RELIGION - Intro Geo asks questions WHERE? and
WHY?....where are world’s religions distributed? Why there? Why some widely distributed and some locally?
Like Lang, relig results in tension in scale betwn globalization and local diversity
Global/universalizing V. Local/ethnic religions
Global/universalizing religions: proselyte, seek converts, appeal to all (Christianity, Islam, Buddhism)• 60% of world’s people follow univ relig
• Local/Ethnic relig: not seeking converts, designed to appeal to 1 group, usually in one place (Judaism, Hinduism,, Confucianism)
• 25% follow ethnic relig• 15% no relig
Universalizing V. Ethnic Relig Many relig require exclusive adherence, so
adopting a global relig can require turning away from a local one
Traditional Local/ethnic relig:• Shamanism: NA – local leader is priest,
counselor, physician, claims conduit to supernatural world
• Animism: local tradition mostly in Africa and Americas – world itself seen as infused with spiritual and supernatural powers
Culture Relig = critical part of culture
• Core values and beliefs come from relig• Enmeshed with our cultural and social
systems Tied to pop growth Politics Design and structure of cities Sacred space Marriage, family, education, laws, health
code
Commonalities among world relig:
Implied value system (right and wrong)
Notion of sacred (texts and space) Idea @ place of humans in universe Most have creation story Most believe in higher power/force Most include teachings @ many
facets of life – law, politics, fitness, diet, cleanliness, etc.
Differences Universalizing v. ethnic
Monotheistic v. Polytheistic
Evangelical/proselytizing v. NOT
Hierarchical v. Local Autonomy• Ex: Catholic..ex. - Protestant congregations
Organizational Divisions Branches: fundamental division
(Catholic, Protestant, Orthodox) Denominations: division of branch
that unites a # of local congregations (Methodist, Presbyterian, S. Baptist)
Sects: small group that has broken away from a denomination
Migration Diffusion Migrants usually take their religion
with them, but unlike language, they usually maintain it for several generations.
i.e. places of immigration are usually very religiously diverse (United States)
World Religions
World Religions
World’s Largest Religions 1.) Christianity – most widely diffused (all
of America’s, Europe, parts of Africa, Australia, New Zealand)
2.) Islam – Middle East, N. Africa, Indonesia 3.) Hinduism (ethnic) - India 4.) Buddhism (difficult to measure) – East
Asia
Largest World Religions
Largest Religious Groups in US(US = 82% Christian)
1.) Protestant 53% (Baptist, Methodist, Lutheran, Presbyterian)
2.) Catholic 23% (New England, Southwest)
3.) Mormon 2% (Utah, Idaho, Arizona, CO, Southern CA)
4.) Orthodox 1%
US Religious Distr….scale?
CHRISTIANITY – universalizing, global religion
Christianity - @ 2 billion followers = world’s largest relig and most geographically dispersed
Doctrines:• Monotheistic• Origins in Judaism (Old Testament)• Christ = son of God, promised Messiah, Savior,
way to salvation• Sacred Text: Bible (OT and NT)• Sacred Places: Israel, holy lands
Where Distributed? C = major relig in all of Americas, Europe,
Australia, New Zealand, and countries w/ Christian majority exist in Africa and Asia
3 Major Branches:• Catholic (50%), SW and E Eur, LA, parts of N.
America)• Protestantism (25%):N. Eur, Austr, NZ, N.
America• Eastern Orthodox (10%): 14 self governing
churches in E. Eur (i.e. Russian Orthodox, etc.)
