CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1. Introduction

English as the international language has important role in the field of

communication. Many people in the developing country are able to speak in

English in order to obtain a better knowledge, better skill and better living. In

Indonesia that is one of the developing country, English is really needed.

According to (Nida and Taber 1982:12), translation is reproducing

receptor language of the closest natural equivalence of a source language

message, firstly in terms of meaning and secondly in term of style. The meaning

of the source language must be kept while doing the translationg from source

language into target language. In doing the translation, the same meaning must be

expressed into another language by very different forms.

Translation is said to be a change of form. The source language is the form

from which the translation and the target language is the form from which it is

changed. Translation is the transferring without distortion the meaning of the SL

into the TL. The intend meaning of the source language must be transferred

constant.

We have said that translation equivalence occurs when SL and TL items

are relatable to the same features of substance. In total translation, the question of

samness of situation substance is a difficult one and is linked to the question of

the sameness or otherwise of the cultures to which SL and TL belong. A legal text

is something very different from ordinary speech. The translation which keeping

the form in the TL, for instance, the word melodrama in English (Lawrence,

1960:107), it is translated into melodrama in Bahasa Indonesia (BI) (Achyar,

2008:242).

The meaning and the equivalence translation are the topic discussed in this

paper. Besides, this paper also identifies additional information or meaning or

reduction of information which occurs within the translation. It is important to

know the translation equivalence of the text which is translated into Indonesian.

Therefore, this topic is interested to discuss.

Linguistically, language deals with word, clause, sentence, and how word

are combined into a clause or sentence in order to create a complex of meaning.

Complex sentence can be used in speaking and writing activities, but the

comlexity of its structure often makes the learners confused in differentiating the

form and the other types.

There are some sentences that have the same meaning as the original

where the translation should reflect the intend meaning of the oiginal text. The

relative clause is one of the examples as a source that have several meanings in

Indonesian as target language. A complex sentence consists of two clauses and

between two clauses, there is a certain relation that makes the two clauses. These

clauses have a complex sense or meaning. They are called as the main clause and

subordinate clause. The subordinate clause has a certain function in the structure

of complex sentence so that the complex sentence seems like a simple sentence,

but one of its element realized by the subordinate clause. The subordinate clause

functions in the structure of complex sentence so that the complex sentence seems

like a simple sentence, but one of its element realized by the subordinate clause.

The subordinate clause has the function in the structure complex sentence so that

the complex sentence seem like the simple sentence, but one of its element was

realized by the subordinate clause. The semantic relation between the clause and

its relater may be either restrictive or nonrestrictive. This is called the basis

distinction between restrictive and nonrestrictive relative clause. The relative

clause was chosen as the topic of discussion in this study because there are many

aspects of language either in written or oral communication.

1.2 Problems of the study

Based on the background of the study above, the problems of the study are

formulated as follows:

1. What kind of the relative clause are found in the novel “The Good Earth”

by Pearl S. Buck?

2. What is the syntatic functions of relative clause found in the novel “The

Good Earth” by Pearl S. Buck?

3. What is the translation equivalence of the relative clause which are found

in the novel “The Good Earth” by Pearl S. Buck?

1.3 Aims of the Study

From the problems formulated above, the aims of this study are:

1. To identify the kind of relative clause found in the novel “The Good earth”

by Pearl S. Buck

2. To describe the syntatic functions of the relative clause found in the novel

“The Good Earth” by Pearl S. Buck

3. To investigate the translation equivalence of the relative clause in the

source language text and analyze the loss and gain of information which

occur in the text translated from the Source Language into the Target

Language.

1.4 Signficance of the Study

This study gives two significant aspects. Those are theoretical aspect and

practical aspect.

1.4.1 Theoretical Significance

The result of this study will be hoped to improve the knowledge based on

translation results regarding relative clause and in order to give contribution to

linguistics studies especially translation studies. Furthermore, translating English

relative clause into Indonesian give implication to translation subject in terms of

the way of rendering messages from a wider grammatical sentence pattern and the

way in identifying translation techniques of a translation product. It is hoped that

translation product can be done by students.

