1300-1600
Renaissance and Reformation
What was the Renaissance?
“Rebirth” in arts, learning, trade in Europe beginning in the 1300’s
Recovery from disasters of plague, political instability, decline of church power
Transition of Europe from agricultural to urban society
So what was it?A. Spread of new political, social, artistic ideasB. New social system developing in Europe
(middle class)C. Interest in “classics” from Greece and RomeD. Explored human experienceE. Emphasis on individual abilityF. Growing secular (non-religious), worldly,
viewpoint Renaissance Man- person capable of many
achievements (Leonardo da Vinci painter, sculptor, architect, inventor, mathematician)
Renaissance begins in Italy
Renaissance began in Italy Italy was made up of many small,
powerful city-states- Venice, Florence, Milan
Why Italy?A. Center of old Roman Empire,
close to classic civilizationsB. Catholic Church and wealthy
merchants were patrons (supporters) of the arts
C. Center of trade with other regions
1. provided wealth,2. exchange of ideas3. urban trading cities4. center of banking
Italian City- States
City- states grew wealthy because of trade during Crusades City- states controlled by wealthy
merchants, families City- states competed to display wealth Families had political, economic control
Medici family of Florence powerful family during Renaissance Supporters of the arts (patrons) Powerful banking family, controlled the
flow of money across Europe Medici wealth and influence transformed
Florence
Intellectual and Artistic Renaissance
Key intellectual movement- HumanismA.Study of classical culture- Greece, RomeB.Focus on worldly subjects, not religionC. Focus on human potentialEducation- stimulate creative powers, create
great citizensHumanist schools model for education in
Europe until 20th century.
Art and Architecture
I. Artists imitate nature, importance of human, individual
II. Realist painting, sculptureIII. Used perspective to
create realist art (looked 3D)
IV. Used new oil paintsV. Studied human figure Da Vinci, Michelangelo,
Raphael- famous painters, sculptors
Architecture adopted columns, arches, domes of Greeks and Romans
Vernacular Literature
Vernacular- language of own region (English, Spanish, German, etc.)
Many writers wrote in their own language
Before all scholarly work in Latin
Famous Renaissance writers Dante- Divine Comedy
(Italian)Chaucer- Canterbury
Tales (English)
Italian Writers
Literature developed to help ambitious men and women achieve
Book of the Courtier- Castiglione (1528)
Described ideal noble1. Not made, but born2. Needed skill as a warrior3. Expected to have well rounded education,
enrich life with the arts4. Certain standards of conductNiccolo Machiavelli- The Prince
(1513)Political guidebookHow to acquire and keep powerEnds justify the means
Renaissance in Northern Europe
Economic, social recovery happened during 1400’s
Began Belgium (Flanders), northern France, Netherlands, in urban areas that were involved in the cloth trade
Renaissance developed its own character
Invention of printing press 1455 Johann Gutenberg printed Bible
using moveable type printing pressA. Many copies of books could be
printed quicklyB. Books easier, cheaper to produce,
more people gained access to knowledge, ideas
C. Rise in Literacy across EuropeD. Published new discoveries 1500 over 1000 printers in Europe
Northern Renaissance Artists, Writers
Artists studied under Italian masters, copied technique
Northern European rulers purchased paintings, hired Italian artists and architects
Many Northern European artists went to Italy to study and copy techniques
More interested in realism, details of everyday life
Pieter Brugel, Albrecht Durer, Jan van Eyck well known Northern Renaissance artists
Durer known for his engraving
Peasant Wedding Pieter Brueghel
Northern Renaissance Artists, Writers
Humanist writers promoted education and classical learning bring religious,
spiritual reform Used reason to improve themselves Appealed to growing middle class in cities Northern Renaissance focused on religious ideas (not secular)
called “Christian Humanism”
Erasmus- Dutch priest, produced Bible in Greek Doubts about organized churchChristianity should show people how to live good
lives, not provide system of beliefsPraise of Folly criticized abuses of church
Northern Renaissance in England
Mid 1500’s Queen Elizabeth I of England supported development of art and literature
Sir Thomas Moore- Utopia describes ideal society
William Shakespeare- English playwright in the late 1500’s and early 1600’s
Plays, poems express themes in everyday universal settings
Renaissance ideals of individual human flaws appear in plays
Wrote in English lanuage-1,700 words appear for first time in plays
Protestant Reformation
Luther Leads the Reformation (pages 54-60)
Causes of the ReformationA. Rise of wealth based economy
Merchants resented paying taxes to the Church, king jealous of Church wealth
B. Declining power of church Leaders had become corrupt
C. Kings becoming more powerful and challenged Church authority
D. Questions about supremacy of church raised by Christian Humanists (Erasmus)
Society was changing and people were searching for answers
Church Abuses
Catholic Church caught up in secular affairsTo finance church they raised fees on
marriage and baptism Sold indulgences- forgiveness of sins for
money
Early Revolts Against Church
Late 1300’s –John Wycliffe (English) attacked Catholic Church, called for changes Said Bible supreme to pope Followers had to meet in secret to avoid persecution
