RENAISSANCE IS A FRENCH WORD…IT MEANS “REBIRTH” IT IS NOT TILL 1830 THAT THE TERM IS USED…BY A SWISS HISTORIAN JACOB BURCKHARDT THE RENAISSANCE ONLY AFFECTS THE WEALTHY ELITE…A SMALL ELITE…THE MAJORITY OF EUROPEANS ARE NOT TOUCHED BY IT. PEASANTS CONTINUED TO SUFFER. MOST CHANGES ARE IN THE ARTS AND IN LEARNING IT IS THE PRINTING PRESS…GUTENBERG’S MOVEABLE TYPE… THAT IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE SPREAD OF RENAISSANCE IDEAS. BOOKS CAN NOW BE PRODUCED QUICKLY AND CHEAPLY THE RENAISSANCE BEGINS IN THE ITALIAN CITY STATES IN THE LATE 14 TH CENTURY (QUATROCENTRO)
Transcript
RENAISSANCE IS A FRENCH WORD…IT MEANS “REBIRTH”IT IS NOT TILL 1830 THAT THE TERM IS USED…BY A SWISS
HISTORIAN JACOB BURCKHARDTTHE RENAISSANCE ONLY AFFECTS THE WEALTHY ELITE…A
SMALL ELITE…THE MAJORITY OF EUROPEANS ARE NOT TOUCHED BY IT.
PEASANTS CONTINUED TO SUFFER.MOST CHANGES ARE IN THE ARTS AND IN LEARNING
IT IS THE PRINTING PRESS…GUTENBERG’S MOVEABLE TYPE…THAT IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE SPREAD OF RENAISSANCE
IDEAS.BOOKS CAN NOW BE PRODUCED QUICKLY AND CHEAPLY
THE RENAISSANCE BEGINS IN THE ITALIAN CITY STATES IN THE LATE 14TH CENTURY (QUATROCENTRO)
WEALTH…SPURS ON THE RENAISSANCE…AND LOTS OF IT!ITALY IS BEAUTIFULLY POSITIONED BETWEEN THE MUSLIM
EAST AND THE CHRISTIAN NORTH.
ITALY TRADES THE SPICES PRODUCED IN THE EAST TO THE CHRISTIAN NORTH…THEY ACT AS GO BETWEENS. CHRISTIANS DO NOT WANT TO
DEAL WITH MUSLIMSSPICE…SUCH AS PEPPER, GINGER, CURRY, CINNAMON, ETC…WAS
OUNCE FOR OUNCE MORE VALUABLE THAN GOLD
THEY INVENT BANKS OF COURSE!!!THEY HAVE SO MUCH MONEY THEY START LENDING
IT TO PEOPLE ALL OVER EUROPE…NO NOT TO PEASANTS!
THEY CHARGE INTEREST AND MAKE EVEN MORE MONEY!
THE MORE MONEY THAT CAME IN TO THEM…THE MORE LUXURIES THEY BOUGHT, THE MORE
LUXURIES THEY HAD, THE MORE THEY WANTED…SOUND FAMILIAR…WHO HAS AN iphone?
THEY ALSO HAD LEISURE TIME TO PURSUE NEW IDEAS…LIKE HUMANISM (WE WILL GET TO IT)…
AND PATRONAGE OF THE ARTS…THEY COMMISSIONED ARTISTS TO PAINT FOR THEM…UHH
LEONARDO WILL YOU PAINT MY PORTRAIT…?
PORTRAITS ANYONE?
I’m so pretty…
Miss Italy, 1560
Miss Italy…runner up
It’s the donuts on my ears isn’t it?
Life in Europe, in the Middle Ages was miserable. The Middle Ages was a time when RELIGION was the dominant
feature…life was a preparation for the afterlife….to gain Salvation. MAN WAS POWERLESS IN A HARSH UNIVERSE…WE COULD
NOT CHANGE THINGS, WE HAD TO JUST ACCEPT…SUFFERING WAS PART OF OUR LOT IN LIFE.
The church would explain the WHY in terms of religion…you were not pious enough, you had displeased God, you had not given
enough money to the church…It changed to…Life can be lived for today, and yes, it can be enjoyed.
We go from spiritual reward to material reward. THE CHURCH WAS NOT HAPPY!!!