1.4.2 Practical Significance

The result of this study can give contribution a new comprehension for

students of translation class in translating relative clause in the sentences from

English into Indonesian. It is hoped to find the present study which is valuable

and practical significant to the language learners. This study can give a reference

for the other researchers to analyze relative clause in the sentence.

1.4.3 Scope of the Study

The scope of this study is hoped to give the limitation of the discussion

based on the characteristics of the data. This study is focused with the types of

relative clause occured in the sentences. It is concerned especially their types, and

the translation procedures applied in translating the sentences from English into

Indonesian. In this case, the types and categories of relative clause propose by

Quirk et all (1987).

CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW, CONCEPT, THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK, AND RESEARCH MODEL

Some previous studies about relative clause will be reviewed in this literature review.

2.1 Literature Review

Three previous studies and one international journal will be reviewed in

this literarture study.

Agustini (2005) in her pot-graduate thesis describes about the type and

function of nominal clause in the novel the Official deat by Prescott which was

published in 2003 was analyzed by Agustini. All major of the relative clause coud

be found in the data. This analyse also showed about their function the nominal

clause depending on their types. It may function as subject, object, subject

complement, adjectival complement, adverbial and prepositional complement.

The weakness of this thesis is that there is no relation between the main

and supporting theory. The strength of this thesis is placed on the relevance

between nominal claue and relative clause analysis. The author chose this thesis

as one of the review because it relates to the topic that was discussed by the

author. The author chose this thesis as one of the thesis was chosed as one of the

review because this thesis gives clear explanation abot the definition of relative

clause. This thesis gives a contribution in analyzing data especially as a

comparison on applying concept of relative clause.

There are some similarities and differences between Agustini’s

undergraduate thesis and this thesis. The first similarities are about the theory

which is used by Agustini to solve the problem in her thesis. She used the theory

of Quirk et al (1985). This writing used the theory of translation equivalence and

Quirk et all. The second is that she used the novel as data source and this writing

also used novel as data source. The difference was that she explained manner

adjunct in the form of clause whereas in this writing did not concern about it.

Dewi (2005) in her thesis focuses at designing an overview of the English

pronoun, to identify the kids of relative pronoun and the function of the relative

pronoun was also described in this paper. This paper merely investigated four

relative pronoun: who, which, and zero.

The weakness of this thesis is that there is no relation between the

syntatical analysis and the supported theory which was used in describing the

analysis. The strength of this undergraduate thesis is placed on the application of

the analysis of syntatical analysis by the writer. The writer chosed this

undergraduate thesis because relating to the topic which was discussed by the

writer. The writer chosed this graduate thesis as one of the review because this

thesis gives clear explanation about the definition of clause. This thesis gives a

contribution in analyzing data especially as a comparison on applying concept of

clause in the sentence.

There are some similarities and differences between Rhatadi’s post-

graduate thesis with this writing. The first similarity is about the explanation

about the adverb. In her undergraduate thesis, he concerned about the explanation

of adverb. In this writing also explained the definition of adverb. The difference

was about the topic, he described about syntatical analysis but this writing

described about relative clause.

The third thesis is written by Astuti (2005). The writer focused on the

structure of English Noun Phrase (ENP) as the Source Language (SL) translated

into Indonesian Noun Phrase (INP) as the Target Language (TL). The equivalence

translation of English Noun Phrase into Indonesian was discussed in this paper.

There is distinction between “textual equivalence” and “formal correspondence”.

The translation of Noun Phrase was also discussed in this paper.

The weakness of this graduate thesis is that the writer only described

about the type of translation. The strength of this thesis is placed on the

application on the translation equivalence on the data. The writer chose this

graduate thesis as one of the review because it related to the topic that was

discussed by the writer. The writer chose this thesis as one of the review because

this undergraduate thesis gave clear explanation about the definition of translation

equivalence.

The difference between Astuti’s undergraduate thesis and this writing

paper are about the theory which was used to solve the problem. In her

undergraduate thesis, she explained about the structure of Noun Phrase as the

target language; whereas, this writing concerned about the relative clause. The

similarity is about the theory used by the writer. Astuti used the theory of Nida

and Taber. In this paper also used the theory of Nida.

2.2 Concepts

The concepts that are discussed in this present study are; concept of

equivalence, and the types of relative clause.

