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Reinforcing the Resilience of Poor Rural Communities in the face of Food
Insecurity, Poverty and Climate Change through On-Farm Conservation of Local
Agro-Biodiversity
Dr. E. D. Israel Oliver KingPrincipal Scientist (Biodiversity)
M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation, Chennai, India
II Steering Committee Meeting Bioversity International
New Delhi
Name of Partners MSSRF ASA Gene campaign
Project site Kolli Hills, TN Mandla, MP Almora, Uttrakhand
No. of Villages 13 9 15
No. of households 403 802 300-350
Total Population 1500 3693
Number of Male 774 1842
Number of Female 726 1851
Schedule Tribe population
100 % 2668 (72%)
Total area of village (in hectare)
901.3 2498
Forest land (in hectare)
N/A 467
Major crops Finger Millet, Little millet and Italian millet, Mustard, Pigeon pea, Beans ( Avara Motchi ), Wet land Paddy, Up land Paddy Rice, tapioca, Banana, coffee, Pepper, Pine apple 13
Kodo, Kutki, Pea, Rice and Lentil
5
Finger millet, Barnyard millet, prosomillet, Italian millet, Grain Amaranth, Buck wheat
7
Sites,People,Diversity and Partners
Facilitate more effective and sustainable use, management and conservation of local agro biodiversity by communities and stakeholders, particularly in the context of food security, nutrition, income-generation potential and adaptation to climate change.
Develop and test new methods and tools in close partnership with farmers and value chain actors aimed at enhancing their capacities to sustainable conserve traditional crops and associated knowledge at the farm level.
Explore ways of integrating the monitoring of diversity on-farm, along with use enhancement goals, through inter –disciplinary and multi –sector approaches.
Promote a more balanced complementary conservation agenda in national programmes, based on the need to combat genetic erosion and to meet the needs of agro biodiversity users
Provide useful findings to guide further research related to climate change and its impact on species and varieties deployed in local production systems.
Key Activities Feb 2012-July 2013• Activity 1.1: International conference• Activity 2.1: National Stakeholder meetings• Activity 3.1:Training of partners• Activity 3.2:Training of community members• Activity 3.3 Surveying/documentation of GD, IK, conservation efforts and threats• Activity 3.4 Establishment of on-farm network of custodian farmers in target areas• Activity 3.5 Establishment of linkages with ex situ conservation• Activity 3.6 Development of documentation system in support of on farm monitoring
systems• Activity 3.7 Development of Red Lists for model species• Activity 3.8 Carrying out use-enhancement actions for target species• Activity 3.9 Testing out feasibility of PACS (payment for agrobiodiversity conservation
services)• Activity 4.1 Development of an impact assessment study for the project• Activity 4.2 Analyses of gathered data related to the sustainability of monitoring systems and
impact of use-enhancement on conservation of local crops• Activity 5.1 Raising awareness on the importance of on farm conservation and its strategic
complementary role with ex situ conservation• Activity 5.3 Explore policy options for supporting community based monitoring systems
Name of the Village No of HH in Kolli Hills
Thuvarapallam 45Puthupalayam 6Thirupuli Oorpuram 67Pannanthurai 8Puliyampatti 62Vallukulipatti 59Salakkadu 7Padasolai 66Kalleri 11Kumbapodi 11Sempoothuvalavu 29Melvalavu 20Naduvalavu 12
Total 403
Activity 3.3 Surveying/documentation of GD, IK, conservation efforts and threats
Crop genetic diversity Indigenous Knowledge on Cropping System Threat and conservation status of Crop
diversity Gender role in crop management Influence of externalities on NUS crop
systems Climate perception and Endogenous
methods for Resilience Custodian Farmers and Role in On farm
conservation Current Practices and support
Progress - ASA 1.Baseline survey of all targeted 500
farmers completed and Computerised2.Four Cell Analysis exercise done in all
project villages to map the existed crop/ varietal biodiversity and listing of red zone varieties
3.Organized 24 Demonstration on Good Agriculture Practices with 24 farmers (min. 4/village) by following the principles of Systems of Crop Intensification like Line sowing, Optimum Seed rate, use of pure & quality seeds, Seed Treatment, & mechanical weeding etc.