From the SPIRITUAL TO THE SECULAR --
The secular emphasizes the “here and now” rather than the
“other world of heaven”
Emphasis is placed on material rewards rather than on spiritual
happiness.
The world begins to be explained in terms of DISCOVERABLE
CAUSES…The Bible is superseded as the ultimate
authority
Secularism changed the attitude of helplessness
Checkout the following Shakespeare quote from Hamlet…
“WHAT A PIECE OF WORK IS MAN, HOW NOBLE IN REASON,
HOW INFINITE IN FACULTY, IN FORM AND MOVING,
HOW EXPRESS AND ADMIRABLE IN ACTION, HOW LIKE AN ANGEL IN APPREHENSION,HOW LIKE A GOD: THE BEAUTY OF THE WORLD,PARAGON OF ANIMALS”
Contrast Shakespeare's attitude with that of the Middle Ages…
TYPICAL DRESS FOR
RENAISSANCE LADIES
THE MONA LISA
You knew that right?
The Renaissance “Man”…the ideal The Renaissance “Man”…the ideal man wasman was knowledgeable about many things in different knowledgeable about many things in different
fields…a man of fields…a man of VirtuVirtu excelling in all he didexcelling in all he did He was confident in himself…in his abilitiesHe was confident in himself…in his abilities He made the most of his opportunitiesHe made the most of his opportunities A deep knowledge of literature, poetry, A deep knowledge of literature, poetry,
rhetoric, business, the art of war, self-defense, rhetoric, business, the art of war, self-defense, he spoke 2 or 3 languages…and of course he he spoke 2 or 3 languages…and of course he was a man of INTEGRITY and DIGNITYwas a man of INTEGRITY and DIGNITY
He was able to link information from different He was able to link information from different areas and disciplines to create new knowledge.areas and disciplines to create new knowledge.
He was a He was a HUMANISTHUMANIST…(next slide)…(next slide) The Greek ideal of the “well-rounded man” was The Greek ideal of the “well-rounded man” was
at the heart of Renaissance education.at the heart of Renaissance education.
CONFIDENCE
OPPORTUNITIES
INTEGRITY
DIGNITY
LITERATURE
SELF DEFENCE
There are different interpretations of what HUMANISM was..It is primarily a way of seeing the world around you and
interacting with that world…a “moral compass”PETRARCH (1304-1374)is considered to be the “Father of
Humanism”…he is anti-war and pro-secular literature.Humanist goals were: a) demonstrate a knowledge of
languages…Latin, Greek, Hebrew, and a modern vernacularb) Know history…especially Ancient Greek and Roman
c) Be athletic…the manly art of fencingd) Moral character…getting away from the church’s view of
“God’s will” humanists believed in FREE WILL.e) Behavior…manners and courtesy…how you act towards people…best seen in Baldasar Castiglione’s The Courtier which was a manual of how to act, how to court and make
love…f) You applied these humanist philosophies to cultural and
political life…you contributed to your communities with beautification projects like sculpture and public artworks
MEDIEVAL ART DEALT WITH RELIGIOUS THEMES…BIBLICAL STORIES
RENAISSANCE ART DID HAVE RELIGIOUS THEMES BUT OFTEN DEALT WITH SECULAR THEMES…PORTRAIT, NUDES (COVER
YOUR EYES WE ARE IN VISTA!)ARTISTS BEGIN TO USE OIL PAINTS AS A MEDIUM
LINEAR PERSPECTIVE GIVES THE IMPRESSION OF THREE DIMENSIONALITY
ART OBSERVES THE NATURAL WORLD AND HUMAN EMOTIONSCULPTURE…EXPLORES INDIVIDUALISTIC, NON-RELIGIOUS,
NUDESARCHITECTURE…LOOKED BACK TO THE ANCIENT GREEKS AND
ROMANS…ROUNDED ARCHES AND SQUARED ANGLESLITERATURE…BECAME MORE SECULAR. AUTHORS EXPLORED THE HUMAN CONDITION…e.g. SHAKESPEARE, CASTIGLIONE, BOCCACCIO, AND MACHIAVELLI…write down the books these
authors wrote and what were the books about.
From Medieval art
To
Renaissance art
Realism & Realism & ExpressionExpression
Expulsion fromExpulsion fromthe Gardenthe Garden
MasaccioMasaccio
14271427
First nudes First nudes sincesinceclassical times.classical times.