2.2.1 Concept of Translation

According to The Merriam Webster Dictionary (1974) translation consists

of changing from one state or form to another, to turn into one’s own language.

According to Catford (1978), what is meant by translation is cited below:

“The theory of translation is concerned with a certain type of relation between languages and is consequently a branch of Comparative Linguistics. From the point of view of translation theory the distinction between synchronic and diachronic comparison is irrelevant. Translation equivalences may be set up, and translations performed, between any pair of language or dialect-‘related’ or ‘unrelated’ and with any kind of spatial, temporal, social or other relationship between them”.

2.2.2 Concept of Equivalence

The definition of equivalence can be said as the sameness in meaning.

According to Catford (1978:28), what is meant by equivalence is cited below:

“In place of asking for equivalents we may adopt a more formal procedure, namely, commutation and observation of comitant variation. In other words, we may systematically intrduces changes into the SL text and observe what changes if any occur in the TL text as a consequence. A textual translation equivalent is thus: that portion of a TL text which is changed when and only when a given portion of the SL text is changed.”

A textual translation equivalent, then is any TL form (text or portion of

text) which is observed to be the equivalent of a given SL form (text or portion of

text). Source language and target language can funtion in the same situation

although they can function in the same situation.

2.2.3 Translation Equivalence

The equivalence oriented in Source Language is included in the category

of direct translation proposed by Venuti (2000), those are

a. Literal translation, which is a direct transfer of the SL into grammatical

and idiomatically appropriate TL text.

b. Transposition is replacing one word class with another without changing

messages

c. Equivalence is one of the same situation which can be rendered by two

texts using completely different stylistic and structure method.

2.3 Adjustment in translation

In the process of translation, there are some situations when translating

from SL into TL. according to Larson (1984:18), there are three adjustments in

translation, those are:

a. Addition of information, it occurs if there is new information in the

target language, but we cannot find it in the source language.

2.3.1 Loss and Gain in Translation

According to Bassnet, Loosing or gaining information results from

language differences. Language differences usually result in untranslatability

(Bassnett, 1991:32), which inevitably leaves the translator to choice but to

pick a TL expression that has the closest meaning. This untranslatability is

called the source of loss and gain of meaning or information in translation. It

happens due to various causes. If there is lack of tenses in the TL, it will lead

to loss of temporal meaning.

2.3.2 Loss, Gain and Skewing of Information in Translation

The basic principles of translation mean that no translation in a receptor

language can be the exact equivalent of the model in the source language. That

is to say, all types of translation involves (1) loss of information, (2) addition

of information, and / or (3) skewing of information (Nida, 1975:27).

2.3.3 Loss of Information

Different vocabularies of the two languages and cultures have made more

specific words have additional components of meaning as well as the meaning

of the generic terms (Larson, 1998:72). The translation from a specific word

into the generic word resulted loss of information as examples:

(1a) SL: “Poor man. You are monster.

TL: ‘Pria malang. Kau ini monster memang

A systematically organized set of oral-aural symbol of pure borrowing

monster is unknown in the TL. Only portion of the textual meaning of the

cultural word monster is translated as formal correspondence by occupying the

same structural position and maintaining grammatical category of SL.

2.3.4 Gain of Information

In the translation process, there are some components of meaning of the

source text which will no longer be explicit and some components which are not

explicit in the source text will be made explicit in translation (Larson, 1998: 202).

The translation from the implicit to explicit information resulted in gain of

information as in examples (5), and (6) below:

(5) SL : ‘I just can’t ........it’s like a wall between us

TL : ‘Hanya saja aku tak bisa ..........sepertinya ada tembok pemisah

diantara kita

To translate literally the implicit simile like a wall into sepertinya ada

tembok sounds unnatural in TL.

2.3.5 Skewing of Information

Since no two languages having as absolute meaningful expression in

translation (Nida, 1975: 27). Here are the examples of skewing of information:

SL : What would she do then? It made her heart beat faster just thinking of it

TL : Apa yang dilakukannya? Hatinya berdebar kencang.

2.4 Theoretical Framework

This study is related with translation equivalence into Indonesian.

Consequently, this study regards to translation, translation equivalence and

meaning. The theories that are used in this study are the theory proposed by Nida,

Quirk et al, Catford, and Nida and taber as well. These theories are used in solving

the problem of this study. The first theory is used to solve the problem about the

type of relative clause. The first theory used is the theory proposed by Quirk et al.