Farmers at village Hardua of District Mandla M.P
Crops and Sensitivity to Changing Weather Patterns • Farmers believe that local grain species, especially finger millet and barley, to be the most
resilient against observed changes in weather but they are also less and less likely to grow these grains
• Farmers are more inclined towards growing vegetables and fruits, which generate income but which suffer the most from observed warmer weather and reduced rainfall.
Gene Campaign Survey :Perceptions of Changing Weather Patterns on Cropping Decisions and Food Security
May-August, 2012, Ramgarh and Dhari Blocks of Nainital District Respondents: 157 men and 150 women of 29 different villages
Effects of Perceived Changes in Weather Patterns• Himalayan farmers are noticing higher temperatures with
late and reduced monsoon rainfall• Respondents believed adverse weather to be the most
pressing factor in declining crop cultivation.
Measures Taken in Response to Changes in Weather Patterns : In response to the changes in the weather planting new crops altogether planting trees changing their cropping system shifting planting times increasing the frequency of seed exchange with other farmers planting faster maturing varieties of existing crops
Crops and nutrition• The farmers believe that because of changing weather pattern the nutrition and the
sustainability of their agricultural livelihoods rely on cultivating more grains, such as finger millet, barley, maize, barnyard millet, and foxtail millet.
• Despite the expressed benefits of nutrition and sustainability in grain cultivation, surveyed farmers find that their decisions of what to grow are primarily determined by profitability.
• The production of wheat (73%), potato (49%), finger millet (33%), peas (25%), maize (23%), and cabbage (20%) has declined the most in the area. These are the most commonly grown vegetables and grains for household consumption; their decline suggests that household food security is growing less dependent on household food production.
Impacts of Changing Weather Patterns on Workloads and Natural Resources
• The great majority of respondents have described decreases in availability of fuel wood (83%), grass for fodder (87%), pasture land (89%), and spring water (74%).
• The workload of farmers both men and women have increased considerably. Men are taking additional jobs as paid labors and women are spending more time on agricultural cultivation
Village Name Male Female TotalThirupuli Oorpuram 3 2 5Puliyampatty 3 2 5Padasolai 3 2 5Valkulipatty 7 0 7Sempoothuvalavu 3 4 7
Total 19 10 29
Activity 3.4 Establishment of on-farm network of custodian farmers in target areas
Criteria set by tribal farmers in KH• Continuity in cultivation of millets
for last five years• Maintain diversity at home and on
farm• Continue to Innovate, improve and
use and enhance materials• Willingness to share knowledge
and materials• Maintain locally threatened
varieties
CUSTODIAN FARMER PROFILE Village Name: Thiruppuli oorpuram
Farmer Name: Ms. Chinnakkal , Age: 55
No. of Family Member: 4
Occupation: (a) Primary: farmer (b) Secondary: labour
Type of cultivation: mixed crop, mono crop
Method of sowing: Line sowing and Broadcasting
Type of millet crop: finger millet and little millet
Variety of millet crops and Traits : perunkelvaragu, sataikelvaragu, surataikelvaragu, sundangikelvaragu, thirikulasami, maliyasamai, katavetisamai.
Type of storage system use: Mann pannai
Mode of consumption: kaali, roti, soru
Need : Improved seed supply for little millet and Italian milletLittle millet processing mill
Activity 3.6 Development of documentation system in support of on farm monitoring systems
Crop Landrace Name Traits of the Varieties
Samai/Little Millet
Perunjsamai Suitable for Mixed Cropping,
Samai / Little Millet
Thirikulasamai Short duration crop (3 Month), fodder grass, taste, survive in poor soil
Thinai / Italian Millet
Palanthinai Suitable for mixed crop, Taste, survive in poor soil
Thinai/ Italian Millet
Perunthinai Suitable for mixed cropping ,
Ragi / Finger Millet
Perungkelvargu Long duration crop (6Month), fodder,
Ragi/GPU 48 Improved Var. High Productivity
Perunsamai
Perunthinai
CUSTODIAN FARMER PROFILEVillage Name: Padosolai, Farmer Name: Mrs. Malliga Age:33 No. of Family Member:5, Occupation: (a) Primary: farmer ,(b) Secondary: labour
Mr. Murugesan, 36
Mr. Manikam, 50 Karuman, 55
Ms. Valarmathi, 37
Ms. Chinnakkal,55
Mr. Theveli, 60Ms. Sumathi, 34 Ms. Palannimal, 45
Mrs. Rajammal, 36
Ms. Maniyammai, 48
Mr. Annadhurai, 42
Mr. chinnammal, 43 Mr. ayyasamy, 49Mr. subaramani, 46 Mr. selva kumar, 36
Mr. Natesan, 44 Mrs .Ponnamal , 55Mr. Rankasamy , 52Mrs. Maliga, 33Mrs. Ponnamal, 46
Mr. Ayyasamy, 55 Mrs. Thangamal, 48Mrs. Pakkiyam, 29Mrs.Muththammal, 52: Mrs.Vashanthamani , 34
Mr. Thathairaju, 45Mr. Sivaji, 44 Mrs .Lashmi, 37 Mrs. Maliha , 37 Mrs.Selvam, 43
MSSRF: Custodian Farmer from Kolli HillsA women custodian farmer, Ms.Kodukka Malliga
Seerangan from Kolli Hills, she attended in the National level custodian farmer meeting organized by Bioversity International at New Delhi on February 11-12, 2013.
