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bacillus should have in the adoption of prophylactic andcurative methods. An animated discussion fotlofved, and acommittee was nominated consisting of Drs. Lyden,Frautzal, Klaatsch, 1-tgiss, Goltdammer, Lehnert, Bier.Wernich, P. and S. Gattmann, and Guttstadt. Dr. P.Guttmann stated that accommod,tion for 500 cholerapatients could be provided in the city hospital at Moabit.At the commencement of the sitting, Dr. Kronecker ex-hibited a newly devised apparatus for saline transfusion.

CHOLERA REMEDIES.

Not a day passes without the publication of sugges-tions for the treatment and cure of cholera; and it is reomarkable with what a large measure of faith and credulitysuch measures are promulgated. It is not possible for us toprint all the recommendations we have received, or to noticeall those that are being advanced in other quarters. Amongstthem may be cited the advocacy by M. Vigouroux of theemployment of static electricity (Pragrès Mdical), on theground of the production of ozone ; the revival of calomel byDr. Dornbliith of Rostock (Deutsch. Med. Woch., July 17th);and of spinal ice-bags by Dr. Chapman. In the presenceof so much conflicting advice the recommendations of theLondon College of Physicians will be looked for with in-terest, as well as with reliance that the treatment of thedisease will be authoritatively laid down upon rational andsatisfactory principles.

PRECAUTIONS IN EDINBURGH AGAINST CHOLERA.

On the 22nd instant, at a meeting of the Public HealthCommittee of the Edinburgh Town Council, it was orderedthat all the present precautions against cholera, such asremoving nuisances, washing out closes, cleansing stairs,and closing insanitary houses, should be continued. At thisparticular juncture it was pointed out specially that allcisterns for domestic use should be cleansed, aud that in theprocess of cleansing soft brushes should be employed, lestthe skin which forms on lead should be displaced, andthus give rise to the action of water on lead and its un-toward effects. We have no doubt that under the skilfuldirection of Dr. Littlfjohn, the medical officer of health forthe city of Edinburgh, the above and many other points willbe carefully attended to as a safeguard against the inroad ofcholera. We would beg to offer the suggestion that thelodging and boarding houses in Edinburgh would he thebetter for an inspection into their sanitary arrangements.The main danger of the importation of cholera is probablyfrom the direction of Leith by means of the shipping, andit is advisable that sanitary inspection of the vessels shouldbe made, as well as cleanliness maintained, in that port.

CHOLERA AND THE BRINDISI ROUTE.

Owing to the prevalence of cholera on the Continent, theBrindisi passenger route to and from India has been closed,and we learn that this is causing no small amount of incon-venience, trouble, and annoyance to Indian officers returninghome or going out to India, and among them there are not afew members of our profession. For them, every day in ashort three months’ privilege leave is a matter of consider-able consequence. It is a pity that the Italian Governmentcannot be brought to see the futility of quarantine measures,at least in the absurd form in which they are carried out.CHOLERA ON BOARD A LIVERPOOL BOUND SHIP ; PRE-

CAUTIONS AGAINST ITS SPREAD.

Our Liverpool correspondent writes : - " The steamerSt. Dunstan arrived in the Mersey from Bombay on

Thursday, the 17th inst., having called en route at Mar-seilles and remained there for some days. Previous toher arrival in Liverpool she put into Penarth Roads fororders, and reported that there had been sickness on board.In consequence of this information having been duly re-

ported to the health authorities, the vessel was boardedshortly after her arrival by Dr. J. Stopford Tavlor, themedical officer of health for the city and port. He foundall on board in a very weak condition, two deaths havingoccurred on the passage from Marseilles. The first was thatof John Cummings, fireman, who was taken ill on the 10th,the day after leaving Marseilles, with violent purging andcramp in the stomach. In spite of every attention and thebest skill the master could give him he died the followingafternoon, having been ill just twenty-one hours. On the14th, one of the seamen, named Sulham, was taken illwith similar symptoms and died the following day. Allon board suffered from choleraic diarrhoea, and at Dr.

