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The Papacy of the Renaissance
Fountain of Humanism or Cesspool of Corruption?
Job Description of the Pope
Personify the Church and its Teachings
Represent Catholicism
Definition of Corruption
moral perversion; depravity
Calixtus III (1455-1458)Background Information
Borgia
No interest in the arts
Calixtus III (1455-1458)Papacy
Crusade to retake Constantinople
Funded by indulgences, taxes
Interference frustrated France and Germany
Gifts to relatives and allies
For own protection
Nepotism
Nephew Pedro Luis
Governor of Castel Sant’Angelo and prefect of Rome
Two other nephews become cardinals
Rodrigo Borgia
Vice-chancellor of the curia
Later Pope Alexander VI
Pius II (1458-1464)Background Information
Considered humanist, historian, statesman as well
Humanistic studies under Francesco Filelfo
Behavior in youth
Refused becoming priest due to licentious lifestyle
Pope Pius II by Pinturicchio
Pius IIBackground Information
Writings:
Lucretia and Eurialus
Style of Boccaccio
Epistolary novel
Series of love letters
Antiquarianism
Quotes Virgil
Written in Latin
Chrisis
Latin Comedy
Style of Terrence
Playwright from Roman Republic
"I am a man, I consider nothing that is human alien to me."
Commentaries
Pius IIBackground Information
Diplomat for Frederick III
Diet of Nuremburg and Diet of Frankfurt
Settled hostilities toward the Pope
Concordant of Vienna
Made cardinal in return for diplomatic successes by Calixtus III
Pius IIPapacy
Decrease in overt humanism
Crusade against the Turks
Fall of Constantinople
Participants cleansed of sins
Execrabilis et in pristinis temporibus inauditus
Bull
Councils claiming more power than Pope charged with heresy
Nepotism
Cardinal to nephew Francesco Toedschini Piccolomini
Later Pope Pius III
Sixtus IV (1471-1484)Background Information
Franciscan Order as child
Studied philosophy and theology
Pope Sixtus IV by Justus van Gent and Pedro Berruguete
Vatican LibraryWanted Vatican to become center of European learning
Increased collection to 3,498 codices
Commissioned Melozzo da Forlì
Artwork to highlight his contributions
Melozzo da ForlìAppoints Bartolomeo Plantina as Librarian
Humanist
Points at phrase
“Builder of temples, roads, squares, walls, bridges”
Three Nephews
Perspective
Antoniazzo Romano
Created frescoes for the Church
Annunciation Madonna and Child Nativity with Sts Lawrence and Andrew
Baccio PontelliArchitect
Works include:
Ponte Sisto
Santo Spirito Hospital
Santa Maria del Popolo basilica
Sistine Chapel
Sistine Chapel
Sistine Chapel
Sandro Botticelli
Domenico Ghirlandaio
Pinturicchio
Luca Signorelli
The Punishment of Korah and the Stoning of Moses and Aaron by Sandro Botticelli
Saint Sixtus II by Sandro Botticelli
Calling of the Apostles by Domenico Ghirlandaio
Moses’s Treatment and Death by Luca Signorelli
Sixtus IVPapacy
Foreign Affairs
Wars vs. Turks
Legates sent to France, Spain, Hungary, Germany, Poland
Denouncement of Louis XI
Failed attempt to unite Russian and Roman Church
Italian Politics
Nepotism
Nephew Cardinal Rafael Riario
Supports Venetian attack of Ferrara
Nephew Girolamo Riario’s possession
Conspiracy of the Pazzi
Planned by nephew Cardinal Rafael Riario
Overthrow Midici→ Riarii dominate Florence
Two year war against Florence
Sixtus IVPapacy
Innocent VIII (1484-1492)Background Information
Two illegitimate children
Franceschetto and Teodorina
Served Cardinal Calandrini
Bishop
of Savona (1467)
of Molfetta (1472)
Signed election capitulation (1482)
Protect the interests of the electors
Innocent VIIIPapacy
Relied heavily on Cardinal della Rovere (later Pope Julius II)
Crusade against infidels (those who were not baptized)
1498 treaty with Bayezid II
Payment of 40,000 ducats