Particulars Male Female Total participants Age group Male Age group female
Thuvarappallam 13 16 29 30-50 25-50
Semputhuvalavu 11 13 24 25-65 25-60
Padasolai 9 10 19 25-65 25-60
Total 33 39 72
Activity 3.7 Development of Red Lists for model species
Locally Lost Varieties
Cell A Large Area Many
HH
Cell CLarge Area Few
HH
Cell DSmall Area Few
HH
Cell B Small Area Many
HH
Cell A : Large Area-Many House Holds
Settlement Crop Name Name of varieties Major use
Male Female Male Female Male Female
Thuvarappallam
Semputhuvalavu
Finger Millet Perungelvaragu Self
consumption and Market
Padasolai
Finger Millet Karakelvaragu
Self consumpti
on and Market
•Yield Enhancement experiments•Market Opportunities•Entrepreneurship Development
Cell B: Small Area-Many House Holds
Particulars Crop Name Name of varieties Major use
Male Female Male Female Male Female
Thuvarappallam Finger Millet, Italian Millet Italian Millet Ilangelvaragu,Peru
nthinai, SenthinaiKoranthinai, Mookanthinai
Self consumption
Self consumpt
ion
Semputhuvalavu Finger Millet Perungelvaragu Self
consumption
Padasolai
•Cultural and Culinary Preferences•Adaptation traits suiting to mixed cropping
Cell C : Large Area-Few House HoldsSettlements Crop Name Name of varieties Major use
Male Female Male Female Male Female
Thuvarappallam Finger Millet
Little Millet, Italian Millet Ilangelvaragu Perumsamai,
PerunthinaiMarket, Self consumption
Self consumption
SemputhuvalavuLittle Millet, Italian Millet
Finger MilletVellaperumsamai, Senthinai, Perunthinai, Koranthinai
Perungelvaragu Market, Self consumption
Self consumption
Padasolai Little Millet Sadansamai Self consumption
Key Drivers – Market opportunities, Culinary preferences
Cell D: Small Area - Few House HoldsSettlements Crop Name Name of varieties Major use
Male Female Male Female Male Female
Thuvarappallam Finger Millet, Italian Millet Ilangelvaragu,
Palanthinai Self consumption
Semputhuvalavu
PadasolaiLittle Millet, Italian Millet
Italian MilletSadansamai, Perunthinai, Senthinai
Perunthinai, Senthinai
Self Consumption
Self consumption
•Cultural and Culinary Preferences•Adaptation traits suiting to mixed cropping
Cell E: Locally Lost varieties Settlements Crop Name Name of varieties Major use Male Female Male Female Male Female
ThuvarappallamLittle Millet, Italian Millet, Proso Millet, Kodo Millet
Little Millet
Perumsamai, Sadansamai, Malliasamai, Koranthinai, Panivaragu, Thirivaragu
Sadansamai, Malliasamai, Perunsamai
Self Consumption
Self Consumption
Semputhuvalavu Little Millet, Italian Millet Little Millet
Sadansamai, Malliasamai, Thirigulasamai, Senthinai, Koranthinai
Kattavetti samai, Malliasamai, Thirigulasamai
Self Consumption
Self Consumption
PadasolaiFinger Millet, Little Millet, Proso Millet, Kodo Millet
Finger Millet, Little Millet, Proso Millet, Kodo Millet
Sattaikelvaragu, Malliasamai, Kattavettisamai, Panivaragu, Thirivaragu
Sattaikelvaragu, Malliasamai, Panivaragu, Thirivaragu
Self Consumption
Self Consumption
•Access to Improved Varieties in finger Millets •Inaccessibility to dehulling machines for little millet and Italian Millets•Farmers adoption of diversified farming (Agro forestry, Plantations cropping Systems
Name of Crops/Seeds Collection year 2012-13
Collection year 2006-07
No. of samples collected No. of varieties found from the samples
No of Samples collected No. of varieties found from the samples
Soybean 19 02 61 10Foxtail Millets 08 02 18 02Lobiya 10 2 27 06Till 09 03 05 03Mustard 08 02 06 03Chhina Millet - - 03 01Bean 09 03 12 02Mass 13 01 13 03Amaranth 06 02 13 02Horse Gram 08 02 06 02Rajma 06 03 19 07Barnyard Millet 16 04 41 01Finger Millet 43 16 209 33Gram 01 01 - -Paddy 66 44 179 32Barley 37 19 19 08Wheat 25 09 19 07Maize 14 06 06 04Moong Dal 07 01 - -Black Soyabean 18 03 - -Masur 06 01 - -Simi 13 04 - -Arhar 05 02 - -Rai 10 04 - -Ugal 02 01 - -Bajara 04 01 - -Alsi 01 01 - -
