Rehabilitation and Remediation of POPs. Rehabilitation and Remediation Module 3 – Rehabilitation...

Rehabilitation and Rehabilitation and Remediation of POPsRemediation of POPs

Rehabilitation and Rehabilitation and RemediationRemediation

Module 3 – Rehabilitation and RemediationModule 3 – Rehabilitation and Remediation Overview of the course Overview of the course This module will cover various remediation and rehabilitation strategies.This module will cover various remediation and rehabilitation strategies. ContentsContentsRehabilitation StrategiesRehabilitation Strategies

Rehab A (and part of Rehab B)Rehab A (and part of Rehab B)Rehab BRehab BRehab CRehab C

SummarySummaryRemediation technologiesRemediation technologies

Group XGroup XGroup YGroup YGroup ZGroup ZSummarySummary

Learning outcomesLearning outcomesUnderstand the main strategies to deal with POPs contamination.Understand the main strategies to deal with POPs contamination.Understand the differences between rehabilitation and remediation and where these may be Understand the differences between rehabilitation and remediation and where these may be

appropriate.appropriate. Pre-requisitesPre-requisitesIntroduction to POPs – Chapter 1 of the manual or e-learning Module 1Introduction to POPs – Chapter 1 of the manual or e-learning Module 1Risk Assessment – Chapter 5 of the manual or e-learning Module 2Risk Assessment – Chapter 5 of the manual or e-learning Module 2 Follow-on CourseFollow-on CourseNoneNone Download the course as a pdfDownload the course as a pdf Related information Related information Chapter 6 of the ManualChapter 6 of the Manual Approximate time for this moduleApproximate time for this module45 mins – 1 hour45 mins – 1 hour


Introduction Introduction POPs problems POPs problems are addressed using are addressed using RehabilitationRehabilitation and and RemediationRemediation

procedures.procedures.

POPs are Persistent Organic Pollutants which are long lasting in the environment and can be harmful to health. For more details click here.

POPs are Persistent Organic Pollutants which are long lasting in the environment and can be harmful to health. For more details click here.

Remediation cleans-up a contaminated site. For more details click here.


IntroductionIntroduction

The purpose of a rehabilitation The purpose of a rehabilitation strategy is to reduce the exposure strategy is to reduce the exposure of an environmental receptor to of an environmental receptor to POPs to an acceptable level.POPs to an acceptable level.

The purpose of a remediation The purpose of a remediation strategy is to clean-up a site that strategy is to clean-up a site that has been contaminated, to levels has been contaminated, to levels determined to be health determined to be health protective for its intended use.protective for its intended use.

Remediation of soil and waters is Remediation of soil and waters is likely to form at least part of the likely to form at least part of the strategies to deal with most strategies to deal with most discrete POPs problems.discrete POPs problems.

Exam

ple of remediation: S

oil washing


Introduction - Rehabilitation StrategiesIntroduction - Rehabilitation Strategies

The rehabilitation of POPs fall into 3 main categories.The rehabilitation of POPs fall into 3 main categories. breaking the linkage between source and receptorbreaking the linkage between source and receptor mitigating the effects of POPs mitigating the effects of POPs re-engineering the impact at the point of use or treatment re-engineering the impact at the point of use or treatment

to remove/ reduce the concentrations of POPs at the source to remove/ reduce the concentrations of POPs at the source (remediation). (remediation).

Each potential strategy will have its place and preference Each potential strategy will have its place and preference within the range of possible rehabilitation options.within the range of possible rehabilitation options.

This should be based upon a detailed or generic risk This should be based upon a detailed or generic risk assessment or a hazard assessment. assessment or a hazard assessment.


Introduction - Introduction - Remediation Remediation StrategiesStrategies

Remediation of POPs Remediation of POPs contaminated soil or contaminated soil or water generally involves water generally involves

ContainmentContainment Oxidation or ReductionOxidation or Reduction ExtractionExtraction Remediation can be Remediation can be

much more expensive much more expensive than other rehabilitation than other rehabilitation methods, but is a better methods, but is a better long term solution.long term solution.

This image shows in-situ solidification, containing the chemical within the soil.


