TOEFL Preparation Course

Week 2November 19-

21,2008

The English School-Thailand

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Relative Clause or Adjective Clause

Examples

• The Royal Cremation Ceremony for HRH Princess Galyani Vadhana, who was very much beloved by all Thais, was held on Saturday.

• Mount Rushmore which is one of the most well-known U.S. national monuments is in South Dakota.

• Francis Scott Key who was the composer of a famous poem was captured by the British during the War of 1812.

• Florence Nightingale, whose biggest asset was her dedication, is considered by all nurses a career model.

• Astronaut Neil Armstrong whom NASA selected to lead the Apollo Mission made the first step of mankind on the moon.

Relative clause after noun

N Relative Clause

Relative clause

Relative clause after noun

OR

REL.PRON. VERB

REL.PRON. NOUN VERBN

RELATIVE PRONOUNS

• WHO• WHOM• WHOSE

• WHICH / THAT

Relative clause after noun

Relative clause after noun

N REL.PRON. VERB

The building which serves as the president’s office and residence

Relative clause after noun

N REL.PRON. VERBNOUN

‘DOER’

A criminal whom the police arrested

Relative clause after noun

N REL.PRON. VERBNOUN

A commander whose men are well-trained

Relative Clause : Exercise

1. The plane was British. It was hijacked.The plane which was British was hijacked.2. The woman was fined. She was accused of

shoplifting.

3. The secretary was given the sack. She kept turning up late.

4. The dog had rabies. It bit him.

5. The footballer was sent off. He argued with the referee.

Relative Clause : Exercise

1. The lion was recaptured. It escaped from the zoo.

2. The cathedral was rebuilt. It was bombed during the war.

3. The woman is going to appear in court as a witness. She saw the accident.

4. The politician resigned. He was involved in the scandal.

5. The proposal for a peace settlement was rejected. It was put forward by the United Nations.

Restrictive & Non-restrictive

• A Relative clause can be either restrictive or non-restrictive clause.

• A restrictive clause is one that cannot be omitted from a sentence if the sentence is to keep its original meaning.

• A non-restrictive clause contains additional information which is not required to give the meaning of the sentence.

Restrictive & Non-restrictive

Restrictive:

• Nursing lecturers who plan to further their studies are taking a TOEFL preparation course.

• Pilots who do not pay enough attention to the weather forecast fly with high risk.

• Certain methods which are needed to help overcome the problems are vital.

Restrictive & Non-restrictive

Non-Restrictive:

• My car, which is very large, has very high fuel consumption rate.

• The Day After Tomorrow, which is based on a possible natural phenomena, is a good film.

• Barack Obama, who is the first African American President elected, is said to bring peace to the U.S.

Practice : Identify the Relative clauses

1. Sacagawea, who was a Shoshoni Indian, guided Lewis and Clark to the Columbia River.

2. The giant redwood trees that grow in California are named after Sequoya, who created alphabets for the Indian people.

3. Sequoya became a teacher and moved to Oklahoma where he continued to teach the alphabets.

4. The Shoshoni was a group of Indians who lived in the western plains of Wyoming, Utah, Nevada, and Idaho.

5. Each group of Shoshoni was known to the others by the type of food that was plentiful in its particular region.

Clause Reduction

It is possible to omit the relative pronoun and ‘verb to be’ in restrictive and non-restrictive clauses.

N REL.PRON. V. to be

V3

V ing

Prep. Phrase

Noun Phrase, ,

Clause Reduction

1. In relative clauses that contain ‘PASSIVE VOICE’. ( V. to be + V 3)

N REL.PRON. V. to be V3

The photographs which were taken during my holiday catch many people’s eyes.

Clause Reduction

1. In relative clauses that contain ‘CONTINUOUS’ form of verb. ( V. to be + V ing)

N REL.PRON. V. to be Ving

A pilot who was experiencing hypoxia finally passed out.

Clause Reduction

3. In relative clauses that contain ‘prep. phrases’. ( prep.+ N )

N REL.PRON. V. to be Prep. Phrase

A number of protestors who were at the Government House are suffering severe injury from last night’s bombing.

Clause Reduction

3. In relative clauses that contain ‘noun phrases’.

N REL.PRON. V. to be Noun Phrase

Aj.Arunya, who is a lecturer of nursing , is putting her best effort in TOEFL preparation.