Early 1400’s John Hus (Czech) led reform movement, accused of heresy and executed 1415 Caused revolt in Bohemia did not end until 1436 Writing of Erasmus also had an effect
Martin Luther
Martin Luther (German, Catholic monk) protests against church led to Reformation
1517-Luther became upset a local priest, Johann Tetzel, selling indulgences in Wittenberg, Germany
Indulgences guaranteed person and dead relatives place in heaven
Outraged Luther, posted 95 Theses on Church in Wittenberg, Germany (maybe)
95 Theses/ Luther’s beliefs
1. Luther believed that faith alone was needed for salvation
Catholic teachings that faith and good works were needed for salvation
2. Bible was ultimate authority , not the pope3. All people could have direct relationship
with God Copies of 95 Theses printed and distributed
across Europe
Reaction to Luther
Pope excommunicated him (kicked him out of Catholic Church)
Emperor of Holy Roman Empire (HRE) called Luther to meeting to take back what he said (Diet of Worms)
Luther refused and declared an outlaw Luther supporters accepted his teachings May German princes renounced authority of pope
Luther’s Teachings
A. All people direct relationship with GodB. Bible needed to be translated into
vernacularC. Banned indulgencesD. Simplified mass, emphasis on sermonE. Permitted clergy to marry 1530’s followers called Protestants,
Lutherans
Princes and Peasants
German princes supported Luther:1. Independence from Church, HRE2. Excuse to seize Church property in territory3. Keep money in territory Poor support Luther’s message:1. Equality, social change2. Revolts across Germany (Peasant's Revolt)3. Not supported by Luther, respected social order, political authority
Peace of Augsburg (1555) allowed each prince to decide which religion to follow in their lands
Northern Germany- ProtestantSouthern Germany- Catholic
Reformation Spreads
English Reformation
1520’s religious leaders exploring Protestant ideas
English had called for reform in Church
Henry VIII wanted divorce from wife, wanted male heir
Pope would not annul (cancel) marriage
Henry and Chancellor Thomas Cromwell had Parliament pass laws to take control of Church
English Reformation
1534- Act of Supremacy made Henry head of Church of England (Anglican Church)
Burned Catholics for heresy1536-1540-Seized monastery lands and
wealthGave land to noblesChurch not radical- kept many Catholic forms
of worship, used English Bible
English Reformation
1547 Henry diesSon Edward VI
becomes kingPasses laws that
strengthen Protestant Church
Book of Common Prayer required in all church services
English Reformation
Mary Tudor, Edwards sister, queen after Edward dies
Mary was Catholic, had many Protestants killed for heresy
1558 Elizabeth I becomes queen, decided future of Anglican Church
Established compromise between Catholic and Protestant Church, ended decades of religious turmoil (Elizabethan Compromise)
The Reformation Continues (pages 61-66)
Reformation caused many smaller groups to break away from Catholic Church
1520’s Switzerland- Ulrich Zwingli Stressed importance of Bible, simplified
elaborate church ritual John Calvin- Geneva, Switzerland
Idea of predestination (God already decided who went to heaven)
Ideas known as Calvinism 1559- Calvinism spreads to Scotland,
known as Presbyterians 1541- Calvinists established
theocracy in Geneva Followers had strict rules Seen as model Christian community
Ideas of Calvinism spread across Europe to Americas (Pilgrims and Puritans)
New Religious Groups
Other sects had radical ideas
Anabaptists 1. rejected infant baptism 2. Communities shared
everything 3. religious tolerance4. Separation of church and
state5. Refused military service
Persecuted by Catholic and Protestant groups
Catholic Counter Reformation
New religious order Jesuits founded by Ignatius of Loyola
A.Defended and spread Catholic faith
B.Set up schoolsC. Spread Catholicism to
Africa, Asia, AmericasBy 1600 Protestant religions
had gained a foothold across Europe, church abuses reduced
Catholic Counter Reformation
Most Europeans remained Catholic 1530’s- 1540’s Pope Paul III tried to revive moral authority, end
corruption of Catholic Church Council of Trent- (1545, met for 20 years) Reaffirmed traditional Catholic views, final authority on the Bible penalties for corruption among clergy educated clergy Indulgences were valid
Inquisition (courts used to find non- believers) were widely used across Europe
Legacies of the Reformation
1. Religious differences caused intolerance, divided Europe
2. Different religions persecuted those that were different
3. Weakened church allowed strong monarchies to develop (Chapter 6)
4. Led to Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution (Chapter 6)
5. Jews forced to live in ghettos across Europe1. Could not live in Spanish colonies2. Many moved to Ottoman Empire, Netherlands
The Muslim World Expands1300-1700
Ottomans Build a Vast Empire Section One
The Ottomans Build a Vast Empire 1300’s Turks began to expand out of
Anatolia in central Turkey Began to unify under a single leader,
Osman Turkish warriors called ghazis, warriors
for Islam and followed Islamic code, ruled by a sultan
Turks success was based on the use of gunpowder
Conquered people were treated fairly Ruled through local officials appointed
by sultan, non-Muslim locals did not have to serve in the army but paid taxes
1402- Ottoman expansion was halted by warriors from central Asia under Timur the Lame
The Ottomans Builds a Vast EmpireExpansion of the Ottoman Empire After threat from Timur ended Ottoman sultan Mehmed I took
