Religion, Expression, Assembly

8/19/2019 Religion, Expression, Assembly

1/26

trada vs Escritor (August 4, 2003)trada vs. Escritor

M P-02-1651, August 4, 2003

CT!

"#dad Escritor is a court i$t#r%r#t#r si$c# 1&&& i$ t'# TC o *as Pi$as Cit+. A"#a$dro Estra# co%"ai$a$t, rot# to /udg# /os# F. Caoi#s, %r#sidi$g udg# o ra$c' 253, TC o *as Pi$t+, r#u#sti$g or a$ i$v#stigatio$ o ruors t'at Escritor 'as ##$ "ivi$g it' *ucia$o ui"a a a$ $ot '#r 'usa$d, a$d 'ad #v#$tua""+ #gott#$ a so$. Escritors 'usa$d, 'o 'ad "i

t' a$ot'#r oa$, di#d a +#ar #or# s'# #$t#r#d i$to t'# udiciar+. $ t'# ot'#r 'a$d,ui"a%io is sti"" "#ga""+ arri#d to a$ot'#r oa$. Estrada is $ot r#"at#d to #it'#r Escritor orui"a%io a$d is $ot a r#sid#$t o *as Pi$as ut o acoor, Cavit#. Accordi$g to t'# co%"ai$as%o$d#$t s'ou"d $ot # a""o#d to r#ai$ #%"o+#d i$ t'# udiciar+ or it i"" a%%#ar as i t'urt a""os suc' act.

critor is a ##r o t'# r#"igious s#ct $o$ as t'# /#'ova's 7it$#ss#s a$d t'# 7atc' Tod i"# Tract oci#t+ '#r# '#r co$uga" arra$g##$t it' ui"a%io is i$ co$orit+ it' t'#igious #"i#s. At#r t#$ +#ars o "ivi$g tog#t'#r, s'# #8#cut#d o$ /u"+ 29, 1&&1 a :;#c"aratP"#dgi$g Fait'u"$#ss< 'ic' as a%%rov#d + t'# co$gr#gatio$. uc' d#c"aratio$ is #=#ct

'#$ "#ga" i%#di#$ts r#$d#r it i%ossi"# or a cou%"# to "#ga"i># t'#ir u$io$. ?r#gorio,

"a>ar, a ##r o t'# /#'ova's 7it$#ss#s si$c# 1&95 a$d 'as ##$ a %r#sidi$g i$ist#r s&1, t#sti@#d a$d #8%"ai$#d t'# i%ort o a$d %roc#dur#s or #8#cuti$g t'# d#c"aratio$ 'ic

as co%"#t#"+ #8#cut#d + Escritor a$d ui"a%ios i$ Atio$a$, u#>o$ a$d as sig$#d + tt$#ss#s a$d r#cord#d i$ 7atc' To#r C#$tra" c#.

E!

'#t'#r or $ot r#s%o$d#$t s'ou"d # ou$d gui"t+ o t'# adi$istrativ# c'arg# o :gross a$dora" co$duct< a$d # %#$a"i>#d + t'# tat# or suc' co$uga" arra$g##$t.

E*;!

disti$ctio$ #t##$ %u"ic a$d s#cu"ar ora"it+ a$d r#"igious ora"it+ s'ou"d # #%t i$ i$# urisdictio$ o t'# Court #8t#$ds o$"+ to %u"ic a$d s#cu"ar ora"it+.

# Court stat#s t'at our Co$stitutio$ ad'#r#s t'# #$#vo"#$t $#utra"it+ a%%roac' t'at giv#s r accoodatio$ o r#"igious #8#rcis#s as r#uir#d + t'# Fr## E8#rcis# C"aus#. T'is #$#voutra"it+ cou"d a""o or accoodatio$ o ora"it+ as#d o$ r#"igio$, %rovid#d it do#s $ot

=#$d co%#""i$g stat# i$t#r#sts.

# stat#s i$t#r#st is t'# %r#s#rvatio$ o t'# i$t#grit+ o t'# udiciar+ + ai$tai$i$g ao$g

$s a 'ig' sta$dard o ora"it+ a$d d#c#$c+. :T'#r# is $ot'i$g i$ t'# CAs (c# o t'# Cdi$istrator) #ora$du to t'# Court t'at d#o$strat#s 'o t'is i$t#r#st is so co%#""i$at it s'ou"d ov#rrid# r#s%o$d#$ts %"#a o r#"igious r##do. B$d##d, it is i$a%%ro%riat# or t%"ai$a$t, a %rivat# %#rso$, to %r#s#$t #vid#$c# o$ t'# co%#""i$g i$t#r#st o t'# stat#. T'rd#$ o #vid#$c# s'ou"d # disc'arg#d + t'# %ro%#r ag#$c+ o t'# gov#r$#$t 'ic' is t'

c# o t'# o"icitor ?#$#ra"


2/26

g't to r#"igious r##do. Furt'#ror#, t'# court ca$$ot si%"+ ta# a %assi$g "oo ats%o$d#$ts c"ai o r#"igious r##do ut ust a"so a%%"+ t'# :co%#""i$g stat# i$t#r#st< t#

BE7 7DEEF, t'# cas# is EMA;E; to t'# c# o t'# Court Adi$istrator. T'# o"icit#$#ra" is ord#r#d to i$t#rv#$# i$ t'# cas# '#r# it i"" # giv#$ t'# o%%ortu$it+ (a) to #8ai# si$c#rit+ a$d c#$tra"it+ o r#s%o$d#$tGs c"ai#d r#"igious #"i# a$d %ractic#H () to %r#s#$id#$c# o$ t'# stat#Gs Ico%#""i$g i$t#r#stI to ov#rrid# r#s%o$d#$tGs r#"igious #"i# a$dactic#H a$d (c) to s'o t'at t'# #a$s t'# stat# ado%ts i$ %ursui$g its i$t#r#st is t'# "#aststrictiv# to r#s%o$d#$tGs r#"igious r##do. T'# r#'#ari$g s'ou"d # co$c"ud#d t'irt+ (30) dao t'# c# o t'# Court Adi$istratorGs r#c#i%t o t'is ;#cisio$.

%#rso$ vs

cts o t'# Cas## Ara$sas "#gis"atur# %ass#d a "a %ro'iiti$g t#ac'#rs i$ %u"ic or stat#- su%%ort#d sc'oo

o t#ac'i$g, or usi$g t#8toos t'at t#ac', 'ua$ #vo"utio$. E%%#rso$, a %u"ic sc'oo" t#ac#d, c"aii$g t'# "a vio"at#d '#r First A#$d#$t rig't to r## s%##c' as #"" as t'#ta"is'#$t C"aus#. T'# tat# C'a$c#r+ Court ru"#d t'at it vio"at#d 'is r## s%##c' rig'tsH tat# u%r## Court r#v#rs#d.u#stio$

o#s a "a oriddi$g t'# t#ac'i$g o #vo"utio$ vio"at# #it'#r t'# r## s%##c' rig'ts o t#ac'## Esta"is'#$t c"aus# o t'# First A#$d#$tJgu#$t%#rso$ v. Ara$sas - ra" Argu#$t

o$c"usio$#cisio$! & vot#s or E%%#rso$, 0 vot#(s) agai$stga" %rovisio$! Esta"is'#$t o #"igio$s. #v#$ ##rs o t'# Court '#"d t'at t'# statut# vio"at#d t'# Esta"is'#$t c"aus#. 7rir t'# Court, /ustic# A# Fortas stat#d t'at t'# "a 'ad ##$ as#d so"#"+ o$ t'# #"i#s o$da#$ta"ist C'ristia$s, 'o #"t t'at #vo"utio$ar+ t'#ori#s dir#ct"+ co$tradict#d t'# i"icacou$t o Cr#atio$. T'is us# o stat# %o#r to %ro'iit t'# t#ac'i$g o at#ria" o#ctio$a"#

rticu"ar s#ct aou$t#d to a$ u$co$stitutio$a" Esta"is'#$t o r#"igio$. /ustic# Fortas ro'# tat#Gs u$dout#d rig't to %r#scri# t'# curricu"u or its %u"ic sc'oo"s do#s $ot carr+ t'# rig't to %ro'iit, o$ %ai$ o crii$a" %#$a"t+, t'# t#ac'i$g o a sci#$ti@c t'#or+ or doctri$'#r# t'at %ro'iitio$ is as#d u%o$ r#aso$s t'at vio"at# t'# First A#$d#$t.I T'# to ot'###rs o t'# Court co$curr#d i$ t'# r#su"t, riti$g t'at it vio"at#d #it'#r t'# ;u# Proc#ssaus# o t'# 14t' A#$d#$t (#caus# it as u$co$stitutio$a""+ vagu#) or t'# Fr## %##c'aus# o t'# First A#$d#$t

cts o t'# Cas## Ara$sas "#gis"atur# %ass#d a "a %ro'iiti$g t#ac'#rs i$ %u"ic or stat#- su%%ort#d sc'oo

o t#ac'i$g, or usi$g t#8toos t'at t#ac', 'ua$ #vo"utio$. E%%#rso$, a %u"ic sc'oo" t#ac#d, c"aii$g t'# "a vio"at#d '#r First A#$d#$t rig't to r## s%##c' as #"" as t'#ta"is'#$t C"aus#. T'# tat# C'a$c#r+ Court ru"#d t'at it vio"at#d 'is r## s%##c' rig'tsH tat# u%r## Court r#v#rs#d.u#stio$o#s a "a oriddi$g t'# t#ac'i$g o #vo"utio$ vio"at# #it'#r t'# r## s%##c' rig'ts o t#ac'## Esta"is'#$t c"aus# o t'# First A#$d#$tJgu#$t%#rso$ v. Ara$sas - ra" Argu#$t

o$c"usio$#cisio$! & vot#s or E%%#rso$, 0 vot#(s) agai$stga" %rovisio$! Esta"is'#$t o #"igio$

http://www.oyez.org/cases/1960-1969/1968/1968_7/argumenthttp://www.oyez.org/cases/1960-1969/1968/1968_7/argumenthttp://www.oyez.org/cases/1960-1969/1968/1968_7/argumenthttp://www.oyez.org/cases/1960-1969/1968/1968_7/argument


3/26

s. #v#$ ##rs o t'# Court '#"d t'at t'# statut# vio"at#d t'# Esta"is'#$t c"aus#. 7rir t'# Court, /ustic# A# Fortas stat#d t'at t'# "a 'ad ##$ as#d so"#"+ o$ t'# #"i#s o$da#$ta"ist C'ristia$s, 'o #"t t'at #vo"utio$ar+ t'#ori#s dir#ct"+ co$tradict#d t'# i"icacou$t o Cr#atio$. T'is us# o stat# %o#r to %ro'iit t'# t#ac'i$g o at#ria" o#ctio$a"# rticu"ar s#ct aou$t#d to a$ u$co$stitutio$a" Esta"is'#$t o r#"igio$. /ustic# Fortas ro'# tat#Gs u$dout#d rig't to %r#scri# t'# curricu"u or its %u"ic sc'oo"s do#s $ot carr+ t'# rig't to %ro'iit, o$ %ai$ o crii$a" %#$a"t+, t'# t#ac'i$g o a sci#$ti@c t'#or+ or doctri$'#r# t'at %ro'iitio$ is as#d u%o$ r#aso$s t'at vio"at# t'# First A#$d#$t.I T'# to ot'###rs o t'# Court co$curr#d i$ t'# r#su"t, riti$g t'at it vio"at#d #it'#r t'# ;u# Proc#ssaus# o t'# 14t' A#$d#$t (#caus# it as u$co$stitutio$a""+ vagu#) or t'# Fr## %##c'

aus# o t'# First A#$d#$t

""aus

%%#""a$t E%%#rso$, a$ Ara$sas %u"ic sc'oo" t#ac'#r, roug't t'is actio$ or d#c"arator+ a$u$ctiv# r#"i# c'a""#$gi$g t'# co$stitutio$a"it+ o Ara$sasG Ia$ti-#vo"utio$I statut#. T'at staa#s it u$"au" or a t#ac'#r i$ a$+ stat# su%%ort#d sc'oo" or u$iv#rsit+ to t#ac' or to us# a8too t'at t#ac'#s It'at a$i$d asc#$d#d or d#sc#$d#d ro a "o#r ord#r o a$ia"s.I Tat# C'a$c#r+ Court '#"d t'# statut# a$ aridg#$t o r## s%##c' vio"ati$g t'# First a$durt##$t' A#$d#$ts. T'# tat# u%r## Court, #8%r#ssi$g $o o%i$io$ as to '#t'#r t'#atut# %ro'iits I#8%"a$atio$I o t'# t'#or+ or o$"+ t#ac'i$g t'at t'# t'#or+ is tru#, r#v#rs#d

'a$c#r+ Court. B$ a to-s#$t#$c# o%i$io$, it sustai$#d t'# statut# as it'i$ t'# tat#Gs %o##ci+ t'# %u"ic sc'oo" curricu"u.

#"d! T'# statut# vio"at#s t'# Fourt##$t' A#$d#$t, 'ic' #rac#s t'# First A#$d#$tGo'iitio$ o stat# "as r#s%#cti$g a$ #sta"is'#$t o r#"igio$. P%. 3&3 . . 102-10&.) T'# Court do#s $ot d#cid# '#t'#r t'# statut# is u$co$stitutio$a""+ vagu#, si$c#, '#t'#r $stru#d to %ro'iit #8%"ai$i$g t'# ;ari$ia$ t'#or+ or t#ac'i$g t'at it is tru#, t'# "a co$Lict' t'# Esta"is'#$t C"aus#. P%. 3&3 . . 102-103.) T'# so"# r#aso$ or t'# Ara$sas "a is t'at a %articu"ar r#"igious grou% co$sid#rs t'# #vo"#or+ to co$Lict it' t'# accou$t o t'# origi$ o a$ s#t ort' i$ t'# oo o ?#$#sis. P%. 3&103, 3&3 . . 10-10&.

) T'# First A#$d#$t a$dat#s gov#r$#$ta" $#utra"it+ #t##$ r#"igio$ a$d r#"igio$, a$

t##$ r#"igio$ a$d $o$r#"igio$. P%.3&3 . . 103-10.) A tat#Gs rig't to %r#scri# t'# %u"ic sc'oo" curricu"u do#s $ot i$c"ud# t'# rig't to %ro'iac'i$g a sci#$ti@c t'#or+ or doctri$# or r#aso$s t'at ru$ cou$t#r to t'# %ri$ci%"#s o t'# Fir

#$d#$t. P. 3&3 . . 10.) T'# Ara$sas "a is $ot a a$i#statio$ o r#"igious $#utra"it+. P. 3&3 . . 10&.2 Ar. &22, 416 .7.2d 322, r#v#rs#d.g# 3&3 . . &9

cia" u%r## Court cas# "a is o$"+ ou$d i$ t'# %ri$t v#rsio$ o t'# $it#d tat#s #%ortsstia cas# "a is %rovid#d or g#$#ra" i$oratio$a" %ur%os#s o$"+, a$d a+ $ot r#L#ct curr#$ga" d#v#"o%#$ts, v#rdicts or s#tt"##$ts. 7# a# $o arra$ti#s or guara$t##s aout t'#curac+, co%"#t#$#ss, or ad#uac+ o t'# i$oratio$ co$tai$#d o$ t'is sit# or i$oratio$

#d to ro t'is sit#. P"#as# c'#c ocia" sourc#s.

ourtGs #uivocatio$, Ara$sas ou"d i$t#r%r#t t'# statut# Gto #a$ t'at to a# a stud#$t at'# t'#or+ N N N ust to t#ac' t'at t'#r# as suc' a t'#or+G ou"d # grou$ds or disissa" a

r %ros#cutio$ u$d#r t'# statut#H a$d '# said Gt'at t'# u%r## Court o Ara$sasG o%i$io$ s' i$t#r%r#t#d i$ t'at a$$#r.G D# said! GB Mrs. E%%#rso$ ou"d t#"" '#r stud#$ts t'at GD#r# is

ari$Gs t'#or+, t'at a$ asc#$d#d or d#sc#$d#d ro a "o#r or o #i$g,G t'#$ B t'i$ s'ou"d # u$d#r t'is statut# "ia"# or %ros#cutio$.G

a$+ #v#$t, # do $ot r#st our d#cisio$ u%o$ t'# ass#rt#d vagu#$#ss o t'# statut#. $ #it't#r%r#tatio$ o its "a$guag#, Ara$sasG statut# ca$$ot sta$d. Bt is o $o o#$t '#t'#r t'#d###d to %ro'iit #$tio$ o ;ari$Gs t'#or+, or to orid a$+ or a"" o t'# i$@$it# vari#ti#s

https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/393/97/case.html#102https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/393/97/case.html#102https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/393/97/case.html#103https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/393/97/case.html#103https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/393/97/case.html#107https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/393/97/case.html#103https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/393/97/case.html#107https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/393/97/case.html#109https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/393/97/case.html#102https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/393/97/case.html#102https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/393/97/case.html#103https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/393/97/case.html#103https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/393/97/case.html#107https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/393/97/case.html#103https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/393/97/case.html#107https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/393/97/case.html#109


4/26

u$icatio$ #rac#d it'i$ t'# t#r Gt#ac'i$g.G $d#r #it'#r i$t#r%r#tatio$, t'# "a usric#$ #caus# o its co$Lict it' t'# co$stitutio$a" %ro'iitio$ o stat# "as r#s%#cti$g a$ta"is'#$t o r#"igio$ or %ro'iiti$g t'# r## #8#rcis# t'#r#o. T'# ov#rridi$g act is t'ata$sasG "a s#"#cts ro t'# od+ o $o"#dg# a %articu"ar s#g#$t 'ic' it %roscri#s or"# r#aso$ t'at it is d###d to co$Lict it' a %articu"ar r#"igious doctri$#H t'at is, it' articu"ar i$t#r%r#tatio$ o t'# oo o ?#$#sis + a %articu"ar r#"igious grou%.BB.

