AnalogiesRelationships Between Words

Analogies are based on relationships between word pairs.

There is often more than one way to build a relationship between pairs of words.

What are the different ways these words can be related?

fish, fin, fly, worm, swim, wing, bird

Analogies: Seeing Relationships

fish/swim (swim is the action that a fish does)

bird/________ (What is the action that a bird does)

bird/fly

These are object to action analogies.

Analogies: Seeing Relationships

fin/fish A fin is part of a fish.

wing/_____ (What is a wing part of?) wing/bird

These are part to whole analogies.

Analogies: Seeing Relationships

fin/swim (How is fin related to swim?)

wing/______ (What word relates to wing in the same way?)

wing/fly

The first word is something used to do the second word.

These are tool to use analogies.

Analogies: Seeing Relationships

An analogy is a comparison between two word pairs.

The key to understanding analogies is to focus on the relationship between the word pairs.

What is an Analogy?

In each pair of the analogy, the first animal is a specific kind of the second.

A guppy is a kind of fish. A hawk is a kind of bird.

These are examples of specific example to a general category analogies.

The relationship between to two pairs should be clear.

guppy is to fish AS hawk is to bird

Analogies can be written in words or in symbols. The colon (dots) replace the words.

hawk is to bird AS guppy is to fish hawk : bird :: guppy : fish

Both of these analogies read: A hawk is related to a bird in the same way as a guppy is related to a fish.

Clues to Reading Analogies

Look at the parts of speech used in each word pair. The type of words used give you a clue as to the type of

relationship shown.

In an analogy with a kind of relationship, the words are all nouns. (specific example to general category)

pear : fruit :: squash : vegetable

In an object/action analogy, the first word is a noun (the object), and the second word is a verb (the action).

bird : chirp :: dog : bark

Clues to Reading Analogies

1. Object (tool) to the Action (use) In each pair, the first word is a tool used

for the activity (second word). book : read :: pencil : write

2. Word to its Opposite (antonym) In each pair, the first word means the

opposite of the second word. hot : cold :: day : night

Types of Analogies

3. Part to Whole The first word is a part of a whole thing,

second word. athlete : team :: spectator : audience

4. Cause to Effect The first word is the cause, the second word

is the effect. teasing : quarrel :: speeding : ticket

Types of Analogies

5. Kind of (general category/specific example)

The first word is a general category, and the second word is a specific example.

beetle: ladybug:: butterfly: monarch

6. Object to Material The first word is the object, the second word

is what it is made up of. bottle : plastic :: shirt : cotton

Types of Analogies

7. Synonyms In each pair, the first word means the same

as the second word. satchel : bag :: crate : box

8. Male to Female In each pair, the male and female is

compared. bull : cow :: rooster : hen

Types of Analogies

Analogy = a way of showing that the relationship between one pair of words is similar to the relationship between a second pair of words

ExampleThe relationship between a writer and a pen

is similar to the relationship between a painter and a brush.

Practice with Analogies

ExampleThe relationship between a writer and a

pen is similar to the relationship between a painter and a brush.

A writer is to a pen as a painter is to a brush.

ExampleA writer is to a pen AS a painter is to a brush.

writer : pen :: painter : brush

delicate : fragile :: sturdy : strong Word : Synonym

balloon : rise :: ball : throw Object : Action

rich : poor :: happy : sad Word : Antonym

ink : pen :: lead: pencil Part : Whole

Name the Analogy

boy: girl :: gander : goose Male : Female

ring : silver :: tray : styrofoam Object : Material

class : math :: school : Baker General : Specific

effort : success :: sleep : energy Cause : Effect

Name the Analogy

On your paper, write down the 8 different typesof analogies and create your own. 1. object : action2. word : antonym3. part : whole4. cause : effect5. general : specific6. object : material7. word : synonym8. male : female

Can You Write Your Own Analogies?

Fold your paper in half and make a two column chart. On the left hand side, label it “Relationship”. On the right hand side, label it “Answer”.

Relationship Answer

Number 1-40 on each side. With your partner, read each card and determine the relationship

between the words. Record this on the left hand side of your chart.

Once you have determined the relationship, complete the analogy. Record this on the right hand side of your chart.

Analogy Cards

Analogy Relationships

Antonyms

Part to Whole Whole to Part

Object to Action Action to Object

Male to Female Female to Male

Synonyms

Object to Material Material to Object

Cause to Effect Effect to Cause

Specific to General

General to Specific

Add Ax Big Boat Brush City Diet Discuss Eat Feather

Freeze Happines

s Insect Mars Picture Quick Rough Sand Sentence Support

Antonyms Synonyms

Part to Whole Whole to Part

Object to Action Action to Object

Cause to Effect Effect to Cause

Specific to General General to Specific

Word Bank for Analogies 1 - 40