Taylor’s visit were in a highly nervous state, as wellas in a condition of great weakness and prostration. Ittranspired that the vessel was put into a dock into which aportion of the sewage of Marseilles was discharged, and thempn noticed particularly at night a strong and oit’ensiveeffluvium. On the sickness first occurring the captain mostwisely decided to throw overboard all the stores and waterobtained at Marseilles, and, humanly speaking, it is pro.bable that this promptness prevented the disease from spread.ing further. Captain Brown, the port sanitary officer, reo

mained on board on Thursday night, and on Friday shewas again visited by Dr. Taylor and Dr. Hope, the assistantmedical officer of health, who remained all that night.Seven of the crew who remained still unwell, and whosepresence tended to alarm the rest of the crew, were removedto the port sanitary hospital (near Bromborough Pool, onthe Cheshire side), by Dr. Taylor’s advice. The St. Dunstanhas been thoroughly disinfected, the water in the ballasttanks and bilge water being also disinfected before beingpumped out. The seamen’s beds have been destroyed andtheir clothing disinfected before their landing. The resulthas been that up to the afternoon of Wednesday last nofresh case has occurred, and the crew are quite well. Inshort, the measures adopted are models of what should bedone if we wish to prevent any importation of cholera.Another steamer, the Van Wraate, has arrived in the Mersey,having called at Marseilles, but as no communication tookplace at the latter place, and none of the passengers or

crew were infected, the vessel was allowed to enter dock.

REMOVAL OF THE SICK AND INJURED.

ON July 21st, Mr. J. FURLEY read a paper at theHealth Exhibition on the Carriage and Removal of theSick and Injured, of which the following is an abstract :-Until within the last ten or twelve years, the word"ambulance" was almost unknown in this country ex-cept in connexion with the Army Medical Service ; butin 1870-71, through the efforts of the National Aid Society,more familiarly known as the Red Cross Society, it wasso generally adopted in our language that it is now as

much misapplied as formerly it was little used. Peoplewho are accustomed to think of invalid carriages, hand.litters, and stretchers as "ambulances," would be ratherastonished to learn the War Office definition of an

ambulance and all that it comprises in men, horses,carriages, medical and surgical stores, and camp furniture.In general hospital work Great Britain is on a level with,and in many respects in advance of, any other country inthe world, but whilst much care and attention have beenbestowed on the internal economy and hygiene of hospitals,comparatively little thought has been given to the mannerinwhich sufferers are conveyed to them. What the NationalAid Society accomplished in 1870-71 belongs to history.England was slow in following the example which had beenset by other States, but the British Red Cross Society, whenoccasion called it into existence, gained in a few weeks aposition second to that attained by no other country, notexcepting the two powerful belligerents who then occupiedthe arena upon which all eyes were directed. What theSt. John Ambulance Association has done during the lastsix years will fill a no less important page. This differsfrom the National Aid Society in one particular, that,whilst the latter followed, in its own vigorous and prac-tical manner, examples which were the result of carefullymatured thought and experience, the St. John AmbulanceAssociation was a new creation, and no better testimony inits favour can be afforded than the fact that it has alreadybeen imitated in every part of the world, with moreor less success, and notably by an institution which was origi-nated at Kiel by Professor Esmarcb, and is now flourish-ing in Germany under the title of the " Samariterverein."In the first hours after a great battle, or in the accidents ofcivil life, there is no more valuable knowledge than thatwhich enables a man to improvise surgical appliances fromanything he may find at hand ; it is useful to the surgeon,and makes for him ready assistants in others. Except ourown, there is not another country in Europe which has notdaring the last thirty years been more or less directly in-fluenced by the realities of war; for all, if they have notsuffered from its actual preeence, have without exception