'# a$t#c#d#$ts o toda+Gs d#cisio$ ar# a$+ a$d u$istaa"#. T'#+ ar# root#d i$ t'#u$datio$ soi" o our atio$. T'#+ ar# u$da#$ta" to r##do.

ov#r$#$t i$ our d#ocrac+, stat# a$d $atio$a", ust # $#utra" i$ att#rs o r#"igious t'#ctri$#, a$d %ractic#. Bt a+ $ot # 'osti"# to a$+ r#"igio$ or to t'# advocac+ o $or#"igio$H aa+ $ot aid, ost#r, or %root# o$# r#"igio$ or r#"igious t'#or+ agai$st a$ot'#r or #v#$ agai$s# i"ita$t o%%osit#. T'# First A#$d#$t a$dat#s gov#r$#$ta" $#utra"it+ #t##$ r#"igid r#"igio$, a$d #t##$ r#"igio$ a$d $o$r#"igio$.

dicia" i$t#r%ositio$ i$ t'# o%#ratio$ o t'# %u"ic sc'oo" s+st# o t'# atio$ rais#s %ro"#uiri$g car# a$d r#strai$t. ur courts, 'o#v#r, 'av# $ot ai"#d to a%%"+ t'# First A#$d#a$dat# i$ our #ducatio$a" s+st# '#r# #ss#$tia" to sa#guard t'# u$da#$ta" va"u#s o##do o s%##c' a$d i$uir+ a$d o #"i#. + a$d "arg#, %u"ic #ducatio$ i$ our atio$ isitt#d to t'# co$tro" o stat# a$d "oca" aut'oriti#s. Courts do $ot a$d ca$$ot i$t#rv#$# i$

so"utio$ o co$Licts 'ic' aris# i$ t'# dai"+ o%#ratio$ o sc'oo" s+st#s a$d 'ic' do $otr#ct"+ a$d s'ar%"+ i%"icat# asic co$stitutio$a" va"u#s. $ t'# ot'#r 'a$d, G(t)'# vigi"a$tot#ctio$ o co$stitutio$a" r##dos is $o'#r# or# vita" t'a$ i$ t'# cou$it+ o A#rica'oo"s. As t'is Court said i$ O#+is'ia$ v. oard o #g#$ts, t'# First A#$d#$t Gdo#s $ot#rat# "as t'at cast a %a"" o ort'odo8+ ov#r t'# c"assroo.G# #ar"i#st cas#s i$ t'is Court o$ t'# su#ct o t'# i%act o co$stitutio$a" guara$t##s u%o$

assroo #r# d#cid#d #or# t'# Court #8%r#ss"+ a%%"i#d t'# s%#ci@c %ro'iitio$s o t'# Firs#$d#$t to t'# tat#s. ut as #ar"+ as 1&23, t'# Court did $ot '#sitat# to co$d#$ u$d#r u# Proc#ss C"aus# Garitrar+G r#strictio$s u%o$ t'# r##do o t#ac'#rs to t#ac' a$d o stud#"#ar$. B$ t'at +#ar, t'# Court, i$ a$ o%i$io$ + /ustic# Mc#+$o"ds, '#"d u$co$stitutio$a" a$ t'# tat# o #rasa ai$g it a cri# to t#ac' a$+ su#ct i$ a$+ "a$guag# ot'#r t'a$

g"is' to %u%i"s 'o 'ad $ot %ass#d t'# #ig't' grad#. T'# tat#Gs %ur%os# i$ #$acti$g t'# "aas to %root# civic co'#siv#$#ss + #$couragi$g t'# "#ar$i$g o E$g"is' a$d to coat t'#a$#u" #=#ctG o %#ritti$g or#ig$#rs to $#ar a$d #ducat# t'#ir c'i"dr#$ i$ t'# "a$guag# o tr#$tsG $ativ# "a$d. T'# Court r#cog$i>#d t'#s# %ur%os#s, a$d it ac$o"#dg#d t'# tat#Gs %%r#scri# t'# sc'oo" curricu"u, ut it '#"d t'at t'#s# #r# $ot ad#uat# to su%%ort t'#strictio$ u%o$ t'# "i#rt+ o t#ac'#r a$d %u%i". T'# c'a""#$g#d statut# it '#"d, u$co$stitutio$t#r#r#d it' t'# rig't o t'# i$dividua", guara$t##d + t'# ;u# Proc#ss C"aus#, to #$gag# i$t'# coo$ occu%atio$s o "i# a$d to acuir# us#u" $o"#dg#. M#+#r v. #rasa, 262 0, 43 .Ct. 625, 6 *.Ed. 1042 (1&23).r %ur%os#s o t'# %r#s#$t cas#, # $##d $ot r#-#$t#r t'# dicu"t t#rrai$ 'ic' t'# Court, i$23, trav#rs#d it'out a%%ar#$t isgivi$gs. 7# $##d $ot ta# adva$tag# o t'# road %r#

'ic' t'# CourtGs d#cisio$ i$ M#+#r ur$is'#s, $or $##d # #8%"or# t'# i%"icatio$s o t'atcisio$ i$ t#rs o t'# usticiai"it+ o t'# u"titud# o co$trov#rsi#s t'at #s#t our ca%us#da+. Toda+Gs %ro"# is ca%a"# o r#so"utio$ i$ t'# $arro#r t#rs o t'# First A#$d#$tGo'iitio$ o "as r#s%#cti$g a$ #sta"is'#$t o r#"igio$ or %ro'iiti$g t'# r## #8#rcis# t'#r

#r# is a$d ca$ # $o dout t'at t'# First A#$d#$t do#s $ot %#rit t'# tat# to r#uir# tac'i$g a$d "#ar$i$g ust # tai"or#d to t'# %ri$ci%"#s or %ro'iitio$s o a$+ r#"igious s#ct orga. B$ Ev#rso$ v. oard o Educatio$, t'is Court, i$ u%'o"di$g a stat# "a to %rovid# r## rvic# to sc'oo" c'i"dr#$, i$c"udi$g t'os# att#$di$g %aroc'ia" sc'oo"s, said! G#it'#r (a tat# # F#d#ra" ?ov#r$#$t) ca$ %ass "as 'ic' aid o$# r#"igio$, aid a"" r#"igio$s, or %r##r o$#igio$ ov#r a$ot'#r....G


5/26

#s# %r#c#d#$ts i$#vita"+ d#t#ri$# t'# r#su"t i$ t'# %r#s#$t cas#. T'# tat#Gs u$dout#d %r#scri# t'# curricu"u or its %u"ic sc'oo"s do#s $ot carr+ it' it t'# rig't to %ro'iit, o$crii$a" %#$a"t+, t'# t#ac'i$g o a sci#$ti@c t'#or+ or doctri$# '#r# t'at %ro'iitio$ is aso$ r#aso$s t'at vio"at# t'# First A#$d#$t. Bt is uc' too "at# to argu# t'at t'# tat# a%os# u%o$ t'# t#ac'#rs i$ its sc'oo"s a$+ co$ditio$s t'at it c'oos#s, 'o#v#r r#strictiv# t'#a+ # o co$stitutio$a" guara$t##s.

t'# %r#s#$t cas#, t'#r# ca$ # $o dout t'at Ara$sas 'as soug't to %r#v#$t its t#ac'#rs rscussi$g t'# t'#or+ o #vo"utio$ #caus# it is co$trar+ to t'# #"i# o so# t'at t'# oo o#$#sis ust # t'# #8c"usiv# sourc# o doctri$# as to t'# origi$ o a$. o sugg#stio$ 'as

ad# t'at Ara$sasG "a a+ # usti@#d + co$sid#ratio$s o stat# %o"ic+ ot'#r t'a$ t'# r#"ig#s o so# o its citi>#$s. Bt is c"#ar t'at u$da#$ta"ist s#ctaria$ co$victio$ as a$d is t'#Gs r#aso$ or #8ist#$c#. Bts a$t#c#d#$t, T#$$#ss##Gs Go$#+ "a,G ca$did"+ stat#d its %ur%oa# it u$"au" Gto t#ac' a$+ t'#or+ t'at d#$i#s t'# stor+ o t'# ;ivi$# Cr#atio$ o a$ as

ug't i$ t'# i"#, a$d to t#ac' i$st#ad t'at a$ 'as d#sc#$d#d ro a "o#r ord#r o a$iar'a%s t'# s#$satio$a" %u"icit+ att#$da$t u%o$ t'# co%#s tria" i$duc#d Ara$sas to ado%t "%"icit "a$guag#. Bt #"ii$at#d T#$$#ss##Gs r##r#$c# to Gt'# stor+ o t'# ;ivi$# Cr#atio$ o taug't i$ t'# i"#, ut t'#r# is $o dout t'at t'# otivatio$ or t'# "a as t'# sa#! to%%r#ss t'# t#ac'i$g o a t'#or+ 'ic', it as t'oug't, Gd#$i#dG t'# divi$# cr#atio$ o a$.a$sasG "a ca$$ot # d##$d#d as a$ act o r#"igious $#utra"it+. Ara$sas did $ot s## to #8

o t'# curricu"a o its sc'oo"s a$d u$iv#rsiti#s a"" discussio$ o t'# origi$ o a$. T'# "aGs #

as co$@$#d to a$ att#%t to "ot out a %articu"ar t'#or+ #caus# o its su%%os#d co$Lict it# i"ica" accou$t, "it#ra""+ r#ad. P"ai$"+, t'# "a is co$trar+ to t'# a$dat# o t'# First, a$d o"atio$ o t'# Fourt##$t', A#$d#$t to t'# Co$stitutio$.# udg#$t o t'# u%r## Court o Ara$sas is r#v#rs#d.

#v#rs#d.r. /ustic# *ACO, co$curri$g. + $o #a$s sur# t'at t'is cas# %r#s#$ts a g#$ui$#"+ usticia"# cas# or co$trov#rs+....t'oug' Ara$sas B$itiat#d Act o. 1, t'# statut# a""#g#d to # u$co$stitutio$a", as %ass#d # vot#rs o Ara$sas i$ 1&29, # ar# i$or#d t'at t'#r# 'as $#v#r ##$ #v#$ a si$g"# att#t'# tat# to #$orc# it. A$d t'# %a""id, u$#$t'usiastic, #v#$ a%o"og#tic d##$s# o t'# Act

#s#$t#d + t'# tat# i$ t'is Court i$dicat#s t'at t'# tat# ou"d a# $o att#%t to #$orc

# "a s'ou"d it r#ai$ o$ t'# oos or t'# $#8t c#$tur+. o, $#ar"+ 40 +#ars at#r t'# "au#r#d o$ t'# oos as t'oug' d#ad, a t#ac'#r a""#gi$g #ar t'at t'# tat# ig't arous#

"#t'arg+ a$d tr+ to %u$is' '#r 'as as#d or a d#c"arator+ udg#$t 'o"di$g t'# "aco$stitutio$a". '# as sus#u#$t"+ oi$#d + a %ar#$t 'o a""#g#d 'is i$t#r#st i$ s##i$g t

s to t'#$ sc'oo"ag# so$s G# i$or#d o a"" sci#$ti@c t'#ori#s a$d '+%ot'#s#s N N N.G ut'#t'#r t'is Ara$sas t#ac'#r is sti"" a t#ac'#r, #aru" o %u$is'#$t u$d#r t'# Act, # do $oo. Bt a+ #, as 'as ##$ %u"is'#d i$ t'# dai"+ %r#ss, t'at s'# 'as "o$g si$c# giv#$ u% '#a t#ac'#r a$d ov#d to a dista$t cit+, t'#r#+ #sca%i$g t'# da$g#rs s'# 'ad iagi$#d iga"" '#r u$d#r t'is "i#"#ss Ara$sas Act. A$d t'#r# is $ot o$# iota o co$cr#t# #vid#$c# to s'at t'# %ar#$t-i$t#rv#$orGs so$s 'av# $ot ##$ or i"" $ot # taug't aout #vo"utio$. T'#8too ado%t#d or us# i$ io"og+ c"ass#s i$ *itt"# oc i$c"ud#s a$ #$tir# c'a%t#r d#a"i$g

o"utio$. T'#r# is $o #vid#$c# t'at t'is c'a%t#r is $ot #i$g r##"+ taug't i$ t'# sc'oo"s t'at # t#8too a$d $o #vid#$c# t'at t'# i$t#rv#$orGs so$s, 'o #r# 15 a$d 1 +#ars o"d '#$ it as roug't t'r## +#ars ago, ar# sti"" i$ 'ig' sc'oo" or +#t to ta# io"og+. $ortu$at#"+,#v#r, t'# tat#Gs "a$guid i$t#r#st i$ t'# cas# 'as $ot %ro%t#d it to ##% t'is Court i$or$c#r$i$g acts t'at ig't #asi"+ usti+ disissa" o t'is a""#g#d "asuit as oot or as "aci$a"iti#s o a g#$ui$# cas# or co$trov#rs+.

otit'sta$di$g + o$ douts as to '#t'#r t'# cas# %r#s#$ts a usticia"# co$trov#rs+, t'#ourt rus'#s asid# t'#s# douts a$d "#a%s '#ad"o$g i$to t'# idd"# o t'# v#r+ road %ro"#vo"v#d i$ #d#ra" i$trusio$ i$to stat# %o#rs to d#cid# 'at su#cts a$d sc'oo"oos it a+s' to us# i$ t#ac'i$g stat# %u%i"s. 7'i"# B '#sitat# to #$t#r i$to t'# co$sid#ratio$ a$d d#cisisuc' s#$sitiv# stat#-#d#ra" r#"atio$s'i%s, B r#"ucta$t"+ acui#sc#. ut, agr##i$g to co$sid#r


6/26

a g#$ui$# cas# or co$trov#rs+, B ca$$ot agr## to t'rust t'# F#d#ra" ?ov#r$#$tGs "o$g arast it urt'#r i$to stat# sc'oo" curricu"us t'a$ d#cisio$ o t'is %articu"ar cas# r#uir#s.

s %"ai$ t'at a stat# "a %ro'iiti$g a"" t#ac'i$g o 'ua$ d#v#"o%#$t or io"og+ is$stitutio$a""+ uit# di=#r#$t ro a "a t'at co%#"s a t#ac'#r to t#ac' as tru# o$"+ o$# t'#a giv#$ doctri$#. Bt ou"d # dicu"t to a# a First A#$d#$t cas# out o a stat# "ai$ati$g t'# su#ct o 'ig'#r at'#atics, or astro$o+, or io"og+ ro its curricu"u....

