Renewable Energy. Energy Efficiency Solar Energy Hydropower Wind Power Biomass Geothermal...

Renewable Renewable EnergyEnergy

Energy EfficiencyEnergy EfficiencySolar EnergyHydropowerWind PowerBiomassGeothermalSustainability

www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

http://www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt


Energy EfficiencyEnergy EfficiencyIncreasing energy efficiency of

common devices has economic and environmental advantagesReducing oil importsProlonging fossil fuel suppliesReducing pollution and environmental

degradationSaving moneyBuys time to develop new technologyCreating jobs

Efficiency of Some Common DevicesEfficiency of Some Common Devices

Device Efficiency (%)Device Efficiency (%) Dry-cell flashlight battery

90 Home gas furnace

85 Storage battery 70 Home oil furnace 65 Small electric motor

62 Steam power plant

38 Diesel engine

38 High-intensity lamp

32 Automobile engine

25 Fluorescent lamp 22 Incandescent lamp

4

Energy Energy EfficiencyEfficiency

percentage of energy input that does useful work in an energy conversion system




Ways to Improve Ways to Improve Energy EfficiencyEnergy Efficiency

Between 1985 and 2001, the average fuel efficiency for new motor vehicles sold in the United States leveled off or declinedFuel-efficient models account for only a tiny

fraction of car salesHybrid-electric cars are now available and

sales are expected to increaseFuel-cell cars that burn hydrogen fuel will be

available within a few yearsElectric scooters and electric bicycles are

short-range transportation alternatives

Energy use of various types of transportation




Ways to Ways to Improve Improve Energy Energy

EfficiencyEfficiency Superinsulated house is more

expensive than a conventional house, but energy savings pay back the extra cost

Strawbale houses have the additional advantage of using an annually renewable agricultural residue, thus slowing deforestation

Ways to Improve Ways to Improve Energy EfficiencyEnergy Efficiency

Existing homes can be made more energy efficient adding insulationplugging leaksinstalling energy-saving windowswrapping water heaters installing tankless models buying energy-efficient appliances and

lights

Natural Gas or Natural Gas or ElectricityElectricity

Water heaterElectricity is produced at power plant

via gas or coal and transferred via wire to your home

Some energy is lost over the wire, …

Water HeaterWater HeaterTank

Water is heated 365/24/7

Because heat is lost through the flue and the walls of the storage tank (this is called standby heat loss), energy is consumed even when no hot water is being used.

Water HeaterWater HeaterTankless

The energy consumption of these units is generally lower since standby losses from the storage tank are eliminated.

Demand water heaters with enough capacity to meet household needs are gas- or propane-fired.

http://www.aceee.org/consumerguide/topwater.htm

http://www.aceee.org/consumerguide/topwater.htm

Energy Efficiency

Solar EnergySolar EnergyHydropowerWind PowerBiomassGeothermalSustainability

Solar Energy Solar Energy Buildings can be heated

passive solar heating system active solar heating system

Solar thermal systems are new technologies that collect and transform solar energy into heat that can be used directly or converted to electricity

Photovoltaic cells convert solar energy directly into electricity

Suitability of Solar UsageSuitability of Solar Usage

best when more than 60% of daylight hours sunny




Solar HeatingSolar HeatingPassive system:Absorbs & stores heat from the sun directly within a structure

Active system:Collectors absorb solar energy, a pump supplies part of a building’s heating or water heating needs.







Solar Domestic Hot Water (SDHW)Solar Domestic Hot Water (SDHW)

An open circuit hot water system heats the domestic water directly on the roof of the building

The water flows from the heat collector into the hot water tank to be used in the house

Integration of solar energy conservation in homes can reduce energy consumption by 75-90%.

www.iea-shc.org

www.earlham.edu/~parkero/Seminar/ SOLAR%20AMERICA%5B1%5D.ppt

http://www.iea-shc.org/

http://www.earlham.edu/~parkero/Seminar/%20SOLAR%20AMERICA%5B1%5D.ppt


Photovoltaic (Solar) CellsPhotovoltaic (Solar) Cells

Provides electricity for buildings




Inside the PV cellInside the PV cellPV cells are

made from silicon alloys

PV module1cm by 10cm

cells36 cells

connected







Solar Thermal TechniquesSolar Thermal Techniques

Solar Two




HeliostatsHeliostatsHeliostats provide

concentrated sunlight to the power tower

The reflecting mirrors follow the sun along its daily trajectory




Power TowerPower Tower Sunlight from

mirrors are reflected to fixed receiver in power tower

Fluid transfers the absorbed solar heat into the power block

Used to heat a steam generator

Solar One







Solar-Hydrogen RevolutionSolar-Hydrogen Revolution

Splitting water can produce H2 gasIf scientists and engineers can

learn how to use forms of solar energy to decompose water cheaply, they will set in motion a solar-hydrogen revolution

Hydrogen-powered fuel cells could power vehicles and appliances


Energy EfficiencySolar Energy

HydropowerHydropowerWind PowerBiomassGeothermalSustainability



History of Hydroelectric History of Hydroelectric

B.C. - Used by the Greeks to turn water wheels for grinding wheat into flour, more than 2,000 years ago

1775 - U.S. Army Corps of Engineers founded, with establishment of Chief Engineer for the Continental Army

1880 - Michigan's Grand Rapids Electric Light and Power Company, generating electricity by dynamo, belted to a water turbine at the Wolverine Chair Factory, lit up 16 brush-arc lamps. www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/ hydroelectric/hydro.ppt

http://www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/%20hydroelectric/hydro.ppt

