Renewable Energy In India:
Challenges and Opportunities
Rangan Banerjee
Forbes Marshall Chair Professor
Department of Energy Science & Engineering
Talk presented at UPES on May 26, 2014
1. Energy
2. Water
3. Food
4. Environment
5. Poverty
Source: Smalley, MRS Bulletin, 2005
6. Terrorism and war
7. Disease
8. Education
9. Democracy
10. Population
10 Priority Global Problems
Why is Energy important?
2
Renewables – Increasing ?
What is the share of renewables in our supply mix?
How has this changed over the last 40 years?
What will be the renewables share after 20 years?
3
ENERGY FLOW DIAGRAM
PRIMARY ENERGY
ENERGY CONVERSION FACILITY
SECONDARY ENERGY
TRANSMISSION & DISTRN. SYSTEM
FINAL ENERGY
ENERGY UTILISATION EQUIPMENT & SYSTEMS
USEFUL ENERGY
END USE ACTIVITIES
(ENERGY SERVICES)
COAL, OIL, SOLAR, GAS
POWER PLANT, REFINERIES
REFINED OIL, ELECTRICITY
RAILWAYS, TRUCKS, PIPELINES
WHAT CONSUMERS BUY DELIVERED ENERGY
AUTOMOBILE, LAMP, MOTOR, STOVE
MOTIVE POWER RADIANT ENERGY
DISTANCE TRAVELLED, ILLUMINATION,COOKED FOOD etc..
4
Applications
Power Generation
Cooking
Water Heating
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
Distillation
Drying
Space Heating
Transport
5
6
India and World (Selected Indicators for 2010)
Population
1171 million
6825 million
GDP (PPP) 3763 Billion 2005 US$
(3213 $/person)
68431 Billion 2005 US$
(10,027 $/person)
Primary Energy 29.0 EJ
532.4 EJ
Energy/person 24.7 GJ/person/year 78.0 GJ/person/year
Electricity/person 644kWh/capita/year
2892 kWh/capita/year
CO2 emissions
Per person
Per GDP
1626 Million tonnes 30326 Million tonnes
1.39 tonnes /capita/year
4.44 tonnes /capita/year
0.43 kg /US$ ppp
0.44 kg /US$ ppp
Source: IEA, Key World Energy Statistics 2012
7
Indian Energy Scenario
Present energy systems –predominantly fossil fuel based
Unsustainable - fossil fuel reserves, -climate change - environmental impact Energy Access –affordability, Energy Shortages, Low usage, high growth
8
Primary Energy Mix
9
Renewables and Nuclear
Coal
Oil and Gas
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Source: TIFAC, 2013
World Renewable Energy Share 2008
Source: IPCC, 2011
10
Source: IPCC, 2011
Global Renewable Flows 2008
11
Power Generation – Supply mix
12
Thermal
Nuclear
Renewables (incl Hydro)
40%
60%
80%
20%
100%
0 100%
0
Source: TIFAC, 2013
Carbon Dioxide Concentrations
http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/co2/graphics/lawdome.gif 13
Share of Energy Imports - India
14
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Import Share (INDIA)
Renewable Energy Options
Wind
Solar Small
Hydro Biomass
Tidal
Energy
Wave Energy
Ocean Thermal
Energy
Solar Thermal
Solar
Photovoltaic
Geothermal*
15
Power Generation Options
Power Generation
Centralised Grid Connected
Cogeneration/Trigeneration
Decentralised Distributed Generation
Isolated
Demand Side Management (Solar Water Heater, Passive
Solar)
16
Source: IPCC, 2011 17
Characteristics of Renewables
Large, Inexhaustible source -Solar energy intercepted by earth 1.8*1011 MW
Clean Source of Energy
Dilute Source - Even in best regions 1kW/m2 and the total daily flux available is 7 kWh/m2
Large Collection Areas, high costs
Availability varies with time
Need for Storage, Additional Cost
18
Solar Power : Potential and Cost
Solar Insolation and area required = 2500 sq.km
= 625 sq.km
Source: World Energy Outlook – 2008, International Energy Agency
19
20
Renewable Share in Power
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Year
Shar
e of
tot
al (%
)
Renewable Installed Capacity
