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Renaissance

Architecture

In Russia

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Introduction

Renaissance trends from Italy and CentralEurope influenced Russia in many ways, though

this influence was rather limited due to the largedistances between Russia and the mainEuropean cultural centers, on one hand, and thestrong adherence of Russians to theirOrthodox traditions and Byzantine legacy , on the otherhand.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Churchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church

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Prince Ivan III introduced Renaissance

architecture to Russia by inviting a number ofarchitects from Italy, who brought new constructiontechniques and some Renaissance style elementswith them, while in general following the traditionaldesigns of the Russian architecture.In 1475 theBolognese architect Aristotele Fioravanti came torebuild theCathedral of the Dormition in the MoscowKremlin, damaged in an earthquake.

Fioravanti was given the 12th-century VladimirCathedral as a model, and produced a designcombining traditional Russian style with aRenaissance sense of spaciousness, proportion andsymmetry.

Ivan III Vasilyevich(22 January1440, Moscow 27 October 1505,Moscow), also known as Ivan theGreat, was a Grand Prince ofMoscow and Grand Prince of all Rus.

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The Cathedral of the Dormition isa Russian Orthodox church

dedicated to theDormition of theTheotokos . It is located on the northside of Cathedral Square ofthe Moscow Kremlin in Russia,where a narrow alley separates thenorth from the Patriarch's Palace

with the Twelve Apostles Church.

Southwest is Ivanthe Great Bell Tower. Separately in the southwest, alsoseparated by a narrow passage from the church, is the Palace of Facets.

The Cathedral is regarded as the mother church of Muscovite Russia. In itspresent form it was constructed between 1475 79 at the behest of theMoscow Grand Duke Ivan III by the Italian architect Aristotele Fioravanti.From 1547 to 1896 it is where the Coronation of the Russian monarch washeld. In addition, it is the burial place for most of theMoscow Metropolitans and Patriarchs of theRussian Orthodox Church.

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Dormition Cathedral in Vladimir (sometimes translatedAssumptionCathedral ) used to be a mother church of medieval Russia in the 13thand 14th centuries. It is part of the World Heritage Site entitledWhiteMonuments of Vladimir and Suzdal.

The cathedral was commissioned by Andrew the Pious in hiscapital Vladimir and dedicated to theDormition of the Theotokos (VirginMary), whom he promoted as the patron saint of his lands. Originally

erected in 1158-1160, the 6-pillared 5-domed cathedral was expandedin 1185-1189 to reflect the augmented prestige of Vladimir. Embracingthe area of 1178 sq. meters, it remained the largest of Russianchurches for the following 300 or 400 years.

The exterior walls of the church are covered with elaborate carvings.The interior was painted in the 12th century and then repainted by the

great Andrei Rublev and Daniil Chernyi in 1408.The Dormition Cathedral served as a model for AristoteleFioravanti when he designed the eponymous cathedral in the MoscowKremlin in 1475-1479. A lofty belltower, combining genuinelyRussian, Gothic, and Neoclassical influences, was erected nearby in1810.

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In 1485 Ivan III also commissioned the buildingof a royalTerem Palace within the Kremlin,with Aloisio da Milano being thearchitect of thefirst three floors. Aloisio da Milano, as well asthe other Italian architects, also greatlycontributed to the construction of the Kremlin

walls and towers.

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Terem Palace or Teremnoy Palace

a historical building in the Moscow

Kremlin, Russia, which used to bethe main residence of the Russian tsars in the17th century. Its name is derived from theGreek word (i.e., "dwelling"). Currently, thestructure is not accessible to the public, as itbelongs to the official residence ofthe President of Russia.

The palace consists of five stories. The third story was occupied by the tsaritsaand her children; the fourth one contained the private apartments of the tsar.The upper story is a tent-like structure where the Boyar Duma convened. The

exterior, exuberantly decorated with brick tracery and colored tiles, is brilliantlypainted in red, yellow, and orange. The interior used to be painted as well, butthe original murals were destroyed by successive fires, particularly the great fireof 1812. In 1837, the interiors were renovated in accordance with old drawingsin the Russian Revival style.

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The small banqueting hall ofthe Russian Tsars, called

the Palace of Facets becauseof its facetted upperstory, is the work of twoItalians,MarcoRuffo and Pietro Solario, andshows a more ItalianStyle.

