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Rendered Animal Products: Advances in Non-Fishmeal Protein Sources Dr Richard Smullen Group Technical and R&D Manager Dr Mark Booth Dr Brett Glencross Dr Giovanni Turchini
Rendered Animal Products: Advances in Non-Fishmeal
Protein Sources Dr Richard Smullen
Group Technical and R&D Manager
Dr Mark Booth Dr Brett Glencross
Dr Giovanni Turchini
WHO ARE RIDLEY AQUA-FEED
• Ridley Group - Largest Australian commercial provider of high performance animal nutrition solutions – 1.8mt
• Value proposition: close collaboration with farms to meet unique requirements
• Assured Quality: – Certified to ISO 9001:2000 – Fully integrated HACCP system – GlobalGap accredited
• Rendered animal products
The World Renderers Organisation; Representing the Animal by-Product processing sector around the world.
Mission: Biosecurity in the food-chain
with optimum nutritional quality in safe, sustainable products
WRO Member Countries
30 members [inc allied members] in 23 Countries
Rendering: Simplified Process Flow diagram Raw material
Sizing
Drying/Cooking
Pressing
Cooling
Grinding
Processed Proteins “MBM” or “PAP”
Rendered Fat “Tallow”
Centrifuge
Decanting
North America
South America
EU B
EU A
Australia
New Zealand Other
Production of PAP around the World
EU A = non ruminant PAP, approved for Aqua
EU B = Ruminant PAP, approved for Companion
Total PAP for Aqua
~ 10 millon tonnes pa
ALL PAP = >14 million Tonnes pa
PAP’s and Rendered Animal Fats
Availability*: Stable, possibly growth from EU PAP [if available] Price: Dependent on other commodities Crude Oil, Soya harvest
Innovation: Improve harvest and quality of raw materials Technology: Improve process to optimise nutrition quality
* Over next 5-10 years Legislation/consumer constraints
WRO Publications: Ensuring Safe Products
Carbon Footprint studies with PAP* and comparisons with Fishmeals
110
295
430
547
850
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
monoPAP monoPAP fishmeal fishmeal fishmeal
gCO2
/tonn
e pre
ssed
Preliminary study information 3 different studies
NB: monoPAP: PAP from monogastric species [Poultry] A = Process uses biofuel energy B = Process uses fossil fuel energy * Reference; Ramirez et-al [ 2011] Environmental Science & Technology
A B
Uses of animal fats (tallow and poultry oil) Uses of animal protein meals (meat and bone meal,
poultry meal, feather meal and blood meal)
Australian Production and Destination
Australian Production and Destination
Some definitions and Remarks
Processed Animal Protein [PAP] is an EU term For this presentation PAP = All ‘Animal Feed grade”
Animal protein meals…. including MBM
Drive to Sustainability
Growth of Aquaculture
What’s Driving the Growth of Aquaculture
Regional seafood consumption
Fish to 2030 Prospects for Fisheries & Aquaculture – World Bank Dec 2013; baseline model page 45
62.2
23.8
29.6
41
26.4
9.6
18.2
7.5
15.7
9.4
5.6
6.6
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Japan
East Asia & Pacific
South East Asia
China
Nth America & Can.
Rest of World
Europe & Central Asia
Latin America & Caribbean
Sth Asia excl. India
Middle East & Nth Africa
Sub-Saharan Africa
India
kg / person / year
20002006201020202030
$0
$500
$1,000
$1,500
$2,000
$2,500
Aug-87 May-90 Jan-93 Oct-95 Jul-98 Apr-01 Jan-04 Oct-06 Jul-09 Apr-12 Dec-14
Crude Oil USD$/barrel
Fishmeal - USD$/tonne
Wheat - USD$/tonne
Soybean Meal - USD$/tonne
Commodity Price Variability
Data Source: indexmundi.com
Commodity Price Variability
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Dec-03 Dec-04 Dec-05 Dec-06 Dec-07 Dec-08 Dec-09 Dec-10 Dec-11 Dec-12 Dec-13 Dec-14
Soy oil - CIF Rott.
