RenaissanceRenaissance1300-16001300-1600

During the late Middle Ages, Europe During the late Middle Ages, Europe suffered from both war and plague. suffered from both war and plague.

Those who survived wanted to celebrate Those who survived wanted to celebrate life and human spirit.life and human spirit.

RenaissanceRenaissance– Renaissance: a period of European history, lasting from 1300-1600, Renaissance: a period of European history, lasting from 1300-1600,

during which renewed interest in classical culture led to far-reaching during which renewed interest in classical culture led to far-reaching changes in art, learning and views of the worldchanges in art, learning and views of the world

Literally means “Rebirth”Literally means “Rebirth” A revival of art and learningA revival of art and learning Wanted to bring back to life the culture of Wanted to bring back to life the culture of

Classical Greece and RomeClassical Greece and Rome Life is seen more with self-respect. It begins to Life is seen more with self-respect. It begins to

be seen more then a pit-stop on the way to be seen more then a pit-stop on the way to heavenheaven

Italy: birthplace of the RenaissanceItaly: birthplace of the Renaissance

Italy’s AdvantagesItaly’s Advantages

Started in northern ItalyStarted in northern Italy Crusades spur tradeCrusades spur trade Scholars move to Rome after fall of Scholars move to Rome after fall of

Constantinople in 1453Constantinople in 1453– Artists, scholars study ruins of Rome and Artists, scholars study ruins of Rome and

Latin; Greek manuscriptsLatin; Greek manuscripts Growth of city-states in northern ItalyGrowth of city-states in northern Italy In 1300s bubonic plague kills 60% of In 1300s bubonic plague kills 60% of

population and disrupts economypopulation and disrupts economy

Merchants and the MediciMerchants and the Medici

A wealthy merchant class develops in ItalyA wealthy merchant class develops in Italy– Very politically involvedVery politically involved

More emphasis on individual achievementMore emphasis on individual achievement– No longer inherit powerNo longer inherit power

Banking family, the Medici, controls FlorenceBanking family, the Medici, controls Florence– Cosimo de Medici wealthiest European of his timeCosimo de Medici wealthiest European of his time

1434 won control of Florence’s government not 1434 won control of Florence’s government not because he sought political office but because he because he sought political office but because he influenced members of the ruling council by giving influenced members of the ruling council by giving them loans.them loans.

Classics Lead to HumanismClassics Lead to Humanism Renaissance intellectual movement in which Renaissance intellectual movement in which

thinkers studied classical texts and focused on thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievementshuman potential and achievements– Humanists studied classical texts, history, Humanists studied classical texts, history,

literature, philosophy of Greeks and Romansliterature, philosophy of Greeks and Romans– Moved away from trying to make everything agree Moved away from trying to make everything agree

to Christian teachingto Christian teaching Ex: art and literature were valued and encouragedEx: art and literature were valued and encouraged

Renaissance scholars looked down on art and Renaissance scholars looked down on art and literature of the Middle Ages literature of the Middle Ages

Secular(ism)Secular(ism)

Secular: concerned with worldly rather Secular: concerned with worldly rather than spiritual mattersthan spiritual matters

Concerned with the here and nowConcerned with the here and now– Renaissance society was secular - worldlyRenaissance society was secular - worldly

Ex: some church leaders lived in mansions and Ex: some church leaders lived in mansions and wore expensive clotheswore expensive clothes

– Enjoy life without offending GodEnjoy life without offending God– Wealthy enjoyed fine food, homes, clothesWealthy enjoyed fine food, homes, clothes

PatronPatron

A financial supporter of A financial supporter of artistsartists

Church leaders spend Church leaders spend money on artworks to money on artworks to beautify citiesbeautify cities

Wealthy merchants Wealthy merchants and families also and families also patronspatrons– The wealthy Medici The wealthy Medici

family in Florence, Italy is family in Florence, Italy is a prime examplea prime example

Florence Under the Florence Under the MediciMedici

Medici ChapelMedici Chapel

The Medici PalaceThe Medici Palace

The Renaissance ManThe Renaissance Man Excels in many fields of Excels in many fields of

study: the classics, art, study: the classics, art, politics, combatpolitics, combat

Renaissance writers Renaissance writers introduced the idea that all introduced the idea that all educated people were educated people were expected to create art.expected to create art.