s##s to # t'at i$ t'is situatio$ t'# statut# is too vagu# or us to stri# it do$ o$ a$+ grot t'at! vagu#$#ss. $d#r t'is statut# as co$stru#d + t'# Ara$sas u%r## Court, a t#ac'

$$ot $o '#t'#r '# is oridd#$ to #$tio$ ;ari$Gs t'#or+, at a"" or o$"+ r## to discuss$g as '# r#rai$s ro co$t#$di$g t'at it is tru#. Bt is a$ #sta"is'#d ru"# t'at a statut# 'ic'av#s a$ ordi$ar+ a$ so doutu" aout its #a$i$g t'at '# ca$$ot $o '#$ '# 'as vio"ad#$i#s 'i t'# @rst #ss#$tia" o du# %roc#ss. Do"di$g t'# statut# too vagu# to #$orc# out o$"+ o""o "o$g-sta$di$g co$stitutio$a" %r#c#d#$ts ut it ou"d avoid 'avi$g t'is Court tato its#" t'# dut+ o a tat#Gs 'ig'#st court to i$t#r%r#t a$d ar t'# ou$dari#s o t'# tat#

s. A$d, or# i%orta$t, it ou"d $ot %"ac# t'is Court i$ t'# u$#$via"# %ositio$ o vio"ati$gi$ci%"# o "#avi$g t'# tat#s aso"ut#"+ r## to c'oos# t'#ir o$ curricu"us or t'#ir o$'oo"s so "o$g as t'#ir actio$ do#s $ot %a"%a"+ co$Lict it' a c"#ar co$stitutio$a" coa$d

# Court, $ot co$t#$t to stri# do$ t'is Ara$sas Act o$ t'# u$c'a""#$g#a"# grou$d o its %

gu#$#ss, c'oos#s rat'#r to i$va"idat# it as a vio"atio$ o t'# Esta"is'#$t o #"igio$ C"aus# First A#$d#$t. B ou"d $ot d#cid# t'is cas# o$ suc' a s##%i$g grou$d or t'# o""oi$aso$s, ao$g ot'#rs.1. B$ t'# @rst %"ac# B @$d it dicu"t to agr## it' t'# CourtGs stat##$t t'at Gt'#r# ca$ # $ut t'at Ara$sas 'as soug't to %r#v#$t its t#ac'#rs ro discussi$g t'# t'#or+ o #vo"utiocaus# it is co$trar+ to t'# #"i# o so# t'at t'# oo o ?#$#sis ust # t'# #8c"usiv# soudoctri$# as to t'# origi$ o a$.G Bt a+ # i$st#ad t'at t'# %#o%"#Gs otiv# as #r#"+ t'a

ou"d # #st to r#ov# t'is co$trov#rsia" su#ct ro its sc'oo"sH t'#r# is $o r#aso$ B ca$agi$# '+ a tat# is it'out %o#r to it'dra ro its curricu"u a$+ su#ct d###d too

otio$a" a$d co$trov#rsia" or its %u"ic sc'oo"s.2. A s#co$d u#stio$ t'at aris#s or # is '#t'#r t'is CourtGs d#cisio$ oriddi$g a tat# t

c"ud# t'# su#ct o #vo"utio$ ro its sc'oo"s i$ri$g#s t'# r#"igious r##do o t'os# 'o$sid#r #vo"utio$ a$ a$ti- r#"igious doctri$#. B t'# t'#or+ is co$sid#r#d a$ti-r#"igious, as t'#

ourt i$dicat#s, 'o ca$ t'# tat# # ou$d + t'# F#d#ra" Co$stitutio$ to %#rit its t#ac'#rsvocat# suc' a$ Ga$ti-r#"igiousG doctri$# to sc'oo"c'i"dr#$J T'# v#r+ cas#s cit#d + t'# Court%%orti$g its co$c"usio$ t'at t'# tat# ust # $#utra", $ot avori$g o$# r#"igious or a$ti-igious vi# ov#r a$ot'#r. T'# ;ari$ia$ t'#or+ is said to c'a""#$g# t'# i"#Gs stor+ o cr#atoo 'av# so# o t'os# 'o #"i#v# i$ t'# i"#, a"o$g it' a$+ ot'#rs, c'a""#$g#d t'#

ari$ia$ t'#or+. i$c# t'#r# is $o i$dicatio$ t'at t'# "it#ra" i"ica" doctri$# o t'# origi$ o i$c"ud#d i$ t'# curricu"u o Ara$sas sc'oo"s, do#s $ot t'# r#ova" o t'# su#ct o #vo"uav# t'# tat# i$ a $#utra" %ositio$ toard t'#s# su%%os#d"+ co%#ti$g r#"igious a$d a$ti-igious doctri$#sJ $"#ss t'is Court is %r#%ar#d si%"+ to rit# o= as %ur# $o$s#$s# t'# vi#

os# 'o co$sid#r #vo"utio$ a$ a$ti-r#"igious doctri$#, t'#$ t'is issu# %r#s#$ts %ro"#s u$d# Esta"is'#$t C"aus# ar or# trou"#so# t'a$ ar# discuss#d i$ t'# CourtGs o%i$io$.3. B a a"so $ot r#ad+ to 'o"d t'at a %#rso$ 'ir#d to t#ac' sc'oo" c'i"dr#$ ta#s it' 'i i$# c"assroo a co$stitutio$a" rig't to t#ac' socio"ogica", #co$oic, %o"itica", or r#"igious su#at t'# sc'oo"Gs a$ag#rs do $ot a$t discuss#d. T'is Court 'as said t'at t'# rig'ts o r####c' G'i"# u$da#$ta" i$ our d#ocratic soci#t+, sti"" do $ot #a$ t'at #v#r+o$# it'i$io$s or #"i#s to #8%r#ss a+ addr#ss a grou% at a$+ %u"ic %"ac# a$d at a$+ ti#.G B u#

'#t'#r it is aso"ut#"+ c#rtai$, as t'# CourtGs o%i$io$ i$dicat#s, t'at Gacad#ic r##doG %#rt#ac'#r to r#ac' 'is co$tractua" agr###$t to t#ac' o$"+ t'# su#cts d#sig$at#d + t'# sct'oriti#s 'o 'ir#d 'i.

#rtai$"+ t'# ;ari$ia$ t'#or+, %r#cis#"+ "i# t'# ?#$#sis stor+ o t'# cr#atio$ o a$, is $ot


7/26

ov# c'a""#$g#. B$ act t'# ;ari$ia$ t'#or+ 'as $ot #r#"+ ##$ critici>#d + r#"igio$ists ui#$tists, a$d %#r'a%s $o sci#$tist ou"d # i""i$g to ta# a$ oat' a$d s#ar t'at #v#r+t'i$g$ou$c#d i$ t'# ;ari$ia$ t'#or+ is u$u#stio$a"+ tru#. T'# Court, it s##s to #, a#s rious ista# i$ +%assi$g t'# %"ai$, u$co$stitutio$a" vagu#$#ss o t'is statut# i$ ord#r to rt a$d d#cid# t'is trou"#so#, to #, First A#$d#$t u#stio$. Do#v#r is# t'is Court or a+ #co# '#r#at#r, it is doutu" t'at, sitti$g i$ 7as'i$gto$, it ca$ succ#ssu""+%#rvis# a$d c#$sor t'# curricu"u o #v#r+ %u"ic sc'oo" i$ #v#r+ 'a"#t a$d cit+ i$ t'# $iat#s. B dout t'at our isdo is so $#ar"+ i$a""i"#.

ou"d #it'#r stri# do$ t'# Ara$sas Act as too vagu# to #$orc#, or r#a$d to t'# tat#

%r## Court or c"ari@catio$ o its 'o"di$g a$d o%i$io$.r. /ustic# DA*A, co$curri$g.

'i$ it d#%"ora"# t'at t'is cas# s'ou"d 'av# co# to us it' suc' a$ o%au# o%i$io$ + t'#at#Gs 'ig'#st court. 7it' a"" r#s%#ct, t'at courtGs 'a$d"i$g o t'# cas# savors o a studi#d #=avoid coi$g to gri%s it' t'is a$ac'ro$istic statut# a$d to G%ass t'# ucG to t'is Court. T'rt o t#%ori>i$g do#s $ot a# or '#a"t'+ o%#ratio$s #t##$ t'# stat# a$d #d#ra"diciari#s. ;#s%it# t'#s# os#rvatio$s, B a i$ agr###$t it' t'is CourtGs o%i$io$ t'at, t'#$stitutio$a" c"ais 'avi$g ##$ %ro%#r"+ rais#d a$d $#c#ssari"+ d#cid#d #"o, r#so"utio$ oatt#r + us ca$$ot %ro%#r"+ # avoid#d.

o$cur i$ so uc' o t'# CourtGs o%i$io$ as 'o"ds t'at t'# Ara$sas statut# co$stitut#s a$sta"is'#$t o r#"igio$G oridd#$ to t'# tat#s + t'# Fourt##$t' A#$d#$t. B do $otd#rsta$d, 'o#v#r, '+ t'# Court @$ds it $#c#ssar+ to #8%"or# at "#$gt' a%%#""a$tsG$t#$tio$s t'at t'# statut# is u$co$stitutio$a""+ vagu# a$d t'at it i$t#r#r#s it' r## s%##c'"+ to co$c"ud# t'at t'#s# issu#s $##d $ot # d#cid#d i$ t'is cas#. B$ t'# %roc#ss o $ot d#ci#, t'# Court oscur#s its ot'#ris# straig'torard 'o"di$g, a$d o%#$s its o%i$io$ to %ossi%"icatio$s ro 'ic' B a co$strai$#d to disassociat# +s#".

r. /ustic# TE7AT, co$curri$g i$ t'# r#su"t.

# tat#s ar# ost assur#d"+ r## Gto c'oos# t'#ir o$ curricu"us or t'#ir o$ sc'oo"s.G A #$tir#"+ r##, or #8a%"#, to d#cid# t'at t'# o$"+ or#ig$ "a$guag# to # taug't i$ its %u"ic

'oo" s+st# s'a"" # %a$is'. ut ou"d a tat# # co$stitutio$a""+ r## to %u$is' a t#ac'#rtti$g 'is stud#$ts $o t'at ot'#r "a$guag#s ar# a"so s%o#$ i$ t'# or"dJ B t'i$ $ot.

s o$# t'i$g or a tat# to d#t#ri$# t'at Gt'# su#ct o 'ig'#r at'#atics, or astro$o+, o"og+G s'a"" or s'a"" $ot # i$c"ud#d i$ its %u"ic sc'oo" curricu"u. Bt is uit# a$ot'#r t'i$g oat# to a# it a crii$a" o=#$s# or a %u"ic sc'oo" t#ac'#r so uc' as to #$tio$ t'# v#r+ist#$c# o a$ #$tir# s+st# o r#s%#ct#d 'ua$ t'oug't. T'at i$d o crii$a" "a, B t'i$,

ou"d c"#ar"+ i%i$g# u%o$ t'# guara$t##s o r## cou$icatio$ co$tai$#d i$ t'# First#$d#$t, a$d ad# a%%"ica"# to t'# tat#s + t'# Fourt##$t'.

# Ara$sas u%r## Court 'as said t'at t'# statut# #or# us a+ or a+ $ot # ust suc'

. T'# r#su"t, as Mr. /ustic# *ACO %oi$ts out, is t'at Ga t#ac'#r ca$$ot $o '#t'#r '# isridd#$ to #$tio$ ;ari$Gs t'#or+ at a"".G i$c# B #"i#v# t'at $o tat# cou"d co$stitutio$a""rid a t#ac'#r Gto #$tio$ ;ari$Gs t'#or+ at a"",G a$d si$c# Ara$sas a+, or a+ $ot, 'av#$# ust t'at, B co$c"ud# t'at t'# statut# #or# us is so vagu# as to # i$va"id u$d#r t'#urt##$t' A#$d#$t.

g#" v. ita"#, 30 .. 421 (1&62)cts!


8/26

# %ar#$ts o t#$ %u%i"s i$ # Kor sc'oo"s c'a""#$g#d t'# co$stitutio$a"it+ o a # Kor st r#uiri$g %u"ic sc'oo"s to #gi$ #ac' da+ it' a stat# aut'ori>#d %ra+#r drat#d + t'# oard o #g#$ts. T'#s# %ar#$ts argu#d t'at stat#-s%o$sor#d %ra+#rs i$ %u"ic sc'oo"s vio"at#ta"is'#$t C"aus#.su#!'#t'#r stat# "#gis"atio$ ca$ r#uir# %ri$ci%a"s, t#ac'#rs a$d stud#$ts to #gi$ t'# da+ it'a+#rs t'at ar# s%o$sor#d a$d ritt#$ + t'# stat#.o"di$g!a 6-1 d#cisio$ (to ustic#s did $ot %artici%at#), t'# Court '#"d t'at sc'oo" ocia"s a+ $otuir# d#votio$a" r#"igious #8#rcis#s duri$g t'# sc'oo" da+, as t'is %ractic# u$co$stitutio$a""+

ta$g"#s t'# stat# i$ r#"igious activiti#s a$d #sta"is'#s r#"igio$.#aso$i$g!%%#a"i$g to 'istor+, t'# Court #8%"ai$#d t'at t'# First A#$d#$t %rot#cts r#"igious "i#rt+ #%i$g gov#r$#$t ro d#t#ri$i$g '#$ a$d 'o %#o%"# s'ou"d %ra+ or ors'i%. Ear"+

#rica$s $#, Iso# o t'# ro itt#r %#rso$a" #8%#ri#$c#, t'at o$# o t'# gr#at#st da$t'# r##do o t'# i$dividua" to ors'i% i$ 'is o$ a+ "a+ i$ t'# ?ov#r$#$ts %"aci$g its

cia" sta% o a%%rova" u%o$ o$# %articu"ar i$d o %ra+#r or o$# %articu"ar or o r#"igiousrvic#s.I T'# Court ou$d t'at t'# Esta"is'#$t C"aus# %ro'iits t'# gov#r$#$t ro i$vo"#" i$ d#votio$a" r#"igious #8#rcis#s. Bt urt'#r #8%"ai$#d t'at suc' s#%aratio$ o c'urc' a$dat# %rot#cts ot' gov#r$#$t ro r#"igious doi$atio$, a$d r#"igio$ ro gov#r$#$t t+rad aus#.

aorit+!7Q# t'i$ t'at t'# co$stitutio$a" %ro'iitio$ agai$st "as r#s%#cti$g a$ #sta"is'#$t o r#"iust at "#ast #a$ t'at i$ t'is cou$tr+ it is $o %art o t'# usi$#ss o gov#r$#$t to co%os#

cia" %ra+#rs or a$+ grou% o t'# A#rica$ %#o%"# to r#cit# as a %art o a r#"igious %rograrri#d o$ + gov#r$#$t.I (/ustic# Dugo "ac)ss#$t!

7it' a"" r#s%#ct, B t'i$ t'# Court 'as isa%%"i#d a gr#at co$stitutio$a" %ri$ci%"#. B ca$$ot s## a$ Gocia" r#"igio$G is #sta"is'#d + "#tti$g t'os# 'o a$t to sa+ a %ra+#r sa+ it. $ t'#$trar+, B t'i$ t'at to d#$+ t'# is' o t'#s# sc'oo" c'i"dr#$ to oi$ i$ r#citi$g t'is %ra+#r is $+ t'# t'# o%%ortu$it+ o s'ari$g i$ t'# s%iritua" '#ritag# o our atio$.I (/ustic# Pott#r#art)

ra"i$ag, #t a" vs. ;iv. u%t. o c'oo"s o C#u ?.. o. &50, Marc' 1, 1&&3ra"i$ag, #t a" vs. ;iv. u%t. o c'oo"s o C#u

. o. &50, Marc' 1, 1&&3

cts!

