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Remote Controlled Fan Regulator is One of The

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Remote controlled Fan Regulator is one of the applications of electronics to increase the facilities of life. Fan is one of the unavoidable Electronic equipment in our day today life. It has become essential element without which people can’t lead a smooth life. The presence of a fan in a house or office is not now considered as a luxury on the other hand it is included in the basic requirement. The uses of new electronic theories have been put down by expertise to increase the facilities given by the existing appliance . Here the facility of ordinary fan is increased by the making it controlled by a remote. In remote controlled fan regulator we can regulate the speed of the fan by using a remote. Here the variation in the firing angle of triac is used for regulating the speed. Any button on the remote can be used for controlling speed of the fan. Using this circuit, we can change the speed of the fan from our couch or bed. This circuit is used for controlling the speed of the fan in 5 levels. This innovation can be a success only if people are made aware about its advantages and how user-friendly it is. The circuit can be used to regulate the intensity of light. This innovation finds its use mainly to help old age people who don’t want to walk in order to control the speed of fan. It also finds its use of somebody wants to change the speed while sleeping. INTRODUCTION A circuit that allows total control over your equipments without having to move around is a revolutionary concept. Total control over the speed of the fan is a boon to many. This product brings to you this very concept. Remote control facilitates the operation of fan regulators
Transcript
Page 1: Remote Controlled Fan Regulator is One of The

Remote controlled Fan Regulator is one of the applications of electronics to increase

the facilities of life Fan is one of the unavoidable Electronic equipment in our day

today life It has become essential element without which people canrsquot lead a smooth

life The presence of a fan in a house or office is not now considered as a luxury on

the other hand it is included in the basic requirement The uses of new electronic

theories have been put down by expertise to increase the facilities given by the

existing appliance Here the facility of ordinary fan is increased by the making it

controlled by a remote

In remote controlled fan regulator we can regulate the speed of the fan by using a

remote Here the variation in the firing angle of triac is used for regulating the speed

Any button on the remote can be used for controlling speed of the fan Using this

circuit we can change the speed of the fan from our couch or bed This circuit is

used for controlling the speed of the fan in 5 levels This innovation can be a success

only if people are made aware about its advantages and how user-friendly it is The

circuit can be used to regulate the intensity of light This innovation finds its use

mainly to help old age people who donrsquot want to walk in order to control the speed of

fan It also finds its use of somebody wants to change the speed while sleeping

INTRODUCTION

A circuit that allows total control over your equipments without having to move

around is a revolutionary concept Total control over the speed of the fan is a boon to

many This product brings to you this very concept

Remote control facilitates the operation of fan regulators around the home or office

from a distance It provides a system that is simple to understand and also to

operate a system that would be cheap and affordable a reliable and easy to

maintain system of remote control and durable system irrespective of usage It adds

more comfort to everyday living by removing the inconvenience of having to move

around to operate a fan regulator The system seeks to develop a system that is cost

effective while not undermining the need for efficient working

The first remote control called ldquolazy bonesrdquo was developed in 1950 by Zenith

Electronics Corporation (then known as Zenith Radio Corporation) The device was

developed quickly and it was called ldquoZenith space commandrdquo the remote went into

production in the fall of 1956 becoming the first practical wireless remote control

device Today remote control is a standard on electronic products including VCRs

cable and satellite boxes digital video disc players and home audio players In the

year 2000 more than 99 percent of all TV set and 100 percent of all VCR and DVD

players sold are equipped with remote controls The average individual these days

probably picks up a remote control at least once or twice a day

Basically a remote control works in the following manner A button is pressed This

completes a specific connection which produces a Morse code line signal specific to

that button The transistor amplifies the signal and sends it to the LED which

translates the signal into infrared light The sensor on the appliancedetects the

infrared light and reacts appropriately

The remote controlrsquos function is to wait for the user to press a key and then translate

that into infrared light signals that are received by the receiving appliance The carrier

frequency of such infrared signals is typically around 36kHz

The aim of this work is to design and construct a remote control for a fan regulator

The remote control device sends an infra-red beam which is received by the infra-

red sensor on the regulator and the speed of the fan is increased

One of the primary objectives of an engineer is to endeavor to deliver the best

product or the most efficient services at the lowest cost to the end user The system

was found to meet the expected results

BLOCK DIAGRAM

(please download the attached file for geting this)

BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION

Infrared Receiver Module ________________________________________

Infrared receiver module is used for receiving the signals transmitted by the remote

control

Here TSOP 1738 is used as infrared receiver Module It is capable of receiving

signals up to 38 KHz

Monostable Multivibrator ________________________________________

A multivibrator is an electronic circuit used to implement a variety of simple two-state

systems such as oscillators timers and flip-flops A monostable multivibrator as its

name indicates has a stable state and a quasi-stable state An external trigger must

be applied to change from the stable state to the quasi-stable state

Here two NE 555 ICs are wired as monostable multivibrators The trigger to the first

multivibrator is the signals from the infrared receiver module This multivibrator is

used to delay the clock pulse of the decade counter The second multivibrator is

triggered by the opto coupler

Decade Counter ________________________________________

In digital logic and computing a counter is a device which stores (and sometimes

displays) the number of times a particular event or process has occurred often in

relationship to a clock signal Decade counter is a counter that counts through 10

states It is also known as a mod-10 counter

Here CD 4017 is used as decade counter Here actually ten outputs are there from

which five are used (Q0 to Q4) Q5 is not used and Q6 is used to reset The output of

monostable multivibrator(IC1) is used to delay the clock pulse of the decade counter

Transformer________________________________________

A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another

through inductively coupled conductors mdash the transformers coils or windings

Transformer is used here to step down the supply voltage to a level suitable for the

low voltage components

The transformer used here is a 230(12V-0-12V) step down transformer

Regulator Section ________________________________________

A voltage regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a

constant voltage level

IC 7809 is used here It is a 9V regulator It regulates the rectified 12V to 9V This 9V

is supplied to the whole circuit

Opto Coupler________________________________________

An Opto coupler is used to transmit either analog or digital information from one

voltage potential to another while maintaining isolation of potentials It is used for low

voltages

MCT2E is the opto coupler used here MCT2E is NPN silicon planar phototransistor

optically coupled to a gallium arsenide infrared emitting diode It is used to trigger the

monostable multivibrator(IC3)

Opto Isolator________________________________________

An Opto isolator is used to transmit either analog or digital information from one

voltage potential to another while maintaining isolation of the potentials Its operating

voltage is higher than that of an Opto coupler

Here MOC3021 is used as opto isolator It is used to drive the Triac BT136

Triac BT 136________________________________________

A TRIAC or TRIode for Alternating Current is an electronic component

approximately equivalent to two silicon-controlled rectifiers (SCRsthyristors) joined in

inverse parallel (paralleled but with the polarity reversed) and with their gates

connected together The formal name for a TRIAC is bidirectional triode thyristor

This results in a bidirectional electronic switch which can conduct current in either

direction when it is triggered (turned on) and thus doesnt have any polarity It can be

triggered by either a positive or a negative voltage being applied to its gate electrode

(with respect to A1 otherwise known as MT1) Once triggered the device continues

to conduct until the current through it drops below a certain threshold value the

holding current such as at the end of a half-cycle of alternating current (AC) mains

power In addition applying a trigger pulse at a controllable point in an AC cycle

allows one to control the percentage of current that flows through the TRIAC to the

load (phase control)

The triac used here is BT136 It is thyristor with a firing angle nearly 45o A snubber

circuit consisting of a resistor and capacitor is used to control the firing angle of Triac

This firing angle determines the speed of the fan

CIRCUIT DIADGRAM

(download attached file)

WORKING OF THE CIRCUIT

The 230 V from AC mains is stepped down to 12V and Regulated by IC7809

capacitor and Diodes to 9V This filtered 9V is used for providing supply to the entire

circuit Any button of remote control can be used to control the speed of the fan The

remote control produces infrared rays which is received by the TSOP infrared

receives module The TSOP used here is TSOP 1738 It is capable for receiving

signals up to 38 KHZ The infrared rays are received by the TSOP sensor and its

output is given as a trigger to the first monostable multivibrator NE 555 through a

LED and Resistor R4

This NE555 which is wired as Monostable multivibrator is used to delay the clock to

decade counter CD 4017 We can directly give the output of TSOP to decade

counter but while doing so all the small pulse or noises may also act as clock to

counter and counter starts counting The decade counter has ten outputs from Q0 to

Q9 But here we are using only Q0 to Q4 Q5 is not used and Q6 is used to reset the

counter The output of decade counter is taken through Resistors R5 to R9 The

resistor R5 to R9 and capacitor C5 controls the pulse width which is actually

determining the speed of the fan If the Q0 output is high the capacitor C5 is charged

through R5 if Q1 is high capacitor C5 is charged through R6 and so on thereby

controlling the speed of the fan accordingly Here we are controlling the speed of the

fan in five levels that is why we are taking five outputs (A0 to Q4)

Another NE 555 is used here which is also wired as monostable multivibrator This

monostable multivibrator is triggered by pulses from opto coupler MCT2E It is wired

as Zero crossing detector The output from decade counter is given to NE555 and

this is given to the transistor BC548 It is given to the Opto isolator MOC 3021 It is

used for driving the Triac BT136 Triac is a type of thyristor Here the resistor R13

(470hm) and capacitor C7 (001microF) combination is used as snubber network for the

Triac

The Resistors R5 to R9 and capacitor C5 are used to control the pulse width When

Q0 output is high the pulse width is maximum when Q1 output is high pulse width is

decreased slightly As the pulse width decreases firing angle of the triac increases

and speed of the fan also increases By using remote control we are actually

controlling pulse width which in turn varies the firing angle of triac and there by

varying the speed of the fan

COMPONENTS LIST

1 IR Receiver Module - TSOP 1738

2 IC NE555

3 Opto Coupler - IC MCT2E

4 Opto Isolator - IC MOC 3021

5 Voltage Regulator - IC 7809

6 Decade Counter - IC CD4017

7 Transformer ndash 230(12V -0-12V)

8 Light Emitting Diode

9 Diodes - IN4148 IN 4007

10 Transistor - BC548

11 Triac - BT136

12 Resistors - 1K 100K 330Ω 47K Ω 33K 27K 20K

12K 33K 470 Ω 56 K 10 K 47 Ω

13 Capacitors - 001 microF 400V 47 microF 16V 10 microF 16V

1 microF 16V 022microF 470 micro 50V

14 Zener Diode - 51V

PCB FABRICATION________________________________________

Printed Circuit Boards play a vital role here in determining the overall performance of

the electronic equipment A good PCB design ensures that the noise introduced as a

result of component placement and track layout is held within limits while still

providing components years of assembly maintenance and performance reliability

WHERE AND WHY ARE PCBrsquoS USED

Printed circuits boards are used to route electric signals through copper track which

are firmly bonded to an insulating base

Advantages of PCB over common wiring are

1 PCBrsquos are necessary for connecting a large number of electronic components in a

very small area with minimum parasitic effects

2 PCBrsquos are simulated with mass production with less chance of writing error

3 Small components are easily mounted

4 Servicing in simplified

The base materials used for PCBrsquos are glass epoxy epoxy paper polyester etc

Copper foil used for copper clad is manufactured by the process of electronic

deposition

emsp

The properties of copper foil are

bull Thicknesshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip35μ meter

bull Thickness tolerancehelliphellip+5 μ meter

bull Purity of Copperhelliphelliphellip998

bull Resistivity at 20oChelliphellip01594

PREPARATION OF SINGLE SIDED PCB

In a single sided PCB the conductor tracks run only on one side of copper clad

board Thus crossing of conductors is not allowed Base materials are selected

according to application It is mechanically and chemically cleansed The photo resist

is an organic solution which when exposed to light of proper wavelength changes

their solubility in developer but after exposure to light is not soluble Laminate coating

of photo resist is done by

(i) Spray coating

(ii) Dip coating

(iii) Roller coating

The coated copper clad and laminated film negative is kept in intimate contact with

each other

The assembly is exposed to UV light and is rinsed in the developer tank Proper

developer has to be used for a particular photo resist and then the PCB is dyed in a

tray The dye reveals the flux to be used for a particular photo resist Then the PCB

is dyed in a tray

emsp

LAYOUT

The layout can be done either by hand or by using PCB designing software like

ORCAD or PROTEL

FABRICATION

The required circuit is designed and the layout of the circuit is done on the

component side as well as the copper clad side Spaces are provided for holes to

insert the respective components Etch resistant ink coatings are given on the

interconnecting marks

ETCHING

The copper clad PCB is etched with ferrous chloride solution containing a small

amount of Hydro Chloric Acid for increasing activeness of Ferric Chloride in etching

Wherever the varnish coating is there the copper remains Then it is washed with

water and Oxalic Acid

DRILLING

The required holes of suitable size are drilled using twist drill Now the Printed Circuit

Board(PCB) is complete and ready for soldering

emsp

SOLDERING________________________________________

Soldering is the process of joining of two metals using an alloy solder consisting of

Tin and Lead (Sn-Pb) Tin determines the melting whereas the Lead is used to

reduce the cost After the PCB fabrication is done the various components are

arranged at proper locations on the PCB and then the soldering is done All liquids

consist of particles which attract each other The surface is always trying to shrink

and this is because of surface tension The principle behind soldering is that when

liquid particles are brought in contact with the walls of the solid surface it may

happen that the solid attracts the liquid surface This property is called adhesive

property Care must be taken that the melting point of solder is below that of the

metal so that its surface is melted without melting without the metal

NEED FOR FLUX

During the soldering process the flux acts as a medium for improving the degree of

melting The basic functions of flux are mentioned below

1 Removes oxide from the surface

2 Assists the transfer of heat from the source to the joining and provides a liquid

cover including air gap

3 Removal of residue after the completion of the soldering operation

APPLICATION________________________________________

Remote controlled Fan Regulator is used to control the speed of fan from our bed

or couch

The same circuit finds its use to control the Intensity of light at various levels

This circuit also finds it use for switching ON and OFF any electronic circuit

ADVANTAGES________________________________________

This circuit is simple to use and efficient

It can be assembled with ease

It is cheap and hence very economic

It is small in size

CONCLUSION________________________________________

With the knowledge of new techniques in lsquoElectronicsrsquo we are able to make our life

more comfortable One such application of electronics is used in ldquoREMOTE

CONTROLLED FAN REGULATORrdquo

The same circuit finds its use in many more applications By this the intensity of light

can be controlled using a remote The intensity of light can be controlled in five levels

from off position to maximum intensity possible So it finds use as a night lamp by

keeping the intensity of lamp in low level

The circuit also finds its use for switching ON and OFF any electronic circuitry Our

normal TV remote can be used for all these purposes So it is very useful or a real

help to old age and sick people since they can control the speed from the place

where they are sitting

We feel that our product serves something good to this world and we like to present it

before this prosperous world

Reference httpwwwseminarprojectscomThread-remote-controlled-fan-regulator-

full-project-reportix Abstract

The paper presents a simple design and implementation of a remote controlled fan

regulator It enables the user to operate a fan regulator from approximately 10

meters away The remote transmits a tone using an infrared light-emitting diode

This tone is decoded by a receiver since the receiver only switches when the tone

is received The system was broken down into simpler functional blocks namely

infra-red transmitter infra-red sensor signal amplifier control logic sampler

control stepper output control logic load and display unit Details of each subunit

are described in the paper

Keywords

Infra-red Control Receiver Transmitter Display

Introduction

Remote control facilitates the operation of fan regulators around the home or office from

a distance It provides a system that is simple to understand and also to operate a system that

would be cheap and affordable a reliable and easy to maintain system of remote control and

durable system irrespective of usage It adds more comfort to everyday living by removing the

inconvenience of having to move around to operate a fan regulator The system seeks to develop

a system that is cost effective while not under mining the need for efficiency

The first remote control called ldquolazy bonesrdquo was developed in 1950 by Zenith

Electronics Corporation (then known as Zenith Radio Corporation) The device was developed

quickly and it was called ldquoZenith space commandrdquo the remote went into production in the fall

of 1956 becoming the first practical wireless remote control device [1]

Today remote control is a standard on other consumer electronic products including

VCRs cable and satellite boxes digital video disc players and home audio players And the most

sophisticated TV sets have remote with as many as 50 buttons In year 2000 more than 99

percent of all TV set and 100 percent of all VCR and DVD players sold are equipped with

remote controls The average individual these days probably picks up a remote control at least

once or twice a day

Basically a remote control works in the following manner A button is pressed This

completes a specific connection which produces a Morse code line signal specific to that button

The transistor amplifies the signal and sends it to the LED which translates the signal into

infrared light The sensor on the appliance detects the infrared light and reacts appropriately

The remote controlrsquos function is to wait for the user to press a key and then translate that

into infrared light signals that are received by the receiving appliance The carrier frequency of

such infrared signals is typically around 36 kHz [3] Usually the transmitter part is constructed

so that the transmitter oscillator which drives the infrared transmitter LED can be turned onoff

by applying a TTL (transistor-transistor logic) voltage on the modulation controlled input On the

receiver side a photo transistor or photodiode takes up the signals

The approach used in this work is the modular approach where the overall design was

broken into functional block diagrams where each block in the diagram represents a section of

the circuit that carries out a specific function The system was designed using 9 functional

blocks as shown in the block diagram Figure1

Figure 1 System block diagram

System design and analysis

Transmitter

The remote control device has the task of sending the infra-red signal which is received

by the infra-red sensor Itrsquos mode of operation can be better understood through the circuit

diagram shown in Figure 2

Figure 2 Circuit of remote device

At the application of voltage from the 9v battery or when the single switch is closed the

4060B oscillator IC [2] produce high and low signals on pin 6 which is feed across the base of

the 2sc945 NPN transistor [6] When the output from the oscillator is high there is a high

voltage across the base of the NPN transistor which turns it on This permits the infra-red

emitting diode to be grounded resulting in the emission of an infra-red ray When the output

from the oscillator is low there is a low voltage across the base of the NPN transistor which

turns off the switching transistor Resulting in no emission of any infra-red ray from the infra-red

emitting diode

The 4060B oscillator IC produces a stream of pulses at a frequency determined by the RC

configuration on pins 11 12 13 The frequency of oscillation is given by [4 5]

f 1 = 1(23RC) where R = 3310 3 Ω and C = 000110 -6 F

f 1 = 1(233310 3 000110 -6 ) = 1318 KHz

The pulse is connected to the base of the switching transistor (NPN 2SC945) through a

1kΩ resistor The pulse determines frequency on the infra-red beam such that itrsquos detection by

the sampler would be possible

Detection

Infra-red sensor and signal amplifier The signal from the infra-red transmitter is divided

to an infra-red sensor The sensor converts the infra-red energy into corresponding electric

current The current from the sensor diode is weak and needs extra amplification The four stage

NPN transistor amplifiers boost the intensity of the signal to a reasonable level

Figure 3 Circuit diagram of the detector

The output is fed out to a connected RC filter Such that any reasonable distortion is

simple is simply removed from the signal The signal is connected to the input of a breaking

relay The relay is designed to switch off for sometime after the signal has being sampled by the

sampler The cutoff technique eliminates any distortion or errors coming along with the

transmitted signal

Sampler

The sampler recognizes the input signal through a high logic level at its pin 13 The

incoming signal sets the input latch of the sampler and changes to a high logic from a low

logic And low The input logic 4060B is designed to reset the input latch automatically This

is to allow another input response The point is connected to the point W and also connected

to clock input of the control stepper

Control Stepper and Display Unit

The control stepper is designed to control the switching of the control relays The control

stepper has three active outputs The output directs some codes to the 4511B (7 segment

decoder) through corresponding or related diode which behave like read only memory (ROM)

The output of the display decoder visually defines the code on the seven segment display The

link is done through 270 Ω current limiting resistors

Control Unit

The control unit mainly embodies three relays Each of such receives command from the

control stepper The relay selects a specific terminal from the speed regulator inductor The

effective inductive reactance of the selected portion of the transformer adds in series to the fan

So that there is a voltage drop across the fan and therefore the speed is altered At the highest

speed the fan is directly connected to the full AC mains supply And at the lowest speed there

is a high value inductor in series with the load

The Power Section

It holds a 22012V transformer a filter capacitor (2200microF 25V) and a 5V regulator The

relays are supplied by a 12V supply from the rectifier And the regulated 5v supply from the

7805 is used for the main circuit

4017B

The 4017B is a 5-stage divided-by-10 counter with ten decoded outputs and a carryout

[2] The counter is cleared its zero count by a logical ldquo1rdquo on their reset line This counter is

advanced on the positive edge of the clock signal when the clock enable signal is in the logical

ldquo0rdquo state Its configuration permits medium speed operation and assures a hazard free counting

sequence The ten decoded outputs are normally in the logical ldquo0rdquo state only at their respective

time slut Each decoded output remains high for 1 full clock cycle The carryout signal completes

a full clock cycle for every ten clock input cycles and is used as a ripple carry signal to any

succeeding stages

It consists of two identical independent data-type flip-flops Each flip-flop has an

independent data set reset and clock inputs and Q and Q outputs These devices can be used for

shift registers and SR flip-flop applications The SR configuration is used in the circuit merely by

grounding the clock and data inputs The device has a medium speed operation

This integrated circuit is designed to convert binary coded decimal inputs into equivalent

display pattern for instance a 4-bit code of 0010 is converted to a 7-segment display a visual

information or the digit of 1 is seen through the formation of the related light emitting diode

(LED) that make up the display

The input pins are 7 1 2 and 6 And pins 3 and 4 are the control terminals which are

always connected to the positive side of the power supply The latch terminal pin 5 is normally

grounded The output pins 13 17 11 10 9 15 and 14 are connected to the terminals a b c d

e f and g of the 7-segment display

Construction and testing

To ease the construction procedures the circuitry was segmented into functional blocks

The constriction included a prototype located on a breadboard followed by the final construction

located on a Vero board On completion of the construction a thorough test and assessment of

the component connection were carried out

The following steps were followed

middot The continuity and connectivity were taken using a multimeter while the circuit was not

powered

middot The construction was tested block by block middot The measurement of capacitance current resistances and voltage were taken and compared

with design values

middot To operate the circuit the switch is held down while pointing the LED at the receiver The aim is to design a remote control that is portable in size and a receiver that responds

only to the infra-red signal transmitted by the remote control The system responds favorable and

automatically changes the fan speed The receiver-transmitter maximum distance is

approximately 10m this is the range of the transmission of the infra-red diode used It was noted

that the receiver unit was able to receive signal propagated of the distance within the range

Conclusions

One of the primary objectives of an engineer is to endeavor to deliver the best product or

the most efficient services at the lowest cost to the end user The system has being tested and was

found to meet the expected results

The aim of this work was to design and construct a remote control for a fan regulator and

the system has thus accomplished that The remote control device sends an infra-red beam

which is received by the infra-red sensor on the regulator the display on the regulator indicates a

change in fan speed and the fan also increases in speed

Recommendation

The remote controlled fan regulator was developed using infra-red This posed its

difficulties and gave certain limitation ie the infra-red sensor could not filter out surrounding

bright light Engineers trying to improve on this should work towards perfectly filtering out

bright light so that only the infra-red rays are incident on the infra-red sensor The power supply

could be improved where a step-down would not be used thereby reducing the entire size of the

project Similarly micro soldering could also be used in order to further reduce the size of the

equipment

zz1XCRQVrUg

Page 2: Remote Controlled Fan Regulator is One of The

Electronics Corporation (then known as Zenith Radio Corporation) The device was

developed quickly and it was called ldquoZenith space commandrdquo the remote went into

production in the fall of 1956 becoming the first practical wireless remote control

device Today remote control is a standard on electronic products including VCRs

cable and satellite boxes digital video disc players and home audio players In the

year 2000 more than 99 percent of all TV set and 100 percent of all VCR and DVD

players sold are equipped with remote controls The average individual these days

probably picks up a remote control at least once or twice a day

Basically a remote control works in the following manner A button is pressed This

completes a specific connection which produces a Morse code line signal specific to

that button The transistor amplifies the signal and sends it to the LED which

translates the signal into infrared light The sensor on the appliancedetects the

infrared light and reacts appropriately

The remote controlrsquos function is to wait for the user to press a key and then translate

that into infrared light signals that are received by the receiving appliance The carrier

frequency of such infrared signals is typically around 36kHz

The aim of this work is to design and construct a remote control for a fan regulator

