1

RENEWABLE & NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY

2

ENERGY CONSERVATION AND ITS IMPORTANCE

60% of resources consumed so far

85% of raw energy comes from non-renewable sources and hence not available for future generation

GLOBAL ENERGY RESERVES

• Global coal reserves 9,84,453 million tonnes

• 1147 billion barrels of oil

• 176 trillion cubic meters of gas

•World oil and gas reserves are estimated to last 45years and 65 years respectively.

• Coal is likely to last a little over 200 years

3

ENERGY DISTRIBUTION – DEVELOPING

AND DEVELOPED COUNTRIES

25%

3.5%

100%

4

Electricity Generation

• The thermal, hydro and nuclear energy are the

major sources of generation of electricity in

India. The total installed power generation

capacity has been 1,35,401.63 MW (as on

August 31, 2007), consisting of 86,975.84 MW

(thermal); 34,130.76 MW (hydro); 4,120 MW

(nuclear); and 10,175.03 MW (renewable energy

sources). The All India Plant Load Factor during

April-August 2007 has been 77.1 per cent.

SECTOR WISE ENERGY CONSUMPTION

Figure 1.5 Sector wise energy consumption (1999-2000)

5

Energy and Environment

Inputs Process Outputs

Energy

Water

Raw

Material

Industrial

Process

Solid/

Liquid

waste

Direct/Indirect

Energy waste

Products

Emission

from

combustion

Emission

from

process

Chemical

6

WHAT IS ENERGY CONSERVATION

• REDUCTION IN ENERGY INPUT FOR SAME LEVEL OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY

• ENERGY INTENSITY MINIMISATION OF A SYSTEM FOR SAME OUTPUT OR COMFORT LEVEL

• SUBSTITUTION OF NONRENEWABLE WITH ENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY

• ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND PRODUCTIVITY ARE THE HALLMARKS OF ENERGY CONSERVATION

• IT IS A DECENTRALISED ISSUE

• IT SHARPENS THE COMPETITIVE EDGE IN LPG ENVIRONMEN A COLLECTIVE ENDEVOUR

• PARTICIPATION,ASSOCIATION,INVOLVEMENT OF ALL STAKE HOLDERS-

• MOTIVATION,EDUCATION,TRAINING,INFORMATION AND AWARENESS REQUIRED TO SUSTAIN THE MOVEMENT

Source: Powerline

Potential for Energy

Conservation• India’s energy intensity per unit of GDP is higher compared to Japan, US and Asia by 3.7, 1.55 and 1.47 times respectively. This indicates inefficient use of energy but also substantial scope for energy saving.

• One unit of energy saved at the consumer end avoids nearly 2.5 to 3 times of capacity augmentation due to PLF, auxiliary consumption and T & D losses

• The conservative estimate of potential of energy saving in India is creating nearly 25,000 MW of new capacity

7

Source: Powerline

Potential for Energy Conservation

- Sector-wise

Up to 23Economy as a whole

Up to 20Domestic and Commercial

Up to 30Agricultural

Up to 20Transport

Up to 25Industrial

Potential %Sector

Source: Powerline

Potential for Energy Conservation

– Industrial Sector

10Refineries

15Petrochemicals

20Sugar

10Aluminum

25Paper

15Cement

25Textile

15Fertilizer

10Iron and Steel

Saving Potential %Industry

8

--0.825.21GERMANY

11.329.700.956.06U.S.A

12.237.621.306.07U.K.

-7.561.405.02SWEDEN

--1.204.18JAPAN

--0.894.03ITALY

11.2511.132.009.50INDIA

FERTILIZERPAPERCEMENTSTEELCOUNTRY

MILLION KCAL/TONNE

EFFICIENCY CRITERION

OERVERALL EFFICIENCY =

TECHNICAL EFFICIENCY * MANAGERIAL EFFICIENCY

MANAGERIAL EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENT

• CREATING ENVIRONMENT CONDUCIVE TO ENERGY CONSERVATION

• MOTIVATION

• CREATIVE APPLICATION OF MIND

• POSITIVE ATTITUDE

• INNOVATION

• MAKING THE AVAILABLE ENERGY RESOURCES MORE AND MORE RODUCTIVE

• AWARENESS GENERATION

• SKILL DEVELOPMENT THROUGH EDUCATION AND TRAINING

• SHARING THE GAINS OF GREEN PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT

• FAITH IN HUMAN PROGRSS THROUGH SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

9

BOILER TURBINE

G

T & D

END USER

GENERATION

30%

TRANSMISSION

80%

UTILISATION

25%

END USE EFFICIENCY

OVERALL END USE EFFICIENCY = 30*0.8*0.25 = 6%

Pumping share of electricity use in India

All non-

pumping end

uses. 60.20%

Pumping at

Utility Power

Plant. 2.50% Pumping in

Agriculture.