Self-Portrait Self-Portrait -- da Vinci, -- da Vinci, 15121512
1452 - 15191452 - 1519
Artist
Sculptor
Architect
Scientist
Engineer
Inventor
This diagram isThis diagram is taken from antaken from an illustration of illustration of Vitruvius' Vitruvius' theory by theory by Leonardo da Leonardo da
Vinci Vinci
TheTheL’uomoL’uomo
universaleuniversale
Vitruvius, the architect, says in his work on architecture that the measurements of the human body are as follows: 4 fingers make 1 palm;
4 palms make 1 foot; 6 palms make 1 cubit; 4 cubits make a man's height. 4 cubits make one pace and 24 palms make a man.
The length of a man's outspread arms is equal to his height. “From the roots of his hair to the bottom of his chin is a tenth of a man's
height; from the bottom of the chin to the top of the head is one eighth of his height; from the top of the breast to the roots of the hair will be the seventh part of the whole man.
From the nipples to the top of the head will be the fourth part of man. The greatest width of the shoulders contains in itself the fourth part of man. From the elbow to the tip of the hand will be the fifth part of a man; and from the elbow to the angle of the armpit will be the eighth part of man.
The Sistine Chapel …The Sistine Chapel …one of one of the panelsthe panels
The The Creation Creation
of the of the HeavensHeavens
The Sistine Chapel… The Sistine Chapel… more more DetailsDetails
Creation of Creation of ManMan
The Sistine Chapel …The Sistine Chapel …More DetailsMore Details
Adam and Adam and Eve…Eve…
The Fall The Fall from from GraceGrace
The Sistine Chapel The Sistine Chapel ……More DetailsMore Details
The Last JudgmentThe Last Judgment
The PietaThe Pieta
MichelangeloMichelangeloBuonarrotiBuonarroti
14991499
marblemarble
The Popes as Patrons The Popes as Patrons of the Artsof the Arts
Michelangelo's Moses This is the last of Michelangelo's
projects for the tomb which Pope Julius commissioned in 1506.
The statue of Moses was sculpted during the years when Michelangelo was painting the Sistine Chapel.
You see Moses glaring at the children of Israel after he descends from Mt. Sinai with the Tablets of the Law…the 10 commandments…Thou shalt listen to Mr. Green!!!
The extraordinary force of this figure, the tension in the veins and muscles, the posture and the furious expression, have rightly made this Moses one of the most admired masterpieces of all time.
Self-PortraitSelf-Portrait, 1506, 1506 Portrait of the Artist with Portrait of the Artist with a Frienda Friend, 1518, 1518
Baldassare CastiglioneBaldassare Castiglione by by Raphael,Raphael,
Castiglione Castiglione represented the represented the humanist humanist “gentleman”… a man “gentleman”… a man of refinement and self-of refinement and self-control.control.
In In The CourtierThe Courtier …a …a manual of manners manual of manners and courtly love…he and courtly love…he describes the ideal describes the ideal manman
Sistine MadonnaSistine Madonna Cowpepper MadonnaCowpepper Madonna
Madonna della SediaMadonna della Sedia Alba MadonnaAlba Madonna
More of Raphael’sMore of Raphael’s Madonnas Madonnas
The School of Athens The School of Athens – Raphael, – Raphael, 1510 -111510 -11
Raphael
Da Vinci
Michelangelo
AristotleAristotle::looks to thislooks to thisearth…theearth…thehere andhere and
now.now.
PlatoPlato::looks to looks to
thetheheavensheavens
… or … or the IDEALthe IDEAL
realm.realm.
The School of Athens The School of Athens – – Raphael, detailsRaphael, details
Averroes
Hypatia
Pythagoras
ZoroasterZoroaster
Ptolemy
Euclid
The School of Athens The School of Athens – Raphael, – Raphael, 1510 -111510 -11 One point perspective.One point perspective.
All of the important Greek philosophers All of the important Greek philosophers and thinkers are included and thinkers are included all of the all of the great personalities of the great personalities of the Seven Liberal Seven Liberal ArtsArts!!
A great variety of poses.A great variety of poses. Located in the papal apartments library.Located in the papal apartments library. Raphael worked on this commission Raphael worked on this commission
simultaneously as Michelangelo was simultaneously as Michelangelo was doing the Sistine Chapel.doing the Sistine Chapel.
No Christian themes here.No Christian themes here.