Rehabilitation StrategiesRehabilitation Strategies

The The exposure pathways identified previouslyexposure pathways identified previously fall into 3 distinct rehabilitation fall into 3 distinct rehabilitation groups: groups:

Rehab ARehab A General General

populationpopulation Via food chain Via food chain

or water or water resourceresource

Not Not monitoredmonitored

No mitigationNo mitigation

Rehab BRehab B General General

populationpopulation Exposure Exposure

route knownroute known Can be Can be

monitored / monitored / mitigatedmitigated

Rehab CRehab C Workers and Workers and

operativesoperatives Should have Should have

assessment assessment and and mitigation to mitigation to risks as part risks as part of Health and of Health and Safety.Safety.


Rehabilitation StrategiesRehabilitation Strategies

The main problematic area is in dealing with exposure where The main problematic area is in dealing with exposure where there is:there is:

• No monitoring of the POPs within the food-chain, No monitoring of the POPs within the food-chain, • No appreciation of the potential risks of the population at risk, or No appreciation of the potential risks of the population at risk, or

mitigation of the risks of exposure. mitigation of the risks of exposure. The traditional Source reduction approach to mitigating the The traditional Source reduction approach to mitigating the

exposure to POPs has limited benefit to the population. exposure to POPs has limited benefit to the population. A “point of exposure” methodology can be employed and can A “point of exposure” methodology can be employed and can

be many times less expensive.be many times less expensive. Alternatively, exposure levels can be reduced by manipulation Alternatively, exposure levels can be reduced by manipulation

of the pathway in the Source-Pathway-Receptor scenario.of the pathway in the Source-Pathway-Receptor scenario. Rehabilitation strategies can be categorised in order of their Rehabilitation strategies can be categorised in order of their

invasiveness upon the population.invasiveness upon the population.


Rehabilitation Rehabilitation StrategiesStrategies

Group AGroup A

Group BGroup B

Group CGroup C

Re

hab

ilitation

Rehab A

Rehab B

Rehab C

Rem

ediation G

roup X G

roup Y G

roup Z


Rehabilitation StrategiesRehabilitation StrategiesRehab A (& some of B)Rehab A (& some of B) MonitorMonitor soil, animals, fish, soil, animals, fish,

plants and water resources for plants and water resources for POPs and check against set POPs and check against set standards or guideline values standards or guideline values available.available.

Rehabilitate food and waterRehabilitate food and water supply by filtering, mixing and supply by filtering, mixing and blending to blending to lessen the lessen the impactimpact of POPs. of POPs.

Rehabilitate soil and waterRehabilitate soil and water resources by filtering, mixing resources by filtering, mixing and blending to and blending to dilute the dilute the concentrationsconcentrations of POPs. of POPs.

RemediateRemediate soil and water soil and water resources found to be resources found to be contaminated with POPs.contaminated with POPs.

Monitoring of water resource

Least MostInvasive

Rehabilitation

Re

hab

A

Rehab B

Rehab C

Rem

ediation G

roup X G

roup Y G

roup Z


Rehabilitation StrategiesRehabilitation StrategiesRehab A (& some of B)Rehab A (& some of B)

Other strategies for this Other strategies for this group limit exposure to group limit exposure to POPs by limiting some POPs by limiting some natural resources available natural resources available to the population.to the population.

These strategies can These strategies can generally only be seen as generally only be seen as temporary solutions to temporary solutions to acute problems.acute problems.

If circumstances change If circumstances change these strategies are these strategies are unlikely to remain in place.unlikely to remain in place.

Rehabilitation

Re

hab

A

Rehab B

Rehab C

Rem

ediation G

roup X G

roup Y G

roup Z


Rehabilitation StrategiesRehabilitation StrategiesRehab A (& some of B)Rehab A (& some of B)

Exclude and replaceExclude and replace soil and watersoil and water resources found to be unacceptably resources found to be unacceptably

contaminated with POPs.contaminated with POPs.

Exclude/ limit and replaceExclude/ limit and replace certain certain crops, livestock or fish from the crops, livestock or fish from the agricultural resources.agricultural resources.

RecommendRecommend maximum daily intake of maximum daily intake of impacted food and water supply.impacted food and water supply.