Collection of diversity by Gene Campaign indicative of losses - 2006-07 to 2012-13
• Establishment of community Seed Bank with local and improved Varieties
• Farmer participatory research in identifying high yielding varieties through PVS
• Yield Enhancement Demonstrations for increasing productivity with profitability
• Promotion of intercrops for better nutrition
• Reduction of drudgery of women in crop production - row maker, cono weeder, inter cultivation and modified spade
• Training and capacity building of farm women & men
Activity 3.8 Carrying out use-enhancement actions for target species
Location No. of trials (2012)
No. of training (2012)
No. of farmers (2012)
Kolli Hills 4 4 100
Sl.No Seeds used in Kolli Hills1 GPU 26
2 GPU 28
3 GPU 45
4 GPU 48
5 GPU 66
6 GPU 67
7 L 5
8 MR 6
9 PR 202
10 Karakelvaragu
11 Perungelvaragu
12 Sattaikelvaragu
1314
• Limited access to improved varieties• Limited Knowledge on Varietal Selection
• Capacity building on Varietal selection based on different parameters• Option for more improved and local varieties suitable to agroecology
Farmer participatory research in identifying high yielding varieties
301
289
269
164
159
95
8053
47
18 1710
PVS Score 2012 Kolli Hills
GPU 28
GPU 67
MR 6
L 5
GPU 48
Perungelvaragu
GPU 66
GPU 26
PR 202
Sattaikelvaragu
GPU 45
Karakelvaragu
Varieties
M 53 – F 47
Varieties Selected by farmers in Kolli HillsGPU 28 – 110 -120 days crops, Large Panicle, sturdy plant
GPU 67 – 120 Days, Fully filled healthy panicles
MR 6 – 140-150 days, large panicle, Tall and sturdy plants
Community Seed Bank
Pure Crop Inter crop wit pulses
Inter crop with tapioca
Location No of trial
Area in Hectare
No of trial
Area in Hectare
No of trial
Area in Hectare
Kolli Hills, Tamil Nadu 23 1.25 17 1.10 61 2.07
Yield Enhancement Demonstrations in millets (2012)
Method Of Cultivation
Crop combination
Pure Crop Finger millet, Little millet
Millet intercrop with pulses
Finger millet, Italian Millet, Maize, Mustard, Pigeon pea
Millet with Tapioca Finger Millet and Tapioca
Yield and income of Pure crop of Improved Practices Vs. Farmers’ Practices in Kolli Hills 2011 and 2012 (yield in
quintal/Hectare)
Yield 2011 Yield 2012 Average yield
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
16.00
18.00 16.15 16.59 16.37
13.90 13.31 13.60
Yield -Improved Prac-ticeYield - Farmers Prac-tice
20 % of yield increased
Total
Inco
me
Total
Expen
diture
Net Inco
me0.00
5000.00
10000.00
15000.00
20000.00
25000.00
30000.0025864.42
19152.18
6712.24
21559.32
16583.31
4976.01
Improved practicesFarmers' practices
25.87 % of net income increased
Yield and income of Inter crop of Improved Practices Vs. Farmers’ Practices in Kolli Hills 2012 (yield in quintal /Hectare)
Finger Millet Italian Millet Reg gram0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
16.0015.88
0.69 0.29
13.13
0.45 0.23
Yield - Improved practiceYield - Farmers Practice
Total Inco
me
Total Exp
enditure
Net Inco
me0.00
5000.00
10000.00
15000.00
20000.00
25000.00
30000.00 27263.44
18758.90
8504.54
21550.04
16084.24
5465.80Inter cropping MethodMixed cropping method
35.73 % of net income increased
Cost Benefit –Mono crop and inter crop with Tapioca in Kolli Hills
Total income Total Expenditure Net income0.00
20000.00
40000.00
60000.00
80000.00
100000.00
120000.00116973
49472
67500
101849
37665
64184
Inter cropping of Tapioca and Ragi
Mono Cropping of Tapioca
Amou
nt in
Rs.
