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Renewable energy in South Africa Unique barriers, unique opportunities and therefore unique solutions
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Page 1: Renewable energy in South Africa - Promethium Carbonpromethium.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/2015-10-04... · 2015-11-19 · to include small scale renewable energy projects. •

Renewable energy in South Africa

Unique barriers, unique opportunities and therefore 

unique solutions

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• Community based renewable energy – utilising mine impacted land

• Demonstrating market readiness for carbon offset trading in South Africa

• Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs) for carbon trading • Energy market reform

Agenda

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Community based renewable energy

Utilising mine impacted land

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What if … we could use mine impacted land to

generate electricity and grow a sustainable local

economic base?

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Project background and overview

• A number of long‐standing problems exist in South Africa:  – The economic utilisation of mining impacted land;– Creating opportunities on land of ownerless mines; and – The supply of small scale renewable energy to the South African 

grid.  • Mining contributes 8.5% of SA’s GDP, employs more than half a million 

people and uses around 15% of the country’s electricity.• There is a constructive synergy in bringing these elements together. • This includes the use of mining impacted land to create post‐mine life 

jobs, the production of renewable energy, and the offtake of this energy by the mining companies.

• This project seeks to develop a feasibility study for a pilot project to implement renewable energy projects in communities based on mining impacted land.  

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The socio-economic value of renewable energy

Community based renewable energy projects could contribute effectively to alleviating the rising energy crisis within South Africa whilst simultaneously addressing a number of socio‐economic issues.

MAIN CHALLENGE AS PER NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN 

DIAGNOSTIC REPORT

THE POTENTIAL OF COMMUNITY BASED RENEWABLE ENERGY PROJECTS

Too few people work. Community based renewable energy project could create a source of employment not only for the manufacturers, but also for installers and 

distributors. 

Infrastructure is poorly located, under‐maintained and insufficient 

to foster higher growth.

Community based projects offer ease of implementation due to their infrastructure footprint. This ensures flexibility in terms of 

implementation. Projects could utilise infrastructure from closed down mines.

Spatial patterns exclude the poor from the fruits of development.

Smaller scale projects making use of natural, locally available resources, are practical to implement in rural and peripheral areas. This enables service delivery to areas in need which are not part of 

urban and established grids. 

The economy is overly and unsustainably resource intensive.

An increase in the uptake of community based renewable energy projects will support the growth of the renewables sector and reduce 

the reliance on fossil fuel resources. 

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The project concept

• The project concept is based on the following: – The use of mine impacted land for renewable energy. 

– The context of and criteria for community based renewable energy projects. 

– The use of community based renewable energy projects to alleviate grid pressure and socio‐economic pressures. 

Anticipate Mitigate Restore Enhance

Post‐mine life challenges

Mine land optimisation and 

potential 

SA energy crisis

Impacted land through 

agriculture

Communities through job 

creation and energy provision

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Three key project elements

Land

• Mine impact• Rehabilitation options • Agricultural

development• Water management• Crop selection

Community

• Development needs • Socio-economic context • Job creation –

sustainability of job creation

• Project ownership / community management

• Community energy needs• Local economic base

Energy generation

• Energy technology • Required RE resources • Off-take – mine /

community / local government and the implications

• Demand vs supply – from socio-economic perspective of local / peripheral communities

• Scalability of technology • Phasing of technology • By-products and value

Community Based RE project

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Project phases

Concept

•Post-mine life sustainability

•Use renewable energy to:• Generate jobs • Achieve land rehabilitation

• Uplift community(ies)

Pre‐feasibility

•SA development context

•Key considerations •Stakeholder engagements

•GAP Analysis

Feasibility study

•Site analysis •Project value: Economic, social, environmental and energy

•Project scope •Project Phases•Renewable energy –technology specifications

•Biomass supply •Job creation •Finance and funding

What is post-mine life sustainability –role of renewable

energy.

Consider context and challenges –

GAP. Feasibility criteria.

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Project criteria to ensure sustainability

• Projects will need facilitated momentum to grow sustainably. 

• In this regard, specific criteria should be applied to the projects: – Relevance to the community. – Positive impacts in terms of environmental, social and economic context. 

– Possibility to continuously improve and to be replicated. 

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Project criteria: Multifunctional site criteria

• Criteria to inform site selection and site analysis:– Accessibility – Connectivity – Safety and security – Community capacities – Environmental considerations  

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Questions

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Demonstrating market readiness for carbon offset trading in South Africa

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British High Commission funded project

Demonstration follows three years of research in cooperation with the JSE, Silocerts, ENSafrica and

Done Technologies

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Development of SA carbon market

The working question on this project was:

How to design a carbon offset commodity that can be traded on the existing markets available in South Africa and be operational within the timeframes envisaged for the implementation of carbon tax. 

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Project development objectives

Criteria

Ensure system integrityMinimise time to set up systemMinimise cost to set up systemMinimise transaction costs

Proposed solution

Build on proven systemsMaximum use of existing infrastructureMaximum use of existing infrastructureEconomies of scale &variety of standards

Demon‐strated?