1&9&, ;EC #gio$a" c# i$ C#u r#c#iv#d co%"ai$ts aout t#ac'#rs a$d %u%i"s #"o$gi$

# /#'ova's 7it$#ss, a$d #$ro""#d i$ various %u"ic a$d %rivat# sc'oo"s, 'ic' r#us#d to si$# P'i". atio$a" A$t'#, sa"ut# t'# Lag a$d r#cit# t'# %atriotic %"#dg#.

visio$ u%#ri$t#$d#$t o sc'oo"s, usa$a . Caa'ug o t'# C#u ;ivisio$ o ;EC a$d '#rsista$t issu#d ;ivisio$ M#ora$du o. 109, dat#d ov. 1, 1&9&, dir#cti$g ;istrict%#rvisors, Dig' c'oo" Pri$ci%a"s a$d D#ads o Privat# Educatio$a" i$stitutio$s to r#ov# rorvic#, at#r du# %roc#ss, t#ac'#rs a$d sc'oo" #%"o+##s, a$d to d#%riv# t'# stud#$ts a$d %

o t'# #$#@t o %u"ic #ducatio$, i t'#+ do $ot %artici%at# i$ dai"+ Lag c#r#o$+ a$d do#s#+ Lag sa"ut# ru"#.

##rs o t'# /#'ova's 7it$#ss s#ct @$d suc' #ora$du to # co$trar+ to t'#ir r#"igiou"i# a$d c'oos# $ot to o#+. ;#s%it# a $u#r o a%%ro%riat# %#rsuasio$s ad# + t'# C#


9/26

cia"s to "#t t'# o#+ t'# dir#ctiv#s, sti"" t'#+ o%t#d to o""o t'#ir co$victio$ to t'#ir #"i#r#su"t, a$ ord#r as issu#d + t'# district su%#rvisor o ;aa$ a$ta+a$ ;istrict o C#u, dat#+ 24, 1&&0, ord#ri$g t'# Rdro%%i$g ro t'# "ist i$ t'# sc'oo" r#gist#r o a"" /#'ova's 7it$#ac'#rs a$d %u%i"s ro ?rad# 1 to ?rad# 6 'o o%t#d to o""o t'#ir #"i# 'ic' is agai$st tag a"ut# *a, 'o#v#r, giv#$ a c'a$c# to # r#-acc#%t#d i t'#+ c'a$g# t'#ir i$d.

# /#'ova's 7it$#ss ##rs a%%#a"#d to t'# #cr#tar+ o Educatio$ ut t'# "att#r did $os#r to t'#ir "#tt#r.

$ ct. 31, 1&&0, stud#$ts a$d t'#ir %ar#$ts @"#d s%#cia" civi" actio$s or Ma$daus, C#rtiora

d %ro'iitio$, a""#gi$g t'at t'# r#s%o$d#$ts act#d it'out or i$ #8c#ss o t'#ir urisdictio$ at' grav# aus# o discr#tio$ i$ ord#ri$g t'#ir #8%u"sio$ it'out %rior $otic# a$d '#ari$g, '#vio"atio$ o t'#ir rig't to du# %roc#ss, t'#ir rig't to r## %u"ic #ducatio$ a$d t'#ir rig't to

##do o s%##c', r#"igio$ a$d ors'i%. P#titio$#rs %ra+#d or t'# voidi$g o t'# ord#r o%u"sio$ or Rdro%%i$g ro t'# ro""s issu#d + t'# ;istrict u%#rvisorH %ro'iiti$g a$d #$oi$is%o$d#$t ro arri$g t'# ro c"ass#sH a$d co%#""i$g t'# r#s%o$d#$t a$d a"" %#rso$s ar 'i to adit a$d ord#r t'#ir(P#titio$#rs) r#-adissio$ B t'#ir r#s%#ctiv# sc'oo"s.

$ ov##r 2, 1&&0, Court issu#d a T a$d rit o %r#"ii$ar+ a$dator+ i$u$ctio$,a$di$g t'# r#s%o$d#$ts to i#diat#"+ r#-adit t'# %#titio$#rs to t'#ir r#s%#ctiv# c"assti" urt'#r ord#rs.

$ Ma+ 31, t'# o"icitor ?#$#ra" @"#d a co$so"idat#d co#$t to t'# %#titio$s d##$di$g t'#%u"sio$ ord#rs issu#d + t'# r#s%o$d#$ts.

titio$#rs str#ss#d t'at 'i"# t'#+ do $ot ta# %art i$ t'# co%u"sor+ Lag c#r#o$+, t'#+ dogag# i$ R#8t#r$a" acts or #'avior t'at ou"d o=#$d t'#ir cou$tr+#$ 'o #"i#v# i$%r#ssi$g t'#ir "ov# o cou$tr+ t'roug' os#rva$c# o t'# Lag c#r#o$+. T'#+ ui#t"+ sta$d t#$tio$ duri$g t'# Lag c#r#o$+ to s'o t'#ir r#s%#ct or t'# rig't o t'os# 'o c'oos# tortici%at# i$ t'# so"#$ %roc##di$gs. i$c# t'#+ do $ot #$gag# i$ disru%tiv# #'avior, t'#r# arra$t or t'#ir #8%u"sio$.

su#!

'#t'#r or $ot t'# #8%u"sio$ o t'# ##rs o /#'ova's 7it$#ss ro t'# sc'oo"s vio"at#s rc#iv# r## #ducatio$.

#"d!

# #8%u"sio$ o t'# ##rs o /#'ova's 7it$#ss ro t'# sc'oo"s '#r# t'#+ ar# #$ro""#d o"at# t'#ir rig't as P'i"i%%i$# citi>#$s, u$d#r t'# 1&9 Co$stitutio$, to r#c#iv# r## #ducatio$s t'# dut+ o t'# stat# to R%rot#ct a$d %root# t'# rig't o a"" citi>#$s to ua"it+ #ducatio$, a# suc' #ducatio$ acc#ssi"# to a"" (#c. B, Art SB). #v#rt'#"#ss, t'#ir rig't $ot to

rtici%at# i$ t'# F"ag C#r#o$+ do#s $ot giv# t'# a rig't to disru%t suc' %atriotic #8#rcis#s#+ ui#t"+ sta$d at att#$tio$ duri$g Lag c#r#o$+ 'i"# t'#ir c"assat#s a$d t#ac'#rs sa"u# Lag, si$g t'# $atio$a" a$t'# a$d r#cit# t'# %atriotic %"#dg#, # do $ot s## 'o suc' co$a+ %ossi"+ distur t'# %#ac#, or %os# Ra grav# a$d %r#s#$t da$g#r o a s#rious #vi" to %u"ic#t+, %u"ic ora"s, %u"ic '#a"t' or a$+ "#gitiat# %u"ic i$t#r#st t'at t'# stat# 'as a rig't t+ to %r#v#$t.

s a%%ro%riat# to r#ca"" t'# /a%a$#s# occu%atio$ o our cou$tr+ i$ 1&42-1&44 '#$ #v#r+ Fi"igard"#ss o r#"igious %#rsuasio$, i$ #ar o t'# i$vad#r, sa"ut#d t'# /a%a$#s# Lag a$d o#dor# #v#r+ /a%a$#s# so"di#r, %#r'a%s i %#titio$#rs 'ad "iv#d t'roug' t'at dar %#riod o our

stor+, t'#+ ou"d $ot ui"# $o aout sa"uti$g t'# P'i". F"ag.


10/26

# %#titio$s or c#rtiorari a$d %ro'iitio$ ar# gra$t#d a$d #8%u"sio$ ord#rs ar# '#r#+ a$$u"d s#t asid#.

CTBA . E*BA*;E BEME 1, 2013 U ;BAE/AMB BCTBA, %"ai$ti=-a%%#""##, vs. E*BA*;E PE 7OE B a$d E*BA*;EPE FACTK, BC., d##$da$ts, E*BA*;E PE 7OE B, d##$da$t-a%%#""a$t. *-25246 #%t##r 12, 1&4

CT!#$ai$ ictoria$o (A%%#""##), a ##r o t'# r#"igious s#ct $o$ as t'# :Bg"#sia $i Cristod ##$ i$ t'# #%"o+ o t'# E"i>a"d# o%# Factor+, B$c. (Co%a$+) si$c# 1&59. D# as a##r o t'# E"i>a"d# o%# 7or#rs $io$ ($io$) 'ic' 'ad it' t'# Co%a$+ a CA$tai$i$g a c"os#d s'o% %rovisio$ 'ic' r#ads as o""os! :M##rs'i% i$ t'# $io$ s'a"" #uir#d as a co$ditio$ o #%"o+#$t or a"" %#ra$#$t #%"o+##s or#rs cov#r#d + t'is

gr###$t.<$d#r #c 4(a), %ar 4, o A &5, %rior to its a#$d#$t + A 3350, t'# #%"o+#r as $ot#c"ud#d :ro ai$g a$ agr###$t it' a "aor orga$i>atio$ to r#uir# as a co$ditio$ o

%"o+#$t ##rs'i% t'#r#i$, i suc' "aor orga$i>atio$ is t'# r#%r#s#$tativ# o t'#%"o+##s.< $ /u$# 19, 1&61, 'o#v#r, A 3350 as #$act#d, i$troduci$g a$ a#$d#$t to

sus#ctio$ (a) o s#c 4 o A 95, as o""os! :888 ut suc' agr###$t s'a"" $ot cov#r #a$+ r#"igious s#cts 'ic' %ro'iit a"iatio$ o t'#ir ##rs i$ a$+ suc' "aor orga$i>atio$

#i$g a ##r o a r#"igious s#ct t'at %ro'iits t'# a"iatio$ o its ##rs it' a$+ "aorga$i>atio$, A%%#""## %r#s#$t#d 'is r#sig$atio$ to a%%#""a$t $io$. T'# $io$ rot# a ora"tt#r to t'# Co%a$+ asi$g t'# "att#r to s#%arat# A%%#""## ro t'# s#rvic# #caus# '# assig$i$g ro t'# $io$ as a ##r. T'# Co%a$+ i$ tur$ $oti@#d A%%#""## a$d 'is cou$s#at u$"#ss t'# A%%#""## cou"d ac'i#v# a satisactor+ arra$g##$t it' t'# $io$, t'# Co%aou"d # co$strai$#d to disiss 'i ro t'# s#rvic#.%%#""## @"#d a$ actio$ or i$u$ctio$ to #$oi$ t'# Co%a$+ a$d t'# $io$ ro disissi$g%%#""##. T'# $io$ i$vo#d t'# :u$io$ s#curit+ c"aus#< o t'# CA a$d assai"#d t'#$stitutio$a"it+ o A 3350 a$d co$t#$ds it discrii$atori"+ avors t'os# r#"igious s#cts 'ic'

#ir ##rs ro oi$i$g "aor u$io$s.E!'#t'#r A%%#""## 'as t'# r##do o c'oic# i$ oi$i$g t'# u$io$ or $ot.*B?!. T'# Co$stitutio$ a$d A 95 r#cog$i># r##do o associatio$. #c 1 (6) o Art BBB o t'#

o$stitutio$ o 1&35, as #"" as #c o Art B o t'# Co$stitutio$ o 1&3, %rovid# t'at t'# rigor associatio$s or soci#ti#s or %ur%os#s $ot co$trar+ to "a s'a"" $ot # aridg#d. #ctioA 95 %rovid#s t'at #%"o+##s s'a"" 'av# t'# rig't to s#"-orga$i>atio$ a$d to or, oi$ osist "aor orga$i>atio$s o t'#ir o$ c'oosi$g or t'# %ur%os# o co""#ctiv# argai$i$g a$d togag# i$ co$c#rt#d activiti#s or t'# %ur%os# o co""#ctiv# argai$i$g a$d ot'#r utua" aid orot#ctio$. 7'at t'# Co$stitutio$ a$d t'# B$dustria" P#ac# Act r#cog$i># a$d guara$t## is t'#

g't< to or or oi$ associatio$s. A rig't co%r#'#$ds at "#ast to road $otio$s, $a#"+! @#rt+ or r##do, i.#., t'# as#$c# o "#ga" r#strai$t, '#r#+ a$ #%"o+## a+ act or 'ist'out #i$g %r#v#$t#d + "aH a$d s#co$d, %o#r, '#r#+ a$ #%"o+## a+, as '# %"#as#$ or r#rai$ ro oi$i$g a$ associatio$. Bt is, t'#r#or#, t'# #%"o+## 'o s'ou"d d#cid# ors#" '#t'#r '# s'ou"d oi$ or $ot a$ associatio$H a$d s'ou"d '# c'oos# to oi$, '# 'is#"a#s u% 'is i$d as to 'ic' associatio$ '# ou"d oi$H a$d #v#$ at#r '# 'as oi$#d, '# sti"tai$s t'# "i#rt+ a$d t'# %o#r to "#av# a$d ca$c#" 'is ##rs'i% it' said orga$i>atio$ a+ ti#. T'# rig't to oi$ a u$io$ i$c"ud#s t'# rig't to astai$ ro oi$i$g a$+ u$io$. T'# "a#s $ot #$oi$ a$ #%"o+## to sig$ u% it' a$+ associatio$.# rig't to r#rai$ ro oi$i$g "aor orga$i>atio$s r#cog$i>#d + #ctio$ 3 o t'# B$dustria" Pt is, 'o#v#r, "iit#d. T'# "#ga" %rot#ctio$ gra$t#d to suc' rig't to r#rai$ ro oi$i$g ist'dra$ + o%#ratio$ o "a, '#r# a "aor u$io$ a$d a$ #%"o+#r 'av# agr##d o$ a c"os#d

https://vbdiaz.wordpress.com/2013/11/17/victoriano-vs-elizalde-union/https://vbdiaz.wordpress.com/author/vbdiaz/https://vbdiaz.wordpress.com/2013/11/17/victoriano-vs-elizalde-union/https://vbdiaz.wordpress.com/author/vbdiaz/


11/26

o%, + virtu# o 'ic' t'# #%"o+#r a+ #%"o+ o$"+ ##rs o t'# co""#ctiv# argai$i$gio$, a$d t'# #%"o+##s ust co$ti$u# to # ##rs o t'# u$io$ or t'# duratio$ o t'#$tract i$ ord#r to ##% t'#ir os. + virtu# o a c"os#d s'o% agr###$t, #or# t'# #$act#A 3350, i a$+ %#rso$, r#gard"#ss o 'is r#"igious #"i#s, is'#s to # #%"o+#d or to ##%

%"o+#$t '# ust #co# a ##r o t'# co""#ctiv# argai$i$g u$io$. D#$c#, t'# rig't oid #%"o+## $ot to oi$ t'# "aor u$io$ is curtai"#d a$d it'dra$.t'at a""-#raci$g cov#rag# o t'# c"os#d s'o% arra$g##$t, A o.3350i$troduc#d a$c#%tio$, '#$ it add#d to #ctio$ 4 (a) (4) o t'# B$dustria" P#ac# Act t'# o""oi$g %roviso! c' agr###$t s'a"" $ot cov#r ##rs o a$+ r#"igious s#cts 'ic' %ro'iit a"iatio$ o t'###rs i$ a$+ suc' "aor orga$i>atio$atio$. 7'at t'c#%tio$ %rovid#s is t'at ##rs o said r#"igious s#cts ca$$ot # co%#""#d or co#rc#d to or u$io$s #v#$ '#$ said u$io$s 'av# c"os#d s'o% agr###$ts it' t'# #%"o+#rsH t'at i$it# o a$+ c"os#d s'o% agr###$t, ##rs o said r#"igious s#cts ca$$ot # r#us#d

%"o+#$t or disiss#d ro t'#ir os o$ t'# so"# grou$d t'at t'#+ ar# $ot ##rs o t'#""#ctiv# argai$i$g u$io$. Bt do#s $ot %ro'iit t'# ##rs o said r#"igious s#cts ro a"iat' "aor u$io$s. Bt sti"" "#av#s to said ##rs t'# "i#rt+ a$d t'# %o#r to a"iat#, or $ot t