The remote control device sends an infra-red beam which is received by the infra-

red sensor on the regulator and the speed of the fan is increased

One of the primary objectives of an engineer is to endeavor to deliver the best

product or the most efficient services at the lowest cost to the end user The system

was found to meet the expected results

BLOCK DIAGRAM

(please download the attached file for geting this)

BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION

Infrared Receiver Module ________________________________________

Infrared receiver module is used for receiving the signals transmitted by the remote

control

Here TSOP 1738 is used as infrared receiver Module It is capable of receiving

signals up to 38 KHz

Monostable Multivibrator ________________________________________

A multivibrator is an electronic circuit used to implement a variety of simple two-state

systems such as oscillators timers and flip-flops A monostable multivibrator as its

name indicates has a stable state and a quasi-stable state An external trigger must

be applied to change from the stable state to the quasi-stable state

Here two NE 555 ICs are wired as monostable multivibrators The trigger to the first

multivibrator is the signals from the infrared receiver module This multivibrator is

used to delay the clock pulse of the decade counter The second multivibrator is

triggered by the opto coupler

Decade Counter ________________________________________

In digital logic and computing a counter is a device which stores (and sometimes

displays) the number of times a particular event or process has occurred often in

relationship to a clock signal Decade counter is a counter that counts through 10

states It is also known as a mod-10 counter

Here CD 4017 is used as decade counter Here actually ten outputs are there from

which five are used (Q0 to Q4) Q5 is not used and Q6 is used to reset The output of

monostable multivibrator(IC1) is used to delay the clock pulse of the decade counter

Transformer________________________________________

A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another

through inductively coupled conductors mdash the transformers coils or windings

Transformer is used here to step down the supply voltage to a level suitable for the

low voltage components

The transformer used here is a 230(12V-0-12V) step down transformer

Regulator Section ________________________________________

A voltage regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a

constant voltage level

IC 7809 is used here It is a 9V regulator It regulates the rectified 12V to 9V This 9V

is supplied to the whole circuit

Opto Coupler________________________________________

An Opto coupler is used to transmit either analog or digital information from one

voltage potential to another while maintaining isolation of potentials It is used for low

voltages

MCT2E is the opto coupler used here MCT2E is NPN silicon planar phototransistor

optically coupled to a gallium arsenide infrared emitting diode It is used to trigger the

monostable multivibrator(IC3)

Opto Isolator________________________________________

An Opto isolator is used to transmit either analog or digital information from one

voltage potential to another while maintaining isolation of the potentials Its operating

voltage is higher than that of an Opto coupler

Here MOC3021 is used as opto isolator It is used to drive the Triac BT136

Triac BT 136________________________________________

A TRIAC or TRIode for Alternating Current is an electronic component

approximately equivalent to two silicon-controlled rectifiers (SCRsthyristors) joined in

inverse parallel (paralleled but with the polarity reversed) and with their gates

connected together The formal name for a TRIAC is bidirectional triode thyristor

This results in a bidirectional electronic switch which can conduct current in either

direction when it is triggered (turned on) and thus doesnt have any polarity It can be

triggered by either a positive or a negative voltage being applied to its gate electrode

(with respect to A1 otherwise known as MT1) Once triggered the device continues

to conduct until the current through it drops below a certain threshold value the

holding current such as at the end of a half-cycle of alternating current (AC) mains

power In addition applying a trigger pulse at a controllable point in an AC cycle

allows one to control the percentage of current that flows through the TRIAC to the

load (phase control)

The triac used here is BT136 It is thyristor with a firing angle nearly 45o A snubber

circuit consisting of a resistor and capacitor is used to control the firing angle of Triac

This firing angle determines the speed of the fan

CIRCUIT DIADGRAM

(download attached file)

WORKING OF THE CIRCUIT

The 230 V from AC mains is stepped down to 12V and Regulated by IC7809

capacitor and Diodes to 9V This filtered 9V is used for providing supply to the entire

circuit Any button of remote control can be used to control the speed of the fan The

remote control produces infrared rays which is received by the TSOP infrared

receives module The TSOP used here is TSOP 1738 It is capable for receiving

signals up to 38 KHZ The infrared rays are received by the TSOP sensor and its

output is given as a trigger to the first monostable multivibrator NE 555 through a

LED and Resistor R4

This NE555 which is wired as Monostable multivibrator is used to delay the clock to

decade counter CD 4017 We can directly give the output of TSOP to decade

counter but while doing so all the small pulse or noises may also act as clock to

counter and counter starts counting The decade counter has ten outputs from Q0 to

Q9 But here we are using only Q0 to Q4 Q5 is not used and Q6 is used to reset the

counter The output of decade counter is taken through Resistors R5 to R9 The

resistor R5 to R9 and capacitor C5 controls the pulse width which is actually

determining the speed of the fan If the Q0 output is high the capacitor C5 is charged

through R5 if Q1 is high capacitor C5 is charged through R6 and so on thereby

controlling the speed of the fan accordingly Here we are controlling the speed of the

fan in five levels that is why we are taking five outputs (A0 to Q4)

Another NE 555 is used here which is also wired as monostable multivibrator This

monostable multivibrator is triggered by pulses from opto coupler MCT2E It is wired

as Zero crossing detector The output from decade counter is given to NE555 and

this is given to the transistor BC548 It is given to the Opto isolator MOC 3021 It is

used for driving the Triac BT136 Triac is a type of thyristor Here the resistor R13

(470hm) and capacitor C7 (001microF) combination is used as snubber network for the

Triac

The Resistors R5 to R9 and capacitor C5 are used to control the pulse width When

Q0 output is high the pulse width is maximum when Q1 output is high pulse width is

decreased slightly As the pulse width decreases firing angle of the triac increases

and speed of the fan also increases By using remote control we are actually

controlling pulse width which in turn varies the firing angle of triac and there by

varying the speed of the fan

COMPONENTS LIST

1 IR Receiver Module - TSOP 1738

2 IC NE555

3 Opto Coupler - IC MCT2E

4 Opto Isolator - IC MOC 3021

5 Voltage Regulator - IC 7809

6 Decade Counter - IC CD4017

7 Transformer ndash 230(12V -0-12V)

8 Light Emitting Diode

9 Diodes - IN4148 IN 4007

10 Transistor - BC548

11 Triac - BT136

12 Resistors - 1K 100K 330Ω 47K Ω 33K 27K 20K

12K 33K 470 Ω 56 K 10 K 47 Ω

13 Capacitors - 001 microF 400V 47 microF 16V 10 microF 16V

1 microF 16V 022microF 470 micro 50V

14 Zener Diode - 51V

PCB FABRICATION________________________________________

Printed Circuit Boards play a vital role here in determining the overall performance of

the electronic equipment A good PCB design ensures that the noise introduced as a

result of component placement and track layout is held within limits while still

providing components years of assembly maintenance and performance reliability

WHERE AND WHY ARE PCBrsquoS USED

Printed circuits boards are used to route electric signals through copper track which

are firmly bonded to an insulating base

Advantages of PCB over common wiring are

1 PCBrsquos are necessary for connecting a large number of electronic components in a

very small area with minimum parasitic effects

2 PCBrsquos are simulated with mass production with less chance of writing error

3 Small components are easily mounted

4 Servicing in simplified

The base materials used for PCBrsquos are glass epoxy epoxy paper polyester etc

Copper foil used for copper clad is manufactured by the process of electronic

deposition

emsp

The properties of copper foil are

bull Thicknesshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip35μ meter

bull Thickness tolerancehelliphellip+5 μ meter

bull Purity of Copperhelliphelliphellip998

bull Resistivity at 20oChelliphellip01594

PREPARATION OF SINGLE SIDED PCB

In a single sided PCB the conductor tracks run only on one side of copper clad

board Thus crossing of conductors is not allowed Base materials are selected

according to application It is mechanically and chemically cleansed The photo resist

is an organic solution which when exposed to light of proper wavelength changes

their solubility in developer but after exposure to light is not soluble Laminate coating

of photo resist is done by

(i) Spray coating

(ii) Dip coating

(iii) Roller coating

The coated copper clad and laminated film negative is kept in intimate contact with

each other

The assembly is exposed to UV light and is rinsed in the developer tank Proper

developer has to be used for a particular photo resist and then the PCB is dyed in a

tray The dye reveals the flux to be used for a particular photo resist Then the PCB

is dyed in a tray

emsp

LAYOUT

The layout can be done either by hand or by using PCB designing software like

ORCAD or PROTEL

FABRICATION

The required circuit is designed and the layout of the circuit is done on the

component side as well as the copper clad side Spaces are provided for holes to

insert the respective components Etch resistant ink coatings are given on the

interconnecting marks

ETCHING

The copper clad PCB is etched with ferrous chloride solution containing a small

amount of Hydro Chloric Acid for increasing activeness of Ferric Chloride in etching

Wherever the varnish coating is there the copper remains Then it is washed with

water and Oxalic Acid

DRILLING

The required holes of suitable size are drilled using twist drill Now the Printed Circuit

Board(PCB) is complete and ready for soldering

emsp

SOLDERING________________________________________

Soldering is the process of joining of two metals using an alloy solder consisting of

Tin and Lead (Sn-Pb) Tin determines the melting whereas the Lead is used to

reduce the cost After the PCB fabrication is done the various components are

arranged at proper locations on the PCB and then the soldering is done All liquids

consist of particles which attract each other The surface is always trying to shrink

and this is because of surface tension The principle behind soldering is that when

liquid particles are brought in contact with the walls of the solid surface it may

happen that the solid attracts the liquid surface This property is called adhesive

property Care must be taken that the melting point of solder is below that of the

metal so that its surface is melted without melting without the metal

NEED FOR FLUX

During the soldering process the flux acts as a medium for improving the degree of

melting The basic functions of flux are mentioned below

1 Removes oxide from the surface

2 Assists the transfer of heat from the source to the joining and provides a liquid

cover including air gap

3 Removal of residue after the completion of the soldering operation

APPLICATION________________________________________

Remote controlled Fan Regulator is used to control the speed of fan from our bed

or couch

The same circuit finds its use to control the Intensity of light at various levels

This circuit also finds it use for switching ON and OFF any electronic circuit

ADVANTAGES________________________________________

This circuit is simple to use and efficient

It can be assembled with ease

It is cheap and hence very economic

It is small in size

CONCLUSION________________________________________

With the knowledge of new techniques in lsquoElectronicsrsquo we are able to make our life

more comfortable One such application of electronics is used in ldquoREMOTE

CONTROLLED FAN REGULATORrdquo

The same circuit finds its use in many more applications By this the intensity of light

can be controlled using a remote The intensity of light can be controlled in five levels

from off position to maximum intensity possible So it finds use as a night lamp by

keeping the intensity of lamp in low level

The circuit also finds its use for switching ON and OFF any electronic circuitry Our

normal TV remote can be used for all these purposes So it is very useful or a real

help to old age and sick people since they can control the speed from the place

where they are sitting

We feel that our product serves something good to this world and we like to present it

before this prosperous world

Reference httpwwwseminarprojectscomThread-remote-controlled-fan-regulator-

full-project-reportix Abstract

The paper presents a simple design and implementation of a remote controlled fan

regulator It enables the user to operate a fan regulator from approximately 10

meters away The remote transmits a tone using an infrared light-emitting diode

This tone is decoded by a receiver since the receiver only switches when the tone

is received The system was broken down into simpler functional blocks namely

infra-red transmitter infra-red sensor signal amplifier control logic sampler

control stepper output control logic load and display unit Details of each subunit

are described in the paper

Keywords

Infra-red Control Receiver Transmitter Display

Introduction

Remote control facilitates the operation of fan regulators around the home or office from

a distance It provides a system that is simple to understand and also to operate a system that

would be cheap and affordable a reliable and easy to maintain system of remote control and

durable system irrespective of usage It adds more comfort to everyday living by removing the

inconvenience of having to move around to operate a fan regulator The system seeks to develop

a system that is cost effective while not under mining the need for efficiency

The first remote control called ldquolazy bonesrdquo was developed in 1950 by Zenith

Electronics Corporation (then known as Zenith Radio Corporation) The device was developed

quickly and it was called ldquoZenith space commandrdquo the remote went into production in the fall

of 1956 becoming the first practical wireless remote control device [1]

Today remote control is a standard on other consumer electronic products including

VCRs cable and satellite boxes digital video disc players and home audio players And the most

sophisticated TV sets have remote with as many as 50 buttons In year 2000 more than 99

percent of all TV set and 100 percent of all VCR and DVD players sold are equipped with

remote controls The average individual these days probably picks up a remote control at least

once or twice a day

Basically a remote control works in the following manner A button is pressed This

completes a specific connection which produces a Morse code line signal specific to that button

The transistor amplifies the signal and sends it to the LED which translates the signal into

infrared light The sensor on the appliance detects the infrared light and reacts appropriately

The remote controlrsquos function is to wait for the user to press a key and then translate that

into infrared light signals that are received by the receiving appliance The carrier frequency of

such infrared signals is typically around 36 kHz [3] Usually the transmitter part is constructed

so that the transmitter oscillator which drives the infrared transmitter LED can be turned onoff

by applying a TTL (transistor-transistor logic) voltage on the modulation controlled input On the

receiver side a photo transistor or photodiode takes up the signals

The approach used in this work is the modular approach where the overall design was

broken into functional block diagrams where each block in the diagram represents a section of

the circuit that carries out a specific function The system was designed using 9 functional

blocks as shown in the block diagram Figure1

Figure 1 System block diagram

System design and analysis

Transmitter

The remote control device has the task of sending the infra-red signal which is received

by the infra-red sensor Itrsquos mode of operation can be better understood through the circuit

diagram shown in Figure 2

Figure 2 Circuit of remote device

At the application of voltage from the 9v battery or when the single switch is closed the

4060B oscillator IC [2] produce high and low signals on pin 6 which is feed across the base of

the 2sc945 NPN transistor [6] When the output from the oscillator is high there is a high

voltage across the base of the NPN transistor which turns it on This permits the infra-red

emitting diode to be grounded resulting in the emission of an infra-red ray When the output

from the oscillator is low there is a low voltage across the base of the NPN transistor which

turns off the switching transistor Resulting in no emission of any infra-red ray from the infra-red

emitting diode

The 4060B oscillator IC produces a stream of pulses at a frequency determined by the RC

configuration on pins 11 12 13 The frequency of oscillation is given by [4 5]

f 1 = 1(23RC) where R = 3310 3 Ω and C = 000110 -6 F

f 1 = 1(233310 3 000110 -6 ) = 1318 KHz

The pulse is connected to the base of the switching transistor (NPN 2SC945) through a

1kΩ resistor The pulse determines frequency on the infra-red beam such that itrsquos detection by

the sampler would be possible

Detection

Infra-red sensor and signal amplifier The signal from the infra-red transmitter is divided

to an infra-red sensor The sensor converts the infra-red energy into corresponding electric

current The current from the sensor diode is weak and needs extra amplification The four stage

NPN transistor amplifiers boost the intensity of the signal to a reasonable level

Figure 3 Circuit diagram of the detector

The output is fed out to a connected RC filter Such that any reasonable distortion is

simple is simply removed from the signal The signal is connected to the input of a breaking

relay The relay is designed to switch off for sometime after the signal has being sampled by the

sampler The cutoff technique eliminates any distortion or errors coming along with the

transmitted signal

Sampler

The sampler recognizes the input signal through a high logic level at its pin 13 The

incoming signal sets the input latch of the sampler and changes to a high logic from a low

logic And low The input logic 4060B is designed to reset the input latch automatically This

is to allow another input response The point is connected to the point W and also connected

to clock input of the control stepper

Control Stepper and Display Unit

The control stepper is designed to control the switching of the control relays The control

stepper has three active outputs The output directs some codes to the 4511B (7 segment

decoder) through corresponding or related diode which behave like read only memory (ROM)

The output of the display decoder visually defines the code on the seven segment display The

link is done through 270 Ω current limiting resistors

Control Unit

The control unit mainly embodies three relays Each of such receives command from the

control stepper The relay selects a specific terminal from the speed regulator inductor The

effective inductive reactance of the selected portion of the transformer adds in series to the fan

So that there is a voltage drop across the fan and therefore the speed is altered At the highest

speed the fan is directly connected to the full AC mains supply And at the lowest speed there

is a high value inductor in series with the load

The Power Section

It holds a 22012V transformer a filter capacitor (2200microF 25V) and a 5V regulator The

relays are supplied by a 12V supply from the rectifier And the regulated 5v supply from the

7805 is used for the main circuit

4017B

The 4017B is a 5-stage divided-by-10 counter with ten decoded outputs and a carryout

[2] The counter is cleared its zero count by a logical ldquo1rdquo on their reset line This counter is

advanced on the positive edge of the clock signal when the clock enable signal is in the logical

ldquo0rdquo state Its configuration permits medium speed operation and assures a hazard free counting

sequence The ten decoded outputs are normally in the logical ldquo0rdquo state only at their respective

time slut Each decoded output remains high for 1 full clock cycle The carryout signal completes

a full clock cycle for every ten clock input cycles and is used as a ripple carry signal to any

succeeding stages

It consists of two identical independent data-type flip-flops Each flip-flop has an

independent data set reset and clock inputs and Q and Q outputs These devices can be used for

shift registers and SR flip-flop applications The SR configuration is used in the circuit merely by

grounding the clock and data inputs The device has a medium speed operation

This integrated circuit is designed to convert binary coded decimal inputs into equivalent

display pattern for instance a 4-bit code of 0010 is converted to a 7-segment display a visual

information or the digit of 1 is seen through the formation of the related light emitting diode

(LED) that make up the display

The input pins are 7 1 2 and 6 And pins 3 and 4 are the control terminals which are

always connected to the positive side of the power supply The latch terminal pin 5 is normally

grounded The output pins 13 17 11 10 9 15 and 14 are connected to the terminals a b c d

e f and g of the 7-segment display

Construction and testing

To ease the construction procedures the circuitry was segmented into functional blocks

The constriction included a prototype located on a breadboard followed by the final construction

located on a Vero board On completion of the construction a thorough test and assessment of

the component connection were carried out

The following steps were followed

middot The continuity and connectivity were taken using a multimeter while the circuit was not

powered

middot The construction was tested block by block middot The measurement of capacitance current resistances and voltage were taken and compared

with design values

middot To operate the circuit the switch is held down while pointing the LED at the receiver The aim is to design a remote control that is portable in size and a receiver that responds

only to the infra-red signal transmitted by the remote control The system responds favorable and

automatically changes the fan speed The receiver-transmitter maximum distance is

approximately 10m this is the range of the transmission of the infra-red diode used It was noted

that the receiver unit was able to receive signal propagated of the distance within the range

Conclusions

One of the primary objectives of an engineer is to endeavor to deliver the best product or

the most efficient services at the lowest cost to the end user The system has being tested and was

found to meet the expected results

The aim of this work was to design and construct a remote control for a fan regulator and

the system has thus accomplished that The remote control device sends an infra-red beam

which is received by the infra-red sensor on the regulator the display on the regulator indicates a

change in fan speed and the fan also increases in speed

Recommendation

The remote controlled fan regulator was developed using infra-red This posed its

difficulties and gave certain limitation ie the infra-red sensor could not filter out surrounding

bright light Engineers trying to improve on this should work towards perfectly filtering out

bright light so that only the infra-red rays are incident on the infra-red sensor The power supply

could be improved where a step-down would not be used thereby reducing the entire size of the

project Similarly micro soldering could also be used in order to further reduce the size of the

equipment

zz1XCRQVrUg

Page 3: Remote Controlled Fan Regulator is One of The

Infrared receiver module is used for receiving the signals transmitted by the remote

control

Here TSOP 1738 is used as infrared receiver Module It is capable of receiving

signals up to 38 KHz

Monostable Multivibrator ________________________________________

A multivibrator is an electronic circuit used to implement a variety of simple two-state

systems such as oscillators timers and flip-flops A monostable multivibrator as its

name indicates has a stable state and a quasi-stable state An external trigger must

be applied to change from the stable state to the quasi-stable state

Here two NE 555 ICs are wired as monostable multivibrators The trigger to the first

multivibrator is the signals from the infrared receiver module This multivibrator is

used to delay the clock pulse of the decade counter The second multivibrator is

triggered by the opto coupler

Decade Counter ________________________________________

In digital logic and computing a counter is a device which stores (and sometimes

displays) the number of times a particular event or process has occurred often in

relationship to a clock signal Decade counter is a counter that counts through 10

states It is also known as a mod-10 counter

Here CD 4017 is used as decade counter Here actually ten outputs are there from

which five are used (Q0 to Q4) Q5 is not used and Q6 is used to reset The output of

monostable multivibrator(IC1) is used to delay the clock pulse of the decade counter

Transformer________________________________________

A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another

through inductively coupled conductors mdash the transformers coils or windings

Transformer is used here to step down the supply voltage to a level suitable for the

low voltage components

The transformer used here is a 230(12V-0-12V) step down transformer

Regulator Section ________________________________________

A voltage regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a

constant voltage level

IC 7809 is used here It is a 9V regulator It regulates the rectified 12V to 9V This 9V

is supplied to the whole circuit

Opto Coupler________________________________________

An Opto coupler is used to transmit either analog or digital information from one

voltage potential to another while maintaining isolation of potentials It is used for low

voltages

MCT2E is the opto coupler used here MCT2E is NPN silicon planar phototransistor

optically coupled to a gallium arsenide infrared emitting diode It is used to trigger the

monostable multivibrator(IC3)

Opto Isolator________________________________________

An Opto isolator is used to transmit either analog or digital information from one

voltage potential to another while maintaining isolation of the potentials Its operating

voltage is higher than that of an Opto coupler

Here MOC3021 is used as opto isolator It is used to drive the Triac BT136

Triac BT 136________________________________________

A TRIAC or TRIode for Alternating Current is an electronic component

approximately equivalent to two silicon-controlled rectifiers (SCRsthyristors) joined in

inverse parallel (paralleled but with the polarity reversed) and with their gates

connected together The formal name for a TRIAC is bidirectional triode thyristor

This results in a bidirectional electronic switch which can conduct current in either

direction when it is triggered (turned on) and thus doesnt have any polarity It can be

triggered by either a positive or a negative voltage being applied to its gate electrode

(with respect to A1 otherwise known as MT1) Once triggered the device continues

to conduct until the current through it drops below a certain threshold value the

holding current such as at the end of a half-cycle of alternating current (AC) mains

power In addition applying a trigger pulse at a controllable point in an AC cycle

allows one to control the percentage of current that flows through the TRIAC to the

load (phase control)

The triac used here is BT136 It is thyristor with a firing angle nearly 45o A snubber

circuit consisting of a resistor and capacitor is used to control the firing angle of Triac

This firing angle determines the speed of the fan

CIRCUIT DIADGRAM

(download attached file)

WORKING OF THE CIRCUIT

The 230 V from AC mains is stepped down to 12V and Regulated by IC7809

capacitor and Diodes to 9V This filtered 9V is used for providing supply to the entire

circuit Any button of remote control can be used to control the speed of the fan The

remote control produces infrared rays which is received by the TSOP infrared

receives module The TSOP used here is TSOP 1738 It is capable for receiving

signals up to 38 KHZ The infrared rays are received by the TSOP sensor and its

output is given as a trigger to the first monostable multivibrator NE 555 through a

LED and Resistor R4

This NE555 which is wired as Monostable multivibrator is used to delay the clock to

decade counter CD 4017 We can directly give the output of TSOP to decade

counter but while doing so all the small pulse or noises may also act as clock to

counter and counter starts counting The decade counter has ten outputs from Q0 to

Q9 But here we are using only Q0 to Q4 Q5 is not used and Q6 is used to reset the

counter The output of decade counter is taken through Resistors R5 to R9 The

resistor R5 to R9 and capacitor C5 controls the pulse width which is actually

determining the speed of the fan If the Q0 output is high the capacitor C5 is charged

through R5 if Q1 is high capacitor C5 is charged through R6 and so on thereby

controlling the speed of the fan accordingly Here we are controlling the speed of the

fan in five levels that is why we are taking five outputs (A0 to Q4)