Pope Benedict
Martin Luther Henry VIII
Origins of Christianity Jesus – virgin birth in Bethlehem, literal
son of God, raised as a Jew, called disciples, organized church, referred to as “the Christ, Messiah,” atonement, resurrection• Catholics = Pope = head of church• E. Orthodox: split from Catholics in 1054 b/c
rivalry betwn Pope in Rome and Patriarch in Constantinople
• Protestantism: split 1517 – Martin Luther later Henry VIII
Diffusion of Christianity C diffused by relocation, hierarchical, and
contagious diff Hearth = Palestine 1st diff by relocation: after Christ’s death
missionary apostles carried his etchings along Roman empire (i.e. Paul)
Spread within Roman empire by contagious diff – contact betwn Christians and Pagans
Diffusion – contd. Dominance was assured in Roman
empire by hierarchical diff – Emperor Constantine converted
Migration, missionary activity, and British colonialism (1500-today) spread C worldwide
Acculturation: conversion and intermarriage of natives, Africans, etc.
Christian Calendar EASTER – commemorates Christ’s
resurrection and the pending resurrection of all men
CHRISTMAS – commemorates the birth of Christ – Virgin Mary, literal Son of God
Organization of Space – Places of Worship
Church: comes from Greek word meaning “Lord” or “Master”
“church” can refer to the bldg and the group of people
Traditionally churches placed in town center - largest, tallest, prettiest bldg.
Church architecture varies from branch to branch, denomination to denomination (Protestant churches usually more simple)
Cemeteries – bury dead underground
ISLAM – universalizing relig @ 1 billion followers #2 behind Christianity Followers found worldwide, but esp
in:• Middle East and N. Africa• Indonesia (most populous Muslim
country)• Pakistan• Bangladesh
ISLAM - Doctrines Also has roots in Judaism (accepts
many OT stories and prophets) Monotheistic – one God – Allah Prophet Mohammad = last and
greatest prophet Koran 5 Pillars – Faith, Prayer, Pilgrimage,
Alms, Fasting
ISLAM – Distribution Two Major branches
• Sunni = 83% of Muslims – in ME and N. Africa• Shiites= 16% - in Iraq, Iran and Azerbaijan
(caliph must be descended from Muhammad’s blood line)
• Muslim pop in Eur and N. America in recent yrs. b/c of immigration
• Arabic = lingua franca of Muslim world (Koran in Arabic)
ISLAM - Origins Abraham: Hagar and Ishmael – ancestors
Muhammad & Arabic line Muhammad – born @ 570 AD in Mecca
(Saudi Arabia). Rec’d revelations from God through Angel Gabriel (Koran). Gained following in Medina, returned to Mecca & est Islam. From there diffused to rest of ME, N. Africa, E. Asia, etc.
Diffused by Muslim Empires – Ottoman, Mogul, Persian
ISLAM – Holy Places Mecca: holiest city (hajj) contains al-Ka’ba –
thought to be built by Abraham and Ishmael and contains black stone given to Abraham by Gabriel as sign of the covenant (in Saudi Arabia – pilgrimage)
ISLAM – holy places cont’d Medina: Muhammad’s tomb here (in Saudi Arabia) Jerusalem: Muhammad ascended to heaven here (Dome of
the Rock – pictured below) – i.e. conflict w/ Jews
Places of worship = mosques call to prayer by the muzzan from the minaret tower
mosque in Indonesia
BUDDHISM – universalizing relig
B = 3rd largest univ relig w/ 300 million followers
Founded by the Buddha – Siddhartha Gautama
BUDDHISM - Doctrines 4 Noble Truths: suffering, why it
exists, how to prevent it (change desires)
8 Fold Path – way to achieve “Nirvana” i.e. complete redemption (right…understanding, intention, speech, action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, concentration)
Reincarnation
BUDDHISM – where distributed 3 main branches
• Mahayanists – 56% China, Japan, Korea• Theravadists – 38% - Cambodia, Laos,
Thailand, Sri Lanka• Tantrayanists – 6% - Tibet, Mongolia