"iat#, it' "aor u$io$s. B, $otit'sta$di$g t'#ir r#"igious #"i#s, t'# ##rs o said r#"ig#ts %r##r to sig$ u% it' t'# "aor u$io$, t'#+ ca$ do so. B i$ d##r#$c# a$d #a"t+ to t'#irigious ait', t'#+ r#us# to sig$ u%, t'#+ ca$ do soH t'# "a do#s $ot co#rc# t'# to oi$H

it'#r do#s t'# "a %ro'iit t'# ro oi$i$g, a$d $#it'#r a+ t'# #%"o+#r or "aor u$io$%#" t'# to oi$.# Co%a$+ as %art"+ aso"v#d + "a ro t'# co$tractua" o"igatio$ it 'ad it' t'# $io

%"o+i$g o$"+ $io$ ##rs i$ %#ra$#$t %ositio$s. Bt ca$$ot # d#$i#d, t'#r#or#, t'at t'as i$d##d a$ i%air#$t o said u$io$ s#curit+ c"aus#.# %ro'iitio$ to i%air t'# o"igatio$ o co$tracts is $ot aso"ut# a$d u$ua"i@#d. T'#o'iitio$ is g#$#ra". T'# %ro'iitio$ is $ot to # r#ad it' "it#ra" #8act$#ss, or it %ro'iitsr#aso$a"# i%air#$t o$"+. B$ s%it# o t'# co$stitutio$a" %ro'iitio$, t'# tat# co$ti$u#s toss#ss aut'orit+ to sa#guard t'# vita" i$t#r#sts o its %#o%"#. *#gis"atio$ a%%ro%riat# to#guardi$g said i$t#r#sts a+ odi+ or arogat# co$tracts a"r#ad+ i$ #=#ct. For $ot o$"+ aisti$g "as r#ad i$to co$tracts i$ ord#r to @8 t'# o"igatio$s as #t##$ t'# %arti#s, ut t'#

s#rvatio$ o #ss#$tia" attriut#s o sov#r#ig$ %o#r is a"so r#ad i$to co$tracts as a %ostu"at# "#ga" ord#r. T'# co$tract c"aus# o t'# Co$stitutio$. ust # $ot o$"+ i$ 'aro$+ it', utsuordi$atio$ to, i$ a%%ro%riat# i$sta$c#s, t'# r#s#rv#d %o#r o t'# stat# to sa#guard t'#

ta" i$t#r#sts o t'# %#o%"#. T'is 'as s%#cia" a%%"icatio$ to co$tracts r#gu"ati$g r#"atio$s #t%ita" a$d "aor 'ic' ar# $ot #r#"+ co$tractua", a$d said "aor co$tracts, or #i$g i%r#sst' %u"ic i$t#r#st, ust +i#"d to t'# coo$ good.# %ur%os# to # ac'i#v#d + A 3350 is to i$sur# r##do o #"i# a$d r#"igio$, a$d to %ro# g#$#ra" #"ar# + %r#v#$ti$g discrii$atio$ agai$st t'os# ##rs o r#"igious s#cts 'o'iit t'#ir ##rs ro oi$i$g "aor u$io$s, co$@ri$g t'#r#+ t'#ir $atura", statutor+ a$stitutio$a" rig't to or, t'# ruits o 'ic' or ar# usua""+ t'# o$"+ #a$s '#r#+ t'#+ ai$tai$ t'#ir o$ "i# a$d t'# "i# o t'#ir d#%#$d#$ts.

# i$dividua" #%"o+##, at various ti#s i$ 'is ori$g "i#, is co$ro$t#d + to aggr#gat#s#r co""#ctiv# "aor, dir#ct#d + a u$io$, a$d co""#ctiv# ca%ita", dir#ct#d + a$ag##$t. Tio$, a$ i$stitutio$ d#v#"o%#d to orga$i># "aor i$to a co""#ctiv# orc# a$d t'us %rot#ct t'#

dividua" #%"o+## ro t'# %o#r o co""#ctiv# ca%ita", is, %arado8ica""+, ot' t'# c'a%io$ %"o+## rig'ts, a$d a $# sourc# o t'#ir rustratio$. Mor#ov#r, '#$ t'# $io$ i$t#racts ia$ag##$t, it %roduc#s +#t a t'ird aggr#gat# o grou% str#$gt' ro 'ic' t'# i$dividua" a"#ds %rot#ctio$ V t'# co""#ctiv# argai$i$g r#"atio$s'i%.# r## #8#rcis# o r#"igious %ro#ssio$ or #"i# is su%#rior to co$tract rig'ts. B$ cas# o co$L# "att#r ust +i#"d to t'# or#r.# %ur%os# o A 3350 is to s#rv# t'# s#cu"ar %ur%os# o adva$ci$g t'# co$stitutio$a" rig't t# r## #8#rcis# o r#"igio$, + av#rti$g t'at c#rtai$ %#rso$s # r#us#d or, or # disiss#do or, or # dis%oss#ss#d o t'#ir rig't to or a$d o #i$g i%#d#d to %ursu# a od#st


12/26

#a$s o "iv#"i'ood, + r#aso$ o u$io$ s#curit+ agr###$ts. To '#"% its citi>#$s to @$d gai$u%"o+#$t '#r#+ t'#+ ca$ a# a "ivi$g to su%%ort t'#s#"v#s a$d t'#ir ai"i#s is a va"#ctiv# o t'# stat#. T'# Co$stitutio$ #v#$ a$dat#d t'at :t'# tat# s'a"" a=ord %rot#ctio$

or, %root# u"" #%"o+#$t a$d #ua"it+ i$ #%"o+#$t, #$sur# #ua" or o%%ortu$iti#sgard"#ss o s#8, rac# or cr##d a$d r#gu"at# t'# r#"atio$ #t##$ or#rs a$d #%"o+#rs.<# %riar+ #=#cts o t'# #8#%tio$ ro c"os#d s'o% agr###$ts i$ avor o ##rs oigious s#cts t'at %ro'iit t'#ir ##rs ro a"iati$g it' a "aor orga$i>atio$, is t'#ot#ctio$ o said #%"o+##s agai$st t'# aggr#gat# orc# o t'# co""#ctiv# argai$i$g agr###d r#"i#vi$g c#rtai$ citi>#$s o a urd#$ o$ t'#ir r#"igious #"i#sH a$d + #"ii$ati$g to a c#rtt#$t #co$oic i$s#curit+ du# to u$#%"o+#$t, 'ic' is a s#rious #$ac# to t'# '#a"t',

ora"s, a$d #"ar# o t'# %#o%"# o t'# tat#, t'# Act a"so %root#s t'# #""-#i$g o soci#t+r vi# t'at t'# #8#%tio$ ro t'# #=#cts o c"os#d s'o% agr###$t do#s $ot dir#ct"+ advadii$is', t'# i$t#r#sts o a$+ %articu"ar r#"igio$. A"t'oug' t'# #8#%tio$ a+ #$#@t t'os#

'o ar# ##rs o r#"igious s#cts t'at %ro'iit t'#ir ##rs ro oi$i$g "aor u$io$s, t'#$#@t u%o$ t'# r#"igious s#cts is #r#"+ i$cid#$ta" a$d i$dir#ct.# %ur%os# o A 3350 as $ot to gra$t rig'ts to "aor u$io$s. T'# rig'ts o "aor u$io$s ar#

%"+ %rovid#d or i$ #%u"ic Act o. 95 a$d t'# $# *aor Cod#.# Act do#s $ot r#uir# as a ua"i@catio$, or co$ditio$, or oi$i$g a$+ "au" associatio$##rs'i% i$ a$+ %articu"ar r#"igio$ or i$ a$+ r#"igious s#ctH $#it'#r do#s t'# Act r#uir#

"iatio$ it' a r#"igious s#ct t'at %ro'iits its ##rs ro oi$i$g a "aor u$io$ as a co$dua"i@catio$ or it'drai$g ro a "aor u$io$. /oi$i$g or it'drai$g ro a "aor u$io$

uir#s a %ositiv# act #%u"ic Act o. 3350 o$"+ #8#%ts ##rs it' suc' r#"igious a"iao t'# cov#rag# o c"os#d s'o% agr###$ts. o, u$d#r t'is Act, a r#"igious o#ctor is $otuir#d to do a %ositiv# act-to #8#rcis# t'# rig't to oi$ or to r#sig$ ro t'# u$io$. D# is#%t#d i%so ur# it'out $##d o a$+ %ositiv# act o$ 'is %art.DEEFE, t'# i$sta$t a%%#a" is disiss#d

Manila

ll Text: http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1957/apr1957/gr_l-9637_1957.html

cts:

the !"urse "# its ministr$% &'( has )een distri)uting and selling )i)les and/"r g"spels thr"ugh"ut *hilippines and

nslating the same int" se+eral *hilippine diale!ts. ,n a$ 1953% the a!ting it$ Treasurer "# anila in#"rmed &'(

was !"ndu!ting the )usiness "# general mer!handise sin!e "+em)er 1905 with"ut pr"+iding the !it$ with a$"rs

rmit and muni!ipal li!ense in +i"lati"n "# ,rdinan!e ". 3222% as amended and ,rdinan!es "s. 59% 324% 3360

uired plainti## t" se!ure within three da$s the permit and li!ense #ees% t"gether with !"mpr"mise !"+ering the peri"

m #"urth uarter "# 1905 t" se!"nd uarter "# 195 in *5% 41.05. &'( pr"tested a)"ut the reuirement )ut paid t"

#endant the said permit and li!ense #ees in the said am"unt.

ue:

hether "r n" the ,rdinan!es "# anila "s. 3222 as amended% and 59% 324 and 3360 are appli!a)le t" the !ase a

ld:

s% the !it$ "rdinan!es menti"ned are still in #"r!e and e##e!t.

hen the "ld statute is repealed in its entiret$ and )$ the same ena!tment re-ena!ts all "r !ertain p"rti"ns "# the pre-

sting law% the maj"rit$ +iew h"lds that the rights and lia)ilities whih! ha+e a!!rued under the "riginal statute are

eser+ed and ma$ )e en#"r!ed% sin!e the reena!tment neutrali8eds the repeal% there#"re !"ntinueing the law in #"r!e

th"ut interrupti"n.

the !ase at )ar% ,rdinan!es "s. 59 and 3222 "# the !it$ "# anila were ena!ted )$ the uni!ipal '"ard "# the

anila )$ +irtue "# the p"wer granted t" it )$ se!ti"n 000% su)se!ti"n m- "# the ;e+ised &dministrati+e "de%

perseded "n


13/26

t$ "# anila. The "nl$ essential di##eren!e )etween these tw" pr"+isi"ns is that while su)se!ti"n m- pres!ri)es th

!"m)ined t"tal tax "# an$ dealer "r manu#a!turer% "r )"th% enumerated under su)se!ti"ns m-1 and m-% whethe

aling in "ne "r all "# the arti!les menti"ned therein% shall not be in excess of P500 per annum% the !"rresp"nding se!

su)se!ti"n " "# ;epu)li! &!t ". 029% d"es n"t !"ntain an$ limitati"n as t" the am"unt "# tax "r li!ense #ee that

ail dealer has t" pa$ per annum. >en!e% and in a!!"rdan!e with the weight "# the auth"rities a)"+e re#erred t" that

intain that ?all rights and lia)ilities whi!h ha+e a!!rued under the "riginal statute are preser+ed and ma$ )e en#"r!e

!e the reena!tment neutrali8es the repeal% there#"re !"ntinuing the law in #"r!e with"ut interrupti"n?% e h"ld that

esti"ned "rdinan!es "# the it$ "# anila are still in #"r!e and e##e!t.

merican Bible Society vs. City of Manila

R No. !"#$% & A'ril $() *"+%

cts:

&meri!an 'i)le ("!iet$ is a #"reign% n"n-st"!=% n"n-pr"#it% religi"us% missi"nar$ !"rp"rati"n dul$ registered"ing )usiness in the *hilippines thr"ugh its *hilippine agen!$ esta)lished in anila in "+em)er% 1494

it$ "# anila is a muni!ipal !"rp"rati"n with p"wers that are t" )e exer!ised in !"n#"rmit$ with the pr"+isi

;epu)li! &!t ". 029% =n"wn as the ;e+ised harter "# the it$ "# anila&meri!an 'i)le ("!iet$ has )een distri)uting and selling )i)les and/"r g"spel p"rti"ns thr"ugh"ut the *hilip

and translating the same int" se+eral *hilippine diale!t

it$ Treasurer "# anila in#"rmed &meri!an 'i)le ("!iet$ that it was +i"lating se+eral ,rdinan!es #"r "pe

with"ut the ne!essar$ permit and li!ense% there)$ reuiring the !"rp"rati"n t" se!ure the permit and li!ens

!"+ering the peri"d #r"m 0A 1905-A 1953T" a+"id !l"sing "# its )usiness% &meri!an 'i)le ("!iet$ paid the it$ "# anila its permit and li!ense #ees

pr"test&meri!an 'i)le #iled a !"mplaint% uesti"ning the !"nstituti"nalit$ and legalit$ "# the ,rdinan!es 59 and

and pra$ed #"r a re#und "# the pa$ment made t" the it$ "# anila. The$ !"ntended:

a. The$ had )een in the *hilippines sin!e 1499 and were n"t reuired t" pa$ an$ li!ense #ee "r sales tax ). it ne+er made an$ pr"#it #r"m the sale "# its )i)les

it$ "# anila pra$ed that the !"mplaint )e dismissed% reiterating the !"nstituti"nalit$ "# the ,rdinan!es in ue

Trial "urt dismissed the !"mplaint&meri!an 'i)le ("!iet$ appealed t" the "urt "# &ppeals

ue: , &meri!an 'i)le ("!iet$ lia)le t" pa$ sales tax #"r the distri)uti"n and sale "# )i)les

ulin,: N-

Bnder Sec. * of -rdinance $(((% "ne "# the "rdinan!e in uesti"n% pers"n "r entit$ engaged in an$ "# the )us

trades "r "!!upati"n enumerated under (e!. 3 must ")tain a a$"rCs permit and li!ense #r"m the it$ Trea&meri!an 'i)le ("!iet$Cs )usiness is n"t am"ng th"se enumerated

>"we+er% item 79 "# (e!. 3 "# the ,rdinan!e pr"+ides that all "ther )usinesses% trade "r "!!upati"n n"t ment

ex!ept th"se up"n whi!h the it$ is n"t emp"wered t" li!ense "r t" tax *5.22There#"re% the ne!essit$ "# the permit is made t" depend up"n the p"wer "# the it$ t" li!ense "r tax said )u

trade "r "!!upati"n.

pr"+isi"ns "# law that ma$ ha+e )earing "n this !ase:

a. Ca'ter #( of te Revised Administrative Code% the uni!ipal '"ard "# the it$ "# anila is emp"wetax and #ix the li!ense #ees "n retail dealers engaged in the sale "# )""=s

). Sec. */0o1 of RA 2(": t" tax and #ix the li!ense #ee "n dealers in general mer!handise% in!luding imp"rte

indent"rs% ex!ept th"se dealers wh" ma$ )e expressl$ su)je!t t" the pa$ment "# s"me "ther muni!ipal tax. FuDealers in general mer!handise shall )e !lassi#ied as a wh"lesale dealers and b retail dealers. F"r purp"ses

tax "n retail dealers% general mer!handise shall )e !lassi#ied int" #"ur main !lasses: namel$ 1 luxur$ arti!l

semi-luxur$ arti!les% 3 essential !"mm"dities% and 0 mis!ellane"us arti!les. & separate li!ense shall )e pres#"r ea!h !lass )ut where !"mm"dities "# di##erent !lasses are s"ld in the same esta)lishment% it shall n

!"mpuls"r$ #"r the "wner t" se!ure m"re than "ne li!ense i# he pa$s the higher "r highest rate "# tax pres!ri)

"rdinan!e. h"lesale dealers shall pa$ the li!ense tax as su!h% as ma$ )e pr"+ided )$ "rdinan!eThe "nl$ di##eren!e )etween the pr"+isi"ns is the limitati"n as t" the am"unt "# tax "r li!ense #ee that a retail

has t" pa$ per annum


14/26

&s held in Murdock vs. Pennsylvania% The p"wer t" imp"se a li!ense tax "n the exer!ise "# these #reed"ms pr"#"r in the 'ill "# ;ights% is indeed as p"tent as the p"wer "# !ens"rship whi!h this "urt has repeatedl$ stru!= d"

is n"t a n"minal #ee imp"sed as a regulat"r$ measure t" de#ra$ the expenses "# p"li!ing the a!ti+ities in uesti"n.

n" wa$ app"rti"ned. t is #lat li!ense tax le+ied and !"lle!ted as a !"nditi"n t" the pursuit "# a!ti+ities wh"se enj"$is guaranteed )$ the !"nstituti"nal li)erties "# press and religi"n and ine+ita)l$ tends t" suppress their exer!ise. T

alm"st uni#"rml$ re!"gni8ed as the inherent +i!e and e+il "# this #lat li!ense tax.