Another NE 555 is used here which is also wired as monostable multivibrator This

monostable multivibrator is triggered by pulses from opto coupler MCT2E It is wired

as Zero crossing detector The output from decade counter is given to NE555 and

this is given to the transistor BC548 It is given to the Opto isolator MOC 3021 It is

used for driving the Triac BT136 Triac is a type of thyristor Here the resistor R13

(470hm) and capacitor C7 (001microF) combination is used as snubber network for the

Triac

The Resistors R5 to R9 and capacitor C5 are used to control the pulse width When

Q0 output is high the pulse width is maximum when Q1 output is high pulse width is

decreased slightly As the pulse width decreases firing angle of the triac increases

and speed of the fan also increases By using remote control we are actually

controlling pulse width which in turn varies the firing angle of triac and there by

varying the speed of the fan

COMPONENTS LIST

1 IR Receiver Module - TSOP 1738

2 IC NE555

3 Opto Coupler - IC MCT2E

4 Opto Isolator - IC MOC 3021

5 Voltage Regulator - IC 7809

6 Decade Counter - IC CD4017

7 Transformer ndash 230(12V -0-12V)

8 Light Emitting Diode

9 Diodes - IN4148 IN 4007

10 Transistor - BC548

11 Triac - BT136

12 Resistors - 1K 100K 330Ω 47K Ω 33K 27K 20K

12K 33K 470 Ω 56 K 10 K 47 Ω

13 Capacitors - 001 microF 400V 47 microF 16V 10 microF 16V

1 microF 16V 022microF 470 micro 50V

14 Zener Diode - 51V

PCB FABRICATION________________________________________

Printed Circuit Boards play a vital role here in determining the overall performance of

the electronic equipment A good PCB design ensures that the noise introduced as a

result of component placement and track layout is held within limits while still

providing components years of assembly maintenance and performance reliability

WHERE AND WHY ARE PCBrsquoS USED

Printed circuits boards are used to route electric signals through copper track which

are firmly bonded to an insulating base

Advantages of PCB over common wiring are

1 PCBrsquos are necessary for connecting a large number of electronic components in a

very small area with minimum parasitic effects

2 PCBrsquos are simulated with mass production with less chance of writing error

3 Small components are easily mounted

4 Servicing in simplified

The base materials used for PCBrsquos are glass epoxy epoxy paper polyester etc

Copper foil used for copper clad is manufactured by the process of electronic

deposition

emsp

The properties of copper foil are

bull Thicknesshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip35μ meter

bull Thickness tolerancehelliphellip+5 μ meter

bull Purity of Copperhelliphelliphellip998

bull Resistivity at 20oChelliphellip01594

PREPARATION OF SINGLE SIDED PCB

In a single sided PCB the conductor tracks run only on one side of copper clad

board Thus crossing of conductors is not allowed Base materials are selected

according to application It is mechanically and chemically cleansed The photo resist

is an organic solution which when exposed to light of proper wavelength changes

their solubility in developer but after exposure to light is not soluble Laminate coating

of photo resist is done by

(i) Spray coating

(ii) Dip coating

(iii) Roller coating

The coated copper clad and laminated film negative is kept in intimate contact with

each other

The assembly is exposed to UV light and is rinsed in the developer tank Proper

developer has to be used for a particular photo resist and then the PCB is dyed in a

tray The dye reveals the flux to be used for a particular photo resist Then the PCB

is dyed in a tray

emsp

LAYOUT

The layout can be done either by hand or by using PCB designing software like

ORCAD or PROTEL

FABRICATION

The required circuit is designed and the layout of the circuit is done on the

component side as well as the copper clad side Spaces are provided for holes to

insert the respective components Etch resistant ink coatings are given on the

interconnecting marks

ETCHING

The copper clad PCB is etched with ferrous chloride solution containing a small

amount of Hydro Chloric Acid for increasing activeness of Ferric Chloride in etching

Wherever the varnish coating is there the copper remains Then it is washed with

water and Oxalic Acid

DRILLING

The required holes of suitable size are drilled using twist drill Now the Printed Circuit

Board(PCB) is complete and ready for soldering

emsp

SOLDERING________________________________________

Soldering is the process of joining of two metals using an alloy solder consisting of

Tin and Lead (Sn-Pb) Tin determines the melting whereas the Lead is used to

reduce the cost After the PCB fabrication is done the various components are

arranged at proper locations on the PCB and then the soldering is done All liquids

consist of particles which attract each other The surface is always trying to shrink

and this is because of surface tension The principle behind soldering is that when

liquid particles are brought in contact with the walls of the solid surface it may

happen that the solid attracts the liquid surface This property is called adhesive

property Care must be taken that the melting point of solder is below that of the

metal so that its surface is melted without melting without the metal

NEED FOR FLUX

During the soldering process the flux acts as a medium for improving the degree of

melting The basic functions of flux are mentioned below

1 Removes oxide from the surface

2 Assists the transfer of heat from the source to the joining and provides a liquid

cover including air gap

3 Removal of residue after the completion of the soldering operation

APPLICATION________________________________________

Remote controlled Fan Regulator is used to control the speed of fan from our bed

or couch

The same circuit finds its use to control the Intensity of light at various levels

This circuit also finds it use for switching ON and OFF any electronic circuit

ADVANTAGES________________________________________

This circuit is simple to use and efficient

It can be assembled with ease

It is cheap and hence very economic

It is small in size

CONCLUSION________________________________________

With the knowledge of new techniques in lsquoElectronicsrsquo we are able to make our life

more comfortable One such application of electronics is used in ldquoREMOTE

CONTROLLED FAN REGULATORrdquo

The same circuit finds its use in many more applications By this the intensity of light

can be controlled using a remote The intensity of light can be controlled in five levels

from off position to maximum intensity possible So it finds use as a night lamp by

keeping the intensity of lamp in low level

The circuit also finds its use for switching ON and OFF any electronic circuitry Our

normal TV remote can be used for all these purposes So it is very useful or a real

help to old age and sick people since they can control the speed from the place

where they are sitting

We feel that our product serves something good to this world and we like to present it

before this prosperous world

Reference httpwwwseminarprojectscomThread-remote-controlled-fan-regulator-

full-project-reportix Abstract

The paper presents a simple design and implementation of a remote controlled fan

regulator It enables the user to operate a fan regulator from approximately 10

meters away The remote transmits a tone using an infrared light-emitting diode

This tone is decoded by a receiver since the receiver only switches when the tone

is received The system was broken down into simpler functional blocks namely

infra-red transmitter infra-red sensor signal amplifier control logic sampler

control stepper output control logic load and display unit Details of each subunit

are described in the paper

Keywords

Infra-red Control Receiver Transmitter Display

Introduction

Remote control facilitates the operation of fan regulators around the home or office from

a distance It provides a system that is simple to understand and also to operate a system that

would be cheap and affordable a reliable and easy to maintain system of remote control and

durable system irrespective of usage It adds more comfort to everyday living by removing the

inconvenience of having to move around to operate a fan regulator The system seeks to develop

a system that is cost effective while not under mining the need for efficiency

The first remote control called ldquolazy bonesrdquo was developed in 1950 by Zenith

Electronics Corporation (then known as Zenith Radio Corporation) The device was developed

quickly and it was called ldquoZenith space commandrdquo the remote went into production in the fall

of 1956 becoming the first practical wireless remote control device [1]

Today remote control is a standard on other consumer electronic products including

VCRs cable and satellite boxes digital video disc players and home audio players And the most

sophisticated TV sets have remote with as many as 50 buttons In year 2000 more than 99

percent of all TV set and 100 percent of all VCR and DVD players sold are equipped with

remote controls The average individual these days probably picks up a remote control at least

once or twice a day

Basically a remote control works in the following manner A button is pressed This

completes a specific connection which produces a Morse code line signal specific to that button

The transistor amplifies the signal and sends it to the LED which translates the signal into

infrared light The sensor on the appliance detects the infrared light and reacts appropriately

The remote controlrsquos function is to wait for the user to press a key and then translate that

into infrared light signals that are received by the receiving appliance The carrier frequency of

such infrared signals is typically around 36 kHz [3] Usually the transmitter part is constructed

so that the transmitter oscillator which drives the infrared transmitter LED can be turned onoff

by applying a TTL (transistor-transistor logic) voltage on the modulation controlled input On the

receiver side a photo transistor or photodiode takes up the signals

The approach used in this work is the modular approach where the overall design was

broken into functional block diagrams where each block in the diagram represents a section of

the circuit that carries out a specific function The system was designed using 9 functional

blocks as shown in the block diagram Figure1

Figure 1 System block diagram

System design and analysis

Transmitter

The remote control device has the task of sending the infra-red signal which is received

by the infra-red sensor Itrsquos mode of operation can be better understood through the circuit

diagram shown in Figure 2

Figure 2 Circuit of remote device

At the application of voltage from the 9v battery or when the single switch is closed the

4060B oscillator IC [2] produce high and low signals on pin 6 which is feed across the base of

the 2sc945 NPN transistor [6] When the output from the oscillator is high there is a high

voltage across the base of the NPN transistor which turns it on This permits the infra-red

emitting diode to be grounded resulting in the emission of an infra-red ray When the output

from the oscillator is low there is a low voltage across the base of the NPN transistor which

turns off the switching transistor Resulting in no emission of any infra-red ray from the infra-red

emitting diode

The 4060B oscillator IC produces a stream of pulses at a frequency determined by the RC

configuration on pins 11 12 13 The frequency of oscillation is given by [4 5]

f 1 = 1(23RC) where R = 3310 3 Ω and C = 000110 -6 F

f 1 = 1(233310 3 000110 -6 ) = 1318 KHz

The pulse is connected to the base of the switching transistor (NPN 2SC945) through a

1kΩ resistor The pulse determines frequency on the infra-red beam such that itrsquos detection by

the sampler would be possible

Detection

Infra-red sensor and signal amplifier The signal from the infra-red transmitter is divided

to an infra-red sensor The sensor converts the infra-red energy into corresponding electric

current The current from the sensor diode is weak and needs extra amplification The four stage

NPN transistor amplifiers boost the intensity of the signal to a reasonable level

Figure 3 Circuit diagram of the detector

The output is fed out to a connected RC filter Such that any reasonable distortion is

simple is simply removed from the signal The signal is connected to the input of a breaking

relay The relay is designed to switch off for sometime after the signal has being sampled by the

sampler The cutoff technique eliminates any distortion or errors coming along with the

transmitted signal

Sampler

The sampler recognizes the input signal through a high logic level at its pin 13 The

incoming signal sets the input latch of the sampler and changes to a high logic from a low

logic And low The input logic 4060B is designed to reset the input latch automatically This

is to allow another input response The point is connected to the point W and also connected

to clock input of the control stepper

Control Stepper and Display Unit

The control stepper is designed to control the switching of the control relays The control

stepper has three active outputs The output directs some codes to the 4511B (7 segment

decoder) through corresponding or related diode which behave like read only memory (ROM)

The output of the display decoder visually defines the code on the seven segment display The

link is done through 270 Ω current limiting resistors

Control Unit

The control unit mainly embodies three relays Each of such receives command from the

control stepper The relay selects a specific terminal from the speed regulator inductor The

effective inductive reactance of the selected portion of the transformer adds in series to the fan

So that there is a voltage drop across the fan and therefore the speed is altered At the highest

speed the fan is directly connected to the full AC mains supply And at the lowest speed there

is a high value inductor in series with the load

The Power Section

It holds a 22012V transformer a filter capacitor (2200microF 25V) and a 5V regulator The

relays are supplied by a 12V supply from the rectifier And the regulated 5v supply from the

7805 is used for the main circuit

4017B

The 4017B is a 5-stage divided-by-10 counter with ten decoded outputs and a carryout

[2] The counter is cleared its zero count by a logical ldquo1rdquo on their reset line This counter is

advanced on the positive edge of the clock signal when the clock enable signal is in the logical

ldquo0rdquo state Its configuration permits medium speed operation and assures a hazard free counting

sequence The ten decoded outputs are normally in the logical ldquo0rdquo state only at their respective

time slut Each decoded output remains high for 1 full clock cycle The carryout signal completes

a full clock cycle for every ten clock input cycles and is used as a ripple carry signal to any

succeeding stages

It consists of two identical independent data-type flip-flops Each flip-flop has an

independent data set reset and clock inputs and Q and Q outputs These devices can be used for

shift registers and SR flip-flop applications The SR configuration is used in the circuit merely by

grounding the clock and data inputs The device has a medium speed operation

This integrated circuit is designed to convert binary coded decimal inputs into equivalent

display pattern for instance a 4-bit code of 0010 is converted to a 7-segment display a visual

information or the digit of 1 is seen through the formation of the related light emitting diode

(LED) that make up the display

The input pins are 7 1 2 and 6 And pins 3 and 4 are the control terminals which are

always connected to the positive side of the power supply The latch terminal pin 5 is normally

grounded The output pins 13 17 11 10 9 15 and 14 are connected to the terminals a b c d

e f and g of the 7-segment display

Construction and testing

To ease the construction procedures the circuitry was segmented into functional blocks

The constriction included a prototype located on a breadboard followed by the final construction

located on a Vero board On completion of the construction a thorough test and assessment of

the component connection were carried out

The following steps were followed

middot The continuity and connectivity were taken using a multimeter while the circuit was not

powered

middot The construction was tested block by block middot The measurement of capacitance current resistances and voltage were taken and compared

with design values

middot To operate the circuit the switch is held down while pointing the LED at the receiver The aim is to design a remote control that is portable in size and a receiver that responds

only to the infra-red signal transmitted by the remote control The system responds favorable and

automatically changes the fan speed The receiver-transmitter maximum distance is

approximately 10m this is the range of the transmission of the infra-red diode used It was noted

that the receiver unit was able to receive signal propagated of the distance within the range

Conclusions

One of the primary objectives of an engineer is to endeavor to deliver the best product or

the most efficient services at the lowest cost to the end user The system has being tested and was

found to meet the expected results

The aim of this work was to design and construct a remote control for a fan regulator and

the system has thus accomplished that The remote control device sends an infra-red beam

which is received by the infra-red sensor on the regulator the display on the regulator indicates a

change in fan speed and the fan also increases in speed

Recommendation

The remote controlled fan regulator was developed using infra-red This posed its

difficulties and gave certain limitation ie the infra-red sensor could not filter out surrounding

bright light Engineers trying to improve on this should work towards perfectly filtering out

bright light so that only the infra-red rays are incident on the infra-red sensor The power supply

could be improved where a step-down would not be used thereby reducing the entire size of the

project Similarly micro soldering could also be used in order to further reduce the size of the

equipment

zz1XCRQVrUg

Page 4: Remote Controlled Fan Regulator is One of The

A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another

through inductively coupled conductors mdash the transformers coils or windings

Transformer is used here to step down the supply voltage to a level suitable for the

low voltage components

The transformer used here is a 230(12V-0-12V) step down transformer

Regulator Section ________________________________________

A voltage regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a

constant voltage level

IC 7809 is used here It is a 9V regulator It regulates the rectified 12V to 9V This 9V

is supplied to the whole circuit

Opto Coupler________________________________________

An Opto coupler is used to transmit either analog or digital information from one

voltage potential to another while maintaining isolation of potentials It is used for low

voltages

MCT2E is the opto coupler used here MCT2E is NPN silicon planar phototransistor

optically coupled to a gallium arsenide infrared emitting diode It is used to trigger the

monostable multivibrator(IC3)

Opto Isolator________________________________________

An Opto isolator is used to transmit either analog or digital information from one

voltage potential to another while maintaining isolation of the potentials Its operating

voltage is higher than that of an Opto coupler

Here MOC3021 is used as opto isolator It is used to drive the Triac BT136

Triac BT 136________________________________________

A TRIAC or TRIode for Alternating Current is an electronic component

approximately equivalent to two silicon-controlled rectifiers (SCRsthyristors) joined in

inverse parallel (paralleled but with the polarity reversed) and with their gates

connected together The formal name for a TRIAC is bidirectional triode thyristor

This results in a bidirectional electronic switch which can conduct current in either

direction when it is triggered (turned on) and thus doesnt have any polarity It can be

triggered by either a positive or a negative voltage being applied to its gate electrode

(with respect to A1 otherwise known as MT1) Once triggered the device continues

to conduct until the current through it drops below a certain threshold value the

holding current such as at the end of a half-cycle of alternating current (AC) mains

power In addition applying a trigger pulse at a controllable point in an AC cycle

allows one to control the percentage of current that flows through the TRIAC to the

load (phase control)

The triac used here is BT136 It is thyristor with a firing angle nearly 45o A snubber

circuit consisting of a resistor and capacitor is used to control the firing angle of Triac

This firing angle determines the speed of the fan

CIRCUIT DIADGRAM

(download attached file)

WORKING OF THE CIRCUIT

The 230 V from AC mains is stepped down to 12V and Regulated by IC7809

capacitor and Diodes to 9V This filtered 9V is used for providing supply to the entire

circuit Any button of remote control can be used to control the speed of the fan The

remote control produces infrared rays which is received by the TSOP infrared

receives module The TSOP used here is TSOP 1738 It is capable for receiving

signals up to 38 KHZ The infrared rays are received by the TSOP sensor and its

output is given as a trigger to the first monostable multivibrator NE 555 through a

LED and Resistor R4

This NE555 which is wired as Monostable multivibrator is used to delay the clock to

decade counter CD 4017 We can directly give the output of TSOP to decade

counter but while doing so all the small pulse or noises may also act as clock to

counter and counter starts counting The decade counter has ten outputs from Q0 to

Q9 But here we are using only Q0 to Q4 Q5 is not used and Q6 is used to reset the

counter The output of decade counter is taken through Resistors R5 to R9 The

resistor R5 to R9 and capacitor C5 controls the pulse width which is actually

determining the speed of the fan If the Q0 output is high the capacitor C5 is charged

through R5 if Q1 is high capacitor C5 is charged through R6 and so on thereby

controlling the speed of the fan accordingly Here we are controlling the speed of the

fan in five levels that is why we are taking five outputs (A0 to Q4)

Another NE 555 is used here which is also wired as monostable multivibrator This

monostable multivibrator is triggered by pulses from opto coupler MCT2E It is wired

as Zero crossing detector The output from decade counter is given to NE555 and

this is given to the transistor BC548 It is given to the Opto isolator MOC 3021 It is

used for driving the Triac BT136 Triac is a type of thyristor Here the resistor R13

(470hm) and capacitor C7 (001microF) combination is used as snubber network for the

Triac

The Resistors R5 to R9 and capacitor C5 are used to control the pulse width When

Q0 output is high the pulse width is maximum when Q1 output is high pulse width is

decreased slightly As the pulse width decreases firing angle of the triac increases

and speed of the fan also increases By using remote control we are actually

controlling pulse width which in turn varies the firing angle of triac and there by

varying the speed of the fan

COMPONENTS LIST

1 IR Receiver Module - TSOP 1738

2 IC NE555

3 Opto Coupler - IC MCT2E

4 Opto Isolator - IC MOC 3021

5 Voltage Regulator - IC 7809

6 Decade Counter - IC CD4017

7 Transformer ndash 230(12V -0-12V)

8 Light Emitting Diode

9 Diodes - IN4148 IN 4007

10 Transistor - BC548

11 Triac - BT136

12 Resistors - 1K 100K 330Ω 47K Ω 33K 27K 20K

12K 33K 470 Ω 56 K 10 K 47 Ω

13 Capacitors - 001 microF 400V 47 microF 16V 10 microF 16V

1 microF 16V 022microF 470 micro 50V

14 Zener Diode - 51V

PCB FABRICATION________________________________________

Printed Circuit Boards play a vital role here in determining the overall performance of

the electronic equipment A good PCB design ensures that the noise introduced as a

result of component placement and track layout is held within limits while still

providing components years of assembly maintenance and performance reliability

WHERE AND WHY ARE PCBrsquoS USED

Printed circuits boards are used to route electric signals through copper track which

are firmly bonded to an insulating base

Advantages of PCB over common wiring are

1 PCBrsquos are necessary for connecting a large number of electronic components in a

very small area with minimum parasitic effects

2 PCBrsquos are simulated with mass production with less chance of writing error

3 Small components are easily mounted

4 Servicing in simplified

The base materials used for PCBrsquos are glass epoxy epoxy paper polyester etc

Copper foil used for copper clad is manufactured by the process of electronic

deposition

emsp

The properties of copper foil are

bull Thicknesshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip35μ meter

bull Thickness tolerancehelliphellip+5 μ meter

bull Purity of Copperhelliphelliphellip998

bull Resistivity at 20oChelliphellip01594

PREPARATION OF SINGLE SIDED PCB

In a single sided PCB the conductor tracks run only on one side of copper clad

board Thus crossing of conductors is not allowed Base materials are selected

according to application It is mechanically and chemically cleansed The photo resist

is an organic solution which when exposed to light of proper wavelength changes

their solubility in developer but after exposure to light is not soluble Laminate coating

of photo resist is done by

(i) Spray coating

(ii) Dip coating

(iii) Roller coating

The coated copper clad and laminated film negative is kept in intimate contact with

each other

The assembly is exposed to UV light and is rinsed in the developer tank Proper

developer has to be used for a particular photo resist and then the PCB is dyed in a

tray The dye reveals the flux to be used for a particular photo resist Then the PCB

is dyed in a tray

emsp

LAYOUT

The layout can be done either by hand or by using PCB designing software like

ORCAD or PROTEL

FABRICATION

The required circuit is designed and the layout of the circuit is done on the

component side as well as the copper clad side Spaces are provided for holes to

insert the respective components Etch resistant ink coatings are given on the

interconnecting marks

ETCHING

The copper clad PCB is etched with ferrous chloride solution containing a small

amount of Hydro Chloric Acid for increasing activeness of Ferric Chloride in etching

Wherever the varnish coating is there the copper remains Then it is washed with

water and Oxalic Acid

DRILLING

The required holes of suitable size are drilled using twist drill Now the Printed Circuit

Board(PCB) is complete and ready for soldering

emsp

SOLDERING________________________________________

Soldering is the process of joining of two metals using an alloy solder consisting of

Tin and Lead (Sn-Pb) Tin determines the melting whereas the Lead is used to

reduce the cost After the PCB fabrication is done the various components are

arranged at proper locations on the PCB and then the soldering is done All liquids

consist of particles which attract each other The surface is always trying to shrink

and this is because of surface tension The principle behind soldering is that when

liquid particles are brought in contact with the walls of the solid surface it may

happen that the solid attracts the liquid surface This property is called adhesive

property Care must be taken that the melting point of solder is below that of the

metal so that its surface is melted without melting without the metal

NEED FOR FLUX

During the soldering process the flux acts as a medium for improving the degree of

melting The basic functions of flux are mentioned below

1 Removes oxide from the surface

2 Assists the transfer of heat from the source to the joining and provides a liquid

cover including air gap

3 Removal of residue after the completion of the soldering operation

APPLICATION________________________________________

Remote controlled Fan Regulator is used to control the speed of fan from our bed

or couch

The same circuit finds its use to control the Intensity of light at various levels