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felt its cruel blast upon tue r frontiers. As a consequenceof this experience, other nations have more fully realieedthat saddest part of war, the dead and the wounded scatteredover vast battle-fields, the dressing stations where temporaryrelief is given, the field hospitals, and the long columns ofwaggons bearing hundreds of maimed men to the base ofoperations. All this and much more than it is necessary todescribe in detail have, in a great measure, familiarised otherEuropean nations, and the United States of America,, withmilitary ambulance material and its use?, and civilians havevied with soldiers in the endeavour to keep the means ofsaving life and alleviating the sufferings of the wounded ona level with those means of destruction which military skilland scientific knowledge are ever striving to bring to perfec-tion. The Exhibition held in connexion with the Red CrossConference at Berlin in 1868, the important AmbulanceDepartment of the International Exhibition at Vienna in1873, the Hygienic Exhibition at Brussels in 1876, the RedCross Exhibition at Geneva in 1882, the display at theHealth Exhibition at Berlin in 1883, and the frequent meet.ings which have been held in Paris under the auspices of theSociété de Secours aux Blesses Militaires have given greatencouragement to this feeling, and much practical advan-tage has been derived from the trials and comparisons whichwere made of the means of hospital transport adopted byvarious nationalities. But in England no similar advan-tages have been enjoyed, and the number of surgeonsand laymen who have taken part in these experimentsis very limited. Had the ambulance group of exhibitsin the present Exhibition attained that standard whichcontinental critics might have expected, the fact wouldhave been evident that we are beginning to realise ourshortcomings, and we might have satisfactorily proved bydemonstrations that we are not only taking lesions fromthe Continent of Europe and the United States ofAmerica, but that we are striking out path9 of our owntowards results which must have a world-wide influence.Ambulance work has a great future before it in England,more particularly as the country generally has not com-mitted itself to any irretrievable steps involving considerablepecuniary sacrifice. Hitherto invalid transport, except atthe cost of parishes, for short journeys to the workhouse orthe hospital, has been limited to the rich. An attempt,however, should now be made to bring it within the reach ofeveryone, and to extend to all classes the benefit of changeof air and scene when ill-health shall have made such changedesirable; or when, as so often happens, a breadwinner isobliged to separate himself from his family because an invalidwife or child cannot be moved to a new home. Just in thesame manner as it is mockery to recommend indigent patientswhen discharged from a hospital a diet of chicken, jelly, andport wine, unless it be provided for them, so it is useless totell them to obey the doctor’s instructions and seek changeof air, unless such a possibility is brought within the meansof the poorest.

WILLS OF MEDICAL MEN.

THE will, with two codicils, of Alexander Tweedie, M.D.,.R.C.P., F.R.S., of Bute Lodge, Twickenham, who died onMay 30th last, was proved on the 24th ult. by Mr. EdwardJames Bevir, Q.C., Mr. Henry Daniel Bishop, and the Rev.Charles Creaghe Collins, the executors, the value of the

personal estate amounting to upwards of jE181,000. The

testator, after making provision for his wife, daughter, andfour grandchildren, bequeaths JE1000 each to the BritishMedical Benevolent Fund and University College Hospital;;E500 each to Charing-cross Hospital, the Royal Hospital forIncurables, Putney, the Great Northern Hospital, Islington,the Scottish Hospital Corporation, the Royal Infirmary,Edinburgh, and the London Fever Hospital, Liverpool-road,Islington; £ 100 each to the Richmond Hospital, the Artists’Benevolent Fund, London, the Foundling Hospital BenevolentFund, and the City of London Truss Society ; £ l00 to theVicar and Churchwardens of Eist Twickenham towardscompleting the church, and numerous other legacies. As tothe residue of his estate and effects, he leaves one-fourth tohis daughter, Mrs. Hannah Caasel Collins, one-fourth eachto his grandsons, Alexander Leslie Tweedie and GeorgeStraton Tweedie. and one-fourth between his granddaughtersIsabella Leslie Tweedie and Ann Scott Tweeòi".