Rapeseed oil - cif Rott.
PalmOil - fob Malay
FishBulk - fob Peru
Data Source: Hammersmith Marketing/Indexmundi
Price (US$/tonne fob)
Global compound aquafeed predictions to 2020
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
(mmt)
1995 200 2005 2007 2008 2010 2015 2020
Total production Total feeds
FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture Technical Paper 564; Tacon, Hassan & Metian (2011); page 15
Based on species EFCR note: production of fed species
Formulations for the future – now! The use of PAP and Oil
Multiple retailers pushing for greater sustainability of aqua-feeds Public demanding greater sustainability
What is Fish In Fish Out?
How much wild fish does it take to make farmed fish or prawns
What is Fish In Fish Out?
This data is out of date for Australia – Barramundi are net fish producers, salmon close to 1:1
Lots of R&D on rendered meals & fats
Typical Ranges of PAP and Oils in Aquaculture Feeds
FAO State of the Worlds Fisheries & Aquaculture 2012; page 179
Practical use of PAP
Practical use of PAP
Fish Meal Amino Acid Profile
From Gau et al., 2007
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Thr Val Met Cys Ile Leu Tyr Phe Lys His Arg
EAA
(g.K
G-1
)
Fish Meal
Fish Meal Amino Acid Profile
From Gau et al., 2007
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Thr Val Met Cys Ile Leu Tyr Phe Lys His Arg
EAA
(g.K
G-1
)
Poultry Meal Fish Meal
Poultry Meal Amino Acid Profile
From Gau et al., 2007
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Thr Val Met Cys Ile Leu Tyr Phe Lys His Arg
EAA
(g.K
G-1
)
Meat and Bone Meal Poultry Meal Fish Meal
Meat and Bone Meal Amino Acid Profile
From Gau et al., 2007
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Thr Val Met Cys Ile Leu Tyr Phe Lys His Arg
EAA
(g.K
G-1
)
Meat and Bone Meal Poultry Meal Fish Meal Soya Bean Meal Canola Meal
Soya Bean and Canola Meal Amino Acid Profile
From Gau et al., 2007
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Thr Val Met Cys Ile Leu Tyr Phe Lys His Arg
EAA
(g.K
G-1
)
Meat and Bone Meal Blood Meal Poultry Meal Fish Meal Soya Bean Meal Canola Meal
Blood Meal Amino Acid Profile
From Gau et al., 2007
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Thr Val Met Cys Ile Leu Tyr Phe Lys His Arg
EAA
(g.K
G-1
)
Meat and Bone Meal Feather Meal Blood Meal Poultry Meal Fish Meal Soya Bean Meal Canola Meal
Feather Meal Amino Acid Profile
From Gau et al., 2007
Blended Amino Acid Profile
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Thr Val Met Cys Ile Leu Tyr Phe Lys His Arg
EAA
(g.K
G-1
)
Fish Meal
From Gau et al., 2007
Blended Amino Acid Profile
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Thr Val Met Cys Ile Leu Tyr Phe Lys His Arg
EAA
(g.K
G-1
)
Fish Meal AM11
From Gau et al., 2007
Blended Amino Acid Profile
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Thr Val Met Cys Ile Leu Tyr Phe Lys His Arg
EAA
(g.K
G-1
)
Fish Meal AM11 AM22
From Gau et al., 2007
Blended Amino Acid Profile
Ingredient Control MBM PM AM11 AM12 AM13 AM21 AM22 AM23 Fish Meal 35 24.5 17.5 24.5 17.5 7 24.5 17.5 7
Meat Meal 10.5 Poultry Meal 17.5 Blood Meal 6 2.6 3.8
AM11 10.5 17.5 29 AM22 10.5 17.6 27.5
Soya Bean Meal 14 25 21.2 29.5 30 27.1 29.2 31 32.7