This circuit also finds it use for switching ON and OFF any electronic circuit

ADVANTAGES________________________________________

This circuit is simple to use and efficient

It can be assembled with ease

It is cheap and hence very economic

It is small in size

CONCLUSION________________________________________

With the knowledge of new techniques in lsquoElectronicsrsquo we are able to make our life

more comfortable One such application of electronics is used in ldquoREMOTE

CONTROLLED FAN REGULATORrdquo

The same circuit finds its use in many more applications By this the intensity of light

can be controlled using a remote The intensity of light can be controlled in five levels

from off position to maximum intensity possible So it finds use as a night lamp by

keeping the intensity of lamp in low level

The circuit also finds its use for switching ON and OFF any electronic circuitry Our

normal TV remote can be used for all these purposes So it is very useful or a real

help to old age and sick people since they can control the speed from the place

where they are sitting

We feel that our product serves something good to this world and we like to present it

before this prosperous world

Reference httpwwwseminarprojectscomThread-remote-controlled-fan-regulator-

full-project-reportix Abstract

The paper presents a simple design and implementation of a remote controlled fan

regulator It enables the user to operate a fan regulator from approximately 10

meters away The remote transmits a tone using an infrared light-emitting diode

This tone is decoded by a receiver since the receiver only switches when the tone

is received The system was broken down into simpler functional blocks namely

infra-red transmitter infra-red sensor signal amplifier control logic sampler

control stepper output control logic load and display unit Details of each subunit

are described in the paper

Keywords

Infra-red Control Receiver Transmitter Display

Introduction

Remote control facilitates the operation of fan regulators around the home or office from

a distance It provides a system that is simple to understand and also to operate a system that

would be cheap and affordable a reliable and easy to maintain system of remote control and

durable system irrespective of usage It adds more comfort to everyday living by removing the

inconvenience of having to move around to operate a fan regulator The system seeks to develop

a system that is cost effective while not under mining the need for efficiency

The first remote control called ldquolazy bonesrdquo was developed in 1950 by Zenith

Electronics Corporation (then known as Zenith Radio Corporation) The device was developed

quickly and it was called ldquoZenith space commandrdquo the remote went into production in the fall

of 1956 becoming the first practical wireless remote control device [1]

Today remote control is a standard on other consumer electronic products including

VCRs cable and satellite boxes digital video disc players and home audio players And the most

sophisticated TV sets have remote with as many as 50 buttons In year 2000 more than 99

percent of all TV set and 100 percent of all VCR and DVD players sold are equipped with

remote controls The average individual these days probably picks up a remote control at least

once or twice a day

Basically a remote control works in the following manner A button is pressed This

completes a specific connection which produces a Morse code line signal specific to that button

The transistor amplifies the signal and sends it to the LED which translates the signal into

infrared light The sensor on the appliance detects the infrared light and reacts appropriately

The remote controlrsquos function is to wait for the user to press a key and then translate that

into infrared light signals that are received by the receiving appliance The carrier frequency of

such infrared signals is typically around 36 kHz [3] Usually the transmitter part is constructed

so that the transmitter oscillator which drives the infrared transmitter LED can be turned onoff

by applying a TTL (transistor-transistor logic) voltage on the modulation controlled input On the

receiver side a photo transistor or photodiode takes up the signals

The approach used in this work is the modular approach where the overall design was

broken into functional block diagrams where each block in the diagram represents a section of

the circuit that carries out a specific function The system was designed using 9 functional

blocks as shown in the block diagram Figure1

Figure 1 System block diagram

System design and analysis

Transmitter

The remote control device has the task of sending the infra-red signal which is received

by the infra-red sensor Itrsquos mode of operation can be better understood through the circuit

diagram shown in Figure 2

Figure 2 Circuit of remote device

At the application of voltage from the 9v battery or when the single switch is closed the

4060B oscillator IC [2] produce high and low signals on pin 6 which is feed across the base of

the 2sc945 NPN transistor [6] When the output from the oscillator is high there is a high

voltage across the base of the NPN transistor which turns it on This permits the infra-red

emitting diode to be grounded resulting in the emission of an infra-red ray When the output

from the oscillator is low there is a low voltage across the base of the NPN transistor which

turns off the switching transistor Resulting in no emission of any infra-red ray from the infra-red

emitting diode

The 4060B oscillator IC produces a stream of pulses at a frequency determined by the RC

configuration on pins 11 12 13 The frequency of oscillation is given by [4 5]

f 1 = 1(23RC) where R = 3310 3 Ω and C = 000110 -6 F

f 1 = 1(233310 3 000110 -6 ) = 1318 KHz

The pulse is connected to the base of the switching transistor (NPN 2SC945) through a

1kΩ resistor The pulse determines frequency on the infra-red beam such that itrsquos detection by

the sampler would be possible

Detection

Infra-red sensor and signal amplifier The signal from the infra-red transmitter is divided

to an infra-red sensor The sensor converts the infra-red energy into corresponding electric

current The current from the sensor diode is weak and needs extra amplification The four stage

NPN transistor amplifiers boost the intensity of the signal to a reasonable level

Figure 3 Circuit diagram of the detector

The output is fed out to a connected RC filter Such that any reasonable distortion is

simple is simply removed from the signal The signal is connected to the input of a breaking

relay The relay is designed to switch off for sometime after the signal has being sampled by the

sampler The cutoff technique eliminates any distortion or errors coming along with the

transmitted signal

Sampler

The sampler recognizes the input signal through a high logic level at its pin 13 The

incoming signal sets the input latch of the sampler and changes to a high logic from a low

logic And low The input logic 4060B is designed to reset the input latch automatically This

is to allow another input response The point is connected to the point W and also connected

to clock input of the control stepper

Control Stepper and Display Unit

The control stepper is designed to control the switching of the control relays The control

stepper has three active outputs The output directs some codes to the 4511B (7 segment

decoder) through corresponding or related diode which behave like read only memory (ROM)

The output of the display decoder visually defines the code on the seven segment display The

link is done through 270 Ω current limiting resistors

Control Unit

The control unit mainly embodies three relays Each of such receives command from the

control stepper The relay selects a specific terminal from the speed regulator inductor The

effective inductive reactance of the selected portion of the transformer adds in series to the fan

So that there is a voltage drop across the fan and therefore the speed is altered At the highest

speed the fan is directly connected to the full AC mains supply And at the lowest speed there

is a high value inductor in series with the load

The Power Section

It holds a 22012V transformer a filter capacitor (2200microF 25V) and a 5V regulator The

relays are supplied by a 12V supply from the rectifier And the regulated 5v supply from the

7805 is used for the main circuit

4017B

The 4017B is a 5-stage divided-by-10 counter with ten decoded outputs and a carryout

[2] The counter is cleared its zero count by a logical ldquo1rdquo on their reset line This counter is

advanced on the positive edge of the clock signal when the clock enable signal is in the logical

ldquo0rdquo state Its configuration permits medium speed operation and assures a hazard free counting

sequence The ten decoded outputs are normally in the logical ldquo0rdquo state only at their respective

time slut Each decoded output remains high for 1 full clock cycle The carryout signal completes

a full clock cycle for every ten clock input cycles and is used as a ripple carry signal to any

succeeding stages

It consists of two identical independent data-type flip-flops Each flip-flop has an

independent data set reset and clock inputs and Q and Q outputs These devices can be used for

shift registers and SR flip-flop applications The SR configuration is used in the circuit merely by

grounding the clock and data inputs The device has a medium speed operation

This integrated circuit is designed to convert binary coded decimal inputs into equivalent

display pattern for instance a 4-bit code of 0010 is converted to a 7-segment display a visual

information or the digit of 1 is seen through the formation of the related light emitting diode

(LED) that make up the display

The input pins are 7 1 2 and 6 And pins 3 and 4 are the control terminals which are

always connected to the positive side of the power supply The latch terminal pin 5 is normally

grounded The output pins 13 17 11 10 9 15 and 14 are connected to the terminals a b c d

e f and g of the 7-segment display

Construction and testing

To ease the construction procedures the circuitry was segmented into functional blocks

The constriction included a prototype located on a breadboard followed by the final construction

located on a Vero board On completion of the construction a thorough test and assessment of

the component connection were carried out

The following steps were followed

middot The continuity and connectivity were taken using a multimeter while the circuit was not

powered

middot The construction was tested block by block middot The measurement of capacitance current resistances and voltage were taken and compared

with design values

middot To operate the circuit the switch is held down while pointing the LED at the receiver The aim is to design a remote control that is portable in size and a receiver that responds

only to the infra-red signal transmitted by the remote control The system responds favorable and

automatically changes the fan speed The receiver-transmitter maximum distance is

approximately 10m this is the range of the transmission of the infra-red diode used It was noted

that the receiver unit was able to receive signal propagated of the distance within the range

Conclusions

One of the primary objectives of an engineer is to endeavor to deliver the best product or

the most efficient services at the lowest cost to the end user The system has being tested and was

found to meet the expected results

The aim of this work was to design and construct a remote control for a fan regulator and

the system has thus accomplished that The remote control device sends an infra-red beam

which is received by the infra-red sensor on the regulator the display on the regulator indicates a

change in fan speed and the fan also increases in speed

Recommendation

The remote controlled fan regulator was developed using infra-red This posed its

difficulties and gave certain limitation ie the infra-red sensor could not filter out surrounding

bright light Engineers trying to improve on this should work towards perfectly filtering out

bright light so that only the infra-red rays are incident on the infra-red sensor The power supply

could be improved where a step-down would not be used thereby reducing the entire size of the

project Similarly micro soldering could also be used in order to further reduce the size of the

equipment

zz1XCRQVrUg

Page 5: Remote Controlled Fan Regulator is One of The

Here MOC3021 is used as opto isolator It is used to drive the Triac BT136

Triac BT 136________________________________________

A TRIAC or TRIode for Alternating Current is an electronic component

approximately equivalent to two silicon-controlled rectifiers (SCRsthyristors) joined in

inverse parallel (paralleled but with the polarity reversed) and with their gates

connected together The formal name for a TRIAC is bidirectional triode thyristor

This results in a bidirectional electronic switch which can conduct current in either

direction when it is triggered (turned on) and thus doesnt have any polarity It can be

triggered by either a positive or a negative voltage being applied to its gate electrode

(with respect to A1 otherwise known as MT1) Once triggered the device continues

to conduct until the current through it drops below a certain threshold value the

holding current such as at the end of a half-cycle of alternating current (AC) mains

power In addition applying a trigger pulse at a controllable point in an AC cycle

allows one to control the percentage of current that flows through the TRIAC to the

load (phase control)

The triac used here is BT136 It is thyristor with a firing angle nearly 45o A snubber

circuit consisting of a resistor and capacitor is used to control the firing angle of Triac

This firing angle determines the speed of the fan

CIRCUIT DIADGRAM

(download attached file)

WORKING OF THE CIRCUIT

The 230 V from AC mains is stepped down to 12V and Regulated by IC7809

capacitor and Diodes to 9V This filtered 9V is used for providing supply to the entire

circuit Any button of remote control can be used to control the speed of the fan The

remote control produces infrared rays which is received by the TSOP infrared

receives module The TSOP used here is TSOP 1738 It is capable for receiving

signals up to 38 KHZ The infrared rays are received by the TSOP sensor and its

output is given as a trigger to the first monostable multivibrator NE 555 through a

LED and Resistor R4

This NE555 which is wired as Monostable multivibrator is used to delay the clock to

decade counter CD 4017 We can directly give the output of TSOP to decade

counter but while doing so all the small pulse or noises may also act as clock to

counter and counter starts counting The decade counter has ten outputs from Q0 to

Q9 But here we are using only Q0 to Q4 Q5 is not used and Q6 is used to reset the

counter The output of decade counter is taken through Resistors R5 to R9 The

resistor R5 to R9 and capacitor C5 controls the pulse width which is actually

determining the speed of the fan If the Q0 output is high the capacitor C5 is charged

through R5 if Q1 is high capacitor C5 is charged through R6 and so on thereby

controlling the speed of the fan accordingly Here we are controlling the speed of the

fan in five levels that is why we are taking five outputs (A0 to Q4)

Another NE 555 is used here which is also wired as monostable multivibrator This

monostable multivibrator is triggered by pulses from opto coupler MCT2E It is wired

as Zero crossing detector The output from decade counter is given to NE555 and

this is given to the transistor BC548 It is given to the Opto isolator MOC 3021 It is

used for driving the Triac BT136 Triac is a type of thyristor Here the resistor R13

(470hm) and capacitor C7 (001microF) combination is used as snubber network for the

Triac

The Resistors R5 to R9 and capacitor C5 are used to control the pulse width When

Q0 output is high the pulse width is maximum when Q1 output is high pulse width is

decreased slightly As the pulse width decreases firing angle of the triac increases

and speed of the fan also increases By using remote control we are actually

controlling pulse width which in turn varies the firing angle of triac and there by

varying the speed of the fan

COMPONENTS LIST

1 IR Receiver Module - TSOP 1738

2 IC NE555

3 Opto Coupler - IC MCT2E

4 Opto Isolator - IC MOC 3021

5 Voltage Regulator - IC 7809

6 Decade Counter - IC CD4017

7 Transformer ndash 230(12V -0-12V)

8 Light Emitting Diode

9 Diodes - IN4148 IN 4007

10 Transistor - BC548

11 Triac - BT136

12 Resistors - 1K 100K 330Ω 47K Ω 33K 27K 20K

12K 33K 470 Ω 56 K 10 K 47 Ω

13 Capacitors - 001 microF 400V 47 microF 16V 10 microF 16V

1 microF 16V 022microF 470 micro 50V

14 Zener Diode - 51V

PCB FABRICATION________________________________________

Printed Circuit Boards play a vital role here in determining the overall performance of

the electronic equipment A good PCB design ensures that the noise introduced as a

result of component placement and track layout is held within limits while still

providing components years of assembly maintenance and performance reliability

WHERE AND WHY ARE PCBrsquoS USED

Printed circuits boards are used to route electric signals through copper track which

are firmly bonded to an insulating base

Advantages of PCB over common wiring are

1 PCBrsquos are necessary for connecting a large number of electronic components in a

very small area with minimum parasitic effects

2 PCBrsquos are simulated with mass production with less chance of writing error

3 Small components are easily mounted

4 Servicing in simplified

The base materials used for PCBrsquos are glass epoxy epoxy paper polyester etc

Copper foil used for copper clad is manufactured by the process of electronic

deposition

emsp

The properties of copper foil are

bull Thicknesshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip35μ meter

bull Thickness tolerancehelliphellip+5 μ meter

bull Purity of Copperhelliphelliphellip998

bull Resistivity at 20oChelliphellip01594

PREPARATION OF SINGLE SIDED PCB

In a single sided PCB the conductor tracks run only on one side of copper clad

board Thus crossing of conductors is not allowed Base materials are selected

according to application It is mechanically and chemically cleansed The photo resist

is an organic solution which when exposed to light of proper wavelength changes

their solubility in developer but after exposure to light is not soluble Laminate coating

of photo resist is done by

(i) Spray coating

(ii) Dip coating

(iii) Roller coating

The coated copper clad and laminated film negative is kept in intimate contact with

each other

The assembly is exposed to UV light and is rinsed in the developer tank Proper

developer has to be used for a particular photo resist and then the PCB is dyed in a

tray The dye reveals the flux to be used for a particular photo resist Then the PCB

is dyed in a tray

emsp

LAYOUT

The layout can be done either by hand or by using PCB designing software like

ORCAD or PROTEL

FABRICATION

The required circuit is designed and the layout of the circuit is done on the

component side as well as the copper clad side Spaces are provided for holes to

insert the respective components Etch resistant ink coatings are given on the

interconnecting marks

ETCHING

The copper clad PCB is etched with ferrous chloride solution containing a small

amount of Hydro Chloric Acid for increasing activeness of Ferric Chloride in etching

Wherever the varnish coating is there the copper remains Then it is washed with

water and Oxalic Acid

DRILLING

The required holes of suitable size are drilled using twist drill Now the Printed Circuit

Board(PCB) is complete and ready for soldering

emsp

SOLDERING________________________________________

Soldering is the process of joining of two metals using an alloy solder consisting of

Tin and Lead (Sn-Pb) Tin determines the melting whereas the Lead is used to

reduce the cost After the PCB fabrication is done the various components are

arranged at proper locations on the PCB and then the soldering is done All liquids

consist of particles which attract each other The surface is always trying to shrink

and this is because of surface tension The principle behind soldering is that when

liquid particles are brought in contact with the walls of the solid surface it may

happen that the solid attracts the liquid surface This property is called adhesive

property Care must be taken that the melting point of solder is below that of the

metal so that its surface is melted without melting without the metal

NEED FOR FLUX

During the soldering process the flux acts as a medium for improving the degree of

melting The basic functions of flux are mentioned below

1 Removes oxide from the surface

2 Assists the transfer of heat from the source to the joining and provides a liquid

cover including air gap

3 Removal of residue after the completion of the soldering operation

APPLICATION________________________________________

Remote controlled Fan Regulator is used to control the speed of fan from our bed

or couch

The same circuit finds its use to control the Intensity of light at various levels

This circuit also finds it use for switching ON and OFF any electronic circuit

ADVANTAGES________________________________________

This circuit is simple to use and efficient

It can be assembled with ease

It is cheap and hence very economic

It is small in size

CONCLUSION________________________________________

With the knowledge of new techniques in lsquoElectronicsrsquo we are able to make our life

more comfortable One such application of electronics is used in ldquoREMOTE

CONTROLLED FAN REGULATORrdquo

The same circuit finds its use in many more applications By this the intensity of light

can be controlled using a remote The intensity of light can be controlled in five levels

from off position to maximum intensity possible So it finds use as a night lamp by

keeping the intensity of lamp in low level

The circuit also finds its use for switching ON and OFF any electronic circuitry Our

normal TV remote can be used for all these purposes So it is very useful or a real

help to old age and sick people since they can control the speed from the place

where they are sitting

We feel that our product serves something good to this world and we like to present it

before this prosperous world

Reference httpwwwseminarprojectscomThread-remote-controlled-fan-regulator-

full-project-reportix Abstract

The paper presents a simple design and implementation of a remote controlled fan

regulator It enables the user to operate a fan regulator from approximately 10

meters away The remote transmits a tone using an infrared light-emitting diode

This tone is decoded by a receiver since the receiver only switches when the tone

is received The system was broken down into simpler functional blocks namely

infra-red transmitter infra-red sensor signal amplifier control logic sampler

control stepper output control logic load and display unit Details of each subunit

are described in the paper

Keywords

Infra-red Control Receiver Transmitter Display

Introduction

Remote control facilitates the operation of fan regulators around the home or office from

a distance It provides a system that is simple to understand and also to operate a system that

would be cheap and affordable a reliable and easy to maintain system of remote control and

durable system irrespective of usage It adds more comfort to everyday living by removing the

inconvenience of having to move around to operate a fan regulator The system seeks to develop

a system that is cost effective while not under mining the need for efficiency

The first remote control called ldquolazy bonesrdquo was developed in 1950 by Zenith

Electronics Corporation (then known as Zenith Radio Corporation) The device was developed

quickly and it was called ldquoZenith space commandrdquo the remote went into production in the fall

of 1956 becoming the first practical wireless remote control device [1]

Today remote control is a standard on other consumer electronic products including

VCRs cable and satellite boxes digital video disc players and home audio players And the most

sophisticated TV sets have remote with as many as 50 buttons In year 2000 more than 99

percent of all TV set and 100 percent of all VCR and DVD players sold are equipped with

remote controls The average individual these days probably picks up a remote control at least

once or twice a day

Basically a remote control works in the following manner A button is pressed This

completes a specific connection which produces a Morse code line signal specific to that button

The transistor amplifies the signal and sends it to the LED which translates the signal into

infrared light The sensor on the appliance detects the infrared light and reacts appropriately

The remote controlrsquos function is to wait for the user to press a key and then translate that

into infrared light signals that are received by the receiving appliance The carrier frequency of

such infrared signals is typically around 36 kHz [3] Usually the transmitter part is constructed

so that the transmitter oscillator which drives the infrared transmitter LED can be turned onoff

by applying a TTL (transistor-transistor logic) voltage on the modulation controlled input On the

receiver side a photo transistor or photodiode takes up the signals

The approach used in this work is the modular approach where the overall design was

broken into functional block diagrams where each block in the diagram represents a section of

the circuit that carries out a specific function The system was designed using 9 functional

blocks as shown in the block diagram Figure1

Figure 1 System block diagram

System design and analysis

Transmitter

The remote control device has the task of sending the infra-red signal which is received

by the infra-red sensor Itrsquos mode of operation can be better understood through the circuit

diagram shown in Figure 2

Figure 2 Circuit of remote device

At the application of voltage from the 9v battery or when the single switch is closed the

4060B oscillator IC [2] produce high and low signals on pin 6 which is feed across the base of

the 2sc945 NPN transistor [6] When the output from the oscillator is high there is a high

voltage across the base of the NPN transistor which turns it on This permits the infra-red

emitting diode to be grounded resulting in the emission of an infra-red ray When the output

from the oscillator is low there is a low voltage across the base of the NPN transistor which

turns off the switching transistor Resulting in no emission of any infra-red ray from the infra-red

emitting diode

The 4060B oscillator IC produces a stream of pulses at a frequency determined by the RC

configuration on pins 11 12 13 The frequency of oscillation is given by [4 5]

f 1 = 1(23RC) where R = 3310 3 Ω and C = 000110 -6 F

f 1 = 1(233310 3 000110 -6 ) = 1318 KHz

The pulse is connected to the base of the switching transistor (NPN 2SC945) through a

1kΩ resistor The pulse determines frequency on the infra-red beam such that itrsquos detection by

the sampler would be possible

Detection

Infra-red sensor and signal amplifier The signal from the infra-red transmitter is divided

to an infra-red sensor The sensor converts the infra-red energy into corresponding electric

current The current from the sensor diode is weak and needs extra amplification The four stage

NPN transistor amplifiers boost the intensity of the signal to a reasonable level

Figure 3 Circuit diagram of the detector

The output is fed out to a connected RC filter Such that any reasonable distortion is

simple is simply removed from the signal The signal is connected to the input of a breaking

relay The relay is designed to switch off for sometime after the signal has being sampled by the

sampler The cutoff technique eliminates any distortion or errors coming along with the

transmitted signal

Sampler

The sampler recognizes the input signal through a high logic level at its pin 13 The

incoming signal sets the input latch of the sampler and changes to a high logic from a low

logic And low The input logic 4060B is designed to reset the input latch automatically This

is to allow another input response The point is connected to the point W and also connected

to clock input of the control stepper

Control Stepper and Display Unit

The control stepper is designed to control the switching of the control relays The control

stepper has three active outputs The output directs some codes to the 4511B (7 segment

decoder) through corresponding or related diode which behave like read only memory (ROM)

The output of the display decoder visually defines the code on the seven segment display The

link is done through 270 Ω current limiting resistors

Control Unit

The control unit mainly embodies three relays Each of such receives command from the

control stepper The relay selects a specific terminal from the speed regulator inductor The

effective inductive reactance of the selected portion of the transformer adds in series to the fan

So that there is a voltage drop across the fan and therefore the speed is altered At the highest

speed the fan is directly connected to the full AC mains supply And at the lowest speed there

is a high value inductor in series with the load

The Power Section

It holds a 22012V transformer a filter capacitor (2200microF 25V) and a 5V regulator The

relays are supplied by a 12V supply from the rectifier And the regulated 5v supply from the

7805 is used for the main circuit

4017B

The 4017B is a 5-stage divided-by-10 counter with ten decoded outputs and a carryout

[2] The counter is cleared its zero count by a logical ldquo1rdquo on their reset line This counter is

advanced on the positive edge of the clock signal when the clock enable signal is in the logical

ldquo0rdquo state Its configuration permits medium speed operation and assures a hazard free counting

sequence The ten decoded outputs are normally in the logical ldquo0rdquo state only at their respective

time slut Each decoded output remains high for 1 full clock cycle The carryout signal completes

a full clock cycle for every ten clock input cycles and is used as a ripple carry signal to any

succeeding stages

It consists of two identical independent data-type flip-flops Each flip-flop has an

independent data set reset and clock inputs and Q and Q outputs These devices can be used for

shift registers and SR flip-flop applications The SR configuration is used in the circuit merely by

grounding the clock and data inputs The device has a medium speed operation

This integrated circuit is designed to convert binary coded decimal inputs into equivalent

display pattern for instance a 4-bit code of 0010 is converted to a 7-segment display a visual

information or the digit of 1 is seen through the formation of the related light emitting diode

(LED) that make up the display

The input pins are 7 1 2 and 6 And pins 3 and 4 are the control terminals which are

always connected to the positive side of the power supply The latch terminal pin 5 is normally

grounded The output pins 13 17 11 10 9 15 and 14 are connected to the terminals a b c d

e f and g of the 7-segment display

Construction and testing

To ease the construction procedures the circuitry was segmented into functional blocks