Further% the !ase als" menti"ned that the p"wer t" tax the exer!ise "# a pri+ilege is the p"wer t" !"ntr"l "r suits enj"$ment. Th"se wh" !an tax the exer!ise "# this religi"us pra!ti!e !an ma=e its exer!ise s" !"stl$ as t" depr

"# the res"ur!es ne!essar$ #"r its maintenan!e. Th"se wh" !an tax the pri+ilege "# engaging in this #"rm "# miss

e+angelism !an !l"se all its d""rs t" all th"se wh" d" n"t ha+e a #ull purse

Bnder Sec. 3%0e1 of Common4ealt Act No. 2## or te National Internal Revenue Code%Corporatioassociations organized and operated exclusively for religious, charitable, . . . or educational purposes, . . . Pro

ho!ever, "hat the income of !hatever kind and character from any of its properties, real or personal, or from

activity conducted for profit, regardless of the disposition made of such income, shall be liable to the tax imposed this Code shall n"t )e taxed

The pri!e as=ed #"r the )i)les and "ther religi"us pamphlets was in s"me instan!es a little )it higher than the

!"st "# the same )ut this !ann"t mean that &meri!an 'i)le ("!iet$ was engaged in the )usiness "r "!!upati"n "# ssaid ?mer!handise? #"r pr"#it

There#"re% the ,rdinan!e !ann"t )e applied #"r in d"ing s" it w"uld impair &meri!an 'i)le ("!iet$Cs #ree ex

and enj"$ment "# its religi"us pr"#essi"n and w"rship as well as its rights "# disseminati"n "# religi"us )elie#s.

erefore) and on te stren,t of te fore,oin, considerations) 5e ereby reverse te decision a''ealed ntencin, defendant return to 'laintiff te sum of 6+)/"*.2+ unduly collected from it

ISS7

. Issues 9iscussed: Freed"m "# ;el

. e,al uestion 6resented:

re state ena!ted laws reuiring that pu)li! s!h""ls pr"+ide time #"r 'i)le reading% at the "pening "# ea!h s!h""l da

"lati"n "# the esta)lishment and #ree exer!ises !lauses "# the First &mendmentE

I. CAS8 S7MMA

. Bac"l$ 'i)le sha

ead% with"ut !"mment% at the "pening "# ea!h pu)li! s!h""l "n ea!h s!h""l da$? and that !hildren !"uld )e ex!

"m reading and/"r attending the 'i)le reading exer!ises up"n written reuest "# the parents.

n &)ingt"n% ase n". 10% the (!hempp #amil$ "# Bnitarian #aith% #iled a law suit ?t" enj"in en#"r!ement "# the sta

"ntending that their rights... are% ha+e )een and will !"ntinue t" )e +i"lated unless this statute )e de!

n!"nstituti"nal as +i"lati+e "# the First &mendment.? The #ather testi#ied that he )elie+ed that ex!using his !hi

#r"m attendan!e at the exer!ises? w"uld ad+ersel$ a##e!t his ?!hildrens relati"nships with their tea!hersassmates.? The Distri!t "urt held that the statute was in +i"lati"n "# the First &mendment. The B( (upreme

+iewed the !ase "n appeal.

n urra$% ase ". 119% the petiti"ners% pr"#essed atheists% s"ught t" !"mpel the res!issi"n and !an!ellati"n "# the

ule reuiring 'i)le reading% stating that ?the rule% as pra!ti!ed% +i"lated their rights.? The "urt "# &ppeals uphel

w ?h"lding the exer!ise n"t in +i"lati"n "# the First and F"urteenth &mendments "# the it$ rule. The B( (upr


15/26

"urt re+iewed the !ase "n writ "# !erti"rari.

he (upreme "urt held that the s!h""ls 'i)le reading laws were un!"nstituti"nal and a##irmed the judgment "

istri!t "urt in &)ingt"n and re+ersed the judgment "# the "urt "# &ppeals in urra$.

. Counsel of Record:

AC7 Side

;esp"ndent/&ppellee

-''osin, Side

*etiti"ner/&ppellant

na+aila)le Bna+aila)le

. =e Ar,uments:

AC7 Side

;esp"ndent/&ppellee-''osin, Side


na+aila)le Bna+aila)le

I. AMICI C7RIA8:

AC7 Side

;esp"ndent/&ppellee-''osin, Side


rie#s "# ami!i !uriae urging a##irman!e in ". 10 and

+ersal in ". 119% were #iled )$ "rris '. &)ram% dwinGu=as% 'urnett ;"th% &rn"ld F"rster% *aul >artman%

he"d"re Ges=es and ("l ;a)=in #"r the &meri!an . einstein%

l)ert ald% (had *"lier% (amuel Gawren!e 'rennglassnd The"d"re ;. ann #"r the ($nag"gue "un!il "#

meri!a et al.H and )$ >er)ert &. "l##% Ge" ;"sen%

"rris G. rnst and an!$ F. e!hsler #"r the &meri!anthi!al Bni"n.

enr$ . (aw$er argued the !ause #"r appellees in ".

0. ith him "n the )rie# was a$land >. ls)ree.

e"nard


16/26

;ieder and . 'rewster ;h"ads. Fran!is '. 'ur!h

Je"rge . 'a=er%


17/26

+"ters t" in#"rmati"n and "pini"n.

ue: hether "r "t (e!ti"n 11 ) "# ;epu)li! &!t ". 6606 !"nstituti"nal.

ld: es. t seems a m"dest pr"p"siti"n that the pr"+isi"n "# the 'ill "# ;ights whi!h enshrines #reed"m "# spee!h%ed"m "# expressi"n and#reed"m "# the press has t" )e ta=en in !"njun!ti"n with &rti!le L 0 whi!h ma$ )e se

a spe!ial pr"+isi"n appli!a)le during a spe!i#i! limited peri"d M i.e.% ?during the ele!ti"n peri"d.? n "ur "wn s"!i

ualit$ "# "pp"rtunit$ t" pr"##er "nesel# #"r pu)li! "##i!e% with"ut regard t" the le+el "# #inan!ial res"ur!es that "ne m

+e at "nes disp"sal% is !learl$ an imp"rtant +alue. ,ne "# the )asi! state p"li!ies gi+en !"nstituti"nal ran= )$ &rti!le!ti"n 6 "# the "nstituti"n is the egalitarian demand that ?the (tate shall guarantee eual a!!ess t" "pp"rtunities #"

)li! ser+i!e and pr"hi)it p"liti!al d$nasties as ma$ )e de#ined )$ law.? The essential uesti"n is whether "r n"t the

ailed legislati+e "r administrati+e pr"+isi"ns !"nstitute a permissi)le exer!ise "# the p"wer "# super+isi"n "r regulathe "perati"ns "# !"mmuni!ati"n and in#"rmati"n enterprises during an ele!ti"n peri"d% "r whether su!h a!t has g"n

$"nd permissi)le super+isi"n "r regulati"n "# media "perati"ns s" as t" !"nstitute un!"nstituti"nal repressi"n "# #re

spee!h and#reed"m "# the press. The "urt !"nsiders that (e!ti"n 11 ) has n"t g"ne "utside the permissi)le )"undper+isi"n "r regulati"n "# media "perati"ns during ele!ti"n peri"ds.

!ti"n 11 ) is limited in the durati"n "# its appli!a)ilit$ and en#"r!ea)ilit$. '$ +irtue "# the "perati"n "# &rti!le L

"# the "nstituti"n% (e!ti"n 11 ) is limited in its appli!a)ilit$ in time t" ele!ti"n peri"ds. (e!ti"n 11 ) d"es n"t

rp"rt in an$ wa$ t" restri!t the rep"rting )$ newspapers "r radi" "r tele+isi"n stati"ns "# news "r news-w"rth$ e+enating t" !andidates% their uali#i!ati"ns% p"liti!al parties and pr"grams "# g"+ernment. "re"+er% (e!ti"n 11 ) d"e

!h !"mmentaries and expressi"ns "# )elie# "r "pini"n )$ rep"rters "r )r"ad!asters "r edit"rs "r !"mmentat"rs "rumnists in respe!t "# !andidates% their uali#i!ati"ns% and pr"grams and s" #"rth% s" l"ng at least as su!h !"mments

ini"ns and )elie#s are n"t in #a!t ad+ertisements #"r parti!ular !andidates !"+ertl$ paid #"r. n sum% (e!ti"n 11 ) is

)e read as rea!hing an$ rep"rt "r !"mmentar$ "ther !"+erage that% in resp"nsi)le media% is n"t paid #"r )$ !andidateliti!al "##i!e. (e!ti"n 11 ) as designed t" !"+er "nl$ paid p"liti!al ad+ertisements "# parti!ular !andidates.

e limiting impa!t "# (e!ti"n 11 ) up"n the right t" #ree spee!h "# the !andidates themsel+es is n"t undul$ repressireas"na)le.

&D,J N( ,G% 27 (;& 713

!ts:,n


18/26

"ph$te in the #ield "# p"liti!s stands t" su##er gra+e and irrepara)le injur$ with thispr"hi)iti"n. The p"sting "# de!al!=ers "n !ars and "ther m"+ing +ehi!les w"uld )e hislast medium t" in#"rm the ele!t"rate that he is a senat"rial !an

the a$ 11% 199ele!ti"ns. Finall$% the petiti"ner states that as "# Fe)ruar$ % 199 the date "# the petiti"n hehas

ei+ed an$ n"ti!e #r"m an$ "# the le!ti"n ;egistrars in the entire !"untr$ as t" thel"!ati"n "# the supp"sed ?"melster &reas.?

ue:

, the ,G ma$ pr"hi)it the p"sting "# de!als and sti!=ers "n ?m")ile? pla!es%pu)li! "r pri+ate% and limit tati"n "r pu)li!ati"n t" the auth"ri8ed p"sting areas that it#ixes.

ld:

he pr"hi)iti"n "n p"sting "# de!als and sti!=ers "n Om")ileP pla!es whether pu)li! "r pri+ateex!ept in auth"ri8ed arsignated )$ the ,G )e!"mes !ens"rship whi!h !ann"t )e justi#ied )$ the "nstituti"n.-The p"sting "# de!al

!=ers "n !ars% !alesas% tri!$!les% pedi!a)s and "ther m"+ing+ehi!les needs the !"nsent "# the "wner "# the +ehi!le. >

pre#eren!e "# the !iti8en)e!"mes !ru!ial in this =ind "# ele!ti"n pr"paganda n"t the #inan!ial res"ur!es "# thendidate.hether the !andidate is ri!h and% there#"re% !an a##"rd t" d"le"ut m"re de!als and sti!=ers "rp""r and with

means t" spread "ut the same num)er "# de!als and sti!=ers is n"t asimp"rtant as the right "# the "wner t" #reel$ e

!h"i!e and exer!ise his right "# #reespee!h. The "wner !an e+en prepare his "wn de!als "r sti!=ers #"r p"sting "n hrs"nalpr"pert$. T" stri=e d"wn this right and enj"in it is impermissi)le en!r"a!hment "# his li)erties.

JG(& ;(T, N( &% 59 (;& 59 Fa!ts:

titi"ner has a tele+isi"n pr"gram entitled ?&ng glesia ni rist"? aired "n hannel e+er$(aturda$ and "n hannel

er$ (unda$. The pr"gram presents and pr"pagates petiti"nersreligi"us )elie#s% d"!trines and pra!ti!es "#ten times inmparati+e studies with "ther religi"ns.*etiti"ner su)mitted t" the resp"ndent '"ard "# ;e+iew #"r "+ing *i!tures

le+isi"n theNT; tapes "# its TN pr"gram (eries "s. 116% 119% 11 and 14. The '"ard !lassi#ied the seriesas ?L? "pu)li! +iewing "n the gr"und that the$ ?"##end and !"nstitute an atta!= against"therreligi"ns whi!h is expressl$

"hi)ited )$ law.? ,n "+em)er 4% 199% it appealed t" the,##i!e "# the *resident the !lassi#i!ati"n "# its TN (eries

4 whi!h all"wed it thr"ugh a letter"# #"rmer xe!uti+e (e!retar$ delmir" &. &mante% (r.% addressed #"r >enrietta ende8re+ersing the de!isi"n "# the resp"ndent '"ard. &!!"rding t" the letter the epis"de in ispr"te!ted )$ the

nstituti"nal guarantee "# #ree spee!h and expressi"n and n" indi!ati"n thatthe epis"de p"ses an$ !lear and present d

titi"ner als" #iled i+il ase. *etiti"neralleged that the resp"ndent '"ard a!ted with"ut jurisdi!ti"n "r with gra+e a)dis!reti"n inreuiring petiti"ner t" su)mit the NT; tapes "# itsTN pr"gram and in x-rating them. t !ited its TN*r"g

ries "s. 115% 119% 11 and 14. n their &nswer% resp"ndent '"ard in+"=ed its p"werunder *D ". 19461 in relati"

ti!le 21 "# the ;e+ised *enal "de. The glesia ni rist"insists "n the literal translati"n "# the )i)le and sa$s that "ath"li! +enerati"n "# the Nirginar$ is n"t t" )e !"nd"ned )e!ause n"where it is #"und in the )i)le. The )"ardntended that it"utrages ath"li! and *r"testants )elie#s. ;T ruled in #a+"r "# petiti"ners. & h"we+er re+ersedit h

s petiti"n.

ue:, the ?ang iglesia ni !rist"? pr"gram is n"t !"nstituti"nall$ pr"te!ted as a #"rm "# religi"usexer!ise and expressi"

ld:

s. &n$ a!t that restrains spee!h is a!!"mpanied with presumpti"n "# in+alidit$. t is the)urden "# the resp"ndent '"erthr"w this presumpti"n. # it #ails t" dis!harge this)urden% its a!t "# !ens"rship will )e stru!= d"wn. This is true in

se. ("-!alled ?atta!=s? aremere !riti!isms "# s"me "# the deepl$ held d"gmas and tenets "# "therreligi"ns . ;TCs

ing!learl$ suppresses petiti"ners #reed"m "# spee!h and inter#eres with its right t" #ree exer!ise "# religi"n. Oatta!=

#erent #r"m O"##endP an$ ra!e "r religi"n. The resp"ndent '"ard ma$disagree with the !riti!isms "# "therreligi"ns )iti"ner )ut that gi+es it n" ex!use t" interdi!tsu!h !riti!isms% h"we+er% un!lean the$ ma$ )e. Bnder "ur !"nstituti"n

heme% it is n"t thetas= "# the (tate t" #a+"r an$ religi"n )$ pr"te!ting it against an atta!= )$ an"therreligi"n.;eligi"u

gmas and )elie#s are "#ten at war and t" preser+e pea!e am"ng their#"ll"wers% espe!iall$ the #anati!s% the esta)lishmuse "# #reed"m "# religi"n pr"hi)its the(tate #r"m leaning t"wards an$ religi"n. ;esp"ndent )"ard !ann"t !ens"r th

ee!h "# petiti"ner glesia ni rist" simpl$ )e!ause it atta!=s "therreligi"ns% e+en i# said religi"n happenst" )e the m

mer"us !hur!h in "ur !"untr$. The )asis "# #reed"m "# religi"n is #reed"m "# th"ught and it is )est ser+ed )$ en!"umar=etpla!e "# dueling ideas. t is "nl$ where itis una+"ida)l$ ne!essar$ t" pre+ent an immediate and gra+e dange

se!urit$ and wel#are"# the !"mmunit$ that in#ringement "# religi"us #reed"m ma$ )e justi#ied% and "nl$ t" the

allest extent ne!essar$ t" a+"id the danger. There is n" sh"wing whats"e+er "# the t$pe "# harm the tapes will )ring"ut espe!iall$ the gra+it$ and imminen!e "# the threatened harm.*ri"r restraint "n spee!h% in!ludingreligi"us spee!h

nn"t )e justi#ied )$ h$p"theti!al #ears )ut"nl$ )$ the sh"wing "# a su)stanti+e and imminent e+il. t is inappr"priatepl$ the !lear andpresent danger test t" the !ase at )ar )e!ause the issue in+"l+es the !"ntent "# spee!h and n"tthe tim