Other 45 37.4 40 35.5 35 36.9 35.8 33.9 32.8 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
DP/DE 24.4 24.5 24.4 24.5 24.4 24.5 24.6 24.5 24.4
From Gau et al., 2007
Blended Amino Acid Profile
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2
2.1
2.2
Control MBM POM AM11 AM12 AM13 AM21 AM22 AM23
SGR
0.9
0.95
1
1.05
1.1
1.15
1.2
Control MBM POM AM11 AM12 AM13 AM21 AM22 AM23
FCR
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00
1.10
0 10 20 30 40 50
Gro
wth
Rat
e (g
/wk)
Fishmeal Inclusion (%)
Fishmeal Replacement
P. monodon
• Indoor Tank Trial • All diets formulated to 42%Protein,7%Lipid
• Lupin kernel meal and Poultry Offal Meal used as alternative protein sources • Each treatment replicated n=5
• Trial run for 42days • Survival = 93.3 ± 0.94%
R2=0.747 P=0.026
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Without With Novacq™
Bioactive Biomass Production - Novacq™
PCT Patent : AU200820xxxx
>50%
Gain Rate (g/wk)
Origins in 2002
?
Basal performance
P. monodon
>90% Gain
Gai
n Ra
te (g
/wk)
Experiment 2010-1
Optimal inclusion level • All diets formulated to 42% Protein,7% Lipid • Fishmeal and wheat gluten used as main protein sources • Each treatment replicated n=5 • Trial run for 35 days • Survival = 84.1 ± 1.04%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
140%
160%
180%
200%
Basal Run-1 Run-2 Commercial Commercial+
Commercial evaluation in Australia in P. monodon farm
0
3
6
9
12
15
18
21
24
0 2 4 6 8 10 Time (weeks)
+ Novacq
Commercial Diet
Shrimp weight (g)
Relative Gain
On-Farm Data
Laboratory Data
22%
21%
5 x 1ha pond per diet
+ Novacq Production Variability Enhance Enhance
Survival 85% 78%
P. monodon
• Indoor Tank Trial – 2 • All diets formulated to 42%Protein, 7%Lipid
• Lupin kernel meal and Poultry Offal Meal used as alternative protein sources, Linseed oil as alternative oil • Each treatment replicated n=5
• Trial run for 42days • Survival = 89.8± 1.13%
Replacing Fish Meals and Oils
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
Gain
Rat
e (g
/wk)
Fish meal
Fish oil
Bioactive
Y 10%
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
Y Y
10% 10%
N
N
Y Y N
N 10%
Y
Y Y
Y N
N
49% 114% 105%
86%
106%
Deakin University Trial Facilities Dr Giovanni Turchini and James Emery
Fish Oil Replacement with Beef Tallow
Fish Oil Replacement with Beef Tallow • Replacing poultry oil by tallow in juvenile Atlantic Salmon (init. wt. 138g), freshwater, 10 °C, 14 weeks •CD = normal commercial oil blend 25% FO % 75% POL •TAL included at 10% increments replacing POL (i.e. 50TAL = 25%FO, 50%TAL and 25%POL)
1.16 1.11 1.14 1.16 1.14 1.15 0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
CD 10TAL 20TAL 30TAL 40TAL 50TAL
Feed Ratio (% bwt/day)
0.89 0.85 0.88 0.9 0.87 0.91 0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
CD 10TAL 20TAL 30TAL 40TAL 50TAL
FCR
Emery, Smullen, Turchini (2014) Tallow in Atlantic salmon feed. Aquaculture 422-423:98-108
Full details: Emery, Smullen, Turchini (2014) Tallow in Atlantic salmon feed. Aquaculture 422-423:98-108
Fatty acids: Inclusion of TAL:
• Improved n-3 LC-PUFA status • Greatly reduced total n-6 PUFA • Greatly improved n-6/n-3 ratio
Growth & Biometry: • No statistically different results