Exclude certain foodsExclude certain foods and animal and animal products/ water supply from the products/ water supply from the population and replace with similar population and replace with similar alternatives.alternatives.

ControlControl infants breast milk from infants breast milk from nursing mothers and replace with nursing mothers and replace with formula milk.formula milk.

Rehabilitation

Re

hab

A

Rehab B

Rehab C

Rem

ediation G

roup X G

roup Y G

roup Z


Re

hab

ilitation

Rehab A

Rehab B

Rehab C

Rem

ediation G

roup X G

roup Y G

roup Z


Group AGroup A

Group BGroup B

Group CGroup C


Rehabilitation StrategiesRehabilitation StrategiesRehab BRehab B

This is very widespread at a This is very widespread at a low level, but less common at low level, but less common at a level of sufficient quantity to a level of sufficient quantity to represent a direct health risk.represent a direct health risk.

The public is generally alert to The public is generally alert to the production of these POPs, the production of these POPs, especially from incineration especially from incineration processes.processes.

Rehabilitation strategies are Rehabilitation strategies are again categorised in order of again categorised in order of their invasiveness upon the their invasiveness upon the population and the population and the requirements of the individual requirements of the individual to undertake action.to undertake action.

Rehabilitation R

ehab A R

eha

b B

Rehab C

Rem

ediation G

roup X G

roup Y G

roup Z


Rehabilitation StrategiesRehabilitation StrategiesRehab BRehab B

MitigationMitigation of POPs released from the of POPs released from the source.source.

MonitorMonitor soil and water resources soil and water resources against standards.against standards.

RehabilitationRehabilitation of soil and water of soil and water resources, contaminated with POPs resources, contaminated with POPs downstream of the source.downstream of the source.

ExcludeExclude access to areas of access to areas of contaminated soil or water bodies.contaminated soil or water bodies.

TTargeted health monitoringargeted health monitoring of the of the population affected by POPs and population affected by POPs and undertake specific measures to undertake specific measures to counteract these effects.counteract these effects.

RestrictRestrict the movement of the the movement of the population in respect of exposure to population in respect of exposure to POPs in the environment.POPs in the environment.

Least MostInvasive

Rehabilitation R

ehab A R

eha

b B

Rehab C

Rem

ediation G

roup X G

roup Y G

roup Z


Re

hab

ilitation

Rehab A

Rehab B

Rehab C

Rem

ediation G

roup X G

roup Y G

roup Z


Group AGroup A

Group BGroup B

Group CGroup C


Rehabilitation StrategiesRehabilitation StrategiesRehab CRehab C

Workers and operatives that are Workers and operatives that are likely to be exposed to POPs as likely to be exposed to POPs as part of their normal activities and part of their normal activities and covers workers employed in: covers workers employed in:

Incinerator and industrial process Incinerator and industrial process industriesindustries

Crematorium operatorsCrematorium operators Power workersPower workers Waste site operativesWaste site operatives Plant decommissioning personnelPlant decommissioning personnel Soil and water remediation Soil and water remediation

engineers engineers Operatives of the limited use of Operatives of the limited use of

DDT to control malaria DDT to control malaria mosquitoes. mosquitoes.

Incineration is a source of PO

Ps

Rehabilitation R

ehab A R

ehab B R

eha

b C

Rem

ediation G

roup X G

roup Y G

roup Z



As part of Health and Safety As part of Health and Safety Risk Assessment risk Risk Assessment risk associated with exposure to associated with exposure to POPs will be assessed and POPs will be assessed and actions taken to mitigate the actions taken to mitigate the risks. risks.

In general the appropriate In general the appropriate actions are to avoid and limit actions are to avoid and limit exposure by a change to the exposure by a change to the work process.work process.

Use of Personnel Protective Use of Personnel Protective Equipment (PPE) to prevent Equipment (PPE) to prevent exposure is the last line of exposure is the last line of defence. defence.

Rehabilitation R

ehab A R

ehab B R

eha

b C

Rem

ediation G

roup X G

roup Y G

roup Z



Typical measures to protect Typical measures to protect workers from exposure to POPs workers from exposure to POPs are listed below, in order of are listed below, in order of preferred mitigation top to preferred mitigation top to bottom.bottom.