The second problem is investigating equivalence translation of the relative clause

and the theory used is the theory of proposed by Larson and Catford.

2.4.1 Theory of Translation

The translation is needed to be accurate as to meaning and natural as to

receptor. The translation must be:

a. Accurate : the translation is needed to have exact possible meaning of

the source text.

b.Natural : the translation is needed to have the natural forms of the

receptor language in a way that is appropriate to the kind of text to

translate

The translation is based on the theory that is possible to the meaning of a

text from its forms and it reproduces that meaning with the very different forms of

a second language. According to Larson (1998:3), translation consists of studying

the lexicon, grammatical structure, communication situation, and cultural context

of the source language text.

2.4.2 Types of Translation

According to Larson in the book entitles “Meaning based Translation:

Second Edition” (1998), translation is classified into four types. There are two

main types of translation, those are form-based and meaning-based translation. It

is the form-based translation that allows the form of the source language and it is

known as literal translation. Every effort to communicate the meaning of the SL

text is made by meaning-based translation. An interlineal translation can be said

as a literal translation. The linguistic feature of the source text is reproduced.

2.4.3 Categories of Relative Clauses and their Syntactic Function

According to Quirk et al (1985), there are two kinds of relative clause:

restrictive of defining relative clause and nonrestrictive or non-defining relative

clause.

2.5 Restrictive Relative Clause

According to Thomson (1986:81) restrictive relative clause is a clause,

which describe the preceding noun in such a way to distinguish it from other nou

of the same class. Relative clause provides information needed to make the

antecedent definete.

The form of defining relative prnoun are as follows:

Subject Object PossesivePersons Who

That

Whom/who

That

Whose

Things Which

That

Which

That

Whose / of which

In restrictive clause, relative pronoun functions respectively as subject, object, and

adverbial (or complement in prepositional phrase functioning as adverbial).

2.6 Restrictive relative clause as subject

Who and which can be used in antecendent. Who is for a person and which is

for a thing. The examples of relatives are that, who, and which. Here are the

examples:

- This is the picture which caused such a sensation

- The man who robbed you has been arrested

2.7 Restrictive relative clause as Object of Verb

Whom and which can be used as the form for direct object but this is

considered very formal or rarely used in colloquial speech. For examples:

- The girls whom/that he employes are always complaining about their pay,

or the girls he employs are complaining about their pay (relative pronoun

is omited)

2.8 Restrictive Relative Clause as prepositional Object

In formal english, the preposition can be placed before the relative

pronoun which must then be put into the form whom/which. For

examples:

a. The friend with whom I was travelling spoke French

b. The friend I was travelling with spoke French

c. The leader on which I was standing began to slip

d. The leader I was standing on began to slip

It can be seen from the sentence above that preposition with and on are

followed by relative pronoun, these are combined in order to make a prepositional

object.

2.9 Restrictive Relative Clause for possesive

Whose can be possible form which is used with reference to person in

things. For examples:

- People whose rents have been raised can apple

2.9.1 Nonrestrictive Relative Clause

Extra information can be given by non restrictive clause.

2.9.2 Nonrestrictive Relative Clause as Subject

Who is for the person and which is for things. For examples:

a. My neighbor, who is very pessimistic, says there will be no apples this

year

b. The 8.15, which is usually very punctual, was late today

2.9.3 Nonrestrictive Relatiive Clause as Object

The relative pronoun whom can not be ommited in the sentence. For

examples:

a. Peter, whom everyone suspected, turn out to be innocent

b. Everyone suspected Peter, but he turn out to be innocent

2.9.4 Nonrestrictive Relative Clause for Possesive

The relative pronoun whose is generally used for person and things. For

examples:

a. Ann, whose children are at school, is cooking

b. This is George, whose class you will be taking

Nonrestrictive Relative Clause with Phrasal Verb

The relative pronoun which is joined with phrasal verb. For examples:

a. This machine, which I have looked for twnty years, is working

perfectly

Relative clause as postmodifier of noun phrase

It can be said in the most relative clause, the antecedent is the preceding

part of Noun Phrase in which the relative clauses function as postmodifier:

(the book(which you ordered last month)) (Quirk et al, 1987:365)

Relative Clause Replaced by participle

Relative is replaced by using present present participle when the verb in

clause is the continuous tense, expresses a habitual or continuous action. For

examples:

a. People who are witing for the bus often sheltered in my doorway, or

People waiting for the bus often sheltered in my doorway.

