RELATIONAL DATABASES, LOCATION REFERENCING SYSTEMS, AND PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

Instructional Objectives

Understand principles and concepts of relational databases

Understand need for location referencing systems

Global Positioning System Geographic Information Systems

Instructional Objectives

WHY Examine DATABASES?

Databases are the storage vessel for PMS data and the basis for PMS analysis.

The PMS engineer needs some background in database design to discuss the database setup with the database designer.

Database Management Systems

Hierarchical Network

Relational

Route

Year

Mile Ref

Tables, Fields and Records

Example Road Section Table

Road Section Table

Record

Field or Attribute

Table

Keys

A field or fields in table used to access data in table

Can be unique or non-unique Only a unique key can be used as

‘Primary Key’ Section ID was Primary Key in

Road Section Table Used in relating tables

One-to-Many Relationships

Consider relating Condition Table to Road Section Table

Foreign Key

Primary Key

Road Section Table

Condition Table

One-to-Many Relationship

Consider relating Construction History Table below to Road Section Table

Many-to-Many Relationships

Contract Number From To Year Work_Type Unit_Cost100 0.0 5.0 1955 Construct 100000200 0.0 1.0 1986 Overlay 50000300 1.0 3.0 1987 Overlay 50000400 3.0 5.0 1988 Overlay 50000

?

Construction History Table

Road Section Table

The Junction Table

Construction History Table

Road Section Table

Junction Table

Process of dividing database into separate tables which eliminates unnecessary duplication and facilitates all relationships as ‘one-to-many’

Rule of thumb:

significantly reduce duplicate data

Normalization

Example of Normalization

Original Road Section Table

Modified Road Section Table

Standards Table

BECOMES:Duplicate values

Official standard language for dealing with relational systems

Defined by ANSI standard, though every vendor has own version

Structured Query Language (SQL)

‘Data’ are values physically stored in database

‘Information’ is meaning of those values as understood by some user

For example, values in Min_Width field of Standards Table are not information until you know their units (e.g., 27 vs. 27 ft)

Data vs Information

Pavement Sections

• Different Pavement section lengths for inventory, condition, costs, maintenance/rehabilitation history

• Fixed length sections or Dynamic segmentation based on a variable level, such as condition

• Temporary analysis sections based on the “least common denominator” or section length using Concurrent transformation routines

Pavement Sections

DYNAMIC SEGMENTATION

Pavement Sections

2

1*5002*5001*1000750

CONCURRENT TRANSFORMATION

The transforms are based on weighted-averages base on length

AADT 1000 500 100

Material Cost

100 240

Trans AADT 750 233

Mat Cost 100 240

Pavement SectionsCONCURRENT TRANSFORMATION

Transformation Classes:

(1) weighted average,

(2) sum,

(3) maximum value,

(4) minimum value,

(5) statistical average,

(6) first occurrence, and

(7) most length

PMS DATA

LOCATION REFERENCE SYSTEMS

Support for PMS

Linking PMS data to the pavement

Where are we Toto?

We’re not in Kansas anymore!!!

LOCATION REFERENCE SYSTEMS

Location: position on road Address: string of characters uniquely

identifying a location Location Reference Method (LRM):

procedures used in field to find address of a location

Location Reference System (LRS): procedures used to manage location referencing

Definitions

Linear:

The mile point is the offset in miles from the beginning of the road in the primary direction.

The mile post is a post placed along the road, with a number placed on it representing the mile point of the post.

Reference Point

Reference Post

Location Reference Methods

Fundamentally same; get address by getting distance from known point

Problems associated with inability to reproduce distances between points

Difference between “plan” distance and over the road distances

Linear Location Reference Methods

Plan distance

The mile (or kilometer) point location reference method is the most fundamental linear method of all.

This method assumes each road has one reference point located at the beginning of the road. The address of any point along the road is given as an offset.

Mile Point

0.0 2.5 4.5 5.75 7.25MilePoint

Offset

‘Known point’ is a post Re-establishing milepost signs Issues with route realignment

Mile Post

0.0 2.5 4.5 5.75 7.25

MilePosts

1 2 3 4 5 6 70

REFERENCE SYSTEMS

MILE POSTS

START MP 0.0

MP 1.0

MP3.0

MP 5.0

MP7.0

0.0 2.5 4.5 5.75 7.25

MilePosts

1 2 3 4 5 6 70

REFERENCE SYSTEMS

MILE POSTS

START MP 0.0

MP 1.0

MP3.0

MP 5.0

MP7.0

Primary Direction

Secondary Direction

North & East

South & West

Length of Route in Primary Direction may be different than that in the Secondary Direction.