The constriction included a prototype located on a breadboard followed by the final construction

located on a Vero board On completion of the construction a thorough test and assessment of

the component connection were carried out

The following steps were followed

middot The continuity and connectivity were taken using a multimeter while the circuit was not

powered

middot The construction was tested block by block middot The measurement of capacitance current resistances and voltage were taken and compared

with design values

middot To operate the circuit the switch is held down while pointing the LED at the receiver The aim is to design a remote control that is portable in size and a receiver that responds

only to the infra-red signal transmitted by the remote control The system responds favorable and

automatically changes the fan speed The receiver-transmitter maximum distance is

approximately 10m this is the range of the transmission of the infra-red diode used It was noted

that the receiver unit was able to receive signal propagated of the distance within the range

Conclusions

One of the primary objectives of an engineer is to endeavor to deliver the best product or

the most efficient services at the lowest cost to the end user The system has being tested and was

found to meet the expected results

The aim of this work was to design and construct a remote control for a fan regulator and

the system has thus accomplished that The remote control device sends an infra-red beam

which is received by the infra-red sensor on the regulator the display on the regulator indicates a

change in fan speed and the fan also increases in speed

Recommendation

The remote controlled fan regulator was developed using infra-red This posed its

difficulties and gave certain limitation ie the infra-red sensor could not filter out surrounding

bright light Engineers trying to improve on this should work towards perfectly filtering out

bright light so that only the infra-red rays are incident on the infra-red sensor The power supply

could be improved where a step-down would not be used thereby reducing the entire size of the

project Similarly micro soldering could also be used in order to further reduce the size of the

equipment

zz1XCRQVrUg

Page 6: Remote Controlled Fan Regulator is One of The

receives module The TSOP used here is TSOP 1738 It is capable for receiving

signals up to 38 KHZ The infrared rays are received by the TSOP sensor and its

output is given as a trigger to the first monostable multivibrator NE 555 through a

LED and Resistor R4

This NE555 which is wired as Monostable multivibrator is used to delay the clock to

decade counter CD 4017 We can directly give the output of TSOP to decade

counter but while doing so all the small pulse or noises may also act as clock to

counter and counter starts counting The decade counter has ten outputs from Q0 to

Q9 But here we are using only Q0 to Q4 Q5 is not used and Q6 is used to reset the

counter The output of decade counter is taken through Resistors R5 to R9 The

resistor R5 to R9 and capacitor C5 controls the pulse width which is actually

determining the speed of the fan If the Q0 output is high the capacitor C5 is charged

through R5 if Q1 is high capacitor C5 is charged through R6 and so on thereby

controlling the speed of the fan accordingly Here we are controlling the speed of the

fan in five levels that is why we are taking five outputs (A0 to Q4)

Another NE 555 is used here which is also wired as monostable multivibrator This

monostable multivibrator is triggered by pulses from opto coupler MCT2E It is wired

as Zero crossing detector The output from decade counter is given to NE555 and

this is given to the transistor BC548 It is given to the Opto isolator MOC 3021 It is

used for driving the Triac BT136 Triac is a type of thyristor Here the resistor R13

(470hm) and capacitor C7 (001microF) combination is used as snubber network for the

Triac

The Resistors R5 to R9 and capacitor C5 are used to control the pulse width When

Q0 output is high the pulse width is maximum when Q1 output is high pulse width is

decreased slightly As the pulse width decreases firing angle of the triac increases

and speed of the fan also increases By using remote control we are actually

controlling pulse width which in turn varies the firing angle of triac and there by

varying the speed of the fan

COMPONENTS LIST

1 IR Receiver Module - TSOP 1738

2 IC NE555

3 Opto Coupler - IC MCT2E

4 Opto Isolator - IC MOC 3021

5 Voltage Regulator - IC 7809

6 Decade Counter - IC CD4017

7 Transformer ndash 230(12V -0-12V)

8 Light Emitting Diode

9 Diodes - IN4148 IN 4007

10 Transistor - BC548

11 Triac - BT136

12 Resistors - 1K 100K 330Ω 47K Ω 33K 27K 20K

12K 33K 470 Ω 56 K 10 K 47 Ω

13 Capacitors - 001 microF 400V 47 microF 16V 10 microF 16V

1 microF 16V 022microF 470 micro 50V

14 Zener Diode - 51V

PCB FABRICATION________________________________________

Printed Circuit Boards play a vital role here in determining the overall performance of

the electronic equipment A good PCB design ensures that the noise introduced as a

result of component placement and track layout is held within limits while still

providing components years of assembly maintenance and performance reliability

WHERE AND WHY ARE PCBrsquoS USED

Printed circuits boards are used to route electric signals through copper track which

are firmly bonded to an insulating base

Advantages of PCB over common wiring are

1 PCBrsquos are necessary for connecting a large number of electronic components in a

very small area with minimum parasitic effects

2 PCBrsquos are simulated with mass production with less chance of writing error

3 Small components are easily mounted

4 Servicing in simplified

The base materials used for PCBrsquos are glass epoxy epoxy paper polyester etc

Copper foil used for copper clad is manufactured by the process of electronic

deposition

emsp

The properties of copper foil are

bull Thicknesshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip35μ meter

bull Thickness tolerancehelliphellip+5 μ meter

bull Purity of Copperhelliphelliphellip998

bull Resistivity at 20oChelliphellip01594

PREPARATION OF SINGLE SIDED PCB

In a single sided PCB the conductor tracks run only on one side of copper clad

board Thus crossing of conductors is not allowed Base materials are selected

according to application It is mechanically and chemically cleansed The photo resist

is an organic solution which when exposed to light of proper wavelength changes

their solubility in developer but after exposure to light is not soluble Laminate coating

of photo resist is done by

(i) Spray coating

(ii) Dip coating

(iii) Roller coating

The coated copper clad and laminated film negative is kept in intimate contact with

each other

The assembly is exposed to UV light and is rinsed in the developer tank Proper

developer has to be used for a particular photo resist and then the PCB is dyed in a

tray The dye reveals the flux to be used for a particular photo resist Then the PCB

is dyed in a tray

emsp

LAYOUT

The layout can be done either by hand or by using PCB designing software like

ORCAD or PROTEL

FABRICATION

The required circuit is designed and the layout of the circuit is done on the

component side as well as the copper clad side Spaces are provided for holes to

insert the respective components Etch resistant ink coatings are given on the

interconnecting marks

ETCHING

The copper clad PCB is etched with ferrous chloride solution containing a small

amount of Hydro Chloric Acid for increasing activeness of Ferric Chloride in etching

Wherever the varnish coating is there the copper remains Then it is washed with

water and Oxalic Acid

DRILLING

The required holes of suitable size are drilled using twist drill Now the Printed Circuit

Board(PCB) is complete and ready for soldering

emsp

SOLDERING________________________________________

Soldering is the process of joining of two metals using an alloy solder consisting of

Tin and Lead (Sn-Pb) Tin determines the melting whereas the Lead is used to

reduce the cost After the PCB fabrication is done the various components are

arranged at proper locations on the PCB and then the soldering is done All liquids

consist of particles which attract each other The surface is always trying to shrink

and this is because of surface tension The principle behind soldering is that when

liquid particles are brought in contact with the walls of the solid surface it may

happen that the solid attracts the liquid surface This property is called adhesive

property Care must be taken that the melting point of solder is below that of the

metal so that its surface is melted without melting without the metal

NEED FOR FLUX

During the soldering process the flux acts as a medium for improving the degree of

melting The basic functions of flux are mentioned below

1 Removes oxide from the surface

2 Assists the transfer of heat from the source to the joining and provides a liquid

cover including air gap

3 Removal of residue after the completion of the soldering operation

APPLICATION________________________________________

Remote controlled Fan Regulator is used to control the speed of fan from our bed

or couch

The same circuit finds its use to control the Intensity of light at various levels

This circuit also finds it use for switching ON and OFF any electronic circuit

ADVANTAGES________________________________________

This circuit is simple to use and efficient

It can be assembled with ease

It is cheap and hence very economic

It is small in size

CONCLUSION________________________________________

With the knowledge of new techniques in lsquoElectronicsrsquo we are able to make our life

more comfortable One such application of electronics is used in ldquoREMOTE

CONTROLLED FAN REGULATORrdquo

The same circuit finds its use in many more applications By this the intensity of light

can be controlled using a remote The intensity of light can be controlled in five levels

from off position to maximum intensity possible So it finds use as a night lamp by

keeping the intensity of lamp in low level

The circuit also finds its use for switching ON and OFF any electronic circuitry Our

normal TV remote can be used for all these purposes So it is very useful or a real

help to old age and sick people since they can control the speed from the place

where they are sitting

We feel that our product serves something good to this world and we like to present it

before this prosperous world

Reference httpwwwseminarprojectscomThread-remote-controlled-fan-regulator-

full-project-reportix Abstract

The paper presents a simple design and implementation of a remote controlled fan

regulator It enables the user to operate a fan regulator from approximately 10

meters away The remote transmits a tone using an infrared light-emitting diode

This tone is decoded by a receiver since the receiver only switches when the tone

is received The system was broken down into simpler functional blocks namely

infra-red transmitter infra-red sensor signal amplifier control logic sampler

control stepper output control logic load and display unit Details of each subunit

are described in the paper

Keywords

Infra-red Control Receiver Transmitter Display

Introduction

Remote control facilitates the operation of fan regulators around the home or office from

a distance It provides a system that is simple to understand and also to operate a system that

would be cheap and affordable a reliable and easy to maintain system of remote control and

durable system irrespective of usage It adds more comfort to everyday living by removing the

inconvenience of having to move around to operate a fan regulator The system seeks to develop

a system that is cost effective while not under mining the need for efficiency

The first remote control called ldquolazy bonesrdquo was developed in 1950 by Zenith

Electronics Corporation (then known as Zenith Radio Corporation) The device was developed

quickly and it was called ldquoZenith space commandrdquo the remote went into production in the fall

of 1956 becoming the first practical wireless remote control device [1]

Today remote control is a standard on other consumer electronic products including

VCRs cable and satellite boxes digital video disc players and home audio players And the most

sophisticated TV sets have remote with as many as 50 buttons In year 2000 more than 99

percent of all TV set and 100 percent of all VCR and DVD players sold are equipped with

remote controls The average individual these days probably picks up a remote control at least

once or twice a day

Basically a remote control works in the following manner A button is pressed This

completes a specific connection which produces a Morse code line signal specific to that button

The transistor amplifies the signal and sends it to the LED which translates the signal into

infrared light The sensor on the appliance detects the infrared light and reacts appropriately

The remote controlrsquos function is to wait for the user to press a key and then translate that

into infrared light signals that are received by the receiving appliance The carrier frequency of

such infrared signals is typically around 36 kHz [3] Usually the transmitter part is constructed

so that the transmitter oscillator which drives the infrared transmitter LED can be turned onoff

by applying a TTL (transistor-transistor logic) voltage on the modulation controlled input On the

receiver side a photo transistor or photodiode takes up the signals

The approach used in this work is the modular approach where the overall design was

broken into functional block diagrams where each block in the diagram represents a section of

the circuit that carries out a specific function The system was designed using 9 functional

blocks as shown in the block diagram Figure1

Figure 1 System block diagram

System design and analysis

Transmitter

The remote control device has the task of sending the infra-red signal which is received

by the infra-red sensor Itrsquos mode of operation can be better understood through the circuit

diagram shown in Figure 2

Figure 2 Circuit of remote device

At the application of voltage from the 9v battery or when the single switch is closed the

4060B oscillator IC [2] produce high and low signals on pin 6 which is feed across the base of

the 2sc945 NPN transistor [6] When the output from the oscillator is high there is a high

voltage across the base of the NPN transistor which turns it on This permits the infra-red

emitting diode to be grounded resulting in the emission of an infra-red ray When the output

from the oscillator is low there is a low voltage across the base of the NPN transistor which

turns off the switching transistor Resulting in no emission of any infra-red ray from the infra-red

emitting diode

The 4060B oscillator IC produces a stream of pulses at a frequency determined by the RC

configuration on pins 11 12 13 The frequency of oscillation is given by [4 5]

f 1 = 1(23RC) where R = 3310 3 Ω and C = 000110 -6 F

f 1 = 1(233310 3 000110 -6 ) = 1318 KHz

The pulse is connected to the base of the switching transistor (NPN 2SC945) through a

1kΩ resistor The pulse determines frequency on the infra-red beam such that itrsquos detection by

the sampler would be possible

Detection

Infra-red sensor and signal amplifier The signal from the infra-red transmitter is divided

to an infra-red sensor The sensor converts the infra-red energy into corresponding electric

current The current from the sensor diode is weak and needs extra amplification The four stage

NPN transistor amplifiers boost the intensity of the signal to a reasonable level

Figure 3 Circuit diagram of the detector

The output is fed out to a connected RC filter Such that any reasonable distortion is

simple is simply removed from the signal The signal is connected to the input of a breaking

relay The relay is designed to switch off for sometime after the signal has being sampled by the

sampler The cutoff technique eliminates any distortion or errors coming along with the

transmitted signal

Sampler

The sampler recognizes the input signal through a high logic level at its pin 13 The

incoming signal sets the input latch of the sampler and changes to a high logic from a low

logic And low The input logic 4060B is designed to reset the input latch automatically This

is to allow another input response The point is connected to the point W and also connected

to clock input of the control stepper

Control Stepper and Display Unit

The control stepper is designed to control the switching of the control relays The control

stepper has three active outputs The output directs some codes to the 4511B (7 segment

decoder) through corresponding or related diode which behave like read only memory (ROM)

The output of the display decoder visually defines the code on the seven segment display The

link is done through 270 Ω current limiting resistors

Control Unit

The control unit mainly embodies three relays Each of such receives command from the

control stepper The relay selects a specific terminal from the speed regulator inductor The

effective inductive reactance of the selected portion of the transformer adds in series to the fan

So that there is a voltage drop across the fan and therefore the speed is altered At the highest

speed the fan is directly connected to the full AC mains supply And at the lowest speed there

is a high value inductor in series with the load

The Power Section

It holds a 22012V transformer a filter capacitor (2200microF 25V) and a 5V regulator The

relays are supplied by a 12V supply from the rectifier And the regulated 5v supply from the

7805 is used for the main circuit

4017B

The 4017B is a 5-stage divided-by-10 counter with ten decoded outputs and a carryout

[2] The counter is cleared its zero count by a logical ldquo1rdquo on their reset line This counter is

advanced on the positive edge of the clock signal when the clock enable signal is in the logical

ldquo0rdquo state Its configuration permits medium speed operation and assures a hazard free counting

sequence The ten decoded outputs are normally in the logical ldquo0rdquo state only at their respective

time slut Each decoded output remains high for 1 full clock cycle The carryout signal completes

a full clock cycle for every ten clock input cycles and is used as a ripple carry signal to any

succeeding stages

It consists of two identical independent data-type flip-flops Each flip-flop has an

independent data set reset and clock inputs and Q and Q outputs These devices can be used for

shift registers and SR flip-flop applications The SR configuration is used in the circuit merely by

grounding the clock and data inputs The device has a medium speed operation

This integrated circuit is designed to convert binary coded decimal inputs into equivalent

display pattern for instance a 4-bit code of 0010 is converted to a 7-segment display a visual

information or the digit of 1 is seen through the formation of the related light emitting diode

(LED) that make up the display

The input pins are 7 1 2 and 6 And pins 3 and 4 are the control terminals which are

always connected to the positive side of the power supply The latch terminal pin 5 is normally

grounded The output pins 13 17 11 10 9 15 and 14 are connected to the terminals a b c d

e f and g of the 7-segment display

Construction and testing

To ease the construction procedures the circuitry was segmented into functional blocks

The constriction included a prototype located on a breadboard followed by the final construction

located on a Vero board On completion of the construction a thorough test and assessment of

the component connection were carried out

The following steps were followed

middot The continuity and connectivity were taken using a multimeter while the circuit was not

powered

middot The construction was tested block by block middot The measurement of capacitance current resistances and voltage were taken and compared

with design values

middot To operate the circuit the switch is held down while pointing the LED at the receiver The aim is to design a remote control that is portable in size and a receiver that responds

only to the infra-red signal transmitted by the remote control The system responds favorable and

automatically changes the fan speed The receiver-transmitter maximum distance is

approximately 10m this is the range of the transmission of the infra-red diode used It was noted

that the receiver unit was able to receive signal propagated of the distance within the range

Conclusions

One of the primary objectives of an engineer is to endeavor to deliver the best product or

the most efficient services at the lowest cost to the end user The system has being tested and was

found to meet the expected results

The aim of this work was to design and construct a remote control for a fan regulator and

the system has thus accomplished that The remote control device sends an infra-red beam

which is received by the infra-red sensor on the regulator the display on the regulator indicates a

change in fan speed and the fan also increases in speed

Recommendation

The remote controlled fan regulator was developed using infra-red This posed its

difficulties and gave certain limitation ie the infra-red sensor could not filter out surrounding

bright light Engineers trying to improve on this should work towards perfectly filtering out

bright light so that only the infra-red rays are incident on the infra-red sensor The power supply

could be improved where a step-down would not be used thereby reducing the entire size of the

project Similarly micro soldering could also be used in order to further reduce the size of the

equipment

zz1XCRQVrUg

Page 7: Remote Controlled Fan Regulator is One of The

1 IR Receiver Module - TSOP 1738

2 IC NE555

3 Opto Coupler - IC MCT2E

4 Opto Isolator - IC MOC 3021

5 Voltage Regulator - IC 7809

6 Decade Counter - IC CD4017

7 Transformer ndash 230(12V -0-12V)

8 Light Emitting Diode

9 Diodes - IN4148 IN 4007

10 Transistor - BC548

11 Triac - BT136

12 Resistors - 1K 100K 330Ω 47K Ω 33K 27K 20K

12K 33K 470 Ω 56 K 10 K 47 Ω

13 Capacitors - 001 microF 400V 47 microF 16V 10 microF 16V

1 microF 16V 022microF 470 micro 50V

14 Zener Diode - 51V

PCB FABRICATION________________________________________

Printed Circuit Boards play a vital role here in determining the overall performance of

the electronic equipment A good PCB design ensures that the noise introduced as a

result of component placement and track layout is held within limits while still

providing components years of assembly maintenance and performance reliability

WHERE AND WHY ARE PCBrsquoS USED

Printed circuits boards are used to route electric signals through copper track which

are firmly bonded to an insulating base

Advantages of PCB over common wiring are

1 PCBrsquos are necessary for connecting a large number of electronic components in a

very small area with minimum parasitic effects

2 PCBrsquos are simulated with mass production with less chance of writing error

3 Small components are easily mounted

4 Servicing in simplified

The base materials used for PCBrsquos are glass epoxy epoxy paper polyester etc

Copper foil used for copper clad is manufactured by the process of electronic

deposition

emsp

The properties of copper foil are

bull Thicknesshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip35μ meter

bull Thickness tolerancehelliphellip+5 μ meter

bull Purity of Copperhelliphelliphellip998

bull Resistivity at 20oChelliphellip01594

PREPARATION OF SINGLE SIDED PCB

In a single sided PCB the conductor tracks run only on one side of copper clad

board Thus crossing of conductors is not allowed Base materials are selected

according to application It is mechanically and chemically cleansed The photo resist

is an organic solution which when exposed to light of proper wavelength changes

their solubility in developer but after exposure to light is not soluble Laminate coating

of photo resist is done by

(i) Spray coating

(ii) Dip coating

(iii) Roller coating

The coated copper clad and laminated film negative is kept in intimate contact with

each other

The assembly is exposed to UV light and is rinsed in the developer tank Proper

developer has to be used for a particular photo resist and then the PCB is dyed in a

tray The dye reveals the flux to be used for a particular photo resist Then the PCB

is dyed in a tray

emsp

LAYOUT

The layout can be done either by hand or by using PCB designing software like

ORCAD or PROTEL

FABRICATION

The required circuit is designed and the layout of the circuit is done on the

component side as well as the copper clad side Spaces are provided for holes to

insert the respective components Etch resistant ink coatings are given on the

interconnecting marks

ETCHING

The copper clad PCB is etched with ferrous chloride solution containing a small

amount of Hydro Chloric Acid for increasing activeness of Ferric Chloride in etching

Wherever the varnish coating is there the copper remains Then it is washed with

water and Oxalic Acid

DRILLING

The required holes of suitable size are drilled using twist drill Now the Printed Circuit

Board(PCB) is complete and ready for soldering

emsp

SOLDERING________________________________________

Soldering is the process of joining of two metals using an alloy solder consisting of

Tin and Lead (Sn-Pb) Tin determines the melting whereas the Lead is used to

reduce the cost After the PCB fabrication is done the various components are

arranged at proper locations on the PCB and then the soldering is done All liquids

consist of particles which attract each other The surface is always trying to shrink

and this is because of surface tension The principle behind soldering is that when

liquid particles are brought in contact with the walls of the solid surface it may

happen that the solid attracts the liquid surface This property is called adhesive

property Care must be taken that the melting point of solder is below that of the

metal so that its surface is melted without melting without the metal

NEED FOR FLUX

During the soldering process the flux acts as a medium for improving the degree of

melting The basic functions of flux are mentioned below

1 Removes oxide from the surface

2 Assists the transfer of heat from the source to the joining and provides a liquid

cover including air gap

3 Removal of residue after the completion of the soldering operation

APPLICATION________________________________________

Remote controlled Fan Regulator is used to control the speed of fan from our bed

or couch

The same circuit finds its use to control the Intensity of light at various levels

This circuit also finds it use for switching ON and OFF any electronic circuit

ADVANTAGES________________________________________

This circuit is simple to use and efficient

It can be assembled with ease

It is cheap and hence very economic

It is small in size

CONCLUSION________________________________________

With the knowledge of new techniques in lsquoElectronicsrsquo we are able to make our life

more comfortable One such application of electronics is used in ldquoREMOTE

CONTROLLED FAN REGULATORrdquo

The same circuit finds its use in many more applications By this the intensity of light

can be controlled using a remote The intensity of light can be controlled in five levels

from off position to maximum intensity possible So it finds use as a night lamp by

keeping the intensity of lamp in low level

The circuit also finds its use for switching ON and OFF any electronic circuitry Our

normal TV remote can be used for all these purposes So it is very useful or a real

help to old age and sick people since they can control the speed from the place

where they are sitting

We feel that our product serves something good to this world and we like to present it

before this prosperous world

Reference httpwwwseminarprojectscomThread-remote-controlled-fan-regulator-

full-project-reportix Abstract

The paper presents a simple design and implementation of a remote controlled fan

regulator It enables the user to operate a fan regulator from approximately 10

meters away The remote transmits a tone using an infrared light-emitting diode

This tone is decoded by a receiver since the receiver only switches when the tone

is received The system was broken down into simpler functional blocks namely

infra-red transmitter infra-red sensor signal amplifier control logic sampler

control stepper output control logic load and display unit Details of each subunit

are described in the paper

Keywords

Infra-red Control Receiver Transmitter Display

Introduction

Remote control facilitates the operation of fan regulators around the home or office from

a distance It provides a system that is simple to understand and also to operate a system that

would be cheap and affordable a reliable and easy to maintain system of remote control and

durable system irrespective of usage It adds more comfort to everyday living by removing the

inconvenience of having to move around to operate a fan regulator The system seeks to develop

a system that is cost effective while not under mining the need for efficiency

The first remote control called ldquolazy bonesrdquo was developed in 1950 by Zenith

Electronics Corporation (then known as Zenith Radio Corporation) The device was developed

quickly and it was called ldquoZenith space commandrdquo the remote went into production in the fall

of 1956 becoming the first practical wireless remote control device [1]

Today remote control is a standard on other consumer electronic products including

VCRs cable and satellite boxes digital video disc players and home audio players And the most

sophisticated TV sets have remote with as many as 50 buttons In year 2000 more than 99

percent of all TV set and 100 percent of all VCR and DVD players sold are equipped with

remote controls The average individual these days probably picks up a remote control at least

once or twice a day

Basically a remote control works in the following manner A button is pressed This

completes a specific connection which produces a Morse code line signal specific to that button

The transistor amplifies the signal and sends it to the LED which translates the signal into

infrared light The sensor on the appliance detects the infrared light and reacts appropriately