power Son, Mehmed II defeated the Venetian, Italian and Hungarian
armies 1453- Mehmed the Conqueror took the city Constantinople City was strategic point between the Black Sea and the
Mediterranean, allowed the empire to expand into Asia, united empire between Europe and Asia
Opened city up to Muslims, Christians, Jews, renamed city Istanbul
Ottomans Build a Vast Empire
1512- Selim the Grim came to power
Defeated Safavid Empire in Persia and conquered Syria, Palestine, North Africa
Conquered Cairo the intellectual center of the Islamic world
Conquered Mecca and Medina the holiest cities of Islam
Ottomans Build a Vast Empire
1520- Suleyman the Lawgiver becomes sultan Under his rule empire reached its
greatest power Captured part of eastern Europe,
and islands in the Mediterranean , dominated the eastern Mediterranean sea
Used powerful navy to control North African coastal cities and trade routes to the interior of Africa
1526- advanced into central Europe and made Europeans panic
Suleyman became the most powerful monarch on the planet
Ottomans Build a Vast Empire Suleyman kept diverse empire together Simplified and systematized government
and law codes Slaves ran the government Devshirme system drafted boys from
conquered Christian territories, gave them education, converted them to Islam and trained them as soldiers
Elites soliders known as janissaries Brightest rose to high positions in
government and military Ottomans let conquered territories keep
their religion and local practices to keep down conflict
Ottomans Build a Vast Empire
Suleyman promoted art, architecture and poetry in his empire
Creative period similar to European Renaissance
Painters and poets looked to classical Persia and Arabia for inspiration
Empire slowly declined over next 400 years
Sultans had a tradition of killing ablest sons so they would not take power from them
Did not educate other sons and this led to a line of weak rulers
Empire was officially broken up at end of World War I (1917)
The Safavid Empire: A Case for Cultural BlendingSection 2
Patterns of Cultural Blending
Safavid Empire ruled Persia between 16th and 18th centuries
Thrived by blending traditions of Persians, Ottomans and Arabs
Patterns of Cultural Blending Culture includes language, religion,
style of government, racial and ethnic groups, art and architecture
Cultural blending caused when cultures interact with each other
Happens where trade routes meet, continental crossroads, seaports
Cultures exposed to technology, ideas, foods and ways of life different than their own
New type of culture is developed
Patterns of Cultural blendingCauses
MigrationPursuit of religious freedom
TradeConquest
Results
Changes in religion
LanguageGovernmentTechnology Military tactics
The Safavids Build and Empire
Safavids were an Islamic group Aligned with Shi’a branch of Islam Squeezed geographically between
Ottoman Empire and Mughal Empire in India
To protect themselves they developed a powerful army
1501 12 year old military leader Isma’il conquered most of what is now Iran and gave himself the title shah
Established Shi’a Islam as the official religion, anybody that did not convert was put to death
1514 Ottomans defeated Safavids and set the border between the two empires
The Safavid Golden Age Isma’il’s son Tahmsap adopted
the Ottoman idea of using artillery with his military forces
Expanded north across the Caucus Mountains and brought Christians under Safavid rule
1587- Shah Abbas takes the throne
Created a “golden age” of Safavid culture that took the best from the Ottomans, Persian and Arab worlds
Safavid Golden Age Shah Abbas reformed military and
civilian life Created army that was loyal only to
him Modeled on idea of janissaries of
Ottoman empire Recruited Christians and equipped
the armies with artillery Reformed government
Punished corruption, Promoted loyal people Used foreigners to fill government
positions Invited Christians to move to empire Expanded industry, trade and art
exchanges between empire and Europe
Safavid Golden Age New capital established at
Esfahan City one of the most beautiful in
the world Many foreign artisans found in the
city1. Chinese artists produced
miniature paintings, pottery, ironworks, tile work that blended Asian and Persian influences
2. Best known for carpets, became a national industry and were prized by Europeans
3. Shah Abbas sent artists to train in Italy and their rug designs reflected European influence
Dynasty Declines QuicklyShah Abbas made same mistakes
Ottomans made Killed and blinded most powerful
sonsLed to incompetent grandson
leading empire1747 after Nadir Shah was killed
by his own troops the empire fell apart
Mughal Empire in IndiaSection 3
Early History of the Mughals 700’s Muslim tribes form
central Asia carved northwestern India into small kingdoms
Descendants of Mongols called themselves Mughals
For over 300 years could only advance as far as the Indus River Valley
Around 1000 they swept into India and conquered the Hindus and ruled from Delhi
1398 Timur the Lame destroyed Delhi
Akbar’s Golden Age 1494 13 year old boy Babur, built
up an army and took control of India
1556-1605 Grandson Akbar ruled Military power based on use of
gunpowder and artillery Akbar continued Muslim tradition of
tolerance of religion Abolished tax on Hindu pilgrims
and non-Muslims Natives and foreigners could rise to
high levels in government Established fair taxes based on
wealth Land policies kept officials from
gaining too much power
Akbar’s Golden Age Welcomed influence from many