REFERENCE SYSTEMS

MILE POSTS

START MP 0.0

MP 1.0

MP3.0

MP 5.0

MP7.0

Over the Road Miles

As measured by the collection vehicle DMI

As measured by a set of plans

REFERENCE SYSTEMSLINK-NODE

NODE 121NODE 231LINK 121-231

RT 521

RT 611

RT 713

A +0.0

ReferencePoint

A

B +0.0 C +0.0 C +1.25 D +0.0

1.25

B C D

‘Known point’ is a post

Reference Post

A +0.0

B C DA

B +1.0 C +0.5 C +1.75 D +0.75

1.0

0.5

1.75 0.75

‘Known point’ is identifiable physical feature on road

Reference Point

A +0.0

ReferencePoint

A

B +0.0 C +0.0 C +1.25 D +0.0

1.25

B C D

Intersection

Bridge Center

Railroad crossing

What is GPS? Triangulation

Sources of Error – overheard cover Differential GPS based on permanent

base station Using GPS for PMS

Global Positioning System (GPS)

REFERENCE SYSTEMS

STATE COORDINATE

SYSTEM - (GPS/GIS)

LONG

LAT

LONG

LAT

LONG

LAT

Global Positioning System (GPS)

Satellites send radio signal.

Receiver uses ‘velocity * travel-time to calculate location.

Satellite 2

Satellite 3

Satellite 1

Circle of influence

Location

Triangulation

Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

What is GIS?[ESRI ARC GIS] ARCMap Demo

Main Ingredients– Spatial Data– Attribute Data

Contains all fundamental geographic features Source and content varies TIGER files, aerial photographs, or local hard

copy maps are typical sources Base Map preparation of GIS is the most time

consuming

The Base Map

Useful for integrating line objects (roads), point objects (signs), and polygon objects (political boundaries) with pavement data.

Used for display and analyses of system data

Integrating Data with a GIS

“The picture is worth a 1000 words!”

If PMS uses only traditional roadway data, then GIS is not required for integration

If it uses non-traditional data such as boundaries, then a GIS is required for spatial integration

Application of GIS in PMS

Dynamic Segmentation and Concurrent Transformation are linear functions not GIS functions

If PMS needs to show map, and no GIS exists, use Automated Mapping

If GIS exists, use it

Application of GIS in PMS (continued)

PMS DATABASES

COMPUTERIZED DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (DBMS)

INTEGRATED RELATIONAL DATABASES

PMS COORDINATED DATABASES

COMPUTERIZED DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

INTEGRATED RELATIONAL DATABASES

INVENTORY - RT NUMBER, FUNCTIONAL CLASS, PAVEMENT TYPE, etc.CONDITION - RIDE QUALITY, DISTRESS, FRICTION, DEFLECTIONCOSTSHISTORYTRAFFIC / LOADS

PAVEMENT HISTORYInitial Construction Data

Date, Cost, Material, Structure, etc.

Pavement Preservation

Date, Treatment, Cost, Material, Structure, etc.

Rehabilitation

Date, Treatment, Cost, Material, Structure, etc.

Reconstruction

Date, Treatment, Cost, Material, Structure, etc.

COSTS

AGENCY COSTS

P&EDESIGN CONSTRUCTION PREVENTIVE AND ROUTINE MAINTENANCE PRESERVATION / REHABILITATION / RECONSTRUCTIONSALVAGE

PMS DATABASES

DATABASE PRODUCTS/REPORTS

DEFICIENCY REPORTS –

SECTIONS WITH UNACCEPTABLE CONDITION

PERFORMANCE HISTORIES

DISPLAY GIVEN CONDITION PARAMETER OVER TIME OR LOADS

CONSTRUCTION, MAINTENANCE, REHAB HISTORIES

LIST OF BUDGET NEEDS - STATE, MPO, COUNTY, TOLL AUTHORITIES

PMS DATABASESDATABASE PRODUCTS/REPORTS

[TABULAR, BUSINESS GRAPHICS, GIS MAP, Video]

Section Year Cost

32 2006 $100,000

47 2008 $237,999

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr 4th Qtr

EastWestNorth

Data Storage

Terabyte Mountain

1 Terabyte = 1,024 Gigabytes

ASSET MANAGEMENT

• Pavement Management• Bridge Management• Water System Management• Sewer System Management• Sign Management• Traffic Signal Management • Facilities Management• Equipment Management• Work Order Cost Accounting• Etc.

PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

• Deighton dTIMS

• Stantec Highway Performance Monitoring System

• Agile Assets Pavement Analyst

• Cartegraph Pavement View and Pavement View Plus

• In-house developed

Deighton dTIMS CT

Deighton dTIMS CT

Deighton dTIMS CT

AgileAssets Pavement Analyst

Pavement Analyst’s features:• Access to PMS data• Custom Configuration• Integrated GIS• Built-in Reporting

CartegraphCritical Elements in Models and

Scenarios

11

22

33 4455

6677

88 99

CartegraphSetting up options

CartegraphEstablishing Performance Models

1122

33

4455

Questions?