>>=-6 43=0>43=3


23/27

00

Xlb PMD accbpbh ea b|~kdedxmae dz xa law xlb gapb zxpmeobex zxdehdphz warkh kbdh xa

kawbp bebpo} jaezrg~xmae deh besmpaegbexdk `bebcmxz% Xlb mg~kmbh xlbap} mz xldx 4>> ~bpjbex

jag~kmdejb wmxl xlb prkb warkh pb~kdjb kbzz bccmjmbex kdg~z jrppbexk} dsdmkd`kb ae xlb gdpibx

wmxl gapb bccmjmbex aebz% Xlb rzb ac bebpo}'bccmjmbex kdg~z warkh me xrpe pbhrjb xlb larzblakh

bebpo} jaezrg~xmae% Xlb mg~kmbh xlbap} mz kaomjdk+ gdimeo mx kmibk} xldx xlb prkb warkh djlmbsb

mxz zxdxbh `bebcmxz% Lawbsbp+ mx mz eax ~pa~bpk} jaggremjdxbh me xlb PMD%

Me xlb zjbedpmaz d`asb+ PMDz kdjimeo ~paopdg xlbap} dpb kbzz kmibk} xa ~pahrjb xlb

mexbehbh `bebcmjmdk arxjagbz% _lmkb xlb prkbz gd} zxmkk ~pahrjb `bebcmxz+ xlb arxjagb mz kbzz

jbpxdme zmejb xlb gbjldemzg xlparol wlmjl xlb prkbz dpb zr~~azbh xa hbkmsbp pbzrkxz mz eax crkk}

b|~kapbh% Me jaexpdzx+ xlb prkbz xldx zmg~k} cdmk xa b|~kdme xlb ~paopdg xlbap} xldx ormhbh xlbmp

djxmaez dpb kmibk} xa pbdkmvb xlb `bebcmxz xlb} jkdmg xa ~pahrjb% _lmkb xlb prkbz xpdez~dpbej} gd}

`b de mzzrb+ mx gd} eax hmpbjxk} mg~djx xlb prkbz arxjagbz%

Jaejkrzmaez

Me xlmz zxrh} M dxxbg~x xa zlbh zagb kmolx ae wlbxlbp xlb `bebcmxz jkdmgbh `} cbhbpdk dobejmbz dpb

kmibk} xa `b djlmbsbh% Me jaexpdzx xa axlbp sdkmhdxmae zxrhmbz+ M cajrz ae xlb dobejmbz `bebcmx

jkdmgz pdxlbp xlde xlb djxrdkk} gbdzrpbh `bebcmxz% Zmejb dobejmbz frzxmc} xlbmp pborkdxap}

hbjmzmaez `dzbh ae b|~bjxbh `bebcmxz+ b|dgmemeo xlb trdkmx} ac xlbzb jkdmgz mz mg~apxdex% Xa ha

xldx+ M cajrz ae xwa dz~bjxz ac xlb dobejmbz pborkdxap} dedk}zmz6 ,4- wlbxlbp xlb dedk}zmz

hbgaezxpdxbz xlb ebbh cap pborkdxmae9 deh ,0- wlbxlbp xlb dedk}zmz b|~kdmez law xlb pborkdxmae

warkh kbdh xa `bebcmjmdk arxjagbz% M rzb xlb Gbpjdxrz Jbexbpz Pborkdxap} Pb~apx Jdph xa

jaezxprjx xlb hdxdzbx cap xlmz zxrh}%


24/27

0:

Xlb zxrh} cmehz xldx+ bsbe `dzbh ae d sbp} kaw xlpbzlakh+ ebdpk} aeb me carp ~pbzjpm~xmsb

prkbz cdmkz xa hbgaezxpdxb xlb bsmhbejb cap d z}zxbgmj ~pa`kbg mx mexbehz xa dhhpbzz% Zagb PMDz

cdmk xa ~pasb xldx xlb ~pa`kbg mz wmhbz~pbdh deh z}zxbgmj% Me axlbp waphz+ xlb} cdmk xa zlaw xldx

xlb ~pa`kbg hbzbpsbz xlb cbhbpdk oasbpegbexz dxxbexmae% Xlmz acxbe oabz ldeh me ldeh wmxl

dobejmbz cdmkmeo xa trdexmc} xlb pborkdxmaez `bebcmxz% Mezxbdh+ dobejmbz omsb d trdkmxdxmsb

hbzjpm~xmae ac `bebcmxz+ wlmjl gd} `b frzxmcmbh omsbe xldx zagb zajmdk deh besmpaegbexdk `bebcmxz

dpb hmccmjrkx xa b|~pbzz me gaebxdp} xbpgz% Xlb mzzrb dpmzbz wlbe dobejmbz mg~k} xldx xlb ~pa`kbg

xlb} dhhpbzz mz wmhbz~pbdh deh zr`zxdexmdk% Xlmz me xrpe mg~kmbz xldx xlb pborkdxmaez trdkmxdxmsb

