Removal of Removal of moisture and moisture and

heatheat

upwellingupwelling

1. Ocean Conveyor Belt

10

5

5

11 Sv = 106 m3/s

2

(From Broecker, 1990)

(From Broecker, 1990)

3

4. MAIN WATER MASSES IN THE OCEAN

GreenlandSea

NorwegianSeaLabrador

Sea

From Pinet (1998)5.

1000 m1000 m

1000 m1000 m

Iceland

Newfoundland

Labrador Labrador SeaSea

DenmarkDenmarkStraitStrait

Iceland-Iceland-FaeroesFaeroesRidgeRidge

Ireland

U.K.

North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) formation

From: Tomczak, Matthias & J Stuart Godfrey: Regional Oceanography: an Introduction 2nd edn (2003)

5b.

Greenland

Iceland

NADW going through Denmark Strait

From: Tomczak, Matthias & J Stuart Godfrey: Regional Oceanography: an Introduction 2nd edn (2003)

6.

GreenlandSea

NorwegianSeaLabrador

Sea

AntarcticBottomWater

(AABW)

From: Tomczak, Matthias & J Stuart Godfrey: Regional Oceanography: an Introduction 2nd edn (2003)

3000 m

7.

From: Tomczak, Matthias & J Stuart Godfrey: Regional Oceanography: an Introduction 2nd edn (2003)

to Argentine

Basin

to CapeBasin

8.

Rio Grande Rise

Santos Plateau

9. Vema Channel Minimum Temperatures

Year

Θ º

C

Argentine Basin

Brazil Basin

10. AABW extent

(from Talley, 1999)

GreenlandSea

NorwegianSeaLabrador

Sea

11.

From: Tomczak, Matthias & J Stuart Godfrey: Regional Oceanography: an Introduction 2nd edn (2003)

AntarcticIntermediate

Water(AAIW)

= Polar Front

forms at the Polar Front

12.

From: Tomczak, Matthias & J Stuart Godfrey: Regional Oceanography: an Introduction 2nd edn (2003)

13.

Schematic of all water masses

Atlantic Section

RioGrande Rise

Ceará

Water MassesSACW NACW

SACW - South Atlantic Central WaterNACW - North Atlantic Central WaterSPCW - South Pacific Central WaterNPCW - North Pacific Central WaterSICW - South Indian Central WaterECW - Equatorial Central Water

AAIW - Antarctic Intermediate WaterAIW - Arctic Intermediate WaterMIW - Mediterranean Intermediate WaterRSIW - Red Sea Intermediate WaterNPIW - North Pacific Intermediate Water

AABW - Antarctic Bottom WaterNADW - North Atlantic Deep WaterAADW - Antarctic Deep WaterNABW - North Atlantic Bottom WaterCoW - Common Water (AAIW + NADW)PSW - Pacific Subarctic Water

From Pinet (1998)

14. The Effect of the Mediterranean on the North Atlantic

From Pinet (1998)

15a.

15b.

15c.

15d.

15e.

NEC

NECC

UCUC

16. EquatorialCurrentSystem

SEC SECC

17

18