Renewable Generation
Nuclear Installed Capacity Nuclear generation
21
Renewable installed capacity and generation
*as on 30.06.2013 MNRE website: www.mnre.nic.in
Installed
Capacity*
Estimated
Capacity factor
Estimated
Generation
(GWh) (MW)
Wind 14550
14% 23690
Biomass Power 1045
70% 7757
Bagasse
1742
60%
12283 Cogeneration
Small Hydro 3105
40% 12863
Waste to Energy 72
50% 420
Solar PV 39
19% 2914
Total 20553 25% 59928
22
Wind Power
14500 MW installed
Single machine upto 2.1 MW
Average capacity factor 14%
Capital cost Rs 6crores/MW, Rs 4-5/kWh (cost effective if site CF >20%)
India 45000/ 103000 MW potential estimated
32%/ year (5 year growth rate)
Satara, Maharashtra
23
24
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
90000
100000
110000
120000
130000
140000
150000
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
Ins
tall
ed
Ca
pa
cit
y (
MW
)
Year
Diffusion Curves for wind energy
Diffusion curve
Upper limit of uncertainity
Lower limit of uncertainity
Potential = 103000MW
Small Hydro Power
Classification - Capacity
-Micro less than 100 kW
Mini 100 kW - 3 MW Small 3 MW - 15 MW
Micro and Mini - usually isolated,
Small grid connected
Heads as low as 3 m viable
Capital Cost Rs 5-6crores/MW ,
Rs 2.50-3.50/kWh
MW (7%/year)
200 kW Chizami village, Nagaland
Aleo (3MW) Himachal Pradesh
Geothermal/OTEC/Tidal/Wave
World Cost Estimates
Geothermal COMMERCIAL 8240 MW 4c/kWh
$2000/kW
No Indian experience
50 MW plant J & K planned
Tidal PROTOTYPE 240 MW
FRANCE
LF 20%
No Indian experience (3.6MW planned Sunderbans)
OTEC PROTOTYPE 50 kW
210 kW
NELHA
India 1MW gross plant under construction
Wave Energy
PROTOTYPE < 1MW
Grid Connected
India 150kW plant Thiruvananthpuram
26
27
Map of India showing the geothermal provinces
OTEC plant schematic
28
Mooring Arrangement
29
BIOMASS
THERMOCHEMICAL BIOCHEMICAL
COMBUSTION GASIFICATION PYROLYSIS
RANKINE CYCLE
PRODUCER GAS
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURISED
FERMENTATION DIGESTION
BIOGAS ETHANOL
Duel Fuel SIPGE Gas Turbines
Biomass Conversion Routes
30
Biomass Power
Higher Capacity factors than other renewables
Fuelwood, agricultural residues, animal waste
Atmospheric gasification with dual fuel engine -
1 MW gasifier - largest installation
Combustion – 5-18 MW
Rs 4-5/kWh
Kaganti Power Ltd. Raichur Distt. A.P. 7.5 MW
100 kWe Pfutseromi village, Nagaland
31
Biomass Gasifier Example
Arashi HiTech Biopower, Coimbatore
1 MW grid connected
100% producer gas engines
Two gasifiers – coconut shells, modified to include other biomass
Chilling producer gas with VARS operated on waste heat 32
Biogas
45-70% CH4 rest CO2
Calorific value 16-25MJ/m3
Digestor- well containing animal waste slurry
Dome - floats on slurry- acts as gas holder
Spent Slurry -sludge- fertiliser
Anaerobic Digestion- bacterial action
Family size plants 2m3/day
Community Size plants 12- 150 m3/day
Rs 12-14000 for a 2m3 unit
Cooking, Electricity, running engine Pura, Karnataka 33
0.5T/hr
Feed water
Process
Process
2 ata
~
STEAM
TURBINE
2.5 MW
6 ata
BAGASSE
58 T/hr 22 ata
330o C
4.5T/hr 27T/hr
26T/hr
Schematic of typical 2500 tcd Sugar factory
Flashed
Condensate
PRDS
PRDS
MILLING
0.5T/hr
FEED
WATER
BOILER
34
Feed water
Con
dens
er
2 ata
PROCESS
75 TPH, 65
ata, 480O
C
Process
Process
4.5 TPH
~
6 ata
BAGASSE (Alternate fuel)
2 ata
BFP
13 MW
BOILER
1.0 MW
Mill
drives
9.5 MW
Power export
2.5 MW
Captive
load
PROCESS
PROPOSED PLANT CONFIGURATION: OPTION 2
STEAM
TURBINE
CONDENSER
ESS
35
#PV system
Grid connected 3 MW PV plant in Karnataka http://optimal-power-solutions.com
36