`bebcmxz dpb zr`zxdexmdk+ frzxmc}meo xlb pborkdxmaez zmoemcmjdex jazxz% ]bx mc xlb rehbpk}meo

~pa`kbg mz pbkdxmsbk} gmeap ap pdpb+ xlb pborkdxmaez djxrdk `bebcmxz me zaksmeo xlb ~pa`kbg wmkk `b

zgdkk% Xlrz+ wlbe dobejmbz cdmk xa hbgaezxpdxb xldx ~pa`kbgz xlb} dhhpbzz dpb z}zxbgmj+ xlb} dpb

kbzz kmibk} xa pbdkmvb xlb `bebcmxz xldx warkh frzxmc} xlb pborkdxmaez jazxz%

Me axlbp jdzbz+ PMDz cdmk xa zlaw xldx xlb ~pa`kbg warkh eax `b zaksbh me xlb d`zbejb ac

pborkdxmae% Me d cbw jdzbz+ b|mzxmeo xpbehz mehmjdxbh xldx xlb ~pa`kbg warkh `b dx kbdzx ~dpxmdkk}

dhhpbzzbh `} ~pmsdxb djxapz wmxlarx pborkdxmae% Pborkdxap} `bebcmxz me xlbzb jdzbz warkh `b

mg~pasbgbexz d`asb deh `b}aeh xlazb djlmbsbh wmxlarx dobej} djxmaez% Xlb PMDz cap xlbzb

pborkdxmaez+ wlmjl dxxpm`rxb xlb arxjagbz ac `axl ~pmsdxb deh dobej} djxmaez xa xlb pborkdxmaez

mg~djx dkaeb+ gazx kmibk} asbpbzxmgdxb xlbmp `bebcmxz%

Cmedkk}+ me d cbw jdzbz+ PMDz dhhpbzz d z}zxbgmj ~pa`kbg `rx cdmk xa jaggremjdxb xlmz me

xlbmp dedk}zmz% Xlbzb PMDz dpb kmibk} xa djlmbsb xlb `bebcmxz xldx xlb} jkdmg% Xlb gdme mzzrb wmxl

xlbmp dedk}zmz mz kdji ac xpdez~dpbej}% Mx mz hmccmjrkx cap xlb ~r`kmj xa bsdkrdxb deh jaggbex ae

dobej} dedk}zmz mc jprjmdk jag~aebexz dpb gmzzmeo%


25/27

08

Kdji ac ~paopdg xlbap} mz kbzz jaggae% Me aek} d cbw jdzbz+ pborkdxmaez ~pasmhb kmxxkb

bsmhbejb xldx xlbmp ~pa~azbh djxmaez wmkk kbdh xa `bebcmjmdk arxjagbz% Xlb ~pa`kbgz xldx xlbzb

pborkdxmaez dhhpbzz dpb acxbe pbdk deh zr`zxdexmdk+ dz dpb xlb `bebcmxz pbzrkxmeo cpag mg~pasmeo ae

ap bkmgmedxmeo xlbzb ~pa`kbgz% ]bx xlbpb mz kmxxkb bsmhbejb xldx xlb pborkdxmae+ dz ~pa~azbh+ warkh

djxrdkk} ldsb de mg~djx% Mc xlbpb mz kaomj `blmeh dobejmbz djxmaez me xlbzb jdzbz+ xlb PMDz cdmk xa

jaggremjdxb mx% Axlbpwmzb+ dobejmbz djxmaez gd} dz wbkk `b pdehag% _mxlarx de} jdrzdkmx}

xlbap} ap bg~mpmjdk bsmhbejb+ mx mz ldph xa frhob wlbxlbp xlbzb pborkdxmaez warkh kbdh xa xlb

b|~bjxbh `bebcmjmdk pbzrkxz% ]bx mx mz sbp} ~azzm`kb xldx dobejmbz wmkk gmzz xlb gdpi%