• Income increase from 5% to 10 % through Inter cropping with tapioca when compared to pure cropping
• In addition farmers are getting cash crop as well as food crop
Progress -ASA• Conducted 10 mother & 60 baby trials on Kodo and 8 mothers & 48
baby trials on indigenous pea to provide basket of varietal choice to the farmers
• 2 ToTs on PoPs conducted to VRPs• 15 Trainings conducted for farmers on GAP of Kodo, Kutki & Desi Pea• For addressing the issue of availability of quality Seeds at farmers
level, seeds production of 1000 Qtl (90 Qtl foundation seeds distributed in convergence with Govt Schemes)
• Outreach of project has been extended from 500 with 700 farmers• 1 Farmers convention and 1 symposium were organized on
promotion of small millets • Preparation of Community Managed biodiversity register in process
Activity 3.2: Training of community members - KHDetails of training Kolli Hills Trainee
days
Male Female
Training on using row maker for millet cultivation 48 37
85Training on using right seeds in millet cultivation 55 46
101Training on participatory Varietal selection 28 25
53Training on using Kono weeder
57 64121
Training on using appropriate spade for weeding in inter cropping with tapioca field 29 32
61Training on Vermi composting technologies 35 12
47Training on nutrition 16 77 93Total
268 293 561
Activity 5.1 Raising awareness on the importance of on farm conservation and its strategic complementary role with ex situ conservation
27 Women and 71 men farmers, government line department offices, scientist from MSSRF participated in the program on creating awareness and building capacity on legislation of PPVFR act 2001 at Nala Hotel, Namakkal on 19th March 2013
Formation of Block level Biodiversity Management Committee
Millet Food Exhibition and Millet Food Mela • Revival on home cookery
traditions and on farm conservation
• 21 – Improved recipes, 11 Traditional recipes served
• 30 Women and men cooks recognized
• Over 400 community members shared and eaten millet based foods
• Dr. Stefano Padulosi, Bioversity international, Rome and Dr. Rima Alcadi, IFAD, Rome attended
Efforts for popularization of traditional recipes & knowledge of small millet. Through organizing an exhibition
Seed Fair for promotion & Popularization of Small
Millets at Singarpur village, dated 20.11.2012
Points for Discussion• Custodian farmer network: Knowledge and Material sharing - Mechanism for
recognizing them• Threat Assessment: Local name and scientific identity of local crops -5 Cell Analysis
– Threat - Geographical Boundaries • Use enhancement: Crop Improvement, Processing, Marketing and On farm Crop
Diversity maintenance challenge
• Documentation: BD Act - PBR – Crop Diversity and Indigenous Knowledge and Legal provisions
• Recognizing contributions : • PPVFRA - Plant Genome Savior Award - NUS – Millets – DUS characterization • Incentive mechanism/Payment for conservation of locally threatened Sp, LRs
• Local infrastructures – seeds storage, Mechanized processing, Traits Assessment and insurance
• Institutional support Knowledge and material sharing, revival of germplasm of exsitu
• Use enhancement Local PVS, Quality seed production, contribution in the PBRs, Threat assessment, Varietal registration