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Other NetworkArchitecture

Chapter 6

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Chapter Objectives - I

Explain token ring topology Explain token bus topology Differentiate between token ring, token bus and

Ethernet Explain FDDI Describe signaling and connection standards

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Chapter Objectives - II

Understand ATM Explain AppleTalk Explain ARCNET Explain MAN systems, SMDS and DQDB Describe Ethernet alternatives

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Recall

10Base-T is the most commonly used Ethernet standard, which provide transmission speed up to 10 Mbps.

The 5-4-3 rule is designed for the number of repeaters and segments on shared access.

High speed Ethernet standards are: Fast Ethernet (100Base Ethernet) Gigabit Ethernet 10-Gigabit Ethernet

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Explain token ring using CBT

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Token Ring - IV

Advantages: Data collision does not

occur Every station is allowed

to transmit data Time required to carry

the amount of data can be calculated

Minimum cable requirement

Disadvantages: System collapses if

links between nodes are malfunctioning

No alternative link to transmit the data

Data transmission is through single direction

Performance degrades when junk data is transmitted

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Token Ring Vs EthernetToken Ring Ethernet

Token Ring network uses token passing mechanism.

Ethernet network use CSMA/CD mechanism.

Physical star topology is used. Any topology can be used as physical topology.

Defined by IEEE 802.5 standard. Defined by IEEE 802.3 standard.

Devices in token ring may transmit only at specific time.

Devices can transmit as soon as the medium is free.

Support heavy network traffic and maintains the network performance.

The performance of the Ethernet network degrades as network traffic increases.

Token Ring network is deterministic. Ethernet network is not deterministic as token ring.

Token ring network provides bandwidth efficiency up to 90%.

Ethernet network provides bandwidth efficiency up to 40%.

The network setup and maintenance of token ring is expensive than Ethernet.

The cost of network equipment is lower for Ethernet.

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Token Bus

Defined by IEEE 802.4 Uses bus topology as physical topology Token passing mechanism is used for data transfer

like token ring Token is passed over a virtual ring within network

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Token Ring Vs Token Bus

Token Ring Token Bus

Designed for offices. Designed for large factories.

Star topology is used as physical topology. Bus topology is used as physical topology.

A token is passed over the physical ring itself.

A virtual ring is formed over which the token is passed.

Defined by IEEE 802.5 standard. Defined by IEEE 802.4 standard

In Token ring the maximum time that a token will take to reach the end station can be calculated.

In Token Bus network the maximum time that a token will take to reach the end station cannot be calculated.

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Explain fiber LAN and FDDI using CBT

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Copper Distributed Data Interface (CDDI) Version of FDDI Uses twisted-pair copper cable instead of fiber optic

cable Supports 100 Mbps DTR and 100m segment length Official name - Twisted-Pair Physical Medium-

Dependent (TP-PMD) Only two types of cables are supported by ANSI

standard for CDDI: 150 Ohm STP CAT5 UTP

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Signaling and Connection Standards

Ensure that equipments to be used for creating networks can work together

Signaling Standards

FDDI FOIRL 10Base - F

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Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) Network protocol which converts the data traffic into

stream of fixed size cell before transmission Designed to transfer data simultaneously from

multiple sources Can be employed in both LAN and WAN

environments Can provide a maximum data speed of 622 Mbps A high speed transfer technology for voice, video

and data over public networks

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ATM – Performance

Throughput – Rate at which ATM cells depart from the ATM switch

Connection Blocking Probability – Defines the probability of Non-availability of enough resources for generating physical connections between inlet and outlet

Cell Loss Probability – Defines a no. of data cell that can be handled by a switch queue

Switching Delay – Time required for cell to pass through the ATM switch

Cell Delay Variation – Probability that the switching delay of the ATM switch exceeds the certain value

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AppleTalk

AppleTalk protocol suite was developed by Apple Computers for use on Macintosh computers

Developed to allow the multiple users to share resources

AppleTalk protocol suite is also compatible with Ethernet, Token Ring and FDDI network architectures

AppleTalk is an early implementation of distributed client-server networking system

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AppleTalk – Network Components Sockets – Location in AppleTalk node which is

recognized by a unique address Nodes – Device which is a part of an AppleTalk

network e.g. computer, printer or router Networks – Consists of a cable with multiple nodes

connected to the cable Zones – Constitutes a group of nodes and network

which are logically associated

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LocalTalk

LocalTalk is obsolete but its relation to Appletalk, a popular piece of networking software is found on every Apple brand computer