Practice : Identify all relative clausesAmerican Indian Smoke Signals

The smoke signals used by American Indians did not convey the complex messages seen in Hollywood movies. Smoke signals were in fact used among the seminomadic tribes of the Great Plains. However, their content was limited to a few simple messages whose meaning had been agreed upon in advance. For example, Piman warriors in Ariona who had just finished a successful raid might send up a column of smoke. Smoke signals were most commonly used to broadcast news of victory in battle, or to warn of sickness in a camp or dangers such as approaching enemies.

Fires fed with damp grass or boughs of evergreen sent up the one or two simple, unbroken columns of smoke needed to send a message. The place that the signal came from-whether on a hill or in a valley-conveyed most of the meaning. When Apaches out hunting spotted another group of Indians in the distance, they lit a fire conspicuously to the right of their own party that meant, “Who are you?” If the others were friends, they would then use a prearranged reply.

Exercise : TOEFL

1. Tito was the only foreigner_____I saw at the convention.

(A) whom (C) who (B) which (D) what

2. The dean knows the student_____was hurt in the accident.

(A) which (C) who (B) whom (D) whose

Exercise : TOEFL

3. _______ Big Dipper, a seven-star constellation in the shape of a cup, is part of Ursa Major.

(A) The (C) It is the (B) With the (D) That the

4. _______, a liberal arts college specifically for deaf people, is located in Washington D.C.

(A) Gallaudet College (B) Gallaudet College is (C) About Gallaudet College (D) Because of Gallaudet College

Exercise : TOEFL

5. Dolphins form extremely complicated allegiances and_______continually change.

(A) enmities that (C) that are enmities (B) enmities that are (D) that enmities

6. The Tetracyclines,______ antibiotics, are used to treat infections.

(A) are a family of (C) being a family which

(B) which is a family of (D) which a family

Exercise : TOEFL

7. Lillian D. Wald, public health nurse and __________, was born in Cincinnati Ohio, in 1867.

(A)reforming society (B) social reformer(C)who reformed society (D) her social reform

8. Closed plane figures like the square or the equilateral triangle can be grouped into a class __________polygons.

(A) called (B) to call(C) is called (D) call as

Exercise : TOEFL

9. Martha Graham, __________, has run her own dance company for half a century.

(A)is the great modern choreographer(B) one of the great modern choreographers(C) that the great modern choreographers(D)the modern choreographers were great

10. The University of Georgia, __________ in 1785, was the first state supported university in the United States.

(A) Chartered (B) was chartered (C) it was chartered (D) to be chartered

Exercise : TOEFL

11. Quasars __________ emitting extremely intense radio waves and visible radiation.

(A) Star-like objects are (B) Star-like, they are objects

(C) are star-like objects (D) are they star-like objects

12. In 1961 the entertainer Chubby Checker introduced a __________ to New York's rock 'n ' roll fans.

(A) new dance, the twist, (B) twist, was the new dance

(C) twist, the new dance that (D) new dance is the twist

Exercise : TOEFL

13. Considered one of the leading poets in America today,__________.

(A) a number of books and plays have also been written by Sonia Sanchez

(B) Sonia Sanchez has also written a number of books and plays

(C) A number of Sonia Sanchez books and plays have been written

(D) There have been a number of books and plays written by Sonia Sanchez

Exercise : TOEFL

14. __________, Sarah rarely misses her classes.(A)An industrious and intelligent sophomore(B)An industrious and intelligent sophomore is(C)She is an industrious and intelligent sophomore(D)Her being an industrious and intelligent sophomore

15. The extent of the harmful effect of locoweeds on animals depends on the soil____the plants grow.

(A)which(B)which in (C)in which (D) in

Exercise : TOEFL

14. Work in parapsychology,_____, has attracted a relatively small number of scientists.

(A)is a very controversial field(B)which a very controversial field is(C)a very controversial field(D)a field very controversial which

15. ______, the constitution of the Cherokee Nation provided for a chief executive, a senate, and a house of representatives.

(A)In 1827 they drafted (B) The draft in 1827(C)In 1827 was drafted (D) Drafted in 1827

Exercise : TOEFL

Exercise : TOEFL

Exercise : TOEFL