different cultures Lower castes convert to Islam
because message of equality Merchants convert to take
advantage of trade networks and connections
Blended art, education and politics
Official language was Persian, most Indians spoke Hindi
New language developed called Urdu (means from the soldiers camp)
Highly detailed paintings called miniatures illustrated books
Massive temples that portrayed Hindu themes were built under his reign
Akbar’s Successors 1605 Akbar dies, son
Jahangir becomes emperor Nur Jahan his wife runs the
empire for him Their son Khusrau rebels
and uses the Sikhs to shelter and defend him
Sikhs were a nonviolent religious group with elements of Hinduism and Islam
Because of this the Sikhs became a target for Mughal hatred
Akbar’s Successors Shah Jahan, Jahangir’s son took power and
assassinated all of his rivals Passion for two things: his wife and beautiful
buildings Wife Mumtaz Mahal died giving birth and he built
shrine to his wife Taj Mahal While he was building the country suffered He raised taxes higher and higher to pay for
construction of monuments
Akbar’s Successors 1657- Shah Jahan grew older and became ill his sons
began a civil war to see who would take power Third son Aurangzeb won and had his father put in prison Aurangzeb built the Mughal empire to its greatest size Power weakened during his reign because he was he a
cruel ruler Enforced Islamic laws and did not tolerate Hindu worship Destroyed all pre-Mughal Hindu shrines, taxed Hindus and
removed them from government
Empire’s Decline and Decay Hindu’s rebelled against policies of
Aurangzeb Raised taxes to keep fighting wars, this
led to more rebellion Drained empire of resources, famine
killed 2 million, subjects felt little loyalty Power of local lords grew and empire
was split up European traders came into region and
gained foothold
1400-1800
Chapter 3
Section 1
• Beginning in 1400’s, desire to explore called 3 G’s (Gold, God, Glory)
A.Other countries wanted trade controlled by Italy and Arabs for three centuries
• Spices most valued item• Quicker route to Asia meant they could
take out middleman (Arabs, Italians)B. New technology – compass, faster
ships, astrolabe, better mapmaking skills made traveling by ship easier, safer
• Most new technology came from Muslims and Chinese
C. Sparked by Renaissance curiosity and sense of adventure
D. Desire to spread Christianity• Europeans saw this as their sacred duty
to convert others
Portugal Leads the WayA.Leader in developing and applying new sailing technologyB.Had strong government support led by Prince Henry (Henry the Navigator)C.1419 Henry established a sailing school for sailors, ship makers, navigators to perfect their trade•By 1460 Portugal was the first country to establish trading outposts along the coast of Africa and push into the Indian Ocean•Traded Africans European goods for gold and ivory
• Portuguese needed to reach Asia by sea and had to sail around the southern tip of Africa
• 1488 Bartolomeu Dias reached the Cape of Good Hope and explored the southeast coast of Africa
• 1497 Vasco da Gama sailed to Calicut, India and returned to Portugal with silk, spices and gems that was worth 60 times more than the cost of the voyage
• His voyage gave Portugal a direct sea route to Asia
• Spain Also Makes Claims• 1492 Spain sent Christopher Columbus to find a
route to Asia by sailing west across the Atlantic• Columbus thought he reached the Indies, really
opened the way for European colonization of the Americas
• Immediate impact was that it increased tension between Spain and Portugal
• 1494- Treaty of Tordesillas Pope stepped in to keep peace between two countries
• Line drawn from North to south across globe dividing eastern and western hemispheres
• Portugal gets everything east of Line of Demarcation
• Spain given all lands west of Line of Demarcation
• Trading Empires in the Indian Ocean• Portugal took control of the spice trade from
Muslim merchants after da Gama’s voyage1.1509 extended control over region by defeating
Mughal navy off the coast of India2.1510 Portuguese capture port city of Goa, India;
it became center of their trading empire3.1511 Portuguese seize control of Strait of
Malacca, gave them control of the spice Islands• Portugal began to break the Muslim domination of
Eastern trade• Brought back goods at 20% of the prices charged
by Arab and Italian traders• More Europeans could afford items
• Success of Portugal attracted other European countries
• 1521 Spain claimed Philippine IslandsDutch Traders• Around 1600 the Dutch and English
became a sea powers• English and Dutch began to take away
Portuguese power• Each country formed an East India
Company• Each company had power to print money,
make treaties and raise armies• Dutch East India Company most
powerful in region• 1619 Dutch establish trading post in Java
and took Straits of Malacca and Spice Islands from Portugal
• Dutch began to expand across the region and their capital in Europe, Amsterdam became a leading commercial center
• By 1700 Dutch controlled most trade in Indian Ocean
British and French Traders•By 1700 English and French began to gain a foothold in region•English focused on India and developed a successful business in the cloth trade (established British East India Company)•France tried to establish a foothold in India but was not as successful
•European countries took control of port cities but their influence did not extend beyond the ports•Their influence was not felt by most people in Asia
Section 2
China was the dominant power in Asia and Europeans wanted to trade with them