Solar Mission- JNSM Targets
S.No. Application segment Target for Phase I
(2010-13)
Target for Phase
II (2013-17)
Target for Phase
III (2017-22)
1. Solar collectors 7 million sq
meters
15 million sq
meters
20 million sq
meters
2. Off grid solar
applications
200 MW 1000 MW 2000 MW
3. Utility grid power,
including roof top
1000-2000 MW 4000-10000 MW 20000 MW
37
Megawatt size grid solar power plants – India Project Developer
Project site
Capacity (MW)
PV Technology
Operation in Days
Generation in MWh
WBGEDCL* Jamuria, Asansol, West Bengal
1
Crystalline Silicon Sept.09 - Aug. 10
614 (365)
1879.9 12.29%
Azure Power
Awan, Amritsar, Punjab
1 Crystalline Silicon Dec.09 to Nov.10
577 (365)
3312 16.92%
Mahagenco
Chandrapur, Maharashtra
1 a-Si Thin Films May 10 to Apr.11
448 (365)
1654.2 15.39%
Reliance Industries
Nagaur, Rajasthan
5 Crystalline Silicon, Thin Films, CPV
352 July 10 to June 11
7473.3 18.8%
Saphhire Industrial
Sivaganga, Tamil Nadu
5 a-Si Thin Films
190 4271.3
Sri Power
Chittoor, Andhra Pradesh
2 Crystalline Silicon CdTe Thin Film
92 901.9
Source: 32/54/2011-12/PVSE, MNRE 38
Source: Renewable Energy Technologies: Cost Analysis, IRENA, June 2012
39
Solar Concentrators
Arun Technology
CLFR Technology Parabolic Trough
Scheffler paraboloid dish
Heliostat
41
Renewables in Industry
2005 share 9 %
Biomass, solar thermal solutions
Possible to change mix to significantly increase renewables
Biomass – thermal applications – 1-2 year paybacks
Solar process heat 4-6 years
42
Solar Cooking
• Tirumala(Tirupati) – 4 T/day of steam – food for 15000 people
Solar parabolic Concentrators
• Solar cooking – Suitable for Institutions/ Community kitchen
Army mess, Ladakh
• Suitable for hotels
Estimated cost of Energy
43
` 5/kWh ` 3/kWh ` 10/kWh
Mainstreaming of renewables
#1 Technology Development and Research challenge -Cost Reduction challenge
#2 System Integration/ System Planning challenge
#3 Technology Deployment and Diffusion Challenge
#4 Development Challenge – providing affordable access
44
Renewables - Challenges
#5 Manpower and Capacity Building Challenge
#6 Policy Challenge
#7 Financing Challenge
#8 Institutional Challenge
#9 Sustainable growth challenge (Land/Material/Water)
#10 Intellectual Property/ Licensing/ Monopoly costs
45
5000
5500
6000
6500
7000
7500
8000
8500
9000
9500
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
Jan-07
june
july
august
sept
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
hours
Po
we
r g
en
era
ted
in
MW
january
June
July
August
September
Wind Generation
Total Generation
Tamil Nadu 2006-7
46
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
Hours
Po
wer
gen
era
ted
in
MW January
June
September
Mean value
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
Months
Win
d e
ne
rgy g
en
era
ted
(M
U)
Hourly variation of wind power
Monthly variation of wind energy
generated
47
Impacts on LDC
48
49
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Ave
rag
e M
on
thly
Ge
ne
rati
on
(k
W)
Punjab Model Punjab Model
WB model
WB 2010 Actual
WB 2011 Actual
Actual Punjab 2010
50
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
23:30 1:00 2:30 4:00 5:30 7:00 8:30 10:00 11:30 13:00 14:30 16:00 17:30 19:00 20:30 22:00 23:30
No
. o
f U
nit
s G
en
era
ted
Th
ou
sa
nd
s
Typical Daily Electricity Generation Variation
March- Best Month for
Asansol, WB Plant
51 5 kWp Solar PV power plant at Rajmachi Village, Maharashtra
No. of house holds: 29
Connected load : 1.4 kW
Measurements
52
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0:00 2:24 4:48 7:12 9:36 12:00 14:24 16:48 19:12 21:36 0:00