The remote controlrsquos function is to wait for the user to press a key and then translate that

into infrared light signals that are received by the receiving appliance The carrier frequency of

such infrared signals is typically around 36 kHz [3] Usually the transmitter part is constructed

so that the transmitter oscillator which drives the infrared transmitter LED can be turned onoff

by applying a TTL (transistor-transistor logic) voltage on the modulation controlled input On the

receiver side a photo transistor or photodiode takes up the signals

The approach used in this work is the modular approach where the overall design was

broken into functional block diagrams where each block in the diagram represents a section of

the circuit that carries out a specific function The system was designed using 9 functional

blocks as shown in the block diagram Figure1

Figure 1 System block diagram

System design and analysis

Transmitter

The remote control device has the task of sending the infra-red signal which is received

by the infra-red sensor Itrsquos mode of operation can be better understood through the circuit

diagram shown in Figure 2

Figure 2 Circuit of remote device

At the application of voltage from the 9v battery or when the single switch is closed the

4060B oscillator IC [2] produce high and low signals on pin 6 which is feed across the base of

the 2sc945 NPN transistor [6] When the output from the oscillator is high there is a high

voltage across the base of the NPN transistor which turns it on This permits the infra-red

emitting diode to be grounded resulting in the emission of an infra-red ray When the output

from the oscillator is low there is a low voltage across the base of the NPN transistor which

turns off the switching transistor Resulting in no emission of any infra-red ray from the infra-red

emitting diode

The 4060B oscillator IC produces a stream of pulses at a frequency determined by the RC

configuration on pins 11 12 13 The frequency of oscillation is given by [4 5]

f 1 = 1(23RC) where R = 3310 3 Ω and C = 000110 -6 F

f 1 = 1(233310 3 000110 -6 ) = 1318 KHz

The pulse is connected to the base of the switching transistor (NPN 2SC945) through a

1kΩ resistor The pulse determines frequency on the infra-red beam such that itrsquos detection by

the sampler would be possible

Detection

Infra-red sensor and signal amplifier The signal from the infra-red transmitter is divided

to an infra-red sensor The sensor converts the infra-red energy into corresponding electric

current The current from the sensor diode is weak and needs extra amplification The four stage

NPN transistor amplifiers boost the intensity of the signal to a reasonable level

Figure 3 Circuit diagram of the detector

The output is fed out to a connected RC filter Such that any reasonable distortion is

simple is simply removed from the signal The signal is connected to the input of a breaking

relay The relay is designed to switch off for sometime after the signal has being sampled by the

sampler The cutoff technique eliminates any distortion or errors coming along with the

transmitted signal

Sampler

The sampler recognizes the input signal through a high logic level at its pin 13 The

incoming signal sets the input latch of the sampler and changes to a high logic from a low

logic And low The input logic 4060B is designed to reset the input latch automatically This

is to allow another input response The point is connected to the point W and also connected

to clock input of the control stepper

Control Stepper and Display Unit

The control stepper is designed to control the switching of the control relays The control

stepper has three active outputs The output directs some codes to the 4511B (7 segment

decoder) through corresponding or related diode which behave like read only memory (ROM)

The output of the display decoder visually defines the code on the seven segment display The

link is done through 270 Ω current limiting resistors

Control Unit

The control unit mainly embodies three relays Each of such receives command from the

control stepper The relay selects a specific terminal from the speed regulator inductor The

effective inductive reactance of the selected portion of the transformer adds in series to the fan

So that there is a voltage drop across the fan and therefore the speed is altered At the highest

speed the fan is directly connected to the full AC mains supply And at the lowest speed there

is a high value inductor in series with the load

The Power Section

It holds a 22012V transformer a filter capacitor (2200microF 25V) and a 5V regulator The

relays are supplied by a 12V supply from the rectifier And the regulated 5v supply from the

7805 is used for the main circuit

4017B

The 4017B is a 5-stage divided-by-10 counter with ten decoded outputs and a carryout

[2] The counter is cleared its zero count by a logical ldquo1rdquo on their reset line This counter is

advanced on the positive edge of the clock signal when the clock enable signal is in the logical

ldquo0rdquo state Its configuration permits medium speed operation and assures a hazard free counting

sequence The ten decoded outputs are normally in the logical ldquo0rdquo state only at their respective

time slut Each decoded output remains high for 1 full clock cycle The carryout signal completes

a full clock cycle for every ten clock input cycles and is used as a ripple carry signal to any

succeeding stages

It consists of two identical independent data-type flip-flops Each flip-flop has an

independent data set reset and clock inputs and Q and Q outputs These devices can be used for

shift registers and SR flip-flop applications The SR configuration is used in the circuit merely by

grounding the clock and data inputs The device has a medium speed operation

This integrated circuit is designed to convert binary coded decimal inputs into equivalent

display pattern for instance a 4-bit code of 0010 is converted to a 7-segment display a visual

information or the digit of 1 is seen through the formation of the related light emitting diode

(LED) that make up the display

The input pins are 7 1 2 and 6 And pins 3 and 4 are the control terminals which are

always connected to the positive side of the power supply The latch terminal pin 5 is normally

grounded The output pins 13 17 11 10 9 15 and 14 are connected to the terminals a b c d

e f and g of the 7-segment display

Construction and testing

To ease the construction procedures the circuitry was segmented into functional blocks

The constriction included a prototype located on a breadboard followed by the final construction

located on a Vero board On completion of the construction a thorough test and assessment of

the component connection were carried out

The following steps were followed

middot The continuity and connectivity were taken using a multimeter while the circuit was not

powered

middot The construction was tested block by block middot The measurement of capacitance current resistances and voltage were taken and compared

with design values

middot To operate the circuit the switch is held down while pointing the LED at the receiver The aim is to design a remote control that is portable in size and a receiver that responds

only to the infra-red signal transmitted by the remote control The system responds favorable and

automatically changes the fan speed The receiver-transmitter maximum distance is

approximately 10m this is the range of the transmission of the infra-red diode used It was noted

that the receiver unit was able to receive signal propagated of the distance within the range

Conclusions

One of the primary objectives of an engineer is to endeavor to deliver the best product or

the most efficient services at the lowest cost to the end user The system has being tested and was

found to meet the expected results

The aim of this work was to design and construct a remote control for a fan regulator and

the system has thus accomplished that The remote control device sends an infra-red beam

which is received by the infra-red sensor on the regulator the display on the regulator indicates a

change in fan speed and the fan also increases in speed

Recommendation

The remote controlled fan regulator was developed using infra-red This posed its

difficulties and gave certain limitation ie the infra-red sensor could not filter out surrounding

bright light Engineers trying to improve on this should work towards perfectly filtering out

bright light so that only the infra-red rays are incident on the infra-red sensor The power supply

could be improved where a step-down would not be used thereby reducing the entire size of the

project Similarly micro soldering could also be used in order to further reduce the size of the

equipment

zz1XCRQVrUg

Page 8: Remote Controlled Fan Regulator is One of The

Copper foil used for copper clad is manufactured by the process of electronic

deposition

emsp

The properties of copper foil are

bull Thicknesshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip35μ meter

bull Thickness tolerancehelliphellip+5 μ meter

bull Purity of Copperhelliphelliphellip998

bull Resistivity at 20oChelliphellip01594

PREPARATION OF SINGLE SIDED PCB

In a single sided PCB the conductor tracks run only on one side of copper clad

board Thus crossing of conductors is not allowed Base materials are selected

according to application It is mechanically and chemically cleansed The photo resist

is an organic solution which when exposed to light of proper wavelength changes

their solubility in developer but after exposure to light is not soluble Laminate coating

of photo resist is done by

(i) Spray coating

(ii) Dip coating

(iii) Roller coating

The coated copper clad and laminated film negative is kept in intimate contact with

each other

The assembly is exposed to UV light and is rinsed in the developer tank Proper

developer has to be used for a particular photo resist and then the PCB is dyed in a

tray The dye reveals the flux to be used for a particular photo resist Then the PCB

is dyed in a tray

emsp

LAYOUT

The layout can be done either by hand or by using PCB designing software like

ORCAD or PROTEL

FABRICATION

The required circuit is designed and the layout of the circuit is done on the

component side as well as the copper clad side Spaces are provided for holes to

insert the respective components Etch resistant ink coatings are given on the

interconnecting marks

ETCHING

The copper clad PCB is etched with ferrous chloride solution containing a small

amount of Hydro Chloric Acid for increasing activeness of Ferric Chloride in etching

Wherever the varnish coating is there the copper remains Then it is washed with

water and Oxalic Acid

DRILLING

The required holes of suitable size are drilled using twist drill Now the Printed Circuit

Board(PCB) is complete and ready for soldering

emsp

SOLDERING________________________________________

Soldering is the process of joining of two metals using an alloy solder consisting of

Tin and Lead (Sn-Pb) Tin determines the melting whereas the Lead is used to

reduce the cost After the PCB fabrication is done the various components are

arranged at proper locations on the PCB and then the soldering is done All liquids

consist of particles which attract each other The surface is always trying to shrink

and this is because of surface tension The principle behind soldering is that when

liquid particles are brought in contact with the walls of the solid surface it may

happen that the solid attracts the liquid surface This property is called adhesive

property Care must be taken that the melting point of solder is below that of the

metal so that its surface is melted without melting without the metal

NEED FOR FLUX

During the soldering process the flux acts as a medium for improving the degree of

melting The basic functions of flux are mentioned below

1 Removes oxide from the surface

2 Assists the transfer of heat from the source to the joining and provides a liquid

cover including air gap

3 Removal of residue after the completion of the soldering operation

APPLICATION________________________________________

Remote controlled Fan Regulator is used to control the speed of fan from our bed

or couch

The same circuit finds its use to control the Intensity of light at various levels

This circuit also finds it use for switching ON and OFF any electronic circuit

ADVANTAGES________________________________________

This circuit is simple to use and efficient

It can be assembled with ease

It is cheap and hence very economic

It is small in size

CONCLUSION________________________________________

With the knowledge of new techniques in lsquoElectronicsrsquo we are able to make our life

more comfortable One such application of electronics is used in ldquoREMOTE

CONTROLLED FAN REGULATORrdquo

The same circuit finds its use in many more applications By this the intensity of light

can be controlled using a remote The intensity of light can be controlled in five levels

from off position to maximum intensity possible So it finds use as a night lamp by

keeping the intensity of lamp in low level

The circuit also finds its use for switching ON and OFF any electronic circuitry Our

normal TV remote can be used for all these purposes So it is very useful or a real

help to old age and sick people since they can control the speed from the place

where they are sitting

We feel that our product serves something good to this world and we like to present it

before this prosperous world

Reference httpwwwseminarprojectscomThread-remote-controlled-fan-regulator-

full-project-reportix Abstract

The paper presents a simple design and implementation of a remote controlled fan

regulator It enables the user to operate a fan regulator from approximately 10

meters away The remote transmits a tone using an infrared light-emitting diode

This tone is decoded by a receiver since the receiver only switches when the tone

is received The system was broken down into simpler functional blocks namely

infra-red transmitter infra-red sensor signal amplifier control logic sampler

control stepper output control logic load and display unit Details of each subunit

are described in the paper

Keywords

Infra-red Control Receiver Transmitter Display

Introduction

Remote control facilitates the operation of fan regulators around the home or office from

a distance It provides a system that is simple to understand and also to operate a system that

would be cheap and affordable a reliable and easy to maintain system of remote control and

durable system irrespective of usage It adds more comfort to everyday living by removing the

inconvenience of having to move around to operate a fan regulator The system seeks to develop

a system that is cost effective while not under mining the need for efficiency

The first remote control called ldquolazy bonesrdquo was developed in 1950 by Zenith

Electronics Corporation (then known as Zenith Radio Corporation) The device was developed

quickly and it was called ldquoZenith space commandrdquo the remote went into production in the fall

of 1956 becoming the first practical wireless remote control device [1]

Today remote control is a standard on other consumer electronic products including

VCRs cable and satellite boxes digital video disc players and home audio players And the most

sophisticated TV sets have remote with as many as 50 buttons In year 2000 more than 99

percent of all TV set and 100 percent of all VCR and DVD players sold are equipped with

remote controls The average individual these days probably picks up a remote control at least

once or twice a day

Basically a remote control works in the following manner A button is pressed This

completes a specific connection which produces a Morse code line signal specific to that button

The transistor amplifies the signal and sends it to the LED which translates the signal into

infrared light The sensor on the appliance detects the infrared light and reacts appropriately

The remote controlrsquos function is to wait for the user to press a key and then translate that

into infrared light signals that are received by the receiving appliance The carrier frequency of

such infrared signals is typically around 36 kHz [3] Usually the transmitter part is constructed

so that the transmitter oscillator which drives the infrared transmitter LED can be turned onoff

by applying a TTL (transistor-transistor logic) voltage on the modulation controlled input On the

receiver side a photo transistor or photodiode takes up the signals

The approach used in this work is the modular approach where the overall design was

broken into functional block diagrams where each block in the diagram represents a section of

the circuit that carries out a specific function The system was designed using 9 functional

blocks as shown in the block diagram Figure1

Figure 1 System block diagram

System design and analysis

Transmitter

The remote control device has the task of sending the infra-red signal which is received

by the infra-red sensor Itrsquos mode of operation can be better understood through the circuit

diagram shown in Figure 2

Figure 2 Circuit of remote device

At the application of voltage from the 9v battery or when the single switch is closed the

4060B oscillator IC [2] produce high and low signals on pin 6 which is feed across the base of

the 2sc945 NPN transistor [6] When the output from the oscillator is high there is a high

voltage across the base of the NPN transistor which turns it on This permits the infra-red

emitting diode to be grounded resulting in the emission of an infra-red ray When the output

from the oscillator is low there is a low voltage across the base of the NPN transistor which

turns off the switching transistor Resulting in no emission of any infra-red ray from the infra-red

emitting diode

The 4060B oscillator IC produces a stream of pulses at a frequency determined by the RC

configuration on pins 11 12 13 The frequency of oscillation is given by [4 5]

f 1 = 1(23RC) where R = 3310 3 Ω and C = 000110 -6 F

f 1 = 1(233310 3 000110 -6 ) = 1318 KHz

The pulse is connected to the base of the switching transistor (NPN 2SC945) through a

1kΩ resistor The pulse determines frequency on the infra-red beam such that itrsquos detection by

the sampler would be possible

Detection

Infra-red sensor and signal amplifier The signal from the infra-red transmitter is divided

to an infra-red sensor The sensor converts the infra-red energy into corresponding electric

current The current from the sensor diode is weak and needs extra amplification The four stage

NPN transistor amplifiers boost the intensity of the signal to a reasonable level

Figure 3 Circuit diagram of the detector

The output is fed out to a connected RC filter Such that any reasonable distortion is

simple is simply removed from the signal The signal is connected to the input of a breaking

relay The relay is designed to switch off for sometime after the signal has being sampled by the

sampler The cutoff technique eliminates any distortion or errors coming along with the

transmitted signal

Sampler

The sampler recognizes the input signal through a high logic level at its pin 13 The

incoming signal sets the input latch of the sampler and changes to a high logic from a low

logic And low The input logic 4060B is designed to reset the input latch automatically This

is to allow another input response The point is connected to the point W and also connected

to clock input of the control stepper

Control Stepper and Display Unit

The control stepper is designed to control the switching of the control relays The control

stepper has three active outputs The output directs some codes to the 4511B (7 segment

decoder) through corresponding or related diode which behave like read only memory (ROM)

The output of the display decoder visually defines the code on the seven segment display The

link is done through 270 Ω current limiting resistors

Control Unit

The control unit mainly embodies three relays Each of such receives command from the

control stepper The relay selects a specific terminal from the speed regulator inductor The

effective inductive reactance of the selected portion of the transformer adds in series to the fan

So that there is a voltage drop across the fan and therefore the speed is altered At the highest

speed the fan is directly connected to the full AC mains supply And at the lowest speed there

is a high value inductor in series with the load

The Power Section

It holds a 22012V transformer a filter capacitor (2200microF 25V) and a 5V regulator The

relays are supplied by a 12V supply from the rectifier And the regulated 5v supply from the

7805 is used for the main circuit

4017B

The 4017B is a 5-stage divided-by-10 counter with ten decoded outputs and a carryout

[2] The counter is cleared its zero count by a logical ldquo1rdquo on their reset line This counter is

advanced on the positive edge of the clock signal when the clock enable signal is in the logical

ldquo0rdquo state Its configuration permits medium speed operation and assures a hazard free counting

sequence The ten decoded outputs are normally in the logical ldquo0rdquo state only at their respective

time slut Each decoded output remains high for 1 full clock cycle The carryout signal completes

a full clock cycle for every ten clock input cycles and is used as a ripple carry signal to any

succeeding stages

It consists of two identical independent data-type flip-flops Each flip-flop has an

independent data set reset and clock inputs and Q and Q outputs These devices can be used for

shift registers and SR flip-flop applications The SR configuration is used in the circuit merely by

grounding the clock and data inputs The device has a medium speed operation

This integrated circuit is designed to convert binary coded decimal inputs into equivalent

display pattern for instance a 4-bit code of 0010 is converted to a 7-segment display a visual

information or the digit of 1 is seen through the formation of the related light emitting diode

(LED) that make up the display

The input pins are 7 1 2 and 6 And pins 3 and 4 are the control terminals which are

always connected to the positive side of the power supply The latch terminal pin 5 is normally

grounded The output pins 13 17 11 10 9 15 and 14 are connected to the terminals a b c d

e f and g of the 7-segment display

Construction and testing

To ease the construction procedures the circuitry was segmented into functional blocks

The constriction included a prototype located on a breadboard followed by the final construction

located on a Vero board On completion of the construction a thorough test and assessment of

the component connection were carried out

The following steps were followed

middot The continuity and connectivity were taken using a multimeter while the circuit was not

powered

middot The construction was tested block by block middot The measurement of capacitance current resistances and voltage were taken and compared

with design values

middot To operate the circuit the switch is held down while pointing the LED at the receiver The aim is to design a remote control that is portable in size and a receiver that responds

only to the infra-red signal transmitted by the remote control The system responds favorable and

automatically changes the fan speed The receiver-transmitter maximum distance is

approximately 10m this is the range of the transmission of the infra-red diode used It was noted

that the receiver unit was able to receive signal propagated of the distance within the range

Conclusions

One of the primary objectives of an engineer is to endeavor to deliver the best product or

the most efficient services at the lowest cost to the end user The system has being tested and was

found to meet the expected results

The aim of this work was to design and construct a remote control for a fan regulator and

the system has thus accomplished that The remote control device sends an infra-red beam

which is received by the infra-red sensor on the regulator the display on the regulator indicates a

change in fan speed and the fan also increases in speed

Recommendation

The remote controlled fan regulator was developed using infra-red This posed its

difficulties and gave certain limitation ie the infra-red sensor could not filter out surrounding

bright light Engineers trying to improve on this should work towards perfectly filtering out

bright light so that only the infra-red rays are incident on the infra-red sensor The power supply

could be improved where a step-down would not be used thereby reducing the entire size of the

project Similarly micro soldering could also be used in order to further reduce the size of the

equipment

zz1XCRQVrUg

Page 9: Remote Controlled Fan Regulator is One of The

insert the respective components Etch resistant ink coatings are given on the

interconnecting marks

ETCHING

The copper clad PCB is etched with ferrous chloride solution containing a small

amount of Hydro Chloric Acid for increasing activeness of Ferric Chloride in etching

Wherever the varnish coating is there the copper remains Then it is washed with

water and Oxalic Acid

DRILLING

The required holes of suitable size are drilled using twist drill Now the Printed Circuit

Board(PCB) is complete and ready for soldering

emsp

SOLDERING________________________________________

Soldering is the process of joining of two metals using an alloy solder consisting of

Tin and Lead (Sn-Pb) Tin determines the melting whereas the Lead is used to

reduce the cost After the PCB fabrication is done the various components are

arranged at proper locations on the PCB and then the soldering is done All liquids

consist of particles which attract each other The surface is always trying to shrink

and this is because of surface tension The principle behind soldering is that when

liquid particles are brought in contact with the walls of the solid surface it may

happen that the solid attracts the liquid surface This property is called adhesive

property Care must be taken that the melting point of solder is below that of the

metal so that its surface is melted without melting without the metal

NEED FOR FLUX

During the soldering process the flux acts as a medium for improving the degree of

melting The basic functions of flux are mentioned below

1 Removes oxide from the surface

2 Assists the transfer of heat from the source to the joining and provides a liquid

cover including air gap

3 Removal of residue after the completion of the soldering operation

APPLICATION________________________________________

Remote controlled Fan Regulator is used to control the speed of fan from our bed

or couch

The same circuit finds its use to control the Intensity of light at various levels

This circuit also finds it use for switching ON and OFF any electronic circuit

ADVANTAGES________________________________________

This circuit is simple to use and efficient

It can be assembled with ease

It is cheap and hence very economic

It is small in size

CONCLUSION________________________________________

With the knowledge of new techniques in lsquoElectronicsrsquo we are able to make our life

more comfortable One such application of electronics is used in ldquoREMOTE

CONTROLLED FAN REGULATORrdquo

The same circuit finds its use in many more applications By this the intensity of light

can be controlled using a remote The intensity of light can be controlled in five levels

from off position to maximum intensity possible So it finds use as a night lamp by

keeping the intensity of lamp in low level

The circuit also finds its use for switching ON and OFF any electronic circuitry Our

normal TV remote can be used for all these purposes So it is very useful or a real

help to old age and sick people since they can control the speed from the place

where they are sitting

We feel that our product serves something good to this world and we like to present it

before this prosperous world

Reference httpwwwseminarprojectscomThread-remote-controlled-fan-regulator-

full-project-reportix Abstract

The paper presents a simple design and implementation of a remote controlled fan

regulator It enables the user to operate a fan regulator from approximately 10

meters away The remote transmits a tone using an infrared light-emitting diode

This tone is decoded by a receiver since the receiver only switches when the tone

is received The system was broken down into simpler functional blocks namely

infra-red transmitter infra-red sensor signal amplifier control logic sampler

control stepper output control logic load and display unit Details of each subunit

are described in the paper

Keywords

Infra-red Control Receiver Transmitter Display

Introduction

Remote control facilitates the operation of fan regulators around the home or office from

a distance It provides a system that is simple to understand and also to operate a system that

would be cheap and affordable a reliable and easy to maintain system of remote control and

durable system irrespective of usage It adds more comfort to everyday living by removing the

inconvenience of having to move around to operate a fan regulator The system seeks to develop

a system that is cost effective while not under mining the need for efficiency

The first remote control called ldquolazy bonesrdquo was developed in 1950 by Zenith

Electronics Corporation (then known as Zenith Radio Corporation) The device was developed

quickly and it was called ldquoZenith space commandrdquo the remote went into production in the fall

of 1956 becoming the first practical wireless remote control device [1]

Today remote control is a standard on other consumer electronic products including

VCRs cable and satellite boxes digital video disc players and home audio players And the most

sophisticated TV sets have remote with as many as 50 buttons In year 2000 more than 99

percent of all TV set and 100 percent of all VCR and DVD players sold are equipped with

remote controls The average individual these days probably picks up a remote control at least

once or twice a day

Basically a remote control works in the following manner A button is pressed This

completes a specific connection which produces a Morse code line signal specific to that button

The transistor amplifies the signal and sends it to the LED which translates the signal into

infrared light The sensor on the appliance detects the infrared light and reacts appropriately

The remote controlrsquos function is to wait for the user to press a key and then translate that

into infrared light signals that are received by the receiving appliance The carrier frequency of

such infrared signals is typically around 36 kHz [3] Usually the transmitter part is constructed

so that the transmitter oscillator which drives the infrared transmitter LED can be turned onoff

by applying a TTL (transistor-transistor logic) voltage on the modulation controlled input On the

receiver side a photo transistor or photodiode takes up the signals

The approach used in this work is the modular approach where the overall design was

broken into functional block diagrams where each block in the diagram represents a section of

the circuit that carries out a specific function The system was designed using 9 functional

blocks as shown in the block diagram Figure1

Figure 1 System block diagram

System design and analysis

Transmitter

The remote control device has the task of sending the infra-red signal which is received

by the infra-red sensor Itrsquos mode of operation can be better understood through the circuit

diagram shown in Figure 2

Figure 2 Circuit of remote device

At the application of voltage from the 9v battery or when the single switch is closed the