Ming Dynasty 1368-1644 Ming Dynasty ruled China Korea and Southeast Asia paid tribute
(payment by one group to another to show submission) to Ming emperors, China expected Europeans to do the same
Hongwu was the first Ming emperor after he defeated the Mongols in 1368
A.Reformed agriculture by increasing rice production, encouraged growing cash crops (cotton, sugarcane) and encouraged fish farming
B.Encouraged a return to Confucian traditions and moral standards
C.Improved government by returning to a merit based government system
When problems developed Hongwu became a ruthless tyrant executing all of his enemies
• After death of Hongwu his son Yonglo took over
• He moved royal court to Beijing (built the Forbidden City)
• Also had a curiosity of the outside world
• 1405 began seven voyages of exploration and trade under commander Zeng He
• Expeditions traveled long distances, many ships, many people and huge ships
• Trips were used to show Chinese superiority, because of voyages 16 countries sent tribute to China
• Chinese officials complained that voyages wasted money and after 1433 China began a period of isolation
• Trade policies of 1500’s reflected isolation• To keep influence of outsiders to a minimum • Only the government could conduct trade
through 3 ports- Canton, Macao and Ningbo• European demand for goods led to smuggling • Helped improve economy of China- led to
increase in manufacturing of ceramics and silk making
• Commerce and manufacturing seen as lower class jobs and not held in high regard in China, kept China from industrializing
• Government supported agriculture• Taxes were low on agriculture and high on
manufacturing
Qing Dynasty• By 1600 Ming rule began to weaken, government corruption,
civil strife, famine and high taxes led to rebellion• 1644 Manchus from northeast China seized power and ruled
until 1900• People resisted rule by non-Chinese Manchus 1.Kept order by keeping traditional social structure and
restoring Chinese prosperity2.Expanded China into Taiwan, Central Asia, Mongolia and Tibet3.Lowered taxes and reduced government expenses4.Welcomed Jesuits into royal court to learn about European life5.Kept policy of isolation from foreign trade
• Foreign countries that wished to trade with China had to trade only in special ports and pay tribute
• The Dutch accepted the Chinese restrictions and the Chinese accepted the Dutch as trading partners
• The Dutch brought silks, porcelain, and tea
• By 1800 tea made up 80% of shipments from China to Europe
• The British refused to follow the Chinese trade restrictions
• China rejected their offers by sending a letter to the king of England that they did not need the British
• 1600s and 1700s were a time of peace and prosperity in China and the lives improved for most Chinese people
Most Chinese were farmers and under the Qing irrigation and the use of fertilizer increased
Also new crops from the were introduced by European traders (corn, sweet potatoes)
Food production increased and the population exploded
• Chinese families favored sons over daughters
• Sons were in charge of religious rituals, and raised their own families in their parents homes
• As their parents grew older they help them farm
• Females were not as valued but they did have the responsibilities of children’s education and managing family finances
Section 3
• 1300’s Japanese unity was shattered by warring shoguns
• By 1467 the country was separated into hundreds of separate domains
• 1467-1568 known as period of “warring states”
• Samurai took control of feudal states and offered peasants protection for their loyalty
• Warrior chieftains known as daimyo and used samurai as warriors
• Emperor in Kyoto was just a figurehead with no power
• Daimyo lived in fortresses and fought each other for control of land
• Many daimyo tried to seize and control power
• Oda Nobunga –was the first to use soldiers with muskets to defeat rival samurai (1575)
• Toyotomi Hideyoshi- took control and tried to conquer Korea, when he died the troops returned to Japan (1590)
• 1600 Tonkugawa Ieyasu takes control of country by defeating his rivals and earning the loyalty of other daimyo
• He moved the capital to Edo (Tokyo)• Kept daimyo tamed and helped
centralize power in Japan• To keep daimyo in check he made them
live in the capital every other year and when they were gone they had to leave their families behind as hostages, had them help build his castle in Edo
• Founded Tokugawa Shogunate that held power until 1867
• Japan enjoyed over 250 years of stability under Tokugawa shoguns
• Farmers produced more food and population rose, even though they lived lives of misery
Society was very structureda.Ruler was shogun and supreme military
commanderb.Below him was the landholding daimyo who
controlled samurai warriorsc. Artisans and peasants were next with merchants
at the bottom• 4/5 of society were peasants• Merchants became more important as the
economy expanded• Confucian ideas ruled society and the ideal
citizen depended on agriculture not commerce• However the farmers paid the most in taxes,
many abandoned land and moved to cities for economic opportunity
• Mid 1700’s Japan shifted from a rural to an urban society
• Edo was the largest city in the world
• Contact Between Europe and Japan• Europeans began to arrive in the 1500’s• 1543 first Europeans were shipwrecked
Portuguese sailors and merchants soon followed with clocks, tobacco, firearms
• Japanese welcomed traders and missionaries
1. Europeans introduced new technologies and ideas