Baldassare Castigilone’s Baldassare Castigilone’s The The CourtierCourtier (1528) (1528) – Teaches how to become a Teaches how to become a

“universal person”“universal person” Charming, witty, well educated in Charming, witty, well educated in

the classics, dance, sing, play music, the classics, dance, sing, play music, write poetry, skilled rider, wrestler, write poetry, skilled rider, wrestler, and swordsmanand swordsman

The Renaissance WomanThe Renaissance Woman Upper-class, educated in Upper-class, educated in

classics, charmingclassics, charming Expected to inspire art but not Expected to inspire art but not

create itcreate it– Little influence in politicsLittle influence in politics

Isabella d-Este, patron of Isabella d-Este, patron of artists, wields power in Mantuaartists, wields power in Mantua– Brought many artists to her court Brought many artists to her court

and built a famous art collectionand built a famous art collection– When husband taken captive in When husband taken captive in

war she defended Mantua and war she defended Mantua and won his release.won his release.

The Renaissance The Renaissance Revolutionizes ArtRevolutionizes Art

Artists use realistic style Artists use realistic style copied from classical copied from classical art, often to portray art, often to portray religious subjectsreligious subjects

Painters use perspectivePainters use perspective– Perspective: Artistic Perspective: Artistic

technique that creates technique that creates the appearance of three the appearance of three dimensions on a flat dimensions on a flat surfacesurface

PerspectivePerspective

Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!

Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!

First use First use of linear of linear

perspective!perspective!

Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!

� The The TrinityTrinity

� MasaccioMasaccio

� 14271427

What you What you are, I once are, I once was; what I was; what I am, you will am, you will

become.become.

Realistic Painting and Realistic Painting and SculptureSculpture

Realistic portraits of Realistic portraits of prominent citizensprominent citizens

Sculpture shows natural Sculpture shows natural postures and postures and expressionsexpressions

The biblical David is a The biblical David is a favorite subject among favorite subject among sculptorssculptors– As well as other Greek As well as other Greek

and Roman subjectsand Roman subjects

Ancient Greece and RomeAncient Greece and Rome

Middle AgesMiddle Ages

Medieval artists Medieval artists used religious used religious subjects to convey a subjects to convey a spiritual ideal.spiritual ideal.

Renaissance artists Renaissance artists often portrayed often portrayed religious subjects, religious subjects, but they used a but they used a realistic style copied realistic style copied from classical from classical models.models.

Leonardo Da VinciLeonardo Da Vinci The true Renaissance manThe true Renaissance man

– architect, anatomist, sculptor, architect, anatomist, sculptor, engineer, inventor, biologist, engineer, inventor, biologist, mathematician, musician, and mathematician, musician, and painter painter

Interested in how things Interested in how things workedworked– Studied how a muscle moves Studied how a muscle moves

and how veins are arranged in a and how veins are arranged in a leafleaf

1452 to 15191452 to 1519 Famous for realistic paintingsFamous for realistic paintings

– Mona LisaMona Lisa– The Last SupperThe Last Supper

Mona LisaMona Lisa

Last SupperLast Supper

SketchesSketches

MichelangeloMichelangelo

1475-15641475-1564 Painter, sculptor, architect, Painter, sculptor, architect,

and poetand poet saw art as originating from saw art as originating from

inner inspiration and from inner inspiration and from culture culture

Most famous for the way he Most famous for the way he portrayed the human body in portrayed the human body in painting and sculptingpainting and sculpting– Created figures that are forceful Created figures that are forceful

and show heroic grandeurand show heroic grandeur

Sistine ChapelSistine Chapel

DavidDavid

PietaPieta

Last JudgmentLast Judgment

The Virgin on the RocksThe Virgin on the Rocks

RaphaelRaphael

1483 to 15201483 to 1520 he studied the work of Leonardo he studied the work of Leonardo

da Vinci and Michelangelo da Vinci and Michelangelo Focus is in realistic artFocus is in realistic art

– Portrayed expressions as gentle Portrayed expressions as gentle and calmand calm

Famous for his use of Famous for his use of perspectiveperspective

Famous subject is Madonna and Famous subject is Madonna and childchild

Famous painting is the School of Famous painting is the School of AthensAthens

School of AthensSchool of Athens

Marriage of the VirginMarriage of the VirginVanishingpoint

Horizon

DonatelloDonatello

Painter and sculptorPainter and sculptor Around 1430, Cosimo

de' Medici, the foremost art patron of his era, commissioned from Donatello the bronze David for the court of his Palazzo Medici.