– By 1940 - 40% of electrical generation was hydropower

– Between 1921 and 1940 - conventional capacity in the U.S. tripled; almost tripled again between 1940 and 1980

– Currently - about 10% of U.S. electricity comes from hydropower.

www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/ hydroelectric/hydro.ppt

History of History of Hydroelectric Hydroelectric




Turbine Technologies

Reactionfully immersed in fluidshape of blades produces rotation






Tidal Power PlantTidal Power Plant





Energy EfficiencySolar EnergyHydropower

Wind PowerWind PowerBiomassGeothermalSustainability



Rotary WindmillRotary Windmill

www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/wind_energy.ppt

http://www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/wind_energy.ppt


Vertical BladesVertical Blades





Energy from WindEnergy from Wind Production of electricity and hydrogen

gas by wind farms is expected to increase

Western Europe currently leads in the development of wind power

Land used for wind farms also can be used for ranching or crops and most profits stay in local communitiesNorth Dakota

OptimizationOptimizationLow Torque – Rapid Speed

good for electrical generationHigh Torque – Slow Speed

good for pumping waterSmall generator

low wind speedscaptures small amount of energy

Large generatorhigh wind speedsmay not turn at low speeds






Source: American Wind Energy Associationwww.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/wind_energy.ppt






Energy EfficiencySolar EnergyHydropowerWind Power

BiomassBiomassGeothermalSustainability



Energy from Energy from BiomassBiomass In the developing world, most people

heat homes and cook by burning wood or charcoal

Plant materials and animal wastes also can be converted into biofuels, BiogasLiquid ethanolLiquid methanol

Urban wastes can be burned in incinerators to produce electricity and heat




Types of Types of Biomass Biomass

FuelFuel




ConversionProcesses

BiomassFeedstock

– Trees– Forest Residues – Grasses– Agricultural Crops– Agricultural Residues– Animal Wastes– Municipal Solid Waste

Fuels: Ethanol Renewable Diesel Methanol HydrogenElectricityHeatProducts– Plastics– Foams – Solvents– Coatings– Chemical

Intermediates– Phenolics– Adhesives– Fatty acids– Acetic Acid– Carbon black– Paints– Dyes, Pigments,

and Ink– Detergents– Etc.

BiorefineryBiorefinery

- Acid Hydrolysis/Fermentation- Enzymatic Fermentation- Gas/liquid Fermentation- Thermochemical Processes- Gasification/Pyrolysis- Combustion- Co-firing

www.sc.doe.gov/bes/besac/BESACGarman08-02-01.ppt

http://www.sc.doe.gov/bes/besac/BESACGarman08-02-01.ppt

http://www.sc.doe.gov/bes/besac/BESACGarman08-02-01.ppt





Energy EfficiencySolar EnergyHydropowerWind PowerBiomass

GeothermalGeothermalSustainability



Geothermal EnergyGeothermal Energy

Geothermal energy can be used to heat buildings and to produce electricity

Geothermal reservoirs can be depleted if heat is removed faster than natural processes renew it, but the potential supply is vast

TechnologyTechnologyGeothermal Heat Pumps

shallow ground energyDirect-Use

hot water can be piped to facilitiesPower Plants

steam and hot water drive turbinesdry steam plantsflash steam plantsbinary cycle plants

www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/ geothermal/GeothermalEnergy.ppt

http://www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/%20geothermal/GeothermalEnergy.ppt

Dry Steam Power Dry Steam Power PlantsPlantsHydrotherm

al fluids are primarily steamSteam goes

directly to turbine

No fossil fuels


http://www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/%20geothermal/GeothermalEnergy.ppt

Flash Steam Power Flash Steam Power PlantPlant

Fluids above 200 degrees CelsiusFluid is sprayed

into tank at lower pressure

Fluid rapidly vaporizes

Steam drives turbine


Binary Cycle Power Binary Cycle Power PlantPlantCooler water

(below 200 degrees Celsius)Hot thermal

fluid and a second fluid pass through heat exchanger


Heat MiningHeat MiningLast week the Massachusetts

Institute of Technology released a study concluding that heat mining could generate enough energy by 2050 to replace the coal-fired and nuclear power plants that are likely to be retired over the next several decades.

Boston Globe Gareth Cook, Globe Staff | January 29, 2007 @ http://www.boston.com/news/globe/health_science/articles/2007/01/29/the_power_of_rocks/

At present the DHM project and drilling activities are financed by the Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE), the canton of the city of Basel, the water and energy public utilities of Basel (IWB), a power company (Elektra Basel Land), and a private foundation (G.H. Endress) http://www.geothermie.de/iganews/no45/the_swiss_deep_heat.htm

BenefitsBenefitsClean Energy

one sixth of carbon dioxide vs. natural gas

very little if any nitrous oxide or sulfur compounds

Availability24 hours a day, 365 days a year

HomegrownRenewable


Environmental Environmental EffectsEffects

Only emission is steamSalts and dissolved minerals

reinjectedSome sludge produced

Mineral extractionLittle Visual Impact

Small acreage, no fuel storage facilities


LocationLocationHot geothermal fluidLow mineral and gas contentShallow aquifers

Producing and reinjecting the fluidPrivate land

Simplifies permit processProximity to transmission lines


www.eren.doe.gov/power/consumer/ rebasics_geothermal.html

FutureFutureOnly tiny fraction is

currently used Dry hot rock heated by

molten magma Drill into rock and

circulate water


Energy EfficiencySolar EnergyHydropowerWind PowerBiomassGeothermal

SustainabilitySustainability

Suggestions to make the transition to a moresustainable energy future.


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