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHOD

3.1 Research Approach

Qualitative research approach or qualitative methodology are applied in this

study. English novel with its Indonesian version is used as the data source. The

qualitative research is used as the qualitative data. By obseving the English Novel

the research was conducted. The analysis will be explained through descriptive

sentences.

3.2 Data Source

The data source that was used in this study is the novel “The Good earth”

written by Pearl S. Buck. It was published by Pearl S. Buck, September 2008 in

English. The story is about Wang Lung’s family who was very poor. The House

of Hwang, a family of wealthy landowners, lives in the nearby town, where Wang

Lung's future wife, O-Lan, lives as a slave. Lung and his family move into town

and rent the old House of Hwang. Wang Lung, wants peace, but there are always

disputes, especially between his first and second sons, and particularly their

wives.

3.3 Research Instruments

Research instrumen has important part in the process of this study to

obtain valid and complete data of the research. It is important to collect the data

by listing table (grouping). The English relative clause in the sentences was used

as the data in this research.It is important as well to use ballpoint, paper and

computer as the parts of this research. The instruments were used in collecting

data starting from reading the English and Indonesian sources to when the types

were written as well.

3.4 Method and Technique of Collecting Data

Library research is the method used in this study. The technique of the

study is note taking, reading and observing. The process of collecting the data will

be started by reading the entire novel to understand the story of the novel and to

observe the possibility of the data that could be taken from this book. Firstly, the

entire novel was carefully read to find out the sentence that contains relative

clause. After that, it is important to select the data based on the problem which

were discuussed in this study. Finally, it is important to classify the relative clause

in accordance with their types and grammatical function.

3.5 Method and Technique of Analyzing Data

The analysis of the data is done in door. The data was analyzed

qualitatively. The data was read and collected by note taking. The process of

collecting the data will be started by reading of the novel to check the possible

examples of borrowing types. Then, the words categorized as borrowing types

words will be collected from the novel to be used as the samples in this study. It is

also important to classify the data. Then, the data will be classified using the

theory from Quirk et Al.

3.6 Method and Technique of Presenting Data

The data will be analyzed qualitatively. Then the collected data will be

analyzed qualitatively. The data will be analyzed qualitatively by applying

descriptive technique. Firstly, it is important to determine the collected data and

classify the data in accordance with their types in orderto make it easier to analyze

them. Then, it is important to select the data as sample in this study. Finally, it

will describe the grammatical functions of those clause and analyzing the loss and

gain of information which occurs in the text trasnlated from the Source Language

into the Target Language.

CHAPTER IV

DISCUSSION

4.1 Restrictive relative clause

A clause can be described the preceding noun in such a way to distinguish

the noun from other nouns of the same class is called restrictive relative clause, or

the clause. It also provides information of the antecendent to make it define.

4.1.2 Who

Who and Which can be used as an antecedent. Who stand for a person but

which stand for a thing. However the relative clause That may Who and Which,

especially in informal situation.

1. SL : Some farmers who had carried their produce into the town the

night before

TL : Petani-petani yang membawa hasil bumi ke kota pada malam

sebelumnya.

It can be seen from the translation above that the translation equivalence is

used in translating from SL into TL. The theory of Catford concerning translation

equivalence is used in translating from SL into TL. We can see that their produce

is translated into hasil bumi. Therefore, there is gain information in translating

from SL to TL. Some components of meaning of the source text will no longer be

explicit and some components which are not explicit in the source text will be

made explicit in translation (Larson, 1998:202). No skewing information found in

the target language.

2. SL : We must have a woman who will tend the house

TL : Kita mesti dapet perempuan yang mau mengatur rumah

The theory of catford about the translation equivalence is used in

translating from SL to TL. No skewing information found in the target language.

Must is translated into mesti. There is lost information found in the target

language. Will is translated into mau by the translator.

3.