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

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System integrity

Environmental Integrity 

National Appropriateness

Financial Integrity

Ensure that a ton of CO2 traded is a ton of 

CO2 mitigated

Ensure that the system is protected against fraud and 

theft

Ensure that the eligibility criteria of the SA Government 

is met

System integrity is non-negotiable for both the carbon tax and the carbon budget applications

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System integrity

Environmental Integrity 

National Appropriateness

Financial Integrity

Ensure that a ton of CO2 traded is a ton of 

CO2 mitigated

Ensure that the system is protected against fraud and 

theft

Ensure that the eligibility criteria of the SA Government 

is met

Use of existing infrastructure ensures:– Maximum integrity– Maximum credibility– Lowest cost to implement– Fastest time to market – in time for carbon tax in 2016– Biggest economies of scale – lowest transaction cost– Optimal use of existing skills & experience in SA

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System integrity

Environmental Integrity 

National Appropriateness

Financial Integrity

ISO accredited auditors, DNA Listing entity, Silocerts, JSE

Utilisation of existing 

infrastructure

Verification against eligibility criteria

CDM, VCS, GS, CCBA

Utilisation of existing standards

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Mechanics of demonstration

• Market participants traded carbon:– Projects in SA (national appropriateness)– Traded in voluntary offset market (to create value)– Traded over‐the‐counter (OTC)

• Registry (Silocerts) mirrored trades in a test environment:– Opened accounts for participants– Listing entity listed credits in accounts– Transferred ownership– Cancelled credits

• Trading platform (JSE) mirrored trades in a test environment

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Participants in demonstration

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Potential market structure

Registry ‐Silocerts

Trading Platform ‐ JSEListing 

EntityNational Appropriat

eness

Registry of origin

Company A(Seller)

Company B(Buyer)

Note:  Trade does not 

have to take place on JSE – could also be over the counter trade

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Pilot trades on 29 January 2015 at JSE

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Questions

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Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs) for 

carbon trading 

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Context

• The research on the possibility to use RECs under the proposed South African offset scheme was done in this project.  This will support the domestic offset trading scheme under the proposes carbon tax. 

• This is not a policy project but a research project sponsored by the British High Commission to South Africa. 

• The research is aimed at complementing the current offsets done by extending it to include small scale renewable energy projects. 

• A major co‐benefit of these projects pertain to the capacity of small scale renewable energy projects to meet the socio‐economic development objectives of South Africa. 

• RECS in itself cannot be an offset, however RECS in conjunction with CDM additionality and a CDM standardised baselines can be an opportunity to this renewable energy market as a potential carbon offset. 

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Carbon tax offset opportunity

• The proposed carbon tax framework in South Africa might have an associated offset component

• The starting level of carbon tax at R120 per ton CO2 is favourable to incentivise offset providers to develop new emission reduction projects.  

• Under the current carbon tax design 5‐10% of the carbon tax liability can be met through the purchasing of offset credits 

• Initial schemes allowed are CDM, VCS, GS and CCBA.

• These schemes typically cater for the larger projects and the development cost is high, however the environmental integrity of these credits are guaranteed.

http://www.treasury.gov.za/

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Nano Energy    August 2010

Introduction to RECs

REC = Renewable Energy Certificate• In practice, RECs are

electronic records thatverify the origin of energy fromregistered renewable energy facilities.

Source: EC 2000

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Existing SA REC structure

Governed by RECSA

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RECs in SA

• DoE (then DME) established a working group to investigate the feasibility of a national TRECs system.

• NERSA in their Green Power Trading Rules in 2006 stipulated the establishment of a local certification issuing body.

• National TRECs feasibility study in May 2007 approved the principles of establishing a  Non‐Profit Issuing Body.

• SA is aligned with the AIB (and soon IREC)• RECSA established from industry to operate voluntary 

market until 1 TWh of trade justifies integration into AIB.

30

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Timeline

Pilot Project (WSSD)2002

Voluntary market 

association (TRECSA)

&Interim Issuing 

Body 2005

Working group on feasibility 

(DoE) May 2007 

Business plan for SA Issuing 

Body (DoE)

Dec 2009

RECSA Constitution

&zaRECs Pty 

(Ltd)2011

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REC’s Process – Best Printed on A3

Trading in RECs

32

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RECSA

• SA Issuing Body that has established:– Domain Protocol for South Africa (affiliated with AIB)

– Device Registration Protocols (Subsidiary Documents)

– Generation declaration template– Transfer & Redemption Order– Certificate Registry

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Project locations in SA

Registered:• Sugar – 6• PV – 8• Hydro – 1• Hybrid – 2• SWH ‐1• Wind – 2

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RECs for SAIREC

• SCAN Display purchase for– SAIREC Electricity greening (20MWh)– from Wilsonia Wind Turbine in East London

• Deal brokered by the Green Desk of Border Kei Chamber of Commerce

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Ensuring the Integrity of the System

Environmental Integrity 

National Appropriateness

Economic Integrity

Existing Infrastructure

with new Linkages:REC Infrastructure

Existing Infrastructure

New Rules:Converting RECs using standardised baselines

Existing Infrastructure

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Environmental and economic integrity of RECs

• Environmental attribute – renewable energy guaranteed

• Additionality not evaluated in RECs – automatic additionality from CDM

• Standardised baselines – can be used to establish the baseline and project emission scenarios for eligible projects.