SubstitutingSubstituting less toxic less toxic compounds.compounds.

Eliminate/ reduceEliminate/ reduce the the production and release of POPs.production and release of POPs.

Automating productionAutomating production process process or shielding the operations.or shielding the operations.

MonitorMonitor the exposure of POPs in the exposure of POPs in the workplace.the workplace.

WarnWarn workers and visitors by workers and visitors by labelling, training and refuge labelling, training and refuge rooms.rooms.

Most Preferred

Rehabilitation R

ehab A R

ehab B R

eha

b C

Rem

ediation G

roup X G

roup Y G

roup Z



Toxic chemical screeningToxic chemical screening of of workers and operatives workers and operatives exposed to POPs.exposed to POPs.

Limit exposureLimit exposure of workers of workers and operatives to exposure by and operatives to exposure by limiting time exposure, the use limiting time exposure, the use of specific Personnel Protective of specific Personnel Protective Equipment and staff rotations, Equipment and staff rotations, coupled with regular health coupled with regular health check.check.

ExcludeExclude workers from workers from exposure to POPs by exposure to POPs by reassignment of their duties reassignment of their duties where high levels of exposure where high levels of exposure have occurred.have occurred.

Most Preferred

Rehabilitation R

ehab A R

ehab B R

eha

b C

Rem

ediation G

roup X G

roup Y G

roup Z


Rehabilitation StrategiesRehabilitation StrategiesSummarySummary

The applicability of aThe applicability of arehabilitation strategy is highlyrehabilitation strategy is highlydependent on:dependent on:

the nature of the exposurethe nature of the exposure the intensity of exposurethe intensity of exposure time of exposuretime of exposure availability of alternative availability of alternative

resourcesresources ability to mitigate the ability to mitigate the

exposure and the socio-exposure and the socio-economic costs of mitigationeconomic costs of mitigation

Rehabilitation R

ehab A R

ehab B R

ehab CR

emediation

Group X

Group Y

Group Z


Rehabilitation StrategiesRehabilitation StrategiesSummarySummary

How effective a How effective a rehabilitation strategy is rehabilitation strategy is will often depend on the will often depend on the rigour with which rigour with which individuals can adhere to a individuals can adhere to a strategy.strategy.

The choice of an The choice of an appropriate rehabilitation appropriate rehabilitation strategy may be limited by strategy may be limited by what can be achieved within what can be achieved within the target population.the target population.

Manipulation of the targets Manipulation of the targets at the points of exposure, is at the points of exposure, is increasingly gaining favour.increasingly gaining favour.

Rehabilitation R

ehab A R

ehab B R

ehab CR

emediation

Group X

Group Y

Group Z


Remediation StrategiesRemediation Strategies

In the long term rehabilitation In the long term rehabilitation strategies would most likely strategies would most likely result in either:result in either:

exclusionexclusion of an area of land of an area of land or water supply whilst natural or water supply whilst natural biological and physical biological and physical processes slowly break the processes slowly break the POPs contaminant downPOPs contaminant down

remediationremediation to return the to return the groundmass to a useable groundmass to a useable resource. resource.

Various techniques have been Various techniques have been outlined to give an overview outlined to give an overview of the technologies available.of the technologies available.

Rehabilitation R

ehab A R

ehab B R

ehab CR

em

edia

tion

Group X

Group Y

Group Z


Remediation StrategiesRemediation Strategies

This section examines a This section examines a range of remediation range of remediation technologies that have technologies that have been comparatively been comparatively assessed by authoritative assessed by authoritative sources such as the sources such as the US EPAUS EPA..

This is a non-exhaustive list This is a non-exhaustive list of technologies split into of technologies split into three generic groupings:three generic groupings:

Group XGroup X – Containment – Containment Group YGroup Y – Oxidation or – Oxidation or

ReductionReduction Group ZGroup Z – Extraction – Extraction

Rehabilitation R

ehab A R

ehab B R

ehab CR

em

edia

tion

Group X

Group Y

Group Z


Remediation Remediation StrategiesStrategies

Group XGroup X

Group YGroup Y

Group ZGroup Z

Rehabilitation R

ehab A R

ehab B R

ehab CR

em

edia

tion

Group X

Group Y

Group Z


Remediation StrategiesRemediation StrategiesGroup XGroup X

Seal the POPs Seal the POPs contamination within a contamination within a protective casing to limit protective casing to limit or prevent their release. or prevent their release.