2. Japanese merchants eager to expand their markets welcomed Europeans
3. Daimyo welcomed traders for their guns to gain an advantage over their rivals
• Guns changed the tradition of the Japanese warrior whose principal weapon was the sword
• Cannons changed the way castles were built• Fortified castles attracted merchants and
artisans and caused the growth of towns across Japan
• 1549 first missionaries came to Japan• Catholic Jesuits, Franciscans and Dominican
missionaries came to convert the Japanese• By 1600 they had converted over 300,000
Japanese• Missionaries teachings went against traditional
Japanese beliefs and by 1612 Christianity was banned and Tokugawa Shoguns focused on ridding the country of them
• 1637 situation came to a head after rebellion led by Christians
• All Christian missionaries were kicked out of China and all Japanese had to demonstrate faithfulness to some branch of Buddhism
• Persecution just one part of attempt to control foreign ideas• Shoguns did not like the introduction of European ways, but
they wanted European trade• 1639 Japan sealed the borders of the country except one port,
Nagasaki (a man made island in the harbor)• Only Dutch and Chinese were allowed to trade there• Tokugawa shogunate had a monopoly on all trade for over 200
years• During this time Japan remain basically closed to outsiders and
Japanese were forbidden to leave• During this time Japan developed a self-sufficient country free
from European intervention
Dejima
THE ATLANTIC WORLD
Chapter 4
Section 1
Spain Builds and American Empire
Spain Builds and American Empire
1492- seeking an alternate trade route to Asia Christopher Columbus “discovers” America and accidently brings together peoples of the Americas, Europe and Africa
Spain’s rulers financed three more trips with more men and ships and began to found colonies (lands controlled by another nation)
1500 Pedro Alvares Cabral claimed modern day Brazil for Portugal By the early 1500’s Europeans had figured out that the land was not Asia but a new
continent 1519 Ferdinand Magellan sailed around the southern end of South America and
across the Pacific (along the way claiming the Philippines for Spain) In 1522 when they returned to Spain only 18 men and one ship were left, first
voyage to circumnavigate the globe
Spain Builds an American Empire
Spanish were first European explorers and settlers of the Americas
Made Spain a very wealthy country and their culture influenced the cultures of North and South America that exists today
Spanish explorers known as conquistadors came to the Americas to follow rumors of gold and silver, they stayed and carved out colonies in regions that would become Mexico, South America and the United States
Spain Builds an American Empire
Spanish Conquests in Mexico 1519 Hernando Cortes and 600 men landed
in Mexico They heard of wealthy Aztec empire and its
capital Tenochtitlan Cortes marched inland and was welcomed by
the Aztec emperor Montezuma, who thought the Spaniards were gods
Aztecs soon figured out the intentions of Cortes and drove the Spaniards out of the capital
1521 Cortes and the Spaniards defeated the Aztecs even though they were greatly outnumbered
Reasons for Spanish victorya) Made allies with groups that did not like Aztecsb) Spanish had superior weaponsc) Diseases like measles, smallpox, typhus; that
the Native Americans had no natural immunity to
Effects of Old World Disease
Native Americans had no natural resistance to diseases that were common in Europe Asia and Africa
Killed up to 90% of Native American population across North and South America within the first 100 years of European contact
Made it easier for Europeans to conquer the Americas because Native American did not have the numbers to resist
Caused fear and confusion among native groups
When many European explorers reached new areas they found empty villages and towns
Spain Builds an American Empire
Spanish Conquest in Peru 1532- Francisco Pizarro
takes army of 200 into the heart of the huge Incan empire in South America
They kidnap their ruler Atahualpa and demand a ransom of gold (even though the Inca had an army of 30,000), after they received their gold they strangled the Inca king
This demoralized the Inca people and the Spaniards quickly seized control of their empire
Spain Builds an American Empire
By the middle of the 1500’s Spain had created a huge American empire
Drew from techniques learned during the reconquista (when the Spanish drove the Muslims from Spain)
Spanish imposed their culture on the people they conquered in the Americas
Most Spanish settlers were men so they had relationships with native women
Result of relationships was the creation of a mestizo (mixed Spanish and American) population
Spanish also forced native population to work for them
System called encomendia where the Indians farmed, ranched and mined for their Spanish landlords, often they were abused or mistreated
Portuguese Empire in America One area that remained outside of
European influence was Brazil Region was given to Portugal because
of Treaty of Tordesillas and claimed by Brazil in 1500
Colonists settled coastal areas and built huge sugar plantations
The demand for sugar was great in Europe and made huge profits for Portugal
Spain Builds an American Empire
Spain’s American colonies made it the richest and most powerful nation in the world during the 1500’s
Spain built a powerful navy and army to control and protect their empire
By the end of the 1500’s Spain pushed into what is now the US