Time (hrs)
Pow
er(
Watt
s)
and V
oltage (
Volts)
VOLTAGE POWER
53 Source: A. Sarkar, ETV 2035
Large Scale Storage Options
54 Source: GEA, 2012
Renewables - Opportunities
#1 High growth rates in demand- large potential market
#2 Sustainable Energy Systems for future
#3 Local Employment opportunities
#4 Technology leadership
#5 Opportunity for training/ capacity building
#6 Energy Security
#7 Business/ Entrepreneurship/ Incubation Opportunity
55
National Solar Thermal Power Facility – Consortium supported by MNRE and led by IIT Bombay
56
Thermal Storage
Solar Field
Expansion Vessel
Heat Exchanger
Generator
Condenser
Turbine
Pump Pump
Cooling Water Circuit
Water/ Steam Loop
Thermic Oil Loop
CLFR Direct Steam
Schematic of 1 MW Solar Power Plant Simulator snapshot
Parabolic Trough Solar Field Linear Fresnel Reflector Solar Field at Gwalpahari site
Consortium Members
KIE Solatherm
Site Photos – Power Block
DM Storage tanks
TG Building construction
Heat Exchangers 57
Turbine
Generator Cooling Tower 58
IITB-Solar Thermal Power Plant
Solar Fields under construction Foundation stone 10 January, 2010
PTC Field
Steam Generation LFR Field
Heat Exchanger Turbine
59
General User Inputs
Solar Models
Equipment Models
Fluid Models
Flow sheeting
Equation builder & Solver
Simulation output
Fluid properties – water, thermic fluids, etc. Library of fluid properties
Characteristic models – solar collectors, pumps, heat exchangers, turbines, etc. [e.g., collector = f (min, Tin, IT/B, Vwind)]
site data – lat., long., insolation, temperature, wind speed, rainfall
Data library, interpolation modules, empirical models
User defined connectivity for equipment through GUI. Alternative configurations can be studied.
Based on user defined PFD – mathematical models User defined time steps, time horizon. Pseudo steady State simulation – sequential modular approach
System performance including cost of overall system
Schematic of Solar Power Plant Simulator
60
Scale-up study
Prototype Simulator
Modeling & Validation of different components and models
Simulator: - version
System Simulation Validation
based on test-runs
Reliability etc. study
β-version
Final version
Optimization
Consortium members
Simulator Development Steps
61
User Interface: Main Window
62
Generation of user defined process flow diagram using user interface
63
Selection of Control Variable
Equipment Property Window: Collector
64
Results display in tabular form
Results display in graphical form
65
Results display in graphical form: Monthly average output
66
67
Arun at Mahanand Dairy, Latur, India
MULTIPLE FACETS OF CONSTRUCTING A GREEN BUILDING
SOLAR DECATHLON - RESEARCH AREAS
Structural Analysis
Materials
Prefab construction
Passive Architecture & Simulation
Solar Potential & PV
HVAC Design
MEP System Design
Instrumentation & Control Systems
INDUSTRY COLLABORATION Inter-disciplinary research – Team has students from 13 different disciplines Diverse team consisting of students from all major programmes – PhD, M.Tech, Undergraduate (2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th Years) Collaboration and interfacing with industry experts
69
70
Alternative Vehicles
http://beta.thehindu.com/
Reva: Electric vehicle
Hydrogen bikes - BHU
Jatropha plant
Zero Energy Buildings
www.passiv.de (Germany/Sweden)
http://www.bayer.com/
Bayer Innovation Centre Noida Zero Emissions Building 45 kWh/m2/year, solar PV
ECBC, Teri GRIHA – Building rating schemes Dependent on climatic zone, share of AC space
