Remember AS Control of Heart Rate?

• http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072943696/student_view0/chapter13/animation__chemoreceptor_reflex_control_of_blood_pressure.html

SympatheticParasympathetic

• Describe, with the aid of diagrams, the gross structure of the human brain and outline the functions of the cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla oblongata and hypothalamus. (page 228)

Human Brain http://uk.youtube.com/watch?v=0WUS3M3zlZY • Label on the diagram of the brain page 4:• Medulla oblongata• Cerebellum• Pons• Hypothalamus• Pituitary Gland• Cerebrum or Cerebral Hemispheres• Corpus callosum• Use the A3 picture at home on your

wall or cut it up like a jigsaw.

Brain – can you find the parts on the model?

• Functions of the brain parts:• http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=FZ5dD2TtfXw Best one – first half only

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Li5nMsXg1Lk&feature=related - song

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

Write your answers on a whiteboard

So, what are the brain part functions?

• Check our summaries of the main functions of the cerebrum, hypothalamus, cerebellum and medulla oblongata in the table on page 4.

• Cerebellum – plays a key role in coordinating balance and fine movement.Lets do a balance and find out one sensory

input to the cerebellum.Now answer question at top of page 6.

True or False?• Medulla oblongata controls the

autonomic NS and so therefore, muscle in gut wall and breathing movements.

• Hypothalamus contains the cardiac centre.

• Cerebrum controls the coordination of movement and posture.

• Cerebellum controls the coordination of movement, balance and posture.

• How do the cerebellum and somatic NS work together? You will explain this to your partner, including detail of the functions of the cerebellum.

• Let’s recap the cerebral cortex.

The cerebral cortex (the folded brain surface) in more detail.

• Define sensory, motor and association areas on page 5 (see page 228)

Now complete page 5by colouring in and labelling the regionson page 228,Fig 2.

Let’s discuss questions1 – 3, A and B, page 229

What do you think these diagrams represent?

Now have a go at the “Brain: what am I? quiz”

Now to Dopamine (neurotransmitter) in the brain (this will come up in animal

behaviour…)

There are neighbouring neurons that release another compound called a neuromodulator. These help to enhance or inhibit neurotransmission that is controlled by neurotransmitters such as dopamine. In this case, the neuromodulator is an "endorphin“ (in red). Endorphins bind to opiate receptors (in yellow) which can reside on the post-synaptic cell (shown here) or, in some cases, on the terminals of other neurons (this is not shown so it must be pointed out). The endorphins are destroyed by enzymes rather than removed by uptake pumps.

What is happening?

P 246. Discuss how the links between a range of human behaviours and the dopamine receptor DRD4 may contribute to the understanding of

human behaviour.

• Dopamine is a precursor for adrenalin and noradrenalin.

• Dopamine is a neurotransmitter in the brain.

• Low levels Parkinson’s Disease• High levels Increased cerebral

activity, creativity mental health problems such as psychosis.

• (Define psychosis, page 247)

Range of response is due to 5 different receptors – explain how they can each lead

to different responses! (key definition)

• DRD1, DRD2, DRD3, DRD4, and DRD5 are each coded for by a different gene.

• The binding of dopamine to a receptor may stimulate motivation, learning or other transmitter releases. It may also decrease inhibition.

• Some antipsychotic drugs work by blocking dopamine receptors.

• 50 + variants of DRD4 gene!• A short section of nucleotides shows a

different number of repeats in each variant called variable number tandem repeats.

• Some variants affect the level and action of dopamine in the brain.

• They may be linked to ADHD. See fig 2, page 246. Ritalin affects levels.

• Other variants may be linked to addictive behaviour – high levels of dopamine produce high levels of risk taking in these people.

8 Genetic markers have also been found for OCD caused by lack of

serotonin.• What did the longitudinal study of

twins find?

Epigenetics is involved!

True or False?• Dopamine is a precursor for adrenalin and

serotonin.• High levels produce Parkinson’s Disease• High levels produce psychosis.• Each of the 8 different DRD receptors are

coded for by a different gene.• Dopamine may stimulate motivation.• Variants of DRD4 genes show different

numbers of repeated sequences of bases.• Variants may lead to ADHD or addictive

behaviour.Your homework question is about dopamine.

Starter - Mark your partner’s answer to dopamine question. (MS in pdf)

• AIMS – AS Evaluation is on Tuesday/Wednesday next week at 4:15 EB1.

• Homework – drawing page 5, table page 1 and revision of biotechnology and genetic engineering.

• Joints• Recap motor end plates.• Introduce 3 muscle types.• Introduce skeletal muscle structure.• http://getrevising.co.uk/ useful site for those who

are retaking AS and like working on line or mp3.

Your task is to compare the structure and function of a) involuntary (smooth) and b)

cardiac to c) voluntary muscle. Include examples (page 234)

You can do this by completing the table (booklet page 1) or

producing your own revision table / diagram / notes.

Describe how coordinated movement requires the action of skeletal muscles

about joints…..

Can anyone name this type of joint?

Page 232 and new booklet page 2.

Which hinge synovial joint?

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D3fKWVkgSqo&feature=related• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IjJy9M4eMDk&feature=fvsr

What is missing from this elbow diagram to allow fullmovement?

Let’s completediagram in booklet.

• Define in detail the function of:• Antagonistic muscles (which must be

coordinated).• Synergists.• Cartilage (on bone ends)• Synovial membrane.• Synovial fluid.• Ligament.• Tendon.

Page 232 and booklet page 3

F

A

B

C

D

E

G

Now complete page 3 and top ofpage 4.

Control of Contraction page 4 and 232/3

• A neuromuscular junction is a specialised synapse which……

• Summarise the events in Fig 3, page 232. (5 mins)

• How is a graduation of contraction response brought about?

• Twitch and Tetanus page 5 let’s discuss what graphs show, but drawing is for homework.

Compare and contrast the action of synapses and

neuromuscular junctions. Can you see any differences between this neuromuscular junction and a

synapse?

Look also at the diagram on page 232And then complete the comparison table p 6.

Label arrows

End plate membrane

“Wavy” sarcolemma

mitochondrion

vesicle

Outline the structural and functional differences between voluntary

(skeletal) involuntary (smooth) and cardiac muscle.

Skeletal - voluntary

Muscle fibre – asingle cell.

Nuclei

Stripes of muscle protein – actin and myosin.

Cardiac and Smooth (__________)Muscle

Nucleus Joins betweenmuscle cells

Intercalated disc

Spindle shaped cell

Single nucleus in cellmyocyte

Outline the structure and function of voluntary (skeletal) muscle

Skeletal - voluntary

Muscle fibre – asingle cell.

Nuclei

Stripes of muscle protein – actin and myosin.

Antagonistic skeletal muscles move bones at the j_____ by contracting and

so p_____ them where they are connected by ______.

• Voluntary muscle cells form fibres about 100µm wide – containing several nuclei pushed to the outside – why?

• Define sarcolemma, sarcoplasm and sarcomere. (page 235)

• Now turn to the muscle power point, muscle pages and page 236.

Aims

• Recap homework re muscle types by checking pictures and trying question 2 a) b) c) and d), F215, Jan 2011.

• Skeletal muscle micro structure and mechanism of movement.

• Homework – Muscle booklet, pages 20, 10, 11 quest 2, page 12, 13 and 14, quest 3.

• Bring to check next lesson.