Examples:Examples: Soil excavation/sediment Soil excavation/sediment

dredging with dredging with Encapsulation/ Landfilling.Encapsulation/ Landfilling.

Solidification and Solidification and Stabilisation – Soil, Stabilisation – Soil, sediment and some sediment and some groundwater.groundwater.

Encapsulating contam

inated material in a landfill site.

Rehabilitation R

ehab A R

ehab B R

ehab CR

emediation

Gro

up X

Group Y

Group Z



They are used for:They are used for:

soil and sediment contaminantssoil and sediment contaminants most pollutant releases into the most pollutant releases into the

environmentenvironment

They can treat:They can treat:

large and small volumes large and small volumes low and high grade wastelow and high grade waste a wide variety of POPsa wide variety of POPs highly toxic and radioactive highly toxic and radioactive

compoundscompounds concentrated sources or dispersed concentrated sources or dispersed

sourcessources

Entombment of highly contaminated material.

Rehabilitation R

ehab A R

ehab B R

ehab CR

emediation

Gro

up X

Group Y

Group Z



Encapsulation, Reactive Permeable Encapsulation, Reactive Permeable Barriers and Solidification and Barriers and Solidification and Stabilisation:Stabilisation:

large scale treatmentslarge scale treatments low/medium unit costlow/medium unit cost low energy/low CO2 releaselow energy/low CO2 release Suite most geographic situations.Suite most geographic situations. relatively low start-up costs relatively low start-up costs are therefore sustainableare therefore sustainable Entombment and VitrificationEntombment and Vitrification high costhigh cost could result in sterilization of the could result in sterilization of the

landland Remediation Statements 1 to 5, Remediation Statements 1 to 5,

outline the salient features relating outline the salient features relating to POPs.to POPs.

Rehabilitation R

ehab A R

ehab B R

ehab CR

emediation

Gro

up X

Group Y

Group Z


Rehabilitation R

ehab A R

ehab B R

ehab CR

em

edia

tion

Group X

Group Y

Group Z


Group XGroup X

Group YGroup Y

Group ZGroup Z


Remediation StrategiesRemediation StrategiesGroup YGroup Y

Designed to either destroy the Designed to either destroy the POPs by:POPs by:

converting them to another converting them to another chemical in a de-halogenations or chemical in a de-halogenations or de-chlorination process; orde-chlorination process; or

oxidising the POPs at very high oxidising the POPs at very high temperatures (incineration), to temperatures (incineration), to convert the POP compounds to convert the POP compounds to primarily CO2, methane and water, primarily CO2, methane and water, with limited residues waste with limited residues waste streams.streams.

Examples: Examples: Monitored Natural Attenuation – In-Monitored Natural Attenuation – In-

situ for soil, sediment and water.situ for soil, sediment and water. Ex-situ Anaerobic Bioremediation Ex-situ Anaerobic Bioremediation

and Bio-Reactors – Soil and and Bio-Reactors – Soil and sediment.sediment.

Monitored N

atural Attenuation

Rehabilitation R

ehab A R

ehab B R

ehab CR

emediation

Group X

Gro

up Y

Group Z



These technologies range from: These technologies range from: very passive very passive low costlow cost low energy/ low CO2 low energy/ low CO2 treatment of large volumes of low treatment of large volumes of low

grade impacted soils and silts with grade impacted soils and silts with little impact on the wider little impact on the wider environmentenvironment

to to aggressive and destructive aggressive and destructive

technologiestechnologies small volumes of very high grade small volumes of very high grade

wastewaste high energy incinerator with a very high energy incinerator with a very

large carbon footprint per unit of large carbon footprint per unit of contaminated media treated. contaminated media treated.

Enhanced B

ioremediation by addition of selected m

aterials.

Rehabilitation R

ehab A R

ehab B R

ehab CR

emediation

Group X

Gro

up Y

Group Z



The extent of treatment is often The extent of treatment is often dependant on statutory limits set dependant on statutory limits set for the concentrations of for the concentrations of contaminants, rather than any contaminants, rather than any risk based site specific remedial risk based site specific remedial targets.targets.