Donatello's most famous work.

If You Missed ItIf You Missed It

Heroes in a Half Shell…. TURTLE POWER!Heroes in a Half Shell…. TURTLE POWER!

(Leonardo, Michelangelo, Donatello, (Leonardo, Michelangelo, Donatello, Raphael)Raphael)

Machiavelli Machiavelli Wrote “The Prince”Wrote “The Prince”

– Political guidebook that examines Political guidebook that examines how a ruler can gain power and how a ruler can gain power and keep it in spite of his enemieskeep it in spite of his enemies

Wrote in the vernacularWrote in the vernacular To succeed in a wicked world, To succeed in a wicked world,

a leader must be as strong as a a leader must be as strong as a lion and as shrewd as a foxlion and as shrewd as a fox

Leaders must sometimes Leaders must sometimes mislead people for the good of mislead people for the good of the statethe state– Not concerned with what’s Not concerned with what’s

morally right but with what was morally right but with what was politically effectivepolitically effective

MachiavelliMachiavelli

As a historical and As a historical and political thinker, political thinker, Machiavelli suggested Machiavelli suggested that in order for a that in order for a prince to accomplish prince to accomplish great things, he must great things, he must be crafty enough to be crafty enough to not only overcome not only overcome the suspicions but the suspicions but also gain the trust of also gain the trust of others.others.

One is considered Machiavellian if they use deceitful action for

one’s own advantage

What do you think of the quote “the end justifies the means”

New Trends in WritingNew Trends in Writing

Writers use the vernacular – their Writers use the vernacular – their native languagenative language

Self-expression or to portray the Self-expression or to portray the individuality of their subjectindividuality of their subject

PetrarchPetrarch Francesco PetrachFrancesco Petrach

– HumanistHumanist One of earliest and most One of earliest and most

influentialinfluential Father of HumanismFather of Humanism

– Poet = wrote in Latin and Poet = wrote in Latin and ItalianItalian Woman named Laura is his Woman named Laura is his

musemuse

Renaissance Ideas SpreadRenaissance Ideas Spread

Spirit of Renaissance Italy impress visitors from Spirit of Renaissance Italy impress visitors from northern Europenorthern Europe

When Hundred Years’ War ends (1453), cities When Hundred Years’ War ends (1453), cities grow rapidlygrow rapidly

Merchants in northern cities grow wealthy and Merchants in northern cities grow wealthy and sponsor artistssponsor artists

England and France unify under strong monarchs England and France unify under strong monarchs who are art patronswho are art patrons

Northern Renaissance artists interested in realismNorthern Renaissance artists interested in realism Humanists interested in social reform based on Humanists interested in social reform based on

Judeo-Christian valuesJudeo-Christian values

Christian HumanismChristian Humanism

Advocated the study of classical Advocated the study of classical languages in order to better understand languages in order to better understand what the classical authors truly intended what the classical authors truly intended the scriptures to saythe scriptures to say– Northern Humanists criticize the Catholic Northern Humanists criticize the Catholic

church, start Christian Humanismchurch, start Christian Humanism– Want to reform society and promote Want to reform society and promote

education, particularly for womeneducation, particularly for women Thomas More and ErasmusThomas More and Erasmus

– Best known Christian humanistsBest known Christian humanists

Desiderius Erasmus of Desiderius Erasmus of HollandHolland

Best known Christian HumanistBest known Christian Humanist His book, His book, The Praise of FollyThe Praise of Folly, ,

pokes fun at greedy pokes fun at greedy merchants, heartsick lovers, merchants, heartsick lovers, quarrelsome scholars, and quarrelsome scholars, and pompous priestspompous priests

Believed in a Christianity of the Believed in a Christianity of the heart, not one of ceremonies or heart, not one of ceremonies or rulers.rulers.– He thought in order to improve He thought in order to improve

society, all people should study society, all people should study the Bible.the Bible.

Thomas More of EnglandThomas More of England

Christian HumanistChristian Humanist Created a model Created a model

society in his book society in his book UtopiaUtopia– Utopia: An Utopia: An

imaginary land that imaginary land that is an ideal placeis an ideal place where greed, where greed,

corruption, and war corruption, and war have been weeded have been weeded out.out.