• Projects generating offsets from non‐taxable activities

• RECs from projects usually outside the tax net Projects  or on a Positive List

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REC issued 

Confirm compliance:

Project implemented in SA?REC redeemed

Project eligible to trade against the SA 

carbon tax?

Project has automatic 

additionality?

Standardised baselines for baseline emissions, project emission and leakage?

Carbon offsets issued

Possible process flow

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Conclusion

• The necessary infrastructure exists to trade carbon offsets in South Africa

• Potential supply and demand indicate a viable market at around 20 million tons CO2 per year.

• RECs could – contribute to the carbon offset supply – create green jobs

• Conversion of RECs to Carbon credits– Enhance the RECs market to enhance the uptake of small‐scale RE projects and associated benefits

– Overcome the barriers to Carbon offset opportunities by small‐scale RE projects

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Questions

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Energy market reform

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Context

Electricity market reform, as a tool to stimulate decarbonisation and growth, is a global phenomenon. 

South Africa is the biggest generator of electricity in the Southern African Power Pool (SAPP).  The current SA electricity crisis negatively impacts the business environment and constrains economic development in the region.

Many of the large energy users that operate in the SAPP region will benefit from the competitive electricity market and choice of electricity supply.

The Southern African region has excellent renewable resources that are underdeveloped primarily because of market and regulatory barriers to entry. Clear and open renewable energy policies are ideal investment opportunities, which open the door for investment throughout the region.

SA’s reliance on coal gives the SAPP grid one of the highest emission factors in the world. The historic support from government funding to create a lower cost coal‐based economy has created difficulty for the implementation of alternatives.

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Aim

The aim of this project is to develop and showcase pathways to, and opportunities for, electricity market reform in the countries linked to the Southern African Power Pool (SAPP) in order to clean and strengthen the electricity grid and infrastructure, and thereby stabilising and improving the business environment in the region.

The project aims to assist in SAPP’s vision to facilitate the development of a competitive electricity market in the region and give the end‐user a choice of electricity supply. 

Countries in the SAPP

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ObjectivesIdentify pathways of electricity market reform – locally, nationally, internationally (in the context of SADC) or any combination of these ‐ this includes physical, contractual/legal and financial pathways;

Review of existing frameworks, policies and legislation governing electricity market development;

Explore case studies of the pathways that have been achieved and what the challenges and key points to success; and

Provide recommendations to guide interested parties on how to streamline their electricity selling/buying/trading aspirations.

The reform of the Southern African electricity market is necessary and will contribute to the following:

• security of supply;• ensuring price affordability;• mitigate GHG emissions; and• create investment opportunities.

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Methodology

Literature review

•Policies•Plans•Legislation•Regulations•Regional frameworks•Market places/exchanges/power pools

Plausible pathways

•Public or private•REIPPPP•Own generation –mining houses, shopping centres, industries

•Embedded generation –selling spare capacity to the grid

•Bilateral agreements -wheeling

Case studies

•Bio2watt•SA-LED•Clearwater mall•Etc.

•Who carries the risks?•Mechanisms to manage risk?

•What are the barriers to participation?

What frameworks are in place

Likely pathways the market players

will explore

Who has been successful & what are the challenges

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Expected outputs

A showcase of practical routes to electricity market reform, including a roadmap on how this can be achieved in the context of the SAPP, and the communication of this with the region.  

The communication will be through a multi‐channel strategy.  It will include electronic distribution of reports using direct contact, mailing lists and social networks.  This will be followed by face‐to‐face meetings and workshops with regulators, current and potential Independent Power Producers (IPPs), potential large buyers of power and other interested parties.

These outputs will deliver the purpose of the project through:• Showcasing practical routes to achieving the market reform;• Communication, training and capacity building with the relevant parties.

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Some relevant documents, policies and legislation

• SAPP market rules• Regional Regulatory guidelines RERA• Country specific national policies, legislation and regulations

In SA:• White Paper on Energy Policy• National Energy Regulator Act• Electricity Regulation Act• Public Finances Management Act• Municipal Finances Management Act• Integrated Resource Plan

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Lessons so far

• National legislation provides for third party access to the grid in several SAPP countries;

• RERA (Regional Electricity Regulators Association) provides guidelines for cross boarder trading of electricity;

• Eskom has guidelines and wheeling processes in place;• Challenges seem to be at regulator registrations and licencing;• There are some good examples of own generation, embedded generation 

and bilateral agreements;• Embedded generation within municipalities have challenges in terms of 

long term PPA and the MMFA; and• Municipalities may only purchase electricity at competitive prices.

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Pathways: Eskom wheeling

Source: Salvoldi, 2011, 23rd AMEU Technical Convention

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Project background and overviewPathways

Source: Roets, RERA, 2011

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Questions

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