The Palace of the Facets is a building in the MoscowKremlin, Russia, which contains what used to be the main banquetreception hall of theMuscovite Tsars. It is the oldest preservedsecular building in Moscow. Located on Kremlin Cathedral Square,

between the Cathedral ofthe Annunciation and the DormitionCathedral . Currently, it is an official ceremonial hall in the residence ofthe President of the Russian Federation and thus admission is limitedto prearranged tours only.

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In 1505, an Italian known in Russiaas Aleviz Novyi or Aleviz Fryazinarrived in Moscow. He may have been

the Venetian sculptor, Alevisio Lambertida Montagne.

He built 12 churches for Ivan III,including theCathedral of the Archangel , a building remarkable forthe successful blending of Russiantradition, Orthodox requirements andRenaissance style.

It is believed that the Cathedral of theMetropolitanPeter in Vysokopetrovsky Monastery , another work of Aleviz Novyi, later served as an inspiration for the so-called octagon-on-tetragon architectural form inthe Moscow Baroque of the late 17th century.

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The Cathedral of the Archangel isa Russian Orthodox church dedicatedto the Archangel Michael . It is locatedin Cathedral Square of the MoscowKremlin in Russia between the GreatKremlin Palace andthe Ivan theGreat Bell Tower.

It was the main necropolis of the Tsars of Russia untilthe relocation of the capital toSt. Petersburg . It wasconstructed between 1505 and 1508 under thesupervision of an Italian architect Aloisio the New onthe spot of an older cathedral, built in 1333.

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Between the early 16th and the late 17th centuries, however, anoriginal tradition of stone tented Roof architecture had beendeveloped in Russia. It was quite unique and different from thecontemporary Renaissance architecture elsewhere in Europe,though some researches call that styleRussian Gothic' and compare

it with the EuropeanGothic architecture of the earlier period.The Italians, with their advanced technology, may have influencedthe invention of the stonetented roof (the wooden tents were knownin Russia and Europe long before). According to one hypothesis,

an Italian architect calledPetrok Maly may have been an author ofthe Ascension Church in Kolomenskoye, one of the earliest andmost prominent tented roof churches.

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Kolomenskoye village was firstmentioned in

the testament of Ivan Kalita(1339). As time went by, thevillage was developed as afavourite country estate of grandprinces of Muscovy. The earliestexisting structure is the

exceptional Ascension church(1532).

built in white stone to commemorate the long-awaited birthof an heir to the throne, the future Ivan the Terrible. Beingthe first stone church of tent-like variety, the uncanonical"White Column" (as it is sometimes referred to) marked astunning break from the Byzantine tradition.

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By the 17th century the influenceof Renaissance painting resultedin Russian icons becoming slightlymore realistic, while still followingmost of the old iconpainting canons, as seen in theworks of Bogdan Saltanov, SimonUshakov, Gury Nikitin, KarpZolotaryov and other Russian

artists of the era.

Gradually the new type ofsecular portrait paintingappeared,called parsna (from"persona" person), whichwas transitional stylebetween abstracticonographics and realpaintings.

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In the mid 16th-century Russians adopted printing from Central Europe,withIvan Fyodorov being the first known Russian printer. In the 17th century printing became widespread, andwoodcuts becameespecially popular. That led to the development of a special form offolk art known as lubok printing,which persisted in Russia well intothe 19th century. A number of technologies from the EuropeanRenaissance period were adopted by Russia rather early, and

subsequently perfected to became a part of a strong domestic tradition.Mostly these were military technologies, such as cannon castingadopted by at least the 15th century. TheTsar Cannon, which is theworld's largest bombard by caliber , is a masterpiece of Russian

cannon making. It was cast in 1586 by Andrey Chokhov , and isnotable for its rich, decorativerelief . Another technology, thataccording to one hypothesis originally was brought from Europeby the Italians, resulted in the development ofvodka, thenational beverage of Russia.

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As early as 1386 theGenoese ambassadors

brought the firstaqua vitae ("the living water")to Moscow and presented it toGrand DukeDmitry Donskoy . The Genoese likely got thisbeverage with the help of thealchemists ofProvence, who used an Arab-invented distillationapparatus to convert grape must into alcohol. AMoscovite monk called Isidore used thistechnology to produce the first originalRussian vodka c. 1430.

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End