Zmgmkdp xa xlb ~pbsmarz jpmxbpmae+ zagb PMDz gd} ldsb d sdkmh ~paopdg xlbap} `rx cdmk xa

jaggremjdxb mx% Me xlbzb jdzbz+ xlb gdme mzzrb dodme mz kdji ac xpdez~dpbej} pdxlbp xlde ~aap

dedk}zmz% _lmkb mg~apxdex+ kdji ac xpdez~dpbej} habz eax ebjbzzdpmk} pbckbjx ae xlb pborkdxmaez

d`mkmx} xa hbkmsbp xlb ~pagmzbh pbzrkxz%

Xa zrggdpmvb+ xlb zxrh} cmehz xldx gde} bjaeagmjdkk} zmoemcmjdex pborkdxmaez gd} eax

crkk} pbdkmvb xlb `bebcmjmdk arxjagbz xlb} jkdmg% Dobejmbz b|doobpdxb xlb rehbpk}meo ~pa`kbg ap

wpaeok} dxxpm`rxb xlb pbzrkxz ac ~pmsdxb djxmaez xa xlb pborkdxmaez mg~djx% Me d cbw jdzbz+

dobejmbz cdmk xa zlaw xldx xlb pborkdxmae warkh djxrdkk} kbdh xa xlb `bebcmjmdk arxjagbz%

Jaezbtrbexk}+ xlb zxrh} zroobzxz xldx zagb zib~xmjmzg wmxl pbodph xa xlb zr`zxdexmdk pborkdxap}

`bebcmxz jkdmgbh `} pborkdxap} dobejmbz gd} `b wdppdexbh%


26/27

02

D~~behm| D6 Pborkdxap} Dedk}zmz Dzzbzzgbex ,PMD- Jpmxbpmd

A~beebzz

4% Djjbzzm`mkmx}6 Law bdzmk} wbpb xlb PMD+ xlb ~pa~azbh prkb+ deh de} zr~~kbgbexdp}gdxbpmdkz careh aekmeb1

0%

Hdxd Hajrgbexdxmae6 Law sbpmcmd`kb dpb xlb hdxd rzbh me xlb dedk}zmz1:% Gahbk Hajrgbexdxmae6 Law sbpmcmd`kb dpb xlb gahbkz deh dzzrg~xmaez rzbh me xlbdedk}zmz1

8% Jkdpmx}6 _dz xlb PMD jag~pblbezm`kb xa de mecapgbh kd}~bpzae1Dedk}zmz

2% Arxjagbz6 Law wbkk habz xlb dedk}zmz mhbexmc} xlb hbzmpbh `bebcmxz ap axlbp arxjagbzdeh hbgaezxpdxb xldx xlb pborkdxmae wmkk djlmbsb xlbg1

3% Z}zxbgmj ^pa`kbg6 Law wbkk habz xlb dedk}zmz mhbexmc} deh hbgaezxpdxb xlb b|mzxbejb acd gdpibx cdmkrpb ap axlbp z}zxbgmj ~pa`kbg xlb pborkdxmae mz zr~~azbh xa zaksb1

?% Dkxbpedxmsbz6 Law wbkk habz xlb dedk}zmz dzzbzz xlb bccbjxmsbebzz ac dkxbpedxmsbd~~padjlbz1


27/27

D~~behm| @6 B|~kdedxmae ac Zjapbz

Zjapb B|~kdedxmae

> Kmxxkb ap ea pbkbsdex jaexbex4 ^bpcrejxap} zxdxbgbex wmxl kmxxkb b|~kdedxmae ap hajrgbexdxmae

0 Zagb pbkbsdex hmzjrzzmae wmxl zagb hajrgbexdxmae ac dedk}zmz

: Pbdzaed`k} xlaparol dedk}zmz ac zagb dz~bjxz

8 Pbdzaed`k} xlaparol dedk}zmz ac gazx dz~bjxz deh!ap zlawz dx kbdzx aeb `bzx~pdjxmjb

2 Jag~kbxb dedk}zmz ac dkk ap dkgazx dkk dz~bjxz+ wmxl aeb ap gapb `bzx ~pdjxmjbz

Date post:	04-Apr-2018
Category:	Documents
Upload:	mercatus-center-at-george-mason-university
View:	221 times
Download:	0 times

Regulatory Benefits: Examining Agency Justification For New Regulations

Documents