19/26

!e "r manner "# spee!h. &llegedl$% unless the spee!h is #irst all"wed% its impa!t!ann"t )e measured% and the !ausalnne!ti"n )etween the spee!h and the e+il apprehended!ann"t )e esta)lished. The determinati"n "# the uesti"n as t"

ether "r n"t su!h +ili#i!ati"n%exaggerati"n "r #a)ri!ati"n #alls within "r lies "utside the )"undaries "# pr"te!ted spee

expressi"n is a judi!ial #un!ti"n whi!h !ann"t )e arr"gated )$ an administrati+e )"d$ su!h as a'"ard "# ens"rs.? &stem "# pri"r restraint ma$ "nl$ )e +alidl$ administered )$ judges andn"t le#t t" administrati+e agen!ies.

al!"lm

!ts:

1915% 30 *ampanga residents signed a petiti"n t" the xe!uti+e (e!retar$ regarding !harges against ;"man *unsalati!e "# the pea!e "# a!a)e)e. The$ wanted t" "ust him #r"m his "##i!e.

e!i#i! allegati"ns against him in!luded )ri)er$ !harges% in+"luntar$ ser+itude% and the#t.

e justi!e denied the !harges. n the F% n"t all the !harges were pr"+ed. 'ut% the judge still #"und him guilt$.

nsalan #iled !harges alleging that he was the +i!tim "# pr"se!uti"n and "ne


20/26

e right t" assem)le and petiti"n is the ne!essar$ !"nseuen!e "# repu)li!an instituti"ns and the !"mplement "# the p

e spee!h. &ssem)l$ means a right "n the part "# !iti8ens t" meet pea!ea)l$ #"r !"nsultati"n in respe!t t" p

airs. *etiti"n means that an$ pers"n "r gr"up "# pers"ns !an appl$% with"ut #ear "# penalt$% t" the appr"priate )ran

#i!e "# the g"+ernment #"r a redress "# grie+an!es. The pers"ns assem)ling and petiti"ning must% "# !"urse% as

p"nsi)ilit$ #"r the !harges made.

)li! p"li!$ has demanded pr"te!ti"n #"r pu)li! "pini"n. The d"!trine "# pri+ilege has )een the result "# this. *ri

mmuni!ati"ns ma$ in s"me instan!es a##"rd an immunit$ t" the slanderer. *u)li! p"li!$ is the Oun#ettered administ

justi!e.P

+ilege is either a)s"lute "r uali#ied. Auali#ied pri+ilege is prima #a!ie whi!h ma$ )e l"st )$ pr""# "# mali!e. T

parent in !"mplaints made in g""d #aith against a pu)li! "##i!ialCs !"ndu!t ha+ing a dut$ in the matter. +en

tements were #"und t" )e #alse% the pr"te!ti"n "# pri+ilege ma$ !"+er the indi+idual gi+en that it was in g""d #aith.

ust )e a sense "# dut$ and n"t a sel#-see=ing m"ti+e.

!"mmuni!ati"n made )"na #ide up"n an$ su)je!t-matter in whi!h the part$ !"mmuni!ating has an interest%

#eren!e t" whi!h has a dut$% is pri+ileged% i# made t" a pers"n ha+ing a !"rresp"nding interest "r dut$% alth"

ntained !riminat"r$ matter whi!h with"ut this pri+ilege w"uld )e slander"us and a!ti"na)le.

the usual !ase mali!e !an )e presumed #r"m de#amat"r$ w"rds. *ri+ilege destr"$s that presumpti"n. The "nus "# pr

li!e then lies "n the plainti##. The plainti## must )ring h"me t" the de#endant the existen!e "# mali!e as the true m"

!"ndu!t. Falseh""d and the a)sen!e "# pr")a)le !ause will am"unt t" pr""# "# mali!e.

s true that the parti!ular w"rds set "ut in the in#"rmati"n% i# said "# a pri+ate pers"n% might well )e !"nsidered li)

r se. The !harges might als" under !ertain !"n!ei+a)le !"nditi"ns !"n+i!t "ne "# a li)el "# a g"+ernment "##i!ia

neral rule w"rds imputing t" a judge "r a justi!e "# the pea!e dish"nest$ "r !"rrupti"n "r in!apa!it$ "r mis!"u!hing him in his "##i!e are a!ti"na)le. 'ut as suggested in the )eginning we d" n"t ha+e present a simple !ase "#

d +i!i"us a!!usati"ns pu)lished in the press% )ut "# !harges predi!ated "n a##ida+its made t" the pr"per "##i!ial an

ali#iedl$ pri+ileged. xpress mali!e has n"t )een pr"+ed )$ the pr"se!uti"n. Further% alth"ugh the !harges are pr"

t true as t" the justi!e "# the pea!e% the$ were )elie+ed t" )e true )$ the petiti"ners. J""d #aith surr"unded their a

")a)le !ause #"r them t" thin= that mal#easan!e "r mis#easan!e in "##i!e existed is apparent. The ends and the m"ti+

se !iti8ensM t" se!ure the rem"+al #r"m "##i!e "# a pers"n th"ught t" )e +enal M were justi#ia)le. n n" wa$ di

use the pri+ilege. These respe!ta)le !iti8ens did n"t eagerl$ sei8e "n a #ri+"l"us matter )ut "n instan!es whi!h n"

emed t" them "# a gra+e !hara!ter% )ut whi!h were su##i!ient in an in+estigati"n )$ a judge "# #irst instan!e t" !"n

m "# their seri"usness. " undue pu)li!it$ was gi+en t" the petiti"n. The manner "# !"mmenting "n the !"ndu!t

ti!e "# the pea!e was pr"per.

er Ns apul"ng

titi"ner !lr"$ an &ustralian #ilm ma=er% and his m"+ie pr"du!ti"n !"mpan$% &$er *r"du!ti"ns% en+isi"ned% s"me1947% #"r !"mmer!ial +iewing and #"r *hilippine and internati"nal release% the hist"ri! pea!e#ul struggle "# the Filip

D(&. The pr"p"sed m"ti"n pi!ture entitled ?The F"ur Da$ ;e+"luti"n? was end"rsed )$ the T;' as and "the

+ernment agen!ies !"nsulted. ;am"s als" signi#ied his appr"+al "# the intended #ilm pr"du!ti"n. t is designed t" )ewed in a six-h"ur mini-series tele+isi"n pla$% presented in a ?d"!u-drama? st$le% !reating #"ur #i!ti"nal !hara!ters

erw"+en with real e+ents% and utili8ing a!tual d"!umentar$ #""tage as )a!=gr"und. Da+id illiams"n is &ustralias

ding pla$wright and *r"#ess"r !"$ Bni+ersit$ "# ew ("uth ales is an &meri!an hist"rian ha+e de+el"ped aipt. nrile de!lared that he will n"t appr"+e the use% appr"priati"n% repr"du!ti"n and/"r exhi)iti"n "# his name% "r

ture% "r that "# an$ mem)er "# his #amil$ in an$ !inema "r tele+isi"n pr"du!ti"n% #ilm "r "ther medium #"r ad+ertis

mmer!ial expl"itati"n. petiti"ners a!!eded t" this demand and the name "# nrile was deleted #r"m the m"+ie s!ript

iti"ners pr"!eeded t" #ilm the pr"je!ted m"ti"n pi!ture. >"we+er% a !"mplaint was #iled )$ nrile in+"=ing his righ+a!$. ;T "rdered #"r the desistan!e "# the m"+ie pr"du!ti"n and ma=ing "# an$ re#eren!e t" plainti## "r his #amil$

m !reating an$ #i!titi"us !hara!ter in lieu "# plainti## whi!h ne+ertheless is )ased "n% "r )ears su)stantial "r mar=ed

em)lan!e t" nrile. >en!e the appeal.

sue: hether "r "t #reed"m "# expressi"n was +i"lated

GD : The "urt w"uld "n!e m"re stress that this #reed"m in!ludes the #reed"m t" #ilm and pr"du!e m"ti"n pi!tureexhi)it su!h m"ti"n pi!tures in theaters "r t" di##use them thr"ugh tele+isi"n The resp"ndent


21/26

hand% instead "# issuing an ex-parte Temp"rar$ ;estraining ,rder "ne da$ a#ter #iling "# a !"mplaint )$ the pri+atep"ndent and issuing a *reliminar$ njun!ti"n twent$ 2 da$s laterH #"r the pr"je!ted m"ti"n pi!ture was as $et

!"mpleted and hen!e n"t exhi)ited t" an$ audien!e. either pri+ate resp"ndent n"r the resp"ndent trial is parti!ipati"n therein was maj"r in !hara!ter% a #ilm reena!

the pea!e#ul re+"luti"n that #ails t" ma=e re#eren!e t" the r"le pla$ed )$ pri+ate resp"ndent w"uld )e gr"ssl$hist"ri!al. The right "# pri+a!$ "# a ?pu)li! #igure? is ne!essaril$ narr"wer than that "# an "rdinar$ !iti8en. *ri+ate

p"ndent has n"t retired int" the se!lusi"n "# simple pri+ate !iti8enship. he !"ntinues t" )e a ?pu)li! #igure.? ter a

!!ess#ul p"liti!al !ampaign during whi!h his parti!ipati"n in the D(& ;e+"luti"n was dire!tl$ "r indire!tl$ re#errethe press% radi" and tele+isi"n% he sits in a +er$ pu)li! pla!e% the (enate "# the *hilippines. The line "# euili)rium i

e!i#i! !"ntext "# the instant !ase )etween the !"nstituti"nal #reed"m "# spee!h and "# expressi"n and the right "# pri

$ )e mar=ed "ut in terms "# a reuirement that the pr"p"sed m"ti"n pi!ture must )e #airl$ truth#ul and hist"ri!al inesentati"n "# e+ents

,K&GK N( I&G& I&TJ'&I

&T(: *etiti"ner was the pr"du!er "# the m"+ie Iapit sa *atalim whi!h the '"ard "# ;e+iew #"r "ti"n *i!turd Tele+isi"ns all"wed "n !"nditi"n that !ertain deleti"ns were made and that it was sh"wn "n adults "nl$. The petiti

"ught an a!ti"n% !laiming +i"lati"n "# their #reed"m "# expressi"n.

GD: "ti"n pi!tures are imp"rtant )"th as a meth"d #"r the !"mmuni!ati"n "# ideas and the expressi"n "# the arti

pulse. The p"wer "# the '"ard is limited t" the !lassi#i!ati"n "# #ilms. F"r #reed"m "# expressi"n is the rule and

tri!ti"ns the ex!epti"n. The p"wer t" imp"se pri"r restraint is n"t t" )e presumed% rather the presumpti"n is againstidit$. ens"rship is all"wa)le "nl$ under the !learest pr""# "# a !lear and present danger "# a su)stanti+e e+il t" pu

#et$% pu)li! m"rals% pu)li! health "r an$ "ther legitimate pu)li! interest. The '"ard !"mmitted an a)use "# dis!reti"n

)je!ting petiti"ner t" di##i!ult$ and tra+ail )e#"re the m"+ie was !lassi#ied as ?F"r adults "nl$? with"ut deleti"n.we+er there is n"t en"ugh +"tes t" !"nsider the a)use "# dis!reti"n gra+e as it explained that there were reas"ns #"ri"n )e!ause "# the s!enes sh"wing w"men er"ti!all$ dan!ing na=ed and =issing and !aressing ea!h "ther li=e les)ia

N.

tes: The m"+ie in+"l+ed in this !ase was ?Iapit sa *atalim? whi!h the !ens"rs wanted t" !ut in s"me part and t" la

"r &dults?. The ( rules that m"+ies are within the !"nstituti"nal pr"te!ti"n "# #reed"m "# expressi"n% s" that !enspresumed t" )e +alid as !"nstituting pri"r restraint. The "nl$ !ase whe the '"ard "# ens"rs !an "rder a deleti"n is

re is a !lear and present danger "# a su)stanti+e e+il against nati"nal se!urit$ "r pu)li! m"rals "r "ther pu)li! intere

"ther !ases% the '"ard !an "nl$ !lassi#$.

t a di##erent standard must )e #"ll"wed in tele+isi"n )e!ause "# the per+asi+e and intrusi+e in#luen!e "# the medium

"ple wh" wat!h its pr"grams with"ut ha+ing t" pa$ an$thing.

the issue "# ")s!enit$% the ( held that sex al"ng is n"t ne!essaril$ ")s!enit$% the test )eing whether% using

ntemp"rar$ !"mmunit$ standards% the d"minant appeal us t" the prurient interest. iller +. ali#"rnia. Thus "n th

"re% it #"und a)use "# dis!reti"n "# the part "# the '"ard #"r su)je!ting the pr"du!er t" di##i!ult$ and #"r entertainingrr"w +iew "# ")s!enit$% )ut it la!=ed the +"tes t" rules that the a)use was gra+e.

an!is!" ha+e8 +s. ;aul . J"n8ales and T Q J.;. ". 164334 Q Fe)ruar$ 15% 224


22/26

!ts: &s a !"nseuen!e "# the pu)li! release "# !"pies "# the O>ell" Jar!iP !"mpa!t dis! audi"tapes in+"l+ing a

retapped m")ile ph"ne !"n+ersati"n )etween then-*resident Jl"ria &rr"$" and "mele! "mmissi"ner Nirgili"

r!illan"% resp"ndent D,< (e!retar$ J"n8ales warned rep"rters that th"se wh" had !"pies "# the D and th"se"ad!asting "r pu)lishing its !"ntents !"uld )e held lia)le under the &nti-iretapping &!t. >e als" stated that pers"n

ssessing "r airing said tapes were !"mmitting a !"ntinuing "##ense% su)je!t t" arrest )$ an$)"d$. Finall$% he stated t

d "rdered the ' t" g" a#ter media "rgani8ati"ns O#"und t" ha+e !aused the spread% the pla$ing and the printing "# ntents "# a tape.P eanwhile% resp"ndent T warned TN and radi" stati"ns that their )r"ad!ast/airing "# su!h #als

"rmati"n and/"r will#ul misrepresentati"n shall )e a just !ause #"r the suspensi"n% re+"!ati"n and/"r !an!ellati"n "#

enses "r auth"ri8ati"ns issued t" the said media esta)lishments. *etiti"ner ha+e8 #iled a petiti"n under ;ule 65 aga

p"ndents (e!retar$ J"n8ales and the T dire!tl$ with the (upreme "urt.

ues: 1 ill a purp"rted +i"lati"n "# law su!h as the &nti-iretapping Gaw justi#$ straitja!=eting the exer!ise "#

ed"m "# spee!h and "# the pressE Did the mere press statements "# resp"ndents D,< (e!retar$ and the Tnstitute a #"rm "# !"ntent-)ased pri"r restraint that has transgressed the "nstituti"nE

ld: 1 "% a purp"rted +i"lati"n "# law su!h as the &nti-iretapping Gaw will n"t justi#$ straitja!=eting the exer!ised"m "# spee!h and "# the press. & g"+ernmental a!ti"n that restri!ts #reed"m "# spee!h "r "# the press )ased "n !"

gi+en the stri!test s!rutin$% with the g"+ernment ha+ing the )urden "# "+er!"ming the presumed un!"nstituti"nalit$

!lear and present danger rule. This rule applies euall$ t" all =inds "# media% in!luding )r"ad!ast media. ;esp"nde