Fish Oil Replacement with Beef Tallow
355.7
357
349.8
345.2
359.3
342.9
CD 10TAL 20TAL 30TAL 40TAL 50TAL
Weight Gain (%)
1.55 1.55 1.53 1.52 1.56 1.52 0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
CD 10TAL 20TAL 30TAL 40TAL 50TAL
SGR (%bd wt/day)
Final product quality:
Panel test: no differences were recorded between the two products for fresh, cooked, cold smoked and hot smoked
salmon Fatty acids:
Compared to Control (CD), fillet of fish fed tallow (TAL) had:
• Significantly higher EPA and DHA (EPA+DHA 53.7 vs 49.10 mg/g lipid)
• Significantly lower 18:2n-6 • Higher trans-FA (TAL has slightly higher trans fat content
compared to POL) • Significantly reduced n-6/n-3 ratio (better) (1.27 vs 1.50)
Juvenile A. salmon (init. wt. 300g), freshwater, 13.1 °C, 12weeks Comparison of Poultry vs Tallow vs Canola
(FO% constant in all diets)
Diets 2-way
ANOVA P values
CAN POL TAL Oil
Av initi wt g 295.4±9.8 297.7±15.7 289.5±5.4 n.s.
Av final wt g 579.1±2.6 605.2±29.9 604.7±18.0 n.s.
Gain g 283.8±8.6 307.5±26.0 315.2±13.7 0.048
Gain% 96.5±6.0 103.9±11.0 108.8±3.5 n.s.
FCR 1.03±0.03bc 0.96±0.02ab 0.94±0.03ab 0.001
SGR 0.80±0.04 0.84±0.06 0.88±0.02 n.s.
Av feed intake %bw/day 0.79±0.02 0.78±0.04 0.78±0.01
n.s.
Complete replacement using Poultry Oil - 12-week trial; 208g initial weight to 550g final weight
- 52P:16L extruded diets with 15% fishmeal
Salini, M.J., Irvin, S., Bourne, N., Blyth, D., Turchini, G., Glencross, B., 2014. Marginal efficiencies of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid use by Barramundi (Lates calcarifer) when fed diets with varying blends of fish oil and poultry oil. ISFNF 2014 Proceedings.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00
F100:P0 F60:P40 F30:P70 F15:P85 F0:P100
Wei
ght g
ain
(g/f
ish)
FCR
(feed
/gai
n)
Diets
FCR
Gain
Diets 100% FO 100% PO
Fish Oil Replacement with Poultry Oil
Standardising Assessment
What we need Standardise
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CHARACTERISATION • Species, Genotype, Processing, Origin, Analysis,...
DIGESTIBILITY
• Diet-strategy, Faecal collection, Acclimation, Analysis, ...
PALATABILITY • Diet-strategy, Animal size, Inclusion levels, Duration,...
UTILISATION
• Diet-strategy, Animal size, Inclusion levels, Duration,...
FUNCTIONALITY • Binding ability, Expansion capacity, Hygroscopy, ...
Poultry Analysis - Freshness
Case Study - Blood Meal Quality Data
Blood meal quality – moisture content
Sample number
Moi
stur
e %
Maximum GTA Specification
Minimum GTA Specification
45% fail 40% fail for low moisture
Blood meal quality – Mink digestibility
Blood meal quality – Mink digestibility
Mink is a good correlation for moisture digestibility
Blood meal quality – Barramundi digestibility
NSW Fisheries show that a blood meal sample that had 3% moisture had a digestibility in
barramundi of only 55%
Barramundi digestibility
Blood meal quality – Mink digestibility
30%
21%
Sealey et al, 2011
PAP – Potential Fishmeal replacement
Summary of PAP and Oil
Highly nutritious feed ingredients for Aquaculture
Quality protein and fat for diverse
species base
Safe and hygienic food chain ingredients
Sustainable raw materials for now
and the future
Thank You!
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