Renal SystemRenal System

•Gross structure of the kidneys cortex, medulla, pyramids, renal calyxes and pelvis, ureter. •Gross size and weight (300~400 g) of kidneys (about 0.5% of body weight)in humans

Anatomy of the KidneyAnatomy of the Kidney

The nephron is the basic unit of renal structure and functions.

Nephron

• Glomerulus• Bowman’s Capsule• Proximal Convoluted

Tubule• Loop of Henle• Distal Convoluted Tubule

Tubular Secretion and ReabsorptionTubular Secretion and Reabsorption

Role of kidneyRole of kidney

Apart from urine formation

Blood pressure from Renin production

RBC production from Erythropoietin

Combining formCombining formCyst/o--- urinary bladderUrethr/o urethraUreter/o ureterPyel/o renal pelvisNephr/o kidneyVesic/o urinary bladderRen/o kidney

Nephrolithiasis - Kidney stones (renal calculi)Nephrotic syndrome - A group of symptoms caused

by excessive protein loss in the urine (also called nephrosis)

Polycystic kidneys - Multiple fluid-filled sacs (cysts) within and upon the kidney

Pyelonephritis - Inflammation of the renal pelvis and renal medulla

Glomerulonephritis - Inflammation of the kidney glomerulus (Bright disease)

Pathology of the Kidney

Polycystic kidneysPolycystic kidneys

Pathology of the KidneyPathology of the Kidney

Renal cell carcinoma - Cancerous tumor of the kidney in adulthood

Renal failure - Failure of the kidney to excrete urine Renal hypertension - High blood pressure resulting from

kidney disease Wilms tumor – Malignant tumor of the kidney occurring

in childhood Diabetes mellitus - Inadequate secretion or improper

utilization of insulin Anuria: abnormal condition of no urine production

Investigation Investigation Kidneys, ureters, bladder (KUB): X-ray image

of the kideys and urinary tract without the use of contrast.

Cystoscopy:Blood urea nitrogen (BUN): measures the

amount of urea in the blood. retrograde pyelogram (RP): x-ray film of the

urinary tract with contrast material injected via a cather into the urethra.

Urography:

Treatment proceduresTreatment proceduresDialysis: seperation of waste material from blood by

a machine.Lithotripsy: shock waves are beamed into a patient

to crush urinary tract stones.Urinary catheterization: passing of a catheter

through the urethra and bladder for drainage of urine.

Renal transplantation:

Noct (night) Olig (few) Tripsy (crushing) BUN (blood urea nitrogen) KUB (kidney, ureter, bladder) ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) UTI (urinary tract infection) CRF (chronic renal failure?, corticotropin releasing

factor?) ARF (acute renal failure?)