Holy Lance (spear used in Crucifixion)
Detainment of brother Jem
Excommunication
King Ferdinand of Naples
Did not pay papal dues
Kingdom given to Charles VIII of France, but then returned in 1492
Those who read works by Pico della Mirandola
Innocent VIIIPapacy
Proclaimed King Henry VII as true King of England
Summis desiderantes
Bull combating heresy
Witchcraft in Germany
Indulgences
Granted to those who participated in crusade against Waldenses
Nepotism
Capture of Granada
Ferdinand of Aragon becomes “Catholic Majesty”
Franceschetto
Given several towns
Married to daughter of Lorenzo de Medici
Alexander VI (1492-1503)Background information
Borgia
Studied law at Bologna
Cardinal-Deacon of San Nicola in Carcer
Age: 25
Vice-Chancellor of Holy Roman Church
Appointed by Uncle Pope Calixtus III
Cardinal-Bishop of AlbanoPope Alexander VI by Cristofano
dell’Altissimo
Alexander VIFamily Tree
(1) by Vannozza de Catanei
Cesare(Cardinal)
Giovanni(2nd duke of Gandia)
Lucrezia Joffré
(2) by Guilia Farnese
Rodrigo Giovanni
(3) by unknown mistress
Pedro Luis(1st duke of Gandia)
unknown children
Alexander VIPapacy
Nepotism
Cesare
Archibishop of Valencia
Cardinal
Giovanni
Dukedom of Gandia
Relationships/Alliances
Daughter Lucrezia
Married to Giovanni Sforza
Alliance with Urbino
Married to Duke of Bisceglie
Son of Alfonso II
Married to Alfonzo d’Este, Duke of Ferrara
King of France
Double crossed and allied with Naples
Alexander VIPapacy
College of Cardinals
Created 12 new cardinal positions
Upsets French
Alexander bribes Bishop of Saint-Malo
Prevents French deposition of him
Conquer Naples
Finances
Confiscates wealth from wealthy men of Rome and Church
Papal opposition
Excommunicated and killed
i.e. Savonarola
Alexander VIPapacy
Rumors
Incest
Lucrezia
Murder
Duke of Bisceglie (2nd husband of Lucrezia)
princes
Orsini clan
Condottieri
Wealthy cardinals
The Papacy of the RenaissanceFountain of Humanism or Cesspool of Corruption?
Humanism
Found in some popes
Patrons of the arts
Sixtus IV
Julius II
Humanist studies/Background
Pius II
Sixtus IV
Corruption
Found in every pope
Themes:
Political power
Wealth/lavish lifestyle
Nepotism
Simony
Immoral behaviors
Sources
http://www.adishakti.org/_/papacy_in_historical_perspective_the_seldom_told_history.htm
http://www.svcc.edu/academics/classes/murray/Ezine/sistine.html
Photo SourcesPortrait of Callixtus: http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_-HE1lR1mlb8/TL57aFZmK3I/AAAAAAAADUE/AMu6lhbtqNk/s1600/callistus_iii.jpg
Portrait of Pius II: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pintoricchio_014.jpg
Portrait of Sixtus IV: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pope_Sixtus_IV_%28head%29.jpg
Commentaries: http://covers.openlibrary.org/w/id/412119-L.jpg
Vatican Library Image: http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/23/arts/design/23libr.html
Bartolomeo Plantina’s Appointment: http://thiswritelife.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/vatican-library-melozzo.jpg
Annunciation:http://www.wga.hu/index1.html
Madonna and Child:http://www.wga.hu/index1.html
Photo SourcesNativity with Sts Lawrence and Andrew:http://www.wga.hu/index1.html
Exterior of Sistine Chapel: http://www.scanopia.com/michelangelo/exterior-of-the-sistine-chapel.html
The Punishment of Korah and the Stoning of Moses and Aaron: http://www.wga.hu/index1.html
St. Sixtus II: http://www.wga.hu/index1.html
Calling of the Apostles: http://www.wga.hu/index1.html
Moses’s Treatment and Death: http://www.wga.hu/index1.html
Portrait of Innocent VIII: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Innocent_VIII_1492.JPG
Portrait of Alexander VI: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pope_Alexander_Vi.jpg