Jan Van EyckJan Van Eyck

Born in BelgiumBorn in Belgium 1385 to 14411385 to 1441 Famous for his oil Famous for his oil

paintings and focus paintings and focus on daily life of on daily life of subjectssubjects

Paintings are Paintings are realistic and reveal realistic and reveal a subject’s a subject’s personalitypersonality

Madonna ofChancellorRolin

Peasant Wedding

The Elizabethan Age The Elizabethan Age

Renaissance spreads to Renaissance spreads to England in mid-1500sEngland in mid-1500s

Period known as the Period known as the Elizabethan Age after Elizabethan Age after Queen Elizabeth IQueen Elizabeth I

She reigns from 1558 to She reigns from 1558 to 16031603

As queen she did much to As queen she did much to support the development support the development of English art and of English art and literature.literature.

Shakespeare- the greatest Shakespeare- the greatest writerwriter

Often regarded as the Often regarded as the greatest playwrightgreatest playwright– Wrote Wrote HamletHamlet, , MacbethMacbeth, ,

OthelloOthello, and , and Taming of the Taming of the ShrewShrew

– Also wrote countless poetryAlso wrote countless poetry Revered classics and Revered classics and

drew on them for drew on them for inspiration and plots.inspiration and plots.

1554 to 1615 in England1554 to 1615 in England Plays performed at Globe Plays performed at Globe

Theater in LondonTheater in London

Gutenberg PressGutenberg Press Chinese first invented block Chinese first invented block

printing (printer carved printing (printer carved words/letters on a wooden words/letters on a wooden block, inked that block, and block, inked that block, and then used it to print on then used it to print on paper)paper)

Around 1045 China Around 1045 China invented movable typeinvented movable type– Uses a separate piece of type Uses a separate piece of type

for each characterfor each character– Chinese writing system Chinese writing system

contains thousands of contains thousands of different characters so most different characters so most Chinese printers found Chinese printers found moveable type impractical.moveable type impractical.

Europeans found it practical Europeans found it practical for their languages since they for their languages since they have a very small number of have a very small number of letters in their alphabet.letters in their alphabet.

1313thth century block printing century block printing reach Europe from China.reach Europe from China.

European printers used block European printers used block printing to create whole printing to create whole pages to bind into books but pages to bind into books but process too slow for process too slow for Renaissance’s demand for Renaissance’s demand for knowledge, information, and knowledge, information, and books.books.

Gutenberg PressGutenberg Press

Around 1440 Johann Around 1440 Johann Gutenberg of Germany Gutenberg of Germany develops printing develops printing press.press.

Printing press made it Printing press made it possible to produce possible to produce books quickly and books quickly and cheaply so many cheaply so many people could now buy people could now buy them due to their them due to their cheap production costs.cheap production costs.

Gutenberg PressGutenberg Press Books now could become Books now could become

cheap enough to produce cheap enough to produce hundreds of copieshundreds of copies

European society European society experienced a huge experienced a huge growth in literacygrowth in literacy

Considered one of the Considered one of the most important most important inventions in human inventions in human historyhistory

First book printed was First book printed was Gutenberg Gutenberg Bible Bible (1455)(1455)

Legacy of RenaissanceLegacy of Renaissance

Changes in the ArtsChanges in the Arts– Art influenced by classical Greece and Art influenced by classical Greece and

RomeRome– Paintings and sculptures portrayed Paintings and sculptures portrayed

individuals and nature in more realistic individuals and nature in more realistic and lifelike waysand lifelike ways

– Artists created secular and religious worksArtists created secular and religious works– Writers began using the vernacularWriters began using the vernacular– Arts praised individual achievementArts praised individual achievement

Legacy of RenaissanceLegacy of Renaissance Changes in SocietyChanges in Society

– Printing made more information available (like the internet in Printing made more information available (like the internet in our times)our times) Illiterate people benefit by having books read to themIlliterate people benefit by having books read to them

– People began to question political structures and religious People began to question political structures and religious practicespractices

– Published accounts of maps and charts lead to more Published accounts of maps and charts lead to more discoveriesdiscoveries

– A greater availability of books prompted an increased desire A greater availability of books prompted an increased desire for learning and arise in literacy throughout Europefor learning and arise in literacy throughout Europe

– Published legal proceedings make rights clearer to peoplePublished legal proceedings make rights clearer to people– Christian humanists’ attempt to reform society changed views Christian humanists’ attempt to reform society changed views

about how life should be lived.about how life should be lived.