" ha+e the )urden t" sh"w that these a!ts d" n"t a)ridge #reed"m "# spee!h and "# the press% #ailed t" hurdle the !le

d present danger test. F"r this #ailure "# the resp"ndents al"ne t" "##er pr""# t" satis#$ the !lear and present danger t"urt has n" "pti"n )ut t" uph"ld the exer!ise "# #ree spee!h and #ree press. There is n" sh"wing that the #eared

"lati"n "# the anti-wiretapping law !learl$ endangers the nati"nal se!urit$ "# the (tate.

es% the mere press statements "# resp"ndents D,< (e!retar$ and the T !"nstituted a #"rm "# !"ntent-)ased pri

traint that has transgressed the "nstituti"n. t is n"t de!isi+e that the press statements made )$ resp"ndents were ndu!ed in "r #"ll"wed up with #"rmal "rders "r !ir!ulars. t is su##i!ient that the press statements were made )$

p"ndents while in the exer!ise "# their "##i!ial #un!ti"ns. &n$ a!t d"ne% su!h as a spee!h uttered% #"r and "n )ehal# "

+ernment in an "##i!ial !apa!it$ is !"+ered )$ the rule "n pri"r restraint. The !"n!ept "# an Oa!tP d"es n"t limit itses alread$ !"n+erted t" a #"rmal "rder "r "##i!ial !ir!ular. ,therwise% the n"n #"rmali8ati"n "# an a!t int" an "##i!ial

!ir!ular will result in the eas$ !ir!um+enti"n "# the pr"hi)iti"n "n pri"r restraint.

imicias v &u'oso #( %)*L +1 ,1!-#!ts: &n a!ti"n was instituted )$ the petiti"ner #"r the re#usal "# the resp"ndent t" issue a permit t" them t" h"ld a p

eting in *la8a iranda #"r redress "# grie+an!es t" the g"+ernment. The reas"n alleged )$ the resp"ndent in his dre#using the permit is% ?that there is a reas"na)le gr"und t" )elie+e% )asing up"n pre+i"us utteran!es and up"n th

t passi"ns% spe!iall$ "n the part "# the l"sing gr"ups% remains )itter and high% that similar spee!hes will )e del

nding t" undermine the #aith and !"n#iden!e "# the pe"ple in their g"+ernment% and in the dul$ !"nstituted auth"hi!h might threaten )rea!hes "# the pea!e and a disrupti"n "# pu)li! "rder.? Ji+ing emphasis as well t" the dele

li!e p"wer t" l"!al g"+ernment. (tating as well ;e+ised ,rdinan!es "# 197 pr"hi)iting as an "##ense against

a!e% and penali8es as a misdemean"r% ?an$ a!t% in an$ pu)li! pla!e% meeting% "r pr"!essi"n% tending t" distur) the pe

!ite a ri"tH "r !"lle!t with "ther pers"ns in a )"d$ "r !r"wd #"r an$ unlaw#ul purp"seH "r distur) "r d$ !"ngregati"n engaged in an$ law#ul assem)l$.? n!luded herein is (e!. 1119% Free use "# *u)li!

ue: hether "r "t the #reed"m "# spee!h was +i"lated.

ld: es. Dealing with the "rdinan!e% spe!i#i!all$% (e!. 1119% said se!ti"n pr"+ides #"r tw" !"nstru!ti"ns: 1 the a it$ "# anila is +ested with unregulated dis!reti"n t" grant "r re#use% t" grant permit #"r the h"lding "# a l

em)l$ "r meeting% parade% "r pr"!essi"n in the streets and "ther pu)li! pla!es "# the it$ "# anilaH The right a$"r is su)je!t t" reas"na)le dis!reti"n t" determine "r spe!i#$ the streets "r pu)li! pla!es t" )e used with the +i


23/26

e+ent !"n#usi"n )$ "+erlapping% t" se!ure !"n+enient use "# the streets and pu)li! pla!es )$ "thers% and t" peuate and pr"per p"li!ing t" minimi8e the ris= "# dis"rder. The !"urt #a+"red the se!"nd !"nstru!ti"n. First !"nstru

tam"unt t" auth"ri8ing the a$"r t" pr"hi)it the use "# the streets. Bnder "ur dem"!rati! s$stem "# g"+ernment n"

limited p"wer ma$ )e +alidl$ granted t" an$ "##i!er "# the g"+ernment% ex!ept perhaps in !ases "# nati"nal emergen

e a$"rCs #irst de#ense is untena)le. Fear "# seri"us injur$ !ann"t al"ne justi#$ suppressi"n "# #ree spee!h and asse

s the #un!ti"n "# spee!h t" #ree men #r"m the )"ndage "# irrati"nal #ears. T" justi#$ suppressi"n "# #ree spee!h ther

reas"na)le gr"und t" #ear that seri"us e+il will result i# #ree spee!h is pra!ti!ed. There must )e reas"na)le gr"u

ie+e that the danger apprehended is imminent. There must )e reas"na)le gr"und t" )elie+e that the e+il t" )e pre+eneri"us "ne. The #a!t that spee!h is li=el$ t" result in s"me +i"len!e "r in destru!ti"n "# pr"pert$ is n"t en"ugh t" j

suppressi"n. There must )e the pr")a)ilit$ "# seri"us injur$ t" the state.

.B.. R8;8S >S. BAGA=SING

15 (;& 553

cts:

sti!e


24/26

ue: hether "r n"t the suspensi"n "# students #"r "ne a!ademi! $ear was +i"lati+e "# the !"nstituti"nal rights "# #re

assem)l$ and #ree spee!hE

!isi"n: es% ne!essaril$ their exer!ise t" dis!uss matters a##e!ting their wel#are "r in+"l+ing pu)li! interest is n"t

)je!ted t" pre+i"us restraint "r su)seuent punishment unless there )e a sh"wing "# !lear and present danger t" a

)stanti+e e+il that the (tate has a right t" pre+ent. The pea!ea)le !hara!ter "# an assem)l$ !"uld )e l"st% h"we+er% )

+"!a!$ "r dis"rder. # assem)l$ is t" )e held in s!h""l premises% permit must )e s"ught #r"m its s!h""l auth"rities w

de+"id t" den$ su!h reuest. n granting su!h permit% there ma$ )e !"nditi"ns as t" the time and pla!e "# an assem

"id disrupti"n "# !lasses "r st"ppage "# w"r= "# n"n-a!ademi! pers"nnel. >"we+er% in +i"lati"n "# terms% penalt$

urred sh"uld n"t )e dispr"p"rti"nate t" the "##ense.

/vimin0a 0ela Cru/ v CA$ et. al. ( SCRA (cts: *etiti"ners are pu)li! s!h""l tea!hers #r"m +ari"us s!h""ls in etr" anila wh" were simultane"usl$ !h

e+enti+el$ suspended% and e+entuall$ dismissed in ,!t")er 1992 )$ the (e!retar$ "# the Department "# du!lture and (p"rts D( in !"nne!ti"n with the administrati+e !"mplaints #iled )e#"re its "##i!e )$ their resp

n!ipals #"r parti!ipating in a mass a!ti"n/stri=e and su)seuentl$ de#$ing the return-t"-w"r= "rder )$ D( !"nsti

a+e mis!"ndu!t.% gr"ss negle!t "# dut$% gr"ss +i"lati"n "# i+il (er+i!e Gaw% ;ules and ;egulati"ns and reas"na)le gulati"ns% re#usal t" per#"rm "##i!ial dut$% gr"ss insu)"rdinati"n !"ndu!t prejudi!ial t" the )est interest "# the ser+i

sen!e with"ut "##i!ial lea+e &,G% in +i"lati"n "# *residential De!ree 427% "therwise =n"wn as the i+il (

!ree "# the *hilippines. *etiti"ners !"ntend the$ are merel$ parti!ipating in a pea!e#ul assem)l$ t" petiti"+ernment #"r redress "# their grie+an!es in the exer!ise "# their !"nstituti"nal right and insist their assem)l$ d"

nstitutes as a stri=e as there is n" a!tual disrupti"n "# !l

ld: hether "r n"t the petiti"nersC exer!ise "# their right t" #reed"m t" assem)l$ and petiti"n were +alid.

ld: The !"urt held that pre+i"us jurispruden!e laid d"wn a rule that pu)li! tea!hers in the exer!ise "# their rintilate their grie+an!es )$ petiti"ning the g"+ernment #"r redress sh"uld )e d"ne within reas"na)le limits s" as

ejudi!e the pu)li! wel#are. The !"ndu!t "# mass pr"tests during s!h""l da$s while a)and"ning !lasses is

ejudi!ial t" the )est interest "# pu)li! ser+i!e. The !"urt stresses that tea!hers are penali8ed n"t )e!ause the$ exeir right t" pea!ea)l$ assem)le )ut )e!ause "# the manner )$ whi!h su!h right was exer!ised% i.e.%

unauth"ri8ed and unilateral a)sen!es thus disrupting !lasses in +ari"us s!h""ls in etr" anila whi!h pr"du!ed ad

e!ts up"n the students #"r wh"se edu!ati"n the tea!hers were resp"nsi)le

ilippine Blooming Mills Employees Organization vs. PBM, 51 SCRA 18st u$d#r cas# dig#sts, "aor "a at Tu#sda+, F#ruar+ 21, 2012 Post#d + c'i>o%'r#$ic Mi$dcts! P'i"i%%i$# "ooi$g E%"o+##s rga$i>atio$ (PME) d#cid#d to stag# a ass d#o$stratio$ i$ ro$"acaWa$g to #8%r#ss t'#ir gri#va$c#s agai$st t'# a""#g#d aus#s o t'# Pasig Po"ic#.

#r "#ar$i$g aout t'# %"a$$#d ass d#o$stratio$, P'i"i%%i$# "ooi$g Mi""s B$c., ca""#d or a ##ti$gt' t'# "#ad#rs o t'# PME. ;uri$g t'# ##ti$g, t'# %"a$$#d d#o$stratio$ as co$@r#d + t'# u$io$as str#ss#d out t'at t'#d#o$stratio$ as $ot a stri# agai$st t'# co%a$+ ut as i$ acta$ #8#rcis# # "aor#rs i$a"i#$a"# co$stitutio$a" rig't to r##do o #8%r#ssio$, r##do o s%##c' a$d r##do

%#titio$ or r#dr#ss o gri#va$c#s.

# co%a$+ as#d t'# to ca$c#" t'# d#o$stratio$ or it ou"d i$t#rru%t t'# $ora" cours# o t'#ir usic' a+ r#su"t i$ t'# "oss o r#v#$u#. T'is as ac#d u% it' t'# t'r#at o t'# %ossii"it+ t'at t'# or#u"d "os# t'#ir os i t'#+ %us'#d t'roug' it' t'# ra""+.

http://coffeeafficionado.blogspot.com/2012/02/philippine-blooming-mills-employees.htmlhttp://coffeeafficionado.blogspot.com/search/label/case%20digestshttp://coffeeafficionado.blogspot.com/search/label/labor%20lawhttp://coffeeafficionado.blogspot.com/2012/02/philippine-blooming-mills-employees.htmlhttp://coffeeafficionado.blogspot.com/2012/02/philippine-blooming-mills-employees.htmlhttp://coffeeafficionado.blogspot.com/2012/02/philippine-blooming-mills-employees.htmlhttp://coffeeafficionado.blogspot.com/search/label/case%20digestshttp://coffeeafficionado.blogspot.com/search/label/labor%20lawhttp://coffeeafficionado.blogspot.com/2012/02/philippine-blooming-mills-employees.html


25/26

s#co$d ##ti$g too %"ac# '#r# t'# co%a$+ r#it#rat#d t'#ir a%%#a" t'at 'i"# t'# or#rs a+ # a""o%artici%at#, t'os# ro t'# 1st a$d r#gu"ar s'its s'ou"d $ot as#$t t'#s#"v#s to %artici%at# , ot'#ris#

#+ ou"d # disiss#d. i$c# it as too "at# to ca$c#" t'# %"a$, t'# ra""+ too %"ac# a$d t'# oc#rs o t'#ME #r# #v#$tua""+ disiss#d or a vio"atio$ o t'# Ro tri# a$d o *ocout c"aus# o t'#ir Co""#ctiv#rgai$i$g Agr###$t.

# "o#r court d#cid#d i$ avor o t'# co%a$+ a$d t'# oc#rs o t'# PME #r# ou$d gui"t+ o argai$ad ait'. T'#ir otio$ or r#co$sid#ratio$ as sus#u#$t"+ d#$i#d + t'# Court o B$dustria" #"atio$s i$g @"#d to da+s "at#.su#! 7'#t'#r or $ot t'# or#rs 'o oi$#d t'# stri# vio"at#d t'# CA.

"d! o. 7'i"# t'# i"" o ig'ts a"so %rot#cts %ro%#rt+ rig'ts, t'# %riac+ o 'ua$ rig'ts ov#r %ro%#rt+ rir#cog$i>#d. #caus# t'#s# r##dos ar# Id#"icat# a$d vu"$#ra"#, as #"" as su%r##"+ %r#cious i$ ourci#t+I a$d t'# It'r#at o sa$ctio$s a+ d#t#r t'#ir #8#rcis# a"ost as %ot#$t"+ as t'# actua" a%%"icatio$ o$ctio$s,I t'#+ I$##d r#at'i$g s%ac# to surviv#,I %#ritti$g gov#r$#$t r#gu"atio$ o$"+ Iit' $arro#ci@cit+.I Pro%#rt+ a$d %ro%#rt+ rig'ts ca$ # "ost t'ru %r#scri%tio$H ut 'ua$ rig'ts ar# i%r#scri%ti"## 'i#rarc'+ o civi" "i#rti#s, t'# rig'ts o r## #8%r#ssio$ a$d o ass#"+ occu%+ a %r##rr#d %ositio$ as t# #ss#$tia" to t'# %r#s#rvatio$ a$d vita"it+ o our civi" a$d %o"itica" i$stitutio$sH a$d suc' %riorit+ Igiv#s t'#rti#s t'# sa$ctit+ a$d t'# sa$ctio$ $ot %#ritti$g duious i$trusio$s.I

# r##dos o s%##c' a$d o t'# %r#ss as #"" as o %#ac#u" ass#"+ a$d o %#titio$ or r#dr#ss o#va$c#s ar# aso"ut# '#$ dir#ct#d agai$st %u"ic ocia"s or I'#$ #8#rcis#d i$ r#"atio$ to our rig't tooos# t'# #$ a$d o#$ + 'o # s'a"" # gov#r$#d.<

'a$an% et al.% Ns. duard" rmita% et al.%

J.;. ". 169434&pril 5% 226

!ts: The petiti"ners% 'a$an% et al.% alleged that the$ are !iti8ens and taxpa$ers "# the *hilippines and that their right

gani8ati"ns and indi+iduals were +i"lated when the rall$ the$ parti!ipated in "n ,!t")er 6% 225 was +i"lentl$ dispep"li!emen implementing 'atas *am)ansa ". 442.

titi"ners !"ntended that 'atas *am)ansa ". 442 is !learl$ a +i"lati"n "# the "nstituti"n and the nternati"nal "+

i+il and *"liti!al ;ights and "ther human rights treaties "# whi!h the *hilippines is a signat"r$. The$ argue that '

. 442 reuires a permit )e#"re "ne !an stage a pu)li! assem)l$ regardless "# the presen!e "r a)sen!e "# a !lear andesent danger. t als" !urtails the !h"i!e "# +enue and is thus repugnant t" the #reed"m "# expressi"n !lause as the tim

!e "# a pu)li! assem)l$ #"rm part "# the message whi!h the expressi"n is s"ught. Furtherm"re% it is n"t !"ntent-neu

it d"es n"t appl$ t" mass a!ti"ns in supp"rt "# the g"+ernment. The w"rds Olaw#ul !ause%P O"pini"n%P Opr"testing "rluen!ingP suggest the exp"siti"n "# s"me !ause n"t esp"used )$ the g"+ernment. &ls"% the phrase Omaximum t"lera

"ws that

Date post:	08-Jul-2018
Category:	Documents
Upload:	tinvitorillo
View:	216 times
Download:	0 times

Religion, Expression, Assembly

Documents