Actual # of Bud difficult to know b/c doesn’t require exclusive adherence. Many Budd also follow a local/ethnic relig
BUDDHISM- Origins Founder – Siddhartha Gautama –
born 1563 BC present day Nepal.• Son of a lord• Led privileged life• 4 trips changed his life
Decrepit old man Disease ridden man Corpse…pain, suffering, felt guilty @ own
life Monk – taught him @ withdrawal from world
Buddha At 29 yrs – fled palace, lived in forest 6 yrs
meditating. Emerged as “The Buddha” – the enlightened one. Spent 45 years preaching views in modern day India
2 main branches• Theravada – oldest, believe Budd is full time
occupation, become monk• Mahayana – split off 2,000 yrs ago, less
demanding, emphasize Buddha’s self help and introspection
BUDDHISM - Diffusion Began in NE India – spread east by
traveling monks to Asia 1st C – AD Merchants brought Budd to
China – truly became a Chinese religion From China
diffused to Korea and Japan
BUDDHISM – holy places Important places are assoc w/ life of Buddha in
Nepal and NE India Pagoda: contains relics believed to be from
Buddha. Pagodas not used for congregational worship
Temples and monasteries used for individual prayer and meditation
SIKHISM – universalizing relig @ 24 million followers almost all in
Punjab region of India 1st guru (relig teacher) in late 1400s
in present day Pakistan God is perfect – people become like
him by continual improvement – take resp for actions, surrender to God
Men – wear turbans, don’t cut hair Holy Place = Golden Temple - Punjab
Sikhism Sikh Golden Temple
in Punjab region –
N. India
JUDAISM – Ethnic relig @ 6 million in US, 4 mill in Israel,
2mill in former USSR, 2 mill elsewhere. In U.S. Jews heavily concentrated in large cities (NYC)
Jews geographically scattered from historical captivities and conquering
Jewish Doctrine 1st monotheistic relig – 1 God and
Jews are his covenant people (through Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, 12 tribes)
God gave land of Canaan to Abraham and his seed – divided among tribes
Ten Commandments Torah – Old Testament (do NOT
accept NT or Jesus as the Christ)
Distribution/Diffusion Jews dispersed by Romans @ 70 AD-
Diaspora – scattered throughout Eur A people w/out a nation for hundreds
of years. Some in Eur assimilated. Others persecuted• Russia and Romania – pogroms in late
1800s and early 1900s• Nazis – Holocaust – 1930s-1940s
ZIONISM – the return Zionism – call for Jews to return to their
promised land Always existed, but not a major movement
until the Holocaust Holocaust survivors return to land of
Palestine – have historical and spiritual claim on land (but Palestinians there for 2,000 yrs)
Israel recog as a nation by UN in 1948 backed by US and GB….conflict ever since
Jewish Calendar Rosh Hashanah – New Year Yom Kippur – Day of Autumn Hanukkah – Festival of Lights Passover – commemorates Israeli
liberation from slavery in Egypt – destroying angel passed over Israeli’s first borns. God led Moses with many miracles to deliver his people to their land
Jewish Holy Places Synagogues Land of Palestine – ZION Wailing Wall – remnant of original
Jewish temple destroyed by Romans (Muslim Dome of Rock is located just in front…significance of shared sacred space has fueled conflict
HINDUISM – ethnic relig Hind = largest ethnic religion - @ 820
million
In general the 3rd largest relig worldwide behind Christianity and Islam
HINDUISM - Doctrines No single authority Vedas - collection of sacred writings Up to individual to decide best way
to worship God Caste System – reincarnation – you
move up by good karma Ahisma – do not eat any living being
- vegetarian
HINDUISM Where distributed – INDIA and Nepal Origins – no specific founder. The term
“Hindusim” originally referred to people living in India.