Supported by AppleTalk network protocol for Macintosh computers

Implemented at the data link-layer Uses network bus topology Cost effective solutionfor connecting local

workgroups Allows 32 active nodes within 300m area

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ARCNET

Attached Resource Computer NETwork (ARCNET) First LAN system introduced by Datapoint

Corporation Uses a Token Passing bus structure similar to

Token Ring 255 nodes per network and supports speed up to 20

Mbps Supports segment length up to 600 meters Still it is popular in robotics and industrial controls

markets

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ARCNET – Devices

Active Hub – Collection of 8 or 16 ports and use BNC female connectors for connecting devices. Isolates the port electrically

Passive Hub – Splits signals and consists of 4 ports ARCNET Card - Different types of network interface

card (NIC) can be used depending upon the type of network topology

BNC Terminator – Prevent signal reflection in network

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ARCNET - Cables

Coaxial Cable – Uses RG62 coaxial cable Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) – Uses RJ11 or

RJ45 connectors and maximum segment length is 400m

Fiber Optic – Uses both SM and MM fibre cable

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MAN and show the diagrams of SMDS and DQDB from CBT MAN connects different LANs Cover large distances to function across city

MAN Systems

Switched Multimegabit

Data Service (SMDS)

Distributed Queue

Dual Bus (DQDB)

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Switched Multimegabit Data Service (SMDS) High speed packet-switched MAN technology used

for communication over public data networks (PDNs)

SMDS is the first broadband service that was provided to the public

Packets transferred are of variable length and contains the source and destination address

Standard speed is 45 Mbps Uses a connectionless service and less expensive

as compared to leased line

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SMDS Network Components

Provide high-speed data transmission service

NetworkComponents

Customer Premises Equipment

(CPE)

CarrierEquipment

SubscriberNetwork Interface

(SNI)

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IEEE 802.6 Standard

Mainly developed for MANs Uses the Distributed Queue Dual Bus (DQDB)

network form DQDB is Data-link layer communication protocol Used for data, voice and video transmission based

on cell switching technology DQDB can cover distance up to 30 miles and

supports transfer rate ranging from 34 Mbps to 154 Mbps

DQDB consists of two unidirectional buses

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Alternatives to Ethernet

Sometimes it is impossible to run Ethernet cabling so “no new wire” networking technologies can be used

In alternatives to Ethernet two or more computers can be connected into a LAN without running a wire

Three networking technologies are: Wireless LANs Phone line networks Power line networks

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Wireless LANs

Wireless networks enable the user to move around the house and use the computer.

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Phone Line Networks - I

Phone line networks provide satisfactory performance at a much lower cost than wireless systems.

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Phone Line Networks II

Carries data at the rate of 1 or 10 Mbps Intel’s AnyPoint are used in this network Computers are interconnected through

parallel port

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Explain power line network using CBT

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Summary - I

The network arrangement and data communication is given by logical topology

Token ring and token bus are the two logical topologies A token passing mechanism is used in both token ring

and token bus 100Base-FX, 100 Base SX and 100BaseBX and FDDI

are types of fiber LAN Single-attached station (SAS) and Dual-attached station

(DAS) are the different types of FDDI stations SAS is connected to the FDDI network through a single

connector called S-port

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Summary - II

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) network protocol converts data into a stream of fixed size cell before transmission

Apple Computers has designed a protocol suite known as AppleTalk

The network components of AppleTalk are sockets, nodes, network and zones

Attached Resource Computer NETwork (ARCNET), the first LAN system and supports up to 255 nodes

The different types of devices used in ARCnet are, active hub, passive hub, ARCnet card and BNC terminator

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Summary - III

The most prominently used type of cabling for ARCnet are, coaxial cables, UTP and fiber optic

Point-to-point, distributed star, bus, daisy chain are the different topologies which are suitable for ARCnet

MAN uses Switched Multimegabit Data Service (SMDS) and Distributed Queue Dual Bus (DQDB) systems

SMDS is a connectionless, high speed packet-switched technology used for communication over public networks

DQDB is a Data-link layer communication protocol IEEE 802.6 standard uses DQDB network form The Ethernet alternatives are, Wireless LANs, Phone

line networks and Power line networks

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