The will of Frederick Appleton Sawtel1<>, M.D., of12’), AVestern-road, Brighton, who died on May 2ud last,at sea, was proved on the 27th ult. by Mrs. Flora MariaRobertson, the sole executrix, the value of the personalestate amounting to over 3600. The testator leaves his interestin a New York Life Assurance Society, to the amount of&pound; 1000, to Miss Emily Constance Wright, and subject theretoall that he dies possessed of to Mrs. Robertson.The Irish probate, granted at Belfast, of the will and

codicil of Cunningham Mulholland, M.D., of 41. Prospect.terrace, Belfast, who died on May 14th last, to Mra. LetitiaMcDonald Mull1ollann, the widow, Cunningbam Mulholland,the son, and the Rav. William Lowny Berkeley, theexecutors, was sealed in London on the ht inst., theaggregate value of the personal estate in England andIreland exceeding jE2900. The testator leaves flOO, hishousehold furliituie and effects, and an annuity of jE60 to hiswife; and life annuities to each of his children excepthis eldestson. All his real estate and the residue of the personaltyhe gives to his eldest son, the said Cunningham Mulholland.The will of William Job Collins, M.D., of 1, Albert-

terrace, ltegent’s-park, who died on May 10th last, wasproved on the 19th ult. by Mr. W. J. Collins, the son, thesole executor, the value of the personal estate exceeding;ei400. The testator leaves f500 to his son Edward TreacherCollins, and the residue of his property equally between himand his daughters, Mre. Minnie Moor and Mrs. Anne SarahChipp.The will of Henry Francis Williams, M.D., Deputy-

Surgeon-General (retired) of Her Majesty’s Indian MedicalService, late of Catherine Villa, Auckland-road, Southsea,who died on April 27th last, was proved on the 27th ult. byMrs. Margaret Anne Williams, the widow and soleexecutrix, to whom he leaves everything of which he shalldie possessed absolutely. The value of the personal estateamounts to over fl200.

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The following legacies have recently been left to hospitalsand other medical institutions :-Mr. William King, of19, Ovington-gardens, who directs his executors to transferto the treasurer or the trustees for the time being ofSt. George’s Hospital, Hyde-park-corner, f 100,000 Three percent. Consolidated Bank Annuities for the purpose of endow-ing or of augmenting the endowment of such hospital, oncondition that a ward in the said hospital shall for everhereafter be called the "William King 01 Ward. "- Mr JamesCarthew Quick, of 82, Marine-parade, Brighton, &pound; 1000 eachto the London Hospital, Whitechapel, and the SussexCounty Hospital, Brighton.-Mr. John Antoine Bradshaw,of 2, Alfred-terrace, Upper Holloway, the value of whosepersonal estate amounts to over JE28,000, after giving there-out several legacies, divides the residue equally betweentwenty-two charities, among which are the East LondonHospital for Children, the Royal Free Hospital, Gray’s.inn-road, St. Bartholomow’s Hospital, King’s College Hospital,University College Hospital, the Middlesex Hospital, theBritish Home for Iucurables, and the Royal Hospital forIncurables.

Public Health and Poor Law.LOCAL GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENT.

I REPORTS OF INSPECTORS OF THE MEDICAL DEPARTMENTI OF THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT BOARD.

Diphtheria at Tichmarsh, by Mr. W. H. POWER. 1-Tichmarsh is a village of some 900 inhabitants in the Thrap-ston rural sanitary district in Northamptonshire, and diph-theria, which made its appearance there in the spring of lastyear, lingered on throughout the summer, then underwenta sudden extension in October and November, decliningagain in the early part of this year. In all, nineteen casesterminated fatally. Ag in so many instances, this diseasewas preceded by sore-throats and colds of a sort that did notget recorded, and since cases occurring in Poor-law practicewere absolutely withheld from the medical officer of health,1 To be purchased of Knight and Co, 90, Fleet-street; Shaw and

Sons. Fetter-lane; Hadden, Best, and Co., Fetter-lane; and P. S. Kingand Son, King-street. Westminster.