SL : It is only the poor man who must needs drink from one cup

TL : Cuma laki-laki miskin saja yang terpaksa minum dari gelas yang

itu-itu saja

It can be seen from the translation process above that there is additional

information found in the target language. As we see from the target

language above that itu-itu saja is the additional information found in the

target language. One cup is translated into gelas yang itu-itu saja.

Therefore, we can see that there is additional information in the target

language.

4.4.2 That

a.

SL : He opened a glazed jar that stood upon a ledge of the

Stove

TL : Dibukanya tutup buli-buli yang terletak di salah satu

Tungku

We can see from the the translation above that the translation equivalence

is used in translating from SL into TL. The theory of Catford about translation

equivalence is used in translating from SL to TL. It can be seen that a glazed jar is

translated into tutup buli-buli and there is additional information found in

translating from Sl to TL. No skewing information found in the target language.

Stove has equivalence meaning with tungku. There is lost of information found in

the target language. The translator didn’t translate meaning of ledge in bahasa.

b.

SL : Wang Lung perceived that he had fallen into the hands of a joker

TL : Wang Lung menyadari bahwa dirinya sedang jadi bahan ejekan

It can be seen from the translation above that the translation equivalence is

used in translating from SL to TL. There is additional information found in the

target language. It can be seen that he is translated into dirinya. No skewing

information found in the target language.

c.

SL : Wang Lung saw that she was affraid of him

TL : Wang Lung melihat istrinya takut kepadanya

We can see from the analisis above that there is no skewing information

found in the target language. She is translated into istrinya. Therefore, there is

additional information found in the target language. It can be seen that she is

translated into istrinnya in order to make translation equovalence from SL to TL.

d.

SL : It is all that I can spare

TL : Cuma itu saja yang bisa saya bagikan

It can be seen from the translation above that there is additional

information found in he target. Cuma is additional information found in the target

language. No skewing information found in the target language. The theory of

Catford about the translation equivalence is used in translating from SL to TL.

This relative clause functions to give additional information in the target

language.

e.

SL : I will forget that I saw you in my house as a robber

TL : Aku bisa melupakan, dulu kau pernah datang merampok kesini

We can conclude from the translation process above that there is no

skewing information found in the target language. As we see that dulu is

additional information found in the target language. Lost information found in the

target language. Saw is not translated into target language melihat. However, no

skewing information found in the target language.

f.

SL : A thousand curses to the parents that born the children of Hwang

TL : Terkutuklah orang tua yang melahirkan anak-anak keluarga

Hwang

It can bee seen from the translation process above that there is additional

information found in the target language. We can see that keluarga is additional

information found in the target language. No skewing information found in the

target language. No lost information found in the target language. We can see that

there is additional information in order to give equivalence meaning.

g.

SL : It was true that he felt very humble

TL : Itu benar kalau dia merasa rendah hati.

It can be seen from the translation process above that there is no additional

information found in the target language. The translation of equivalence is used in

order to give equivalence meaning from source language into target language. No

skewing information found in the target language. Therefore, we can conclude

that there is no gain information found in the target language. No lost and gain

information found in the target language.

h.

SL : He was secretly proud that he had a son like this

TL : Dalam hati Wang Lung merasa bangga memiliki putra seperti

anaknya

It can be seen from the translation proccess above that there are some

components which are not explicit in the source text but it is made explicit in

translation. Therefore, the translation from the implicit to explicit information in

gain of information

i.

SL : There was a man that used to come in to me at the great teahouse

TL : Aku tahu laki-laki yang biasa datang kepadaku di kedai

The theory of catford about the translation equivalence is used in

translating from SL to TL. No gain information found in the translation as there is

explicit information found in the translation. However, no skewing information

found in the target translation.

j.

SL : I am not willing that he marry any of the daughters of the village

Farmers

TL : Aku tak rela ia kawin dengan gadis keturunan petani di desa kita

It can be seen from the translation procces above that the theory of Catford

about the translaion equivalence is used in translating from the source into

translation text. No gain information found in the translation because there is no

explicit infromation found in the translation.

k.

SL : The daughter of the man that bought his grain

TL : Anak pria itu yang membeli gandum

There is no explicit information found in the translation. The theory of

Catford about the translation equivalence is used in translating from SL to TL. No

skewing information found in the translation.