21.60%

Pumping at

Public Water

Works. 1.50%

Pumping in

Industry.

14.20%

10

0

Delivered Energy

20

Piping40

Throttle60

80Pump

Motor100

ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN PUMPING SYSTEM

2.0 KW55%17.0 KW85%20.0 KW

1.2 KW50%18.7 KW90%20.8 KW

50%18.7 KW85%22.0 KW

SAVINGSPUMP

n

MECH.

OUTPUT

MOTOR

n

ELECT.

INPUT

25 HP PUMP AND MOTOR

67% MORE SAVINGS FOR SAME OUTPUT 9.35 KW

END USE EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENT

11

IMPROVED ENERGY EFFICIENCY

CONSERVES ENERGY

Incandescent Lamp

60 W

Compact fluorescent Lamp

15 W

Energy Efficient Equipment uses less energy

for same output and reduces CO2 emissions

CO2 Emission – 65 g/hr CO2 Emission – 16 g/hr

Figure 1.14

THERMAL INSULATIONOVEN – 36 KW; TEMP – 550ºC

IMPROVED INSULATION

SAVING – 8.82%

1.862.04KWH/JOB

689810016KWH

CONSUMED

37094910JOB HEATED

AFTERBEFOREDESCRIPTION

12

ENERGY CONSERVATION RESULTS IN

GHG REDUCTION

16810568880%ENERGY

EFFICIENT

PACKAGE

BOILER

19210650070%EXISTING OIL

FIRED BOILER

CO2 EMISSION

PER YEAR

(TONNES)

ANNUAL

FURNACE OIL

CONSUMPTION

(KL)

EFFICIENCYSYSTEMS

CO2 EMISSION REDUCTION - 2400 Tonnes/Annum

FURNACE OIL SAVINGS - 812 KL/Annum

(Energy Conservation)

STEAM REQUIREMENT- 10T/Hr AT, 10kg/cm2

1.111.20CO2 emission

(kg/kwh)

13290151435336CO2 EMISSION

(tones/year)

0.710.77SPECIFIC COAL

CONSUMPTION

(kg/kwh)

30%28%EFFICIENCY

AFTER

IMPROVEMENT

BEFORE

IMPROVEMENT

PARAMETERS

POWER PLANT – EFICIENCY IMPROVEMENT

REDUCTION IN CO2 DUE TO EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENT- 10632 TONNES /ANNUM

FUEL SAVINGS 7.8%

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ENERGY CONSERVATION

THE SUPPLY CONCEPT• ENERGY CONSERVATION IS AN INCREMENTAL SOURCE OF

ENERGY

• ENERGY PRODUCED BY CONSERVATION CAN BE MEASURED BY THE EXTENT TO WHICH OTHER FORMS ARE SAVED

• IT IS CLEANER THAN OTHER FORMS OF ENERGY

• IT IS ECO – FRIENDLY

• IT REDUCES GHG EMISSION

• DOES NOT RESULT IN DEPLETION OF FOSSIL FUELS

• IT IS NOT IMPORTED AND SAVES FOREIGN EXCHANGE

• IT CAN BE PURCHASED BY MAKING PRUDENT INVESTMENTS

• SUPPLY OF ENERGY THROUGH CONSEVATION IS AN ECONOMIC ACTIVITY AND NEEDS TO BE PURSUED TILL THE NET ECONOMIC GAIN CEASES TO EXIST

• OPTIMAL CONSERVATION MEASURES MAY VARY SIGNIFICANTLY IN DIFERENT COUNTRIES DEPENDING ON THE COST OF CAPITAL, ENERGY PRICE,GOVT.POLICIES,TAXES,DEPRECIATION,INCENTIVES ETC.

ENERGY CONSERVATION

1. CRITICAL EXAMINATION OF ENERGY REQUIREMENT

(30HP I.D. FAN WITH LONG CHIMNEY)

2. CAPACITY UTILISATION

(10 T FURNACE 4 T/DAY – 640.6 KWH/TON; 10 T/DAY -319.8 KWH/DAY)

3. LOSS REDUCTION

(COMPRESSOR LEAKAGE – 40% TO 10%)

4. MINIMUM IDLE RUNNING

(3 MOTORS – 360 KW – STARTING – 2 FOR RUNNING)

5. MINIMISING END USE

(-20 DEG. C-1.67 KW/TON - 5 DEG. C-0.81 KW/TON)