4060B oscillator IC [2] produce high and low signals on pin 6 which is feed across the base of

the 2sc945 NPN transistor [6] When the output from the oscillator is high there is a high

voltage across the base of the NPN transistor which turns it on This permits the infra-red

emitting diode to be grounded resulting in the emission of an infra-red ray When the output

from the oscillator is low there is a low voltage across the base of the NPN transistor which

turns off the switching transistor Resulting in no emission of any infra-red ray from the infra-red

emitting diode

The 4060B oscillator IC produces a stream of pulses at a frequency determined by the RC

configuration on pins 11 12 13 The frequency of oscillation is given by [4 5]

f 1 = 1(23RC) where R = 3310 3 Ω and C = 000110 -6 F

f 1 = 1(233310 3 000110 -6 ) = 1318 KHz

The pulse is connected to the base of the switching transistor (NPN 2SC945) through a

1kΩ resistor The pulse determines frequency on the infra-red beam such that itrsquos detection by

the sampler would be possible

Detection

Infra-red sensor and signal amplifier The signal from the infra-red transmitter is divided

to an infra-red sensor The sensor converts the infra-red energy into corresponding electric

current The current from the sensor diode is weak and needs extra amplification The four stage

NPN transistor amplifiers boost the intensity of the signal to a reasonable level

Figure 3 Circuit diagram of the detector

The output is fed out to a connected RC filter Such that any reasonable distortion is

simple is simply removed from the signal The signal is connected to the input of a breaking

relay The relay is designed to switch off for sometime after the signal has being sampled by the

sampler The cutoff technique eliminates any distortion or errors coming along with the

transmitted signal

Sampler

The sampler recognizes the input signal through a high logic level at its pin 13 The

incoming signal sets the input latch of the sampler and changes to a high logic from a low

logic And low The input logic 4060B is designed to reset the input latch automatically This

is to allow another input response The point is connected to the point W and also connected

to clock input of the control stepper

Control Stepper and Display Unit

The control stepper is designed to control the switching of the control relays The control

stepper has three active outputs The output directs some codes to the 4511B (7 segment

decoder) through corresponding or related diode which behave like read only memory (ROM)

The output of the display decoder visually defines the code on the seven segment display The

link is done through 270 Ω current limiting resistors

Control Unit

The control unit mainly embodies three relays Each of such receives command from the

control stepper The relay selects a specific terminal from the speed regulator inductor The

effective inductive reactance of the selected portion of the transformer adds in series to the fan

So that there is a voltage drop across the fan and therefore the speed is altered At the highest

speed the fan is directly connected to the full AC mains supply And at the lowest speed there

is a high value inductor in series with the load

The Power Section

It holds a 22012V transformer a filter capacitor (2200microF 25V) and a 5V regulator The

relays are supplied by a 12V supply from the rectifier And the regulated 5v supply from the

7805 is used for the main circuit

4017B

The 4017B is a 5-stage divided-by-10 counter with ten decoded outputs and a carryout

[2] The counter is cleared its zero count by a logical ldquo1rdquo on their reset line This counter is

advanced on the positive edge of the clock signal when the clock enable signal is in the logical

ldquo0rdquo state Its configuration permits medium speed operation and assures a hazard free counting

sequence The ten decoded outputs are normally in the logical ldquo0rdquo state only at their respective

time slut Each decoded output remains high for 1 full clock cycle The carryout signal completes

a full clock cycle for every ten clock input cycles and is used as a ripple carry signal to any

succeeding stages

It consists of two identical independent data-type flip-flops Each flip-flop has an

independent data set reset and clock inputs and Q and Q outputs These devices can be used for

shift registers and SR flip-flop applications The SR configuration is used in the circuit merely by

grounding the clock and data inputs The device has a medium speed operation

This integrated circuit is designed to convert binary coded decimal inputs into equivalent

display pattern for instance a 4-bit code of 0010 is converted to a 7-segment display a visual

information or the digit of 1 is seen through the formation of the related light emitting diode

(LED) that make up the display

The input pins are 7 1 2 and 6 And pins 3 and 4 are the control terminals which are

always connected to the positive side of the power supply The latch terminal pin 5 is normally

grounded The output pins 13 17 11 10 9 15 and 14 are connected to the terminals a b c d

e f and g of the 7-segment display

Construction and testing

To ease the construction procedures the circuitry was segmented into functional blocks

The constriction included a prototype located on a breadboard followed by the final construction

located on a Vero board On completion of the construction a thorough test and assessment of

the component connection were carried out

The following steps were followed

middot The continuity and connectivity were taken using a multimeter while the circuit was not

powered

middot The construction was tested block by block middot The measurement of capacitance current resistances and voltage were taken and compared

with design values

middot To operate the circuit the switch is held down while pointing the LED at the receiver The aim is to design a remote control that is portable in size and a receiver that responds

only to the infra-red signal transmitted by the remote control The system responds favorable and

automatically changes the fan speed The receiver-transmitter maximum distance is

approximately 10m this is the range of the transmission of the infra-red diode used It was noted

that the receiver unit was able to receive signal propagated of the distance within the range

Conclusions

One of the primary objectives of an engineer is to endeavor to deliver the best product or

the most efficient services at the lowest cost to the end user The system has being tested and was

found to meet the expected results

The aim of this work was to design and construct a remote control for a fan regulator and

the system has thus accomplished that The remote control device sends an infra-red beam

which is received by the infra-red sensor on the regulator the display on the regulator indicates a

change in fan speed and the fan also increases in speed

Recommendation

The remote controlled fan regulator was developed using infra-red This posed its

difficulties and gave certain limitation ie the infra-red sensor could not filter out surrounding

bright light Engineers trying to improve on this should work towards perfectly filtering out

bright light so that only the infra-red rays are incident on the infra-red sensor The power supply

could be improved where a step-down would not be used thereby reducing the entire size of the

project Similarly micro soldering could also be used in order to further reduce the size of the

equipment

zz1XCRQVrUg

Page 10: Remote Controlled Fan Regulator is One of The

Remote controlled Fan Regulator is used to control the speed of fan from our bed

or couch

The same circuit finds its use to control the Intensity of light at various levels

This circuit also finds it use for switching ON and OFF any electronic circuit

ADVANTAGES________________________________________

This circuit is simple to use and efficient

It can be assembled with ease

It is cheap and hence very economic

It is small in size

CONCLUSION________________________________________

With the knowledge of new techniques in lsquoElectronicsrsquo we are able to make our life

more comfortable One such application of electronics is used in ldquoREMOTE

CONTROLLED FAN REGULATORrdquo

The same circuit finds its use in many more applications By this the intensity of light

can be controlled using a remote The intensity of light can be controlled in five levels

from off position to maximum intensity possible So it finds use as a night lamp by

keeping the intensity of lamp in low level

The circuit also finds its use for switching ON and OFF any electronic circuitry Our

normal TV remote can be used for all these purposes So it is very useful or a real

help to old age and sick people since they can control the speed from the place

where they are sitting

We feel that our product serves something good to this world and we like to present it

before this prosperous world

Reference httpwwwseminarprojectscomThread-remote-controlled-fan-regulator-

full-project-reportix Abstract

The paper presents a simple design and implementation of a remote controlled fan

regulator It enables the user to operate a fan regulator from approximately 10

meters away The remote transmits a tone using an infrared light-emitting diode

This tone is decoded by a receiver since the receiver only switches when the tone

is received The system was broken down into simpler functional blocks namely

infra-red transmitter infra-red sensor signal amplifier control logic sampler

control stepper output control logic load and display unit Details of each subunit

are described in the paper

Keywords

Infra-red Control Receiver Transmitter Display

Introduction

Remote control facilitates the operation of fan regulators around the home or office from

a distance It provides a system that is simple to understand and also to operate a system that

would be cheap and affordable a reliable and easy to maintain system of remote control and

durable system irrespective of usage It adds more comfort to everyday living by removing the

inconvenience of having to move around to operate a fan regulator The system seeks to develop

a system that is cost effective while not under mining the need for efficiency

The first remote control called ldquolazy bonesrdquo was developed in 1950 by Zenith

Electronics Corporation (then known as Zenith Radio Corporation) The device was developed

quickly and it was called ldquoZenith space commandrdquo the remote went into production in the fall

of 1956 becoming the first practical wireless remote control device [1]

Today remote control is a standard on other consumer electronic products including

VCRs cable and satellite boxes digital video disc players and home audio players And the most

sophisticated TV sets have remote with as many as 50 buttons In year 2000 more than 99

percent of all TV set and 100 percent of all VCR and DVD players sold are equipped with

remote controls The average individual these days probably picks up a remote control at least

once or twice a day

Basically a remote control works in the following manner A button is pressed This

completes a specific connection which produces a Morse code line signal specific to that button

The transistor amplifies the signal and sends it to the LED which translates the signal into

infrared light The sensor on the appliance detects the infrared light and reacts appropriately

The remote controlrsquos function is to wait for the user to press a key and then translate that

into infrared light signals that are received by the receiving appliance The carrier frequency of

such infrared signals is typically around 36 kHz [3] Usually the transmitter part is constructed

so that the transmitter oscillator which drives the infrared transmitter LED can be turned onoff

by applying a TTL (transistor-transistor logic) voltage on the modulation controlled input On the

receiver side a photo transistor or photodiode takes up the signals

The approach used in this work is the modular approach where the overall design was

broken into functional block diagrams where each block in the diagram represents a section of

the circuit that carries out a specific function The system was designed using 9 functional

blocks as shown in the block diagram Figure1

Figure 1 System block diagram

System design and analysis

Transmitter

The remote control device has the task of sending the infra-red signal which is received

by the infra-red sensor Itrsquos mode of operation can be better understood through the circuit

diagram shown in Figure 2

Figure 2 Circuit of remote device

At the application of voltage from the 9v battery or when the single switch is closed the

4060B oscillator IC [2] produce high and low signals on pin 6 which is feed across the base of

the 2sc945 NPN transistor [6] When the output from the oscillator is high there is a high

voltage across the base of the NPN transistor which turns it on This permits the infra-red

emitting diode to be grounded resulting in the emission of an infra-red ray When the output

from the oscillator is low there is a low voltage across the base of the NPN transistor which

turns off the switching transistor Resulting in no emission of any infra-red ray from the infra-red

emitting diode

The 4060B oscillator IC produces a stream of pulses at a frequency determined by the RC

configuration on pins 11 12 13 The frequency of oscillation is given by [4 5]

f 1 = 1(23RC) where R = 3310 3 Ω and C = 000110 -6 F

f 1 = 1(233310 3 000110 -6 ) = 1318 KHz

The pulse is connected to the base of the switching transistor (NPN 2SC945) through a

1kΩ resistor The pulse determines frequency on the infra-red beam such that itrsquos detection by

the sampler would be possible

Detection

Infra-red sensor and signal amplifier The signal from the infra-red transmitter is divided

to an infra-red sensor The sensor converts the infra-red energy into corresponding electric

current The current from the sensor diode is weak and needs extra amplification The four stage

NPN transistor amplifiers boost the intensity of the signal to a reasonable level

Figure 3 Circuit diagram of the detector

The output is fed out to a connected RC filter Such that any reasonable distortion is

simple is simply removed from the signal The signal is connected to the input of a breaking

relay The relay is designed to switch off for sometime after the signal has being sampled by the

sampler The cutoff technique eliminates any distortion or errors coming along with the

transmitted signal

Sampler

The sampler recognizes the input signal through a high logic level at its pin 13 The

incoming signal sets the input latch of the sampler and changes to a high logic from a low

logic And low The input logic 4060B is designed to reset the input latch automatically This

is to allow another input response The point is connected to the point W and also connected

to clock input of the control stepper

Control Stepper and Display Unit

The control stepper is designed to control the switching of the control relays The control

stepper has three active outputs The output directs some codes to the 4511B (7 segment

decoder) through corresponding or related diode which behave like read only memory (ROM)

The output of the display decoder visually defines the code on the seven segment display The

link is done through 270 Ω current limiting resistors

Control Unit

The control unit mainly embodies three relays Each of such receives command from the

control stepper The relay selects a specific terminal from the speed regulator inductor The

effective inductive reactance of the selected portion of the transformer adds in series to the fan

So that there is a voltage drop across the fan and therefore the speed is altered At the highest

speed the fan is directly connected to the full AC mains supply And at the lowest speed there

is a high value inductor in series with the load

The Power Section

It holds a 22012V transformer a filter capacitor (2200microF 25V) and a 5V regulator The

relays are supplied by a 12V supply from the rectifier And the regulated 5v supply from the

7805 is used for the main circuit

4017B

The 4017B is a 5-stage divided-by-10 counter with ten decoded outputs and a carryout

[2] The counter is cleared its zero count by a logical ldquo1rdquo on their reset line This counter is

advanced on the positive edge of the clock signal when the clock enable signal is in the logical

ldquo0rdquo state Its configuration permits medium speed operation and assures a hazard free counting

sequence The ten decoded outputs are normally in the logical ldquo0rdquo state only at their respective

time slut Each decoded output remains high for 1 full clock cycle The carryout signal completes

a full clock cycle for every ten clock input cycles and is used as a ripple carry signal to any

succeeding stages

It consists of two identical independent data-type flip-flops Each flip-flop has an

independent data set reset and clock inputs and Q and Q outputs These devices can be used for

shift registers and SR flip-flop applications The SR configuration is used in the circuit merely by

grounding the clock and data inputs The device has a medium speed operation

This integrated circuit is designed to convert binary coded decimal inputs into equivalent

display pattern for instance a 4-bit code of 0010 is converted to a 7-segment display a visual

information or the digit of 1 is seen through the formation of the related light emitting diode

(LED) that make up the display

The input pins are 7 1 2 and 6 And pins 3 and 4 are the control terminals which are

always connected to the positive side of the power supply The latch terminal pin 5 is normally

grounded The output pins 13 17 11 10 9 15 and 14 are connected to the terminals a b c d

e f and g of the 7-segment display

Construction and testing

To ease the construction procedures the circuitry was segmented into functional blocks

The constriction included a prototype located on a breadboard followed by the final construction

located on a Vero board On completion of the construction a thorough test and assessment of

the component connection were carried out

The following steps were followed

middot The continuity and connectivity were taken using a multimeter while the circuit was not

powered

middot The construction was tested block by block middot The measurement of capacitance current resistances and voltage were taken and compared

with design values

middot To operate the circuit the switch is held down while pointing the LED at the receiver The aim is to design a remote control that is portable in size and a receiver that responds

only to the infra-red signal transmitted by the remote control The system responds favorable and

automatically changes the fan speed The receiver-transmitter maximum distance is

approximately 10m this is the range of the transmission of the infra-red diode used It was noted

that the receiver unit was able to receive signal propagated of the distance within the range

Conclusions

One of the primary objectives of an engineer is to endeavor to deliver the best product or

the most efficient services at the lowest cost to the end user The system has being tested and was

found to meet the expected results

The aim of this work was to design and construct a remote control for a fan regulator and

the system has thus accomplished that The remote control device sends an infra-red beam

which is received by the infra-red sensor on the regulator the display on the regulator indicates a

change in fan speed and the fan also increases in speed

Recommendation

The remote controlled fan regulator was developed using infra-red This posed its

difficulties and gave certain limitation ie the infra-red sensor could not filter out surrounding

bright light Engineers trying to improve on this should work towards perfectly filtering out

bright light so that only the infra-red rays are incident on the infra-red sensor The power supply

could be improved where a step-down would not be used thereby reducing the entire size of the

project Similarly micro soldering could also be used in order to further reduce the size of the

equipment

zz1XCRQVrUg

Page 11: Remote Controlled Fan Regulator is One of The

This tone is decoded by a receiver since the receiver only switches when the tone

is received The system was broken down into simpler functional blocks namely

infra-red transmitter infra-red sensor signal amplifier control logic sampler

control stepper output control logic load and display unit Details of each subunit

are described in the paper

Keywords

Infra-red Control Receiver Transmitter Display

Introduction

Remote control facilitates the operation of fan regulators around the home or office from

a distance It provides a system that is simple to understand and also to operate a system that

would be cheap and affordable a reliable and easy to maintain system of remote control and

durable system irrespective of usage It adds more comfort to everyday living by removing the

inconvenience of having to move around to operate a fan regulator The system seeks to develop

a system that is cost effective while not under mining the need for efficiency

The first remote control called ldquolazy bonesrdquo was developed in 1950 by Zenith

Electronics Corporation (then known as Zenith Radio Corporation) The device was developed

quickly and it was called ldquoZenith space commandrdquo the remote went into production in the fall

of 1956 becoming the first practical wireless remote control device [1]

Today remote control is a standard on other consumer electronic products including

VCRs cable and satellite boxes digital video disc players and home audio players And the most

sophisticated TV sets have remote with as many as 50 buttons In year 2000 more than 99

percent of all TV set and 100 percent of all VCR and DVD players sold are equipped with

remote controls The average individual these days probably picks up a remote control at least

once or twice a day

Basically a remote control works in the following manner A button is pressed This

completes a specific connection which produces a Morse code line signal specific to that button

The transistor amplifies the signal and sends it to the LED which translates the signal into

infrared light The sensor on the appliance detects the infrared light and reacts appropriately

The remote controlrsquos function is to wait for the user to press a key and then translate that

into infrared light signals that are received by the receiving appliance The carrier frequency of

such infrared signals is typically around 36 kHz [3] Usually the transmitter part is constructed

so that the transmitter oscillator which drives the infrared transmitter LED can be turned onoff

by applying a TTL (transistor-transistor logic) voltage on the modulation controlled input On the

receiver side a photo transistor or photodiode takes up the signals

The approach used in this work is the modular approach where the overall design was

broken into functional block diagrams where each block in the diagram represents a section of

the circuit that carries out a specific function The system was designed using 9 functional

blocks as shown in the block diagram Figure1

Figure 1 System block diagram

System design and analysis

Transmitter

The remote control device has the task of sending the infra-red signal which is received

by the infra-red sensor Itrsquos mode of operation can be better understood through the circuit

diagram shown in Figure 2

Figure 2 Circuit of remote device

At the application of voltage from the 9v battery or when the single switch is closed the

4060B oscillator IC [2] produce high and low signals on pin 6 which is feed across the base of

the 2sc945 NPN transistor [6] When the output from the oscillator is high there is a high

voltage across the base of the NPN transistor which turns it on This permits the infra-red

emitting diode to be grounded resulting in the emission of an infra-red ray When the output

from the oscillator is low there is a low voltage across the base of the NPN transistor which

turns off the switching transistor Resulting in no emission of any infra-red ray from the infra-red

emitting diode

The 4060B oscillator IC produces a stream of pulses at a frequency determined by the RC

configuration on pins 11 12 13 The frequency of oscillation is given by [4 5]

f 1 = 1(23RC) where R = 3310 3 Ω and C = 000110 -6 F

f 1 = 1(233310 3 000110 -6 ) = 1318 KHz

The pulse is connected to the base of the switching transistor (NPN 2SC945) through a

1kΩ resistor The pulse determines frequency on the infra-red beam such that itrsquos detection by

the sampler would be possible

Detection

Infra-red sensor and signal amplifier The signal from the infra-red transmitter is divided

to an infra-red sensor The sensor converts the infra-red energy into corresponding electric

current The current from the sensor diode is weak and needs extra amplification The four stage

NPN transistor amplifiers boost the intensity of the signal to a reasonable level

Figure 3 Circuit diagram of the detector

The output is fed out to a connected RC filter Such that any reasonable distortion is

simple is simply removed from the signal The signal is connected to the input of a breaking

relay The relay is designed to switch off for sometime after the signal has being sampled by the

sampler The cutoff technique eliminates any distortion or errors coming along with the

transmitted signal

Sampler

The sampler recognizes the input signal through a high logic level at its pin 13 The

incoming signal sets the input latch of the sampler and changes to a high logic from a low

logic And low The input logic 4060B is designed to reset the input latch automatically This

is to allow another input response The point is connected to the point W and also connected

to clock input of the control stepper

Control Stepper and Display Unit

The control stepper is designed to control the switching of the control relays The control

stepper has three active outputs The output directs some codes to the 4511B (7 segment

decoder) through corresponding or related diode which behave like read only memory (ROM)

The output of the display decoder visually defines the code on the seven segment display The

link is done through 270 Ω current limiting resistors

Control Unit

The control unit mainly embodies three relays Each of such receives command from the

control stepper The relay selects a specific terminal from the speed regulator inductor The

effective inductive reactance of the selected portion of the transformer adds in series to the fan

So that there is a voltage drop across the fan and therefore the speed is altered At the highest

speed the fan is directly connected to the full AC mains supply And at the lowest speed there

is a high value inductor in series with the load

The Power Section

It holds a 22012V transformer a filter capacitor (2200microF 25V) and a 5V regulator The

relays are supplied by a 12V supply from the rectifier And the regulated 5v supply from the

7805 is used for the main circuit

4017B

The 4017B is a 5-stage divided-by-10 counter with ten decoded outputs and a carryout

[2] The counter is cleared its zero count by a logical ldquo1rdquo on their reset line This counter is

advanced on the positive edge of the clock signal when the clock enable signal is in the logical

ldquo0rdquo state Its configuration permits medium speed operation and assures a hazard free counting

sequence The ten decoded outputs are normally in the logical ldquo0rdquo state only at their respective

time slut Each decoded output remains high for 1 full clock cycle The carryout signal completes

a full clock cycle for every ten clock input cycles and is used as a ripple carry signal to any

succeeding stages

It consists of two identical independent data-type flip-flops Each flip-flop has an

independent data set reset and clock inputs and Q and Q outputs These devices can be used for

shift registers and SR flip-flop applications The SR configuration is used in the circuit merely by

grounding the clock and data inputs The device has a medium speed operation

This integrated circuit is designed to convert binary coded decimal inputs into equivalent

display pattern for instance a 4-bit code of 0010 is converted to a 7-segment display a visual

information or the digit of 1 is seen through the formation of the related light emitting diode

(LED) that make up the display

The input pins are 7 1 2 and 6 And pins 3 and 4 are the control terminals which are

always connected to the positive side of the power supply The latch terminal pin 5 is normally

grounded The output pins 13 17 11 10 9 15 and 14 are connected to the terminals a b c d

e f and g of the 7-segment display

Construction and testing

To ease the construction procedures the circuitry was segmented into functional blocks

The constriction included a prototype located on a breadboard followed by the final construction

located on a Vero board On completion of the construction a thorough test and assessment of

the component connection were carried out

The following steps were followed

middot The continuity and connectivity were taken using a multimeter while the circuit was not

powered

middot The construction was tested block by block middot The measurement of capacitance current resistances and voltage were taken and compared

with design values

middot To operate the circuit the switch is held down while pointing the LED at the receiver The aim is to design a remote control that is portable in size and a receiver that responds

only to the infra-red signal transmitted by the remote control The system responds favorable and

automatically changes the fan speed The receiver-transmitter maximum distance is

approximately 10m this is the range of the transmission of the infra-red diode used It was noted

that the receiver unit was able to receive signal propagated of the distance within the range

Conclusions

One of the primary objectives of an engineer is to endeavor to deliver the best product or

the most efficient services at the lowest cost to the end user The system has being tested and was

found to meet the expected results

The aim of this work was to design and construct a remote control for a fan regulator and

the system has thus accomplished that The remote control device sends an infra-red beam

which is received by the infra-red sensor on the regulator the display on the regulator indicates a

change in fan speed and the fan also increases in speed

Recommendation

The remote controlled fan regulator was developed using infra-red This posed its

difficulties and gave certain limitation ie the infra-red sensor could not filter out surrounding

bright light Engineers trying to improve on this should work towards perfectly filtering out

bright light so that only the infra-red rays are incident on the infra-red sensor The power supply

could be improved where a step-down would not be used thereby reducing the entire size of the

project Similarly micro soldering could also be used in order to further reduce the size of the

equipment

zz1XCRQVrUg

Page 12: Remote Controlled Fan Regulator is One of The

The approach used in this work is the modular approach where the overall design was

broken into functional block diagrams where each block in the diagram represents a section of

the circuit that carries out a specific function The system was designed using 9 functional

blocks as shown in the block diagram Figure1

Figure 1 System block diagram

System design and analysis

Transmitter

The remote control device has the task of sending the infra-red signal which is received

by the infra-red sensor Itrsquos mode of operation can be better understood through the circuit

diagram shown in Figure 2

Figure 2 Circuit of remote device

At the application of voltage from the 9v battery or when the single switch is closed the