Diffusion – very little; not seeking converts Holy Places – tied to India
• Ganges River – purifies• Temples – shrines home to various Gods
Other Ethnic Religions Most people in China and Japan
practice ethnic relig that co-exist w/ Buddhism. Very different from W. concept of exclusive relig adherence….i.e. many Chinese are both Buddhist and Confucian
Confucianism Confucius – 551-479 BC– Chinese
philosopher and teacher Emphasized ancient Chinese
tradition of “li” – correct behavior…how to treat others, stresses responsibility, respect, public service
Ethnic relig b/c strongly rooted in traditional Chinese values
DAOISM (Taoism) Created by Lao-Zi 604-531 BC – a
contemporary of Confucius Writings emphasized the mystical
and magical to explain events Stresses introspection – seek dao –
the way or the path Today in China and Taiwan
SHINTOISM Ethnic relig of Japan Focus on forces of nature – sun,
moon, rivers, etc. Later regarded emperors as divine
(turned into a political cult i.e. WWII) Still in Japan today – references
ancestors, pilgrimages to shrines belvd to house deities
Ethnic African Religions @ 10% of African’s follow animism –
inanimate objects (trees, stones, river) have spirit/conscious life
No holy books, passed down by oral tradition
Practitioners of animism have decreased as Christianity and Islam have spread (Af = @ 50 % Christian, 40% Muslim
Concepts of Sacred Space Sacred Space: geographic
intersection between the divine and the mortal
Religious toponyms……examples?
Concepts of Sacred Space Landscape of the dead
• Christians, Muslims, Jews bury dead in cemetery (dates back to ancient Roman catacombs)
• Hindus – cremation – wash body in Ganges River and burn on funeral pyre
• Ancient Zoroastrians – expose dead to scavenging birds and animals to strip body of unclean portions. Don’t want body to contaminate sacred elements of earth, fire, water
Sacred Space Religious Settlements – entire
settlement around relig purposes• i.e. utopian communities• Often theocracies – church and political
leaders = the same• Examples…..
Puritans – Mass, city on a hill, 1600s Moravians – 1700s – Bethlehem, PA and
Salem, NC Mormons 1800s – Nauvoo, Ill, SLC, UT
RELIGIOUS CONFLICT
Recent resurgence of fundamentalism (literal interpretation and intense adherence to principles of relig)….often causes divide within the relig and problems w/ others- Taliban – Afghanistan- Hindus – caste system- Christian fund – Eric Rudolph- 911 suicide bombers
Religion and Communism Comm countered relig – Marx says relig is
“opium” of the people and threat to the state
USSR – 1918 – Comm Rev – govnt nationalizes all church property; relig dwindles
No relig freedom – if you go, go to Orthodox services controlled by govn
Fall of Comm late 80s early 90s – resurgence of relig in E. Eur
Relig V. Relig – interfaith boundaries….Palestine
Palestine..Jews,, Christians, and Muslims have fought for over 2,000 yrs for small piece of land
Jews and Palestinians claim historical and spiritual tie to land (Abraham)
GB opened door for Jewish return (Balfour Declaration)
1948 Israel recognized by UN – no nation of Palestine…refugees
Palestine – cont’d 3 subsequent ward….’56, ’67, ’73…each
time Israel wins and expands into more land
Israel would not exist w/out U.S. backing…..big reason why U.S. hated by Middle East
Israel = tiny nation surrounded on all sides by countries that want to destroy it
City of Jerusalem = esp problematic b/c contains relig sites for Jews, Christians, and Muslims
Religion V. Religion - IRELAND Ireland = 92% Catholic N. Ireland = (northern portion of island…
part of UK) 58% Prot, 42% Cath Ireland got independence in 1937 and
created republic of Ireland in 1949. But 6 N. counties voted to stay w/ UK
Cath in N. Ireland = victims of discrimination in jobs and education
Religion V. Religion - IRELAND Continuous cycle of demonstrations and
protests IRA – Irish Republican Army – Catholics in
Ireland and N. Ireland – militant org dedicated to Irish unity – use terrorism, bombings, etc.
@ 3,000 dead over yrs in N. Ireland Majority willing to live peacefully –
militants disrupt peace for all – fuel fires, polarize sides, etc.