6. ENERGY EFFICIENT EQUIPMENTS

VARIABLE SPEED DRIVE – REDUCTION – 900 KW – 600 KW

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7. INTER FUEL SUBSTITUTION

RENEWABLE REOURCES IN PLACE OF FOSSIL FUELS

8. ENERGY STORAGE

PUMP STORAGE – KVA SAVINGS

9. MATERIAL RECYCLING

(AL-96.3% SAVINGS; PLASTIC – 97.3; PAPER – 23%

10. PROCESS OPTIMISATION

MEMBRANCE PROCESS – CAUSTIC SODA – 30%

SAVING – 1000 KWH / TON LESS

11. MAINTENANCE

9% LEAKAGE IN IMPELLER – 7% ENERGY LOSS REPLACE WEAR PARTS

THROTTLE BUSHING; WEAR RINGS; BEARINGS

ENERGY CONSERVATION

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

• Sustainable development is often defined as

'development that meets the needs of the

present, without compromising the ability of

future generations to meet their own needs'

• Sustainable development encompasses three

basic and inter-related objectives

– Economic security and prosperity

– Social development and advancement

– Environmental sustainability

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENSUSTT AS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENSUSTT AS

APPLIED TO ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAPPLIED TO ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT

• inputs - such as fuels and energy sources, land

and raw materials - are non-renewable they

should be used up only as far as they can be

substituted in future

• where they are renewable they should be used

up at a rate within which they can be renewed,

• outputs - in production and consumption - should

not overstrain ecosystems or the assimilation

capacity of the ecosphere

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Energy Conservation – A key factor to productivity -

• The potential for energy conservation is around 25 % in Indian Industries and 23 % for whole Indian economy

• Conservation is the quickest, cheapest and most practicable method of increasing the productivity.

• Hence Energy Conservation will be one of the most important factor to increase the productivity in the future

Source: Powerline

Potential for Energy Conservation -

Sector-wise

Up to 23Economy as a whole

Up to 20Domestic and

Commercial

Up to 30Agricultural

Up to 20Transport

Up to 25Industrial

Potential %Sector

17

Source: Powerline

Potential for Energy Conservation

– Industrial Sector

10Refineries

15Petrochemicals

20Sugar

10Aluminum

25Paper

15Cement

25Textile

15Fertilizer

10Iron and Steel

Saving Potential %Industry

Source: Powerline

Potential for Energy Conservation

– Agricultural Sector

Up to 60R3 + Lower rating motorR4

Up to 45R2 + Higher efficiency Pump R3

Up to 35R1 + Low friction delivery pipe R2

Up to 25Low resistance foot valve and

suction pipe

R1

Reduction in

consumption %

Nature of ImprovementCode

18

Source: Powerline

Potential for Energy Conservation –

Commercial Sector

10 - 30Miscellaneous

40 - 60Water Heating

15 - 40Refrigeration

15 - 40Heating

50Ventilation

Up to 50Cooling

Up to 50Lighting

Saving estimate %End-Use

Source: Powerline

Potential for Energy Conservation –

Residential Sector

10Miscellaneous

Equipment

20 -70Water heating

equipment

15 - 40Refrigeration

15 -50Cooling / Ventilation

20 - 50Lighting

Saving estimate %End Use

19

Source:IREDA-BEE

EC limits– A look at 2050 Projected consumption of Household

appliances (Units/Year)

758898Gas burner

239264329Refrigerator

115130175TV

130140161Electric stove

300350410Washing machine

2020-302005-101995Appliances

Source: IREDA-BEE

EC limits– A look at 2050

Projected efficiency of combustion technologies

61Future Combined cycle (2015)

47Best available combined cycle

(Gas)

45Best available Steam turbine (Coal)

30Average Steam Turbine (Coal)

Efficiency %Technology

20

Source: IREDA-BEE

EC limits– A look at 2050EC options in the next 50 years

Heat pumpsSpace

heating

Natural gas or solar systemWater

heating

Improved wood/coal/biomass stovesCooking

Cogeneration. Energy Audit will identify the most appropriate

measures and encourage actual equipment retrofits

Industrial

Process

High efficiency compressors or multiplex compressors which

consumes only 1/3 rd of the energy of the conventional

compressors

Refrigeration

High efficiency motors with solid state speed controlMotors

Lamps with electronic ballasts and reflectors and CFLsLighting

OPTIONS FOR USINGEND USE

� Public Transport needs three times less energy and

emits three times less greenhouse gases than private car

traffic. A study conducted for 50 cities worldwide has

revealed.

� In India, the use of public transport has gone down.

During the 1950s, buses accounted for 11 % of registered

vehicles, now the figure stands at 1 %.

� Private vehicle use is rising sharply. In Delhi, cars/

jeeps/ station wagons showed an annual compounded

growth rate of 9.27% in the period 2003-2004.

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End