4060B oscillator IC [2] produce high and low signals on pin 6 which is feed across the base of

the 2sc945 NPN transistor [6] When the output from the oscillator is high there is a high

voltage across the base of the NPN transistor which turns it on This permits the infra-red

emitting diode to be grounded resulting in the emission of an infra-red ray When the output

from the oscillator is low there is a low voltage across the base of the NPN transistor which

turns off the switching transistor Resulting in no emission of any infra-red ray from the infra-red

emitting diode

The 4060B oscillator IC produces a stream of pulses at a frequency determined by the RC

configuration on pins 11 12 13 The frequency of oscillation is given by [4 5]

f 1 = 1(23RC) where R = 3310 3 Ω and C = 000110 -6 F

f 1 = 1(233310 3 000110 -6 ) = 1318 KHz

The pulse is connected to the base of the switching transistor (NPN 2SC945) through a

1kΩ resistor The pulse determines frequency on the infra-red beam such that itrsquos detection by

the sampler would be possible

Detection

Infra-red sensor and signal amplifier The signal from the infra-red transmitter is divided

to an infra-red sensor The sensor converts the infra-red energy into corresponding electric

current The current from the sensor diode is weak and needs extra amplification The four stage

NPN transistor amplifiers boost the intensity of the signal to a reasonable level

Figure 3 Circuit diagram of the detector

The output is fed out to a connected RC filter Such that any reasonable distortion is

simple is simply removed from the signal The signal is connected to the input of a breaking

relay The relay is designed to switch off for sometime after the signal has being sampled by the

sampler The cutoff technique eliminates any distortion or errors coming along with the

transmitted signal

Sampler

The sampler recognizes the input signal through a high logic level at its pin 13 The

incoming signal sets the input latch of the sampler and changes to a high logic from a low

logic And low The input logic 4060B is designed to reset the input latch automatically This

is to allow another input response The point is connected to the point W and also connected

to clock input of the control stepper

Control Stepper and Display Unit

The control stepper is designed to control the switching of the control relays The control

stepper has three active outputs The output directs some codes to the 4511B (7 segment

decoder) through corresponding or related diode which behave like read only memory (ROM)

The output of the display decoder visually defines the code on the seven segment display The

link is done through 270 Ω current limiting resistors

Control Unit

The control unit mainly embodies three relays Each of such receives command from the

control stepper The relay selects a specific terminal from the speed regulator inductor The

effective inductive reactance of the selected portion of the transformer adds in series to the fan

So that there is a voltage drop across the fan and therefore the speed is altered At the highest

speed the fan is directly connected to the full AC mains supply And at the lowest speed there

is a high value inductor in series with the load

The Power Section

It holds a 22012V transformer a filter capacitor (2200microF 25V) and a 5V regulator The

relays are supplied by a 12V supply from the rectifier And the regulated 5v supply from the

7805 is used for the main circuit

4017B

The 4017B is a 5-stage divided-by-10 counter with ten decoded outputs and a carryout

[2] The counter is cleared its zero count by a logical ldquo1rdquo on their reset line This counter is

advanced on the positive edge of the clock signal when the clock enable signal is in the logical

ldquo0rdquo state Its configuration permits medium speed operation and assures a hazard free counting

sequence The ten decoded outputs are normally in the logical ldquo0rdquo state only at their respective

time slut Each decoded output remains high for 1 full clock cycle The carryout signal completes

a full clock cycle for every ten clock input cycles and is used as a ripple carry signal to any

succeeding stages

It consists of two identical independent data-type flip-flops Each flip-flop has an

independent data set reset and clock inputs and Q and Q outputs These devices can be used for

shift registers and SR flip-flop applications The SR configuration is used in the circuit merely by

grounding the clock and data inputs The device has a medium speed operation

This integrated circuit is designed to convert binary coded decimal inputs into equivalent

display pattern for instance a 4-bit code of 0010 is converted to a 7-segment display a visual

information or the digit of 1 is seen through the formation of the related light emitting diode

(LED) that make up the display

The input pins are 7 1 2 and 6 And pins 3 and 4 are the control terminals which are

always connected to the positive side of the power supply The latch terminal pin 5 is normally

grounded The output pins 13 17 11 10 9 15 and 14 are connected to the terminals a b c d

e f and g of the 7-segment display

Construction and testing

To ease the construction procedures the circuitry was segmented into functional blocks

The constriction included a prototype located on a breadboard followed by the final construction

located on a Vero board On completion of the construction a thorough test and assessment of

the component connection were carried out

The following steps were followed

middot The continuity and connectivity were taken using a multimeter while the circuit was not

powered

middot The construction was tested block by block middot The measurement of capacitance current resistances and voltage were taken and compared

with design values

middot To operate the circuit the switch is held down while pointing the LED at the receiver The aim is to design a remote control that is portable in size and a receiver that responds

only to the infra-red signal transmitted by the remote control The system responds favorable and

automatically changes the fan speed The receiver-transmitter maximum distance is

approximately 10m this is the range of the transmission of the infra-red diode used It was noted

that the receiver unit was able to receive signal propagated of the distance within the range

Conclusions

One of the primary objectives of an engineer is to endeavor to deliver the best product or

the most efficient services at the lowest cost to the end user The system has being tested and was

found to meet the expected results

The aim of this work was to design and construct a remote control for a fan regulator and

the system has thus accomplished that The remote control device sends an infra-red beam

which is received by the infra-red sensor on the regulator the display on the regulator indicates a

change in fan speed and the fan also increases in speed

Recommendation

The remote controlled fan regulator was developed using infra-red This posed its

difficulties and gave certain limitation ie the infra-red sensor could not filter out surrounding

bright light Engineers trying to improve on this should work towards perfectly filtering out

bright light so that only the infra-red rays are incident on the infra-red sensor The power supply

could be improved where a step-down would not be used thereby reducing the entire size of the

project Similarly micro soldering could also be used in order to further reduce the size of the

equipment

zz1XCRQVrUg

Page 13: Remote Controlled Fan Regulator is One of The

At the application of voltage from the 9v battery or when the single switch is closed the

4060B oscillator IC [2] produce high and low signals on pin 6 which is feed across the base of

the 2sc945 NPN transistor [6] When the output from the oscillator is high there is a high

voltage across the base of the NPN transistor which turns it on This permits the infra-red

emitting diode to be grounded resulting in the emission of an infra-red ray When the output

from the oscillator is low there is a low voltage across the base of the NPN transistor which

turns off the switching transistor Resulting in no emission of any infra-red ray from the infra-red

emitting diode

The 4060B oscillator IC produces a stream of pulses at a frequency determined by the RC

configuration on pins 11 12 13 The frequency of oscillation is given by [4 5]

f 1 = 1(23RC) where R = 3310 3 Ω and C = 000110 -6 F

f 1 = 1(233310 3 000110 -6 ) = 1318 KHz

The pulse is connected to the base of the switching transistor (NPN 2SC945) through a

1kΩ resistor The pulse determines frequency on the infra-red beam such that itrsquos detection by

the sampler would be possible

Detection

Infra-red sensor and signal amplifier The signal from the infra-red transmitter is divided

to an infra-red sensor The sensor converts the infra-red energy into corresponding electric

current The current from the sensor diode is weak and needs extra amplification The four stage

NPN transistor amplifiers boost the intensity of the signal to a reasonable level

Figure 3 Circuit diagram of the detector

The output is fed out to a connected RC filter Such that any reasonable distortion is

simple is simply removed from the signal The signal is connected to the input of a breaking

relay The relay is designed to switch off for sometime after the signal has being sampled by the

sampler The cutoff technique eliminates any distortion or errors coming along with the

transmitted signal

Sampler

The sampler recognizes the input signal through a high logic level at its pin 13 The

incoming signal sets the input latch of the sampler and changes to a high logic from a low

logic And low The input logic 4060B is designed to reset the input latch automatically This

is to allow another input response The point is connected to the point W and also connected

to clock input of the control stepper

Control Stepper and Display Unit

The control stepper is designed to control the switching of the control relays The control

stepper has three active outputs The output directs some codes to the 4511B (7 segment

decoder) through corresponding or related diode which behave like read only memory (ROM)

The output of the display decoder visually defines the code on the seven segment display The

link is done through 270 Ω current limiting resistors

Control Unit

The control unit mainly embodies three relays Each of such receives command from the

control stepper The relay selects a specific terminal from the speed regulator inductor The

effective inductive reactance of the selected portion of the transformer adds in series to the fan

So that there is a voltage drop across the fan and therefore the speed is altered At the highest

speed the fan is directly connected to the full AC mains supply And at the lowest speed there

is a high value inductor in series with the load

The Power Section

It holds a 22012V transformer a filter capacitor (2200microF 25V) and a 5V regulator The

relays are supplied by a 12V supply from the rectifier And the regulated 5v supply from the

7805 is used for the main circuit

4017B

The 4017B is a 5-stage divided-by-10 counter with ten decoded outputs and a carryout

[2] The counter is cleared its zero count by a logical ldquo1rdquo on their reset line This counter is

advanced on the positive edge of the clock signal when the clock enable signal is in the logical

ldquo0rdquo state Its configuration permits medium speed operation and assures a hazard free counting

sequence The ten decoded outputs are normally in the logical ldquo0rdquo state only at their respective

time slut Each decoded output remains high for 1 full clock cycle The carryout signal completes

a full clock cycle for every ten clock input cycles and is used as a ripple carry signal to any

succeeding stages

It consists of two identical independent data-type flip-flops Each flip-flop has an

independent data set reset and clock inputs and Q and Q outputs These devices can be used for

shift registers and SR flip-flop applications The SR configuration is used in the circuit merely by

grounding the clock and data inputs The device has a medium speed operation

This integrated circuit is designed to convert binary coded decimal inputs into equivalent

display pattern for instance a 4-bit code of 0010 is converted to a 7-segment display a visual

information or the digit of 1 is seen through the formation of the related light emitting diode

(LED) that make up the display

The input pins are 7 1 2 and 6 And pins 3 and 4 are the control terminals which are

always connected to the positive side of the power supply The latch terminal pin 5 is normally

grounded The output pins 13 17 11 10 9 15 and 14 are connected to the terminals a b c d

e f and g of the 7-segment display

Construction and testing

To ease the construction procedures the circuitry was segmented into functional blocks

The constriction included a prototype located on a breadboard followed by the final construction

located on a Vero board On completion of the construction a thorough test and assessment of

the component connection were carried out

The following steps were followed

middot The continuity and connectivity were taken using a multimeter while the circuit was not

powered

middot The construction was tested block by block middot The measurement of capacitance current resistances and voltage were taken and compared

with design values

middot To operate the circuit the switch is held down while pointing the LED at the receiver The aim is to design a remote control that is portable in size and a receiver that responds

only to the infra-red signal transmitted by the remote control The system responds favorable and

automatically changes the fan speed The receiver-transmitter maximum distance is

approximately 10m this is the range of the transmission of the infra-red diode used It was noted

that the receiver unit was able to receive signal propagated of the distance within the range

Conclusions

One of the primary objectives of an engineer is to endeavor to deliver the best product or

the most efficient services at the lowest cost to the end user The system has being tested and was

found to meet the expected results

The aim of this work was to design and construct a remote control for a fan regulator and

the system has thus accomplished that The remote control device sends an infra-red beam

which is received by the infra-red sensor on the regulator the display on the regulator indicates a

change in fan speed and the fan also increases in speed

Recommendation

The remote controlled fan regulator was developed using infra-red This posed its

difficulties and gave certain limitation ie the infra-red sensor could not filter out surrounding

bright light Engineers trying to improve on this should work towards perfectly filtering out

bright light so that only the infra-red rays are incident on the infra-red sensor The power supply

could be improved where a step-down would not be used thereby reducing the entire size of the

project Similarly micro soldering could also be used in order to further reduce the size of the

equipment

zz1XCRQVrUg

Page 14: Remote Controlled Fan Regulator is One of The

Figure 3 Circuit diagram of the detector

The output is fed out to a connected RC filter Such that any reasonable distortion is

simple is simply removed from the signal The signal is connected to the input of a breaking

relay The relay is designed to switch off for sometime after the signal has being sampled by the

sampler The cutoff technique eliminates any distortion or errors coming along with the

transmitted signal

Sampler

The sampler recognizes the input signal through a high logic level at its pin 13 The

incoming signal sets the input latch of the sampler and changes to a high logic from a low

logic And low The input logic 4060B is designed to reset the input latch automatically This

is to allow another input response The point is connected to the point W and also connected

to clock input of the control stepper

Control Stepper and Display Unit

The control stepper is designed to control the switching of the control relays The control

stepper has three active outputs The output directs some codes to the 4511B (7 segment

decoder) through corresponding or related diode which behave like read only memory (ROM)

The output of the display decoder visually defines the code on the seven segment display The

link is done through 270 Ω current limiting resistors

Control Unit

The control unit mainly embodies three relays Each of such receives command from the

control stepper The relay selects a specific terminal from the speed regulator inductor The

effective inductive reactance of the selected portion of the transformer adds in series to the fan

So that there is a voltage drop across the fan and therefore the speed is altered At the highest

speed the fan is directly connected to the full AC mains supply And at the lowest speed there

is a high value inductor in series with the load

The Power Section

It holds a 22012V transformer a filter capacitor (2200microF 25V) and a 5V regulator The

relays are supplied by a 12V supply from the rectifier And the regulated 5v supply from the

7805 is used for the main circuit

4017B

The 4017B is a 5-stage divided-by-10 counter with ten decoded outputs and a carryout

[2] The counter is cleared its zero count by a logical ldquo1rdquo on their reset line This counter is

advanced on the positive edge of the clock signal when the clock enable signal is in the logical

ldquo0rdquo state Its configuration permits medium speed operation and assures a hazard free counting

sequence The ten decoded outputs are normally in the logical ldquo0rdquo state only at their respective

time slut Each decoded output remains high for 1 full clock cycle The carryout signal completes

a full clock cycle for every ten clock input cycles and is used as a ripple carry signal to any

succeeding stages

It consists of two identical independent data-type flip-flops Each flip-flop has an

independent data set reset and clock inputs and Q and Q outputs These devices can be used for

shift registers and SR flip-flop applications The SR configuration is used in the circuit merely by

grounding the clock and data inputs The device has a medium speed operation

This integrated circuit is designed to convert binary coded decimal inputs into equivalent

display pattern for instance a 4-bit code of 0010 is converted to a 7-segment display a visual

information or the digit of 1 is seen through the formation of the related light emitting diode

(LED) that make up the display

The input pins are 7 1 2 and 6 And pins 3 and 4 are the control terminals which are

always connected to the positive side of the power supply The latch terminal pin 5 is normally

grounded The output pins 13 17 11 10 9 15 and 14 are connected to the terminals a b c d

e f and g of the 7-segment display

Construction and testing

To ease the construction procedures the circuitry was segmented into functional blocks

The constriction included a prototype located on a breadboard followed by the final construction

located on a Vero board On completion of the construction a thorough test and assessment of

the component connection were carried out

The following steps were followed

middot The continuity and connectivity were taken using a multimeter while the circuit was not

powered

middot The construction was tested block by block middot The measurement of capacitance current resistances and voltage were taken and compared

with design values

middot To operate the circuit the switch is held down while pointing the LED at the receiver The aim is to design a remote control that is portable in size and a receiver that responds

only to the infra-red signal transmitted by the remote control The system responds favorable and

automatically changes the fan speed The receiver-transmitter maximum distance is

approximately 10m this is the range of the transmission of the infra-red diode used It was noted

that the receiver unit was able to receive signal propagated of the distance within the range

Conclusions

One of the primary objectives of an engineer is to endeavor to deliver the best product or

the most efficient services at the lowest cost to the end user The system has being tested and was

found to meet the expected results

The aim of this work was to design and construct a remote control for a fan regulator and

the system has thus accomplished that The remote control device sends an infra-red beam

which is received by the infra-red sensor on the regulator the display on the regulator indicates a

change in fan speed and the fan also increases in speed

Recommendation

The remote controlled fan regulator was developed using infra-red This posed its

difficulties and gave certain limitation ie the infra-red sensor could not filter out surrounding

bright light Engineers trying to improve on this should work towards perfectly filtering out

bright light so that only the infra-red rays are incident on the infra-red sensor The power supply

could be improved where a step-down would not be used thereby reducing the entire size of the

project Similarly micro soldering could also be used in order to further reduce the size of the

equipment

zz1XCRQVrUg

Page 15: Remote Controlled Fan Regulator is One of The

is to allow another input response The point is connected to the point W and also connected

to clock input of the control stepper

Control Stepper and Display Unit

The control stepper is designed to control the switching of the control relays The control

stepper has three active outputs The output directs some codes to the 4511B (7 segment

decoder) through corresponding or related diode which behave like read only memory (ROM)

The output of the display decoder visually defines the code on the seven segment display The

link is done through 270 Ω current limiting resistors

Control Unit

The control unit mainly embodies three relays Each of such receives command from the

control stepper The relay selects a specific terminal from the speed regulator inductor The

effective inductive reactance of the selected portion of the transformer adds in series to the fan

So that there is a voltage drop across the fan and therefore the speed is altered At the highest

speed the fan is directly connected to the full AC mains supply And at the lowest speed there

is a high value inductor in series with the load

The Power Section

It holds a 22012V transformer a filter capacitor (2200microF 25V) and a 5V regulator The

relays are supplied by a 12V supply from the rectifier And the regulated 5v supply from the

7805 is used for the main circuit

4017B

The 4017B is a 5-stage divided-by-10 counter with ten decoded outputs and a carryout

[2] The counter is cleared its zero count by a logical ldquo1rdquo on their reset line This counter is

advanced on the positive edge of the clock signal when the clock enable signal is in the logical

ldquo0rdquo state Its configuration permits medium speed operation and assures a hazard free counting

sequence The ten decoded outputs are normally in the logical ldquo0rdquo state only at their respective

time slut Each decoded output remains high for 1 full clock cycle The carryout signal completes

a full clock cycle for every ten clock input cycles and is used as a ripple carry signal to any

succeeding stages

It consists of two identical independent data-type flip-flops Each flip-flop has an

independent data set reset and clock inputs and Q and Q outputs These devices can be used for

shift registers and SR flip-flop applications The SR configuration is used in the circuit merely by

grounding the clock and data inputs The device has a medium speed operation

This integrated circuit is designed to convert binary coded decimal inputs into equivalent

display pattern for instance a 4-bit code of 0010 is converted to a 7-segment display a visual

information or the digit of 1 is seen through the formation of the related light emitting diode

(LED) that make up the display

The input pins are 7 1 2 and 6 And pins 3 and 4 are the control terminals which are

always connected to the positive side of the power supply The latch terminal pin 5 is normally

grounded The output pins 13 17 11 10 9 15 and 14 are connected to the terminals a b c d

e f and g of the 7-segment display

Construction and testing

To ease the construction procedures the circuitry was segmented into functional blocks

The constriction included a prototype located on a breadboard followed by the final construction

located on a Vero board On completion of the construction a thorough test and assessment of

the component connection were carried out

The following steps were followed

middot The continuity and connectivity were taken using a multimeter while the circuit was not

powered

middot The construction was tested block by block middot The measurement of capacitance current resistances and voltage were taken and compared

with design values

middot To operate the circuit the switch is held down while pointing the LED at the receiver The aim is to design a remote control that is portable in size and a receiver that responds

only to the infra-red signal transmitted by the remote control The system responds favorable and

automatically changes the fan speed The receiver-transmitter maximum distance is

approximately 10m this is the range of the transmission of the infra-red diode used It was noted

that the receiver unit was able to receive signal propagated of the distance within the range

Conclusions

One of the primary objectives of an engineer is to endeavor to deliver the best product or

the most efficient services at the lowest cost to the end user The system has being tested and was

found to meet the expected results

The aim of this work was to design and construct a remote control for a fan regulator and

the system has thus accomplished that The remote control device sends an infra-red beam

which is received by the infra-red sensor on the regulator the display on the regulator indicates a

change in fan speed and the fan also increases in speed

Recommendation

The remote controlled fan regulator was developed using infra-red This posed its

difficulties and gave certain limitation ie the infra-red sensor could not filter out surrounding

bright light Engineers trying to improve on this should work towards perfectly filtering out

bright light so that only the infra-red rays are incident on the infra-red sensor The power supply

could be improved where a step-down would not be used thereby reducing the entire size of the

project Similarly micro soldering could also be used in order to further reduce the size of the

equipment

zz1XCRQVrUg

Page 16: Remote Controlled Fan Regulator is One of The

shift registers and SR flip-flop applications The SR configuration is used in the circuit merely by

grounding the clock and data inputs The device has a medium speed operation

This integrated circuit is designed to convert binary coded decimal inputs into equivalent

display pattern for instance a 4-bit code of 0010 is converted to a 7-segment display a visual

information or the digit of 1 is seen through the formation of the related light emitting diode

(LED) that make up the display

The input pins are 7 1 2 and 6 And pins 3 and 4 are the control terminals which are

always connected to the positive side of the power supply The latch terminal pin 5 is normally

grounded The output pins 13 17 11 10 9 15 and 14 are connected to the terminals a b c d

e f and g of the 7-segment display

Construction and testing

To ease the construction procedures the circuitry was segmented into functional blocks

The constriction included a prototype located on a breadboard followed by the final construction

located on a Vero board On completion of the construction a thorough test and assessment of

the component connection were carried out

The following steps were followed

middot The continuity and connectivity were taken using a multimeter while the circuit was not

powered

middot The construction was tested block by block middot The measurement of capacitance current resistances and voltage were taken and compared

with design values

middot To operate the circuit the switch is held down while pointing the LED at the receiver The aim is to design a remote control that is portable in size and a receiver that responds

only to the infra-red signal transmitted by the remote control The system responds favorable and

automatically changes the fan speed The receiver-transmitter maximum distance is

approximately 10m this is the range of the transmission of the infra-red diode used It was noted

that the receiver unit was able to receive signal propagated of the distance within the range

Conclusions

One of the primary objectives of an engineer is to endeavor to deliver the best product or

the most efficient services at the lowest cost to the end user The system has being tested and was

found to meet the expected results

The aim of this work was to design and construct a remote control for a fan regulator and

the system has thus accomplished that The remote control device sends an infra-red beam

which is received by the infra-red sensor on the regulator the display on the regulator indicates a

change in fan speed and the fan also increases in speed

Recommendation

The remote controlled fan regulator was developed using infra-red This posed its

difficulties and gave certain limitation ie the infra-red sensor could not filter out surrounding

bright light Engineers trying to improve on this should work towards perfectly filtering out

bright light so that only the infra-red rays are incident on the infra-red sensor The power supply

could be improved where a step-down would not be used thereby reducing the entire size of the

project Similarly micro soldering could also be used in order to further reduce the size of the

equipment

zz1XCRQVrUg

Page 17: Remote Controlled Fan Regulator is One of The

One of the primary objectives of an engineer is to endeavor to deliver the best product or

the most efficient services at the lowest cost to the end user The system has being tested and was

found to meet the expected results

The aim of this work was to design and construct a remote control for a fan regulator and

the system has thus accomplished that The remote control device sends an infra-red beam

which is received by the infra-red sensor on the regulator the display on the regulator indicates a

change in fan speed and the fan also increases in speed

Recommendation

The remote controlled fan regulator was developed using infra-red This posed its

difficulties and gave certain limitation ie the infra-red sensor could not filter out surrounding

bright light Engineers trying to improve on this should work towards perfectly filtering out

bright light so that only the infra-red rays are incident on the infra-red sensor The power supply

could be improved where a step-down would not be used thereby reducing the entire size of the

project Similarly micro soldering could also be used in order to further reduce the size of the

equipment

zz1XCRQVrUg


Recommended