1540-1541 Francisco Coronado explored the Southwest in search of a city of gold, did not find any
Catholic priests followed the conquistadors to convert natives
Priests used to explore and colonize North America
Catholic priests set up missions across the Southwest and California where towns grew up around them (Santa Fe, San Diego, San Francisco)
Spain Builds an American Empire
Opposition to Spanish Rule Spanish priests pushed for better treatment of
Native Americans Criticized harsh treatment of native
Americans under the encomendia system 1542 Spanish government ended
encomendia system and began to use African slaves for labor
Native Americans began to resist Spanish colonizers as well
Spanish burned sacred Native American objects, banned Indian religious practices and built Catholic churches on top of Indian religious centers
1680 Pope, a Native American ruler led a rebellion against Spanish rule and pushed them back into New Spain
It took the Spanish 12 years to take the area back
Section 2
Europeans Settle North America
Europeans Settle North America
Other European nations wanted to obtain valuable colonies in the Americas
By the early 1500’s England, the Dutch and French began to obtain colonies in North America
Wanted to find a more direct route to Asia through fabled “Northwest Passage”
Countries did not find route but stayed and established colonies
Europeans Settle North America
New FranceFrench explorers discover what is today New York harbor, St. Lawrence River1608- Samuel de Champlain took colonists and established Quebec the base of France’s New World empire, known as New France1673 French explorers Marquette (priest) and Joliet (fur trade and trapper) explored the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River1683 LaSalle another Frenchman claimed the entire Mississippi River valley for France
Europeans Settle North America
By the early 1700’s New France covered much of what is now the Midwestern US and eastern Canada
Empire was immense but sparsely populated Catholic priests came to convert Native
Americans The main economic activity was the fur trade not
settlement and occupying territory
Europeans Settle North America
English Arrive in North America1607 first permanent English settlement in Jamestown, VirginiaThey came looking for goldLife was hard 6 out of 10 colonists died of disease, hunger or Indian attack in the first few yearsOutlook improved greatly after the “discovery” of tobacco as a cash crop
Europeans Settle North America 1620 group known as Pilgrims settle a
second English colony in Plymouth, Mass. 1630’s Puritans a second English group
settled in Mass. Both groups came for the religious
freedom the colonies would provide Both colonies grew rapidly because of the
number of families that came to the colonies, unlike Jamestown that was settled by a mostly single, male population
Europeans Settle North America
The Dutch found New NetherlandDutch founded colonies in region along the Hudson River and Manhattan Island (now known as New York)Built trading posts and formed the Dutch West India CompanyColony in North America known as New NetherlandOpened to a variety of settlers Germans, French, ScandinaviansColonizing the CaribbeanOn the islands of the Caribbean European countries built huge sugar and cotton plantations Used African slaves for labor on plantations
Europeans Settle North America
The Struggle for North AmericaFrench, English and Dutch wanted to expand their colonies in North America and they battled each other for colonial supremacyNew Netherland separated England's colonies in North America1664 drove the Dutch out and renamed colony New YorkEngland battles FranceEnglish wanted to push further west into continent and they were blocked by the French1754 dispute over land claims in the Ohio Valley region led to a war between the two countriesKnown in North America as the French and Indian WarIt was part of a larger conflict called the Seven Year’s War that involved fighting in Europe, North America, the West Indies and India1763 the British defeat the French and the French gave up their holdings in North AmericaBritain became the supreme power in North America
Europeans Settle North America European colonization brought disaster to Native Americans French and Dutch had a cooperative relationship with Native
Americans Helped with fur trapping and traded furs for European items like
guns, hatchets, mirrors, beads English wanted to populate colonies and they clashed with Native
Americans over issues of land and religion Land: Wanted to push natives off their lands to build towns and grow
crops Religion: English considered natives as heathens and as a threat to
their “godly” society
Europeans Settle North America Native American and English hostility grew 1622 Colonists in Jamestown and the Powhatan
tribe fought 1675- One of the bloodiest colonial conflicts was
known as King Philipp's War Chief Metacom (King Philipp) tried to unite Native
Americans against English settlers After a year the colonists defeated the Indians and
put an end to Native American resistance in the English colonies
More destructive than European guns was disease that devastated the population
One effect of the loss was a severe labor shortage across the colonies, so the colonists turned to another labor source African slaves
Section 3
The Atlantic Slave Trade
The Atlantic Slave Trade
The Causes of African Slavery Slavery had existed in Africa for
centuries Muslim societies took prisoners of war
and made them slaves In Muslim culture slaves had legal rights