71
Solar Lanterns
www.ariesindustries.net/products.htm www.tatabpsolar.com
72
Solar Home Lighting
Solar Home Lighting
www.tatabpsolar.com
Solar Power Supply
73
Gasifier Cook stove Designs
74 Source: Anderson, 2012
Rice Husk gasifier Cookstoves
75 Source: Anderson, 2012
Biolite Stove
77
Source: GEA Chapter 10 http://www.biolitestove.com
Sampada Biomass Gasifier Stove
78
Source: www.arti-india.org/
Compact Biomass Gasifier
79
Source: www.arti-india.org/
1 m3 – digestor – 2 kg kitchen waste
0.5 m3 – digestor –1 kg kitchen waste
Summing Up
Need for Technology development, cost reduction for renewables
Consortia/ Collaboration academia - industry
Special focus on new stock- buildings, industry
Systems integration issues, storage, load matching
Land, water, employment
Energy Access and Equity- Capital/ Development
Incubation/ Innovation
Significant challenges and opportunities in Renewables in India
80
References Pillai and Banerjee, 2009: Renewable energy in India: Status and potential, Energy, (34)8, 970-980,
August 2009.
Manoj and Banerjee, 2010: Analysis of isolated power systems for village electrification,” Energy for
Sustainable Development, (14)3, 213-222, September 2010.
TIFAC, 2013: TIFAC Energy Technology Vision 2035 – draft in progress
A. Sarkar, ETV 2035: TIFAC Energy Technology Vision 2035 – draft in progress
Smalley, MRS Bulletin, 2005: Future Global Energy Prosperity: The Terawatt Challenge, Richard E
Smalley, MRS Bulletin, Vol. 30, June, 2005.
IEA, Key World Energy Statistics 2012, www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/kwes.pdf
IPCC, 2011: IPCC Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation.
Prepared by Working Group III of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [O. Edenhofer, R.
Pichs-Madruga, Y. Sokona, K. Seyboth, P. Matschoss, S. Kadner, T. Zwickel, P. Eickemeier, G. Hansen,
S. Schlömer, C. von Stechow (eds)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New
York, NY, USA, 1075 pp.
World Energy Outlook – 2008, International Energy Agency, http://www.iea.org/media/weowebsite/2008-
1994/WEO2008.pdf
Anderson, 2012: The Future of Micro-gasifier Stoves, Keynote Presentation to the 2012 ETHOS
Conference by Dr. Paul S. Anderson available at:
http://www.vrac.iastate.edu/ethos/files/ethos2012/SatPM/Panel/Anderson_Micro-gasifier%20Stoves.pdf
81
References (contd.) Mukunda et al, 2010: H. S. Mukunda; S. Dasappa; P J Paul; N K S Rajan; Mahesh Yagnaraman; D. Ravi kumar
and Mukund Deogaonkar : Gasifier stoves - Science, technology and eld outreach,’ February 28, 2010.
GEA Chapter 10: Ürge-Vorsatz, D., N. Eyre, P. Graham, D. Harvey, E. Hertwich, Y. Jiang, C. Kornevall, M.
Majumdar, J. E. McMahon, S. Mirasgedis, S. Murakami and A. Novikova, 2012: Chapter 10 - Energy End-Use:
Building. In Global Energy Assessment - Toward a Sustainable Future, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,
UK and New York, NY, USA and the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria, pp.
649-760
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy Sources, http://www.mnre.nic.in
Renewable Energy Technologies: Cost Analysis, IRENA, June 2012
http://optimal-power-solutions.com
32/54/2011-12/PVSE, MNRE
http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/co2/graphics/lawdome.gif
http://beta.thehindu.com/
www.passiv.de
http://www.bayer.com/
www.ariesindustries.net/products.htm
www.tatabpsolar.com
http://www.biolitestove.com
www.arti-india.org/
http://www.firstenergy.in
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