Centralised waste processing Centralised waste processing facilities are both expensive and facilities are both expensive and energy hungry with a large energy hungry with a large carbon footprint but, once built, carbon footprint but, once built, afford economies of scale in afford economies of scale in dealing with contaminated media.dealing with contaminated media.

Remediation Statements 6 to 19Remediation Statements 6 to 19, , detail the various processes detail the various processes currently available.currently available.

Rehabilitation R

ehab A R

ehab B R

ehab CR

emediation

Group X

Gro

up Y

Group Z


Rehabilitation R

ehab A R

ehab B R

ehab CR

em

edia

tion

Group X

Group Y

Group Z


Group XGroup X

Group YGroup Y

Group ZGroup Z


Remediation StrategiesRemediation StrategiesGroup ZGroup Z

This group covers extraction This group covers extraction technologies, designed to technologies, designed to recover the POPs from the recover the POPs from the contaminated matrix by contaminated matrix by either a concentration either a concentration process or stripping process.process or stripping process.

The concentrated recovered The concentrated recovered POPs contaminated media POPs contaminated media itself requires treatment by a itself requires treatment by a Group X or Y technology.Group X or Y technology.

High tem

perature oxidation in an incinerator. Rehabilitation R

ehab A R

ehab B R

ehab CR

emediation

Group X

Group Y

Gro

up Z



Examples:Examples: Ex-situ Soil Washing – Soil Ex-situ Soil Washing – Soil

and sediments.and sediments. In-situ Soil Flushing – Soil In-situ Soil Flushing – Soil

and groundwater.and groundwater. Water and Waste Water Water and Waste Water

Treatment – Ex-situ Treatment – Ex-situ treatment to remove treatment to remove contaminants from surface contaminants from surface water and groundwater water and groundwater streams.streams.

In-situ soil washing to dissolve organic com

pounds.

Rehabilitation R

ehab A R

ehab B R

ehab CR

emediation

Group X

Group Y

Gro

up Z



These are often used in These are often used in conjunction with other processes.conjunction with other processes.

The contaminants are The contaminants are concentrated or otherwise concentrated or otherwise liberated, so they can be liberated, so they can be recovered and are encapsulated, recovered and are encapsulated, decomposed or oxidized.decomposed or oxidized.

Achieving very low levels of Achieving very low levels of residual contamination can lead residual contamination can lead to protracted and often costly to protracted and often costly remediation process. remediation process.

A more realistic risk based A more realistic risk based approach increases cost-approach increases cost-effectiveness.effectiveness.

Rehabilitation R

ehab A R

ehab B R

ehab CR

emediation

Group X

Group Y

Gro

up Z



These technologies are These technologies are designed to enable the risks designed to enable the risks to be managed and to be managed and controlled, and to achievable controlled, and to achievable levels at a reasonable cost in levels at a reasonable cost in terms of money, energy, terms of money, energy, resources and timescale. resources and timescale.

Remediation statements 20 Remediation statements 20 to 26to 26 detail the various detail the various processes currently processes currently available.available.

Rehabilitation R

ehab A R

ehab B R

ehab CR

emediation

Group X

Group Y

Gro

up Z


Remediation StrategiesRemediation StrategiesSummarySummary

A technology is available A technology is available that is suitable for almost that is suitable for almost any POP problem that will any POP problem that will present itself.present itself.

The objective must be to The objective must be to protect human health and protect human health and the environment.the environment.

A balanced strategy will A balanced strategy will have the best benefits to have the best benefits to the wider community and the wider community and overall environmental overall environmental protection.protection.

Rehabilitation R

ehab A R

ehab B R

ehab CR

emediation

Group X

Group Y

Group Z


GlossaryGlossary

de-halogenationsde-halogenationsremoving a halogen removing a halogen atom from the atom from the moleculemolecule

de-chlorinationde-chlorinationremoving a chlorine removing a chlorine atom from the atom from the moleculemolecule

invasivenessinvasiveness

Rehabilitation R

ehab A R

ehab B R

ehab CR

emediation

Group X

Group Y

Group Z

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