and could move up in society Europeans needed a cheap labor source
to replace Native Americans in their New World colonies, they turned to African slaves
1. Many had been exposed to Old World diseases and had developed an immunity
2. Africans had experience in farming3. Less likely to escape and easier to find
in unfamiliar New World
The Atlantic Slave Trade
Atlantic Slave Trade developed over the next three centuries , turned into a massive enterprise
Over that time 9.5 million Africans had been sent to the Americas
Spanish imported Africans to their plantations and gold and silver mines
Portuguese imported over 40% of the slaves to the Americas
Used on their Brazilian sugar plantations
The Atlantic Slave Trade
As Europeans established colonies their demand for cheap labor grew
From the late 1600’s to 1807 the English were the largest carriers of slaves to the New World
400,000 slaves were brought to Britain's North American colonies
African rulers cooperated with European slave traders
European traders waited in ports on the coast of Africa and waited for Africans to bring enslaved peoples to them
They were exchanged for gold, silver, guns and other manufactured goods
Some African rulers were opposed to this slave trade
The Atlantic Slave Trade
Triangular Trade NetworkAfricans slaves were part of a trade network that: A.Europeans transported manufactured goods to the African coastB.Africans were transported across the Atlantic to the Caribbean Islands, South America or the English coloniesC.Merchants purchased goods (sugar, rice, tobacco, rum, coffee)for slaves and took them back to Europe to be sold
The Atlantic Slave Trade
Voyage that brought slaves to the New World called the “middle passage”
Cruelty, sickness and death characterized journey
Slave traders packed Africans into ships
Almost 20% died on the trip across the ocean
The Atlantic Slave Trade
Slavery in the AmericasSlaves auctioned off to the highest bidderWorked long days and sometimes suffered brutal treatmentDeveloped a way of life based on cultural heritage, kept alive music, stories and religion of ancestorsSlaves found ways to resist, did not work as hard or ran away or revolted
The Atlantic Slave Trade
Had a profound impact on Americas and AfricaAfrica1. Many African culture lost generations of their fittest
members (young and able) to the slave trade2. Families were torn apart3. The slave trade introduced guns to the continent of
AfricaThe Americas/ New World1. Slave contributed to the growth of the Americas
through their labor and their expertise in agriculture2. They brought their culture (music, art, food, religion)
and it became mixed with the cultures of the New World
3. Many nations today have mixed race populations and significant African- American populations
Section4
The Columbian Exchange and Global Trade
The Columbian Exchange and Global Trade
Colonization of the Americas caused voluntary and involuntary migration of people and the introduction of goods from each continent
Exchange resulted in new business and trade practices in Europe
Columbian Exchange- global transfer of foods, plants and animals during the colonization of the Americas
Ships brought back items to Europe never seen before, many became food sources for the Europeans
Two most important were potatoes and corn Both were inexpensive to grow and supplied nutrition Both played a significant role in boosting the world’s population
Europeans introduced: livestock animals to the Americas (cows, sheep, pigs, horses), foods from Africa were introduced (bananas, peas, yams), grains from Europe (wheat, rice)
Disease was part of the Columbian exchange
The Columbian Exchange and Global Trade
Global TradeNew wealth and overseas trade led to new business practicesGrowth of capitalism (an economic system based on private ownership and owned to make a profit)
No longer were governments the sole owners of great wealth
Many merchants gained wealth and used money to invest in other enterprises and businesses flourished
Increase in gold and silver from New World led to an increase in the money supply and things began to cost more for average Europeans
The Columbian Exchange and Global Trade
Another type of business venture was the joint stock company
Investors purchased shares of stock in a company to combine wealth for a common purpose During 1500 and 1600’s common purpose was to colonize
the Americas Took large amounts of money to establish and build colonies Colonies were risky investments and if many people invested
they only risked a small loss A joint stock company was responsible for establishing
Jamestown
The Columbian Exchange and Global Trade
The Growth of MercantilismMercantilism was a new economic policy adopted by European countries at this timeCountries power depended on its wealth, allowed countries to purchase goods and develop strong navies for tradeGoal was to attain as much wealth as possibleNation could increase its wealth in two ways:
Obtain as much gold and silver as possible Establish a favorable balance of trade by selling more
that they purchasedUltimate goal was to not depend on other countries for goods so they had to establish colonies to provide what they did not haveColonies also provided a market for good to be sold
The Columbian Exchange and Global Trade
Economic Revolution Changes European Society
1. Spurred the growth of towns2. Led to the rise of a merchant class who
controlled great wealth3. Led to the creation of national identities
and helped expand the power of European monarchs
4. Majority of Europeans remained poor