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Renewable Energy Issues- NEDO’s Experience in
Southeast Asia -
10 December 2002
Masahiro Miyazaki
NEDO Bangkok (Southeast and South Asia Office)New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Japan
(NEDO)
Key Commitments, Targets and Timetables from the
Johannesburg Plan of Implementation
Energy
Renewable Energy
Diversify energy supply and substantially increase the global
share of renewable energy sources in order to increase its
contribution to total energy supply.
Access to Energy
Improve access to reliable, affordable, economically viable,
socially acceptable and environmentally sound energy services
and resources, sufficient to achieve the Millennium Development
Goals, including the goal of halving the proportion of people in
poverty by 2015.
1
(2008)(2030) (2004)100
2
Electricity Supply in Rural Area in SEA
13
55
30
99
75
98
71
0
20
40
60
80
100
Hou
seho
ld a
cces
sibi
lity
to e
lect
rici
ty (
%)
as of 2000
Renewable Energy
- Solar PV (Photovoltaic)
- Solar thermal
- Small Hydro
- Wind
- Biomass
- Biogas
- Bio-fuel
- Waste to energy
- Geothermal
3
NEDO PV Project in Malaysia (Sabah State) 1992 - 1997
“Accelerated Demonstrative Research under Tropical Weather Conditions”
4
SHP Development in SEA Countries
14 1714
74.553.4
40.7
6.0429.6
574860
24.77
86
12000
10000
28500
18000
10000
0
100
200
300
400
500
Dev
elop
men
t of
sm
all/
min
i hyd
roup
to
2000
(M
W)
-5000
5000
15000
25000
35000
Tota
l exp
loit
able
hyd
ro r
esou
rces
(MW
)
Existing stations
Stations in planning
Total exploitable hydro resources
175000
5
Biomass: Cogeneration Potential
4200
7056
7480
3227 4107
2997
2030
5220
50 3861613
293
1160
0
4000
8000
12000
16000
Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Thailand Vietnam
GWh/
year
Sugar
Rice
Palm oil
14677
7349
3693
8833
5267
6
Total potential
Thailand
37337
748 13 0
149348
2992 52 00
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
Fair Good very good Excellent
SqKm
.
0
100000
200000
300000
400000
MW
Land area Potential
Vietnam100361
25679
2187 113
102716
8748452
401444
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
Fair Good very good Excellent
SqKm
.
0
100000
200000
300000
400000
MW
Land area Potential
Cambodia
6155
315 30 0
246201260 120 0
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
Fair Good very good Excellent
SqKm
.
0
100000
200000
300000
400000
MW
Land area Potential
Laos
38787
6070671 35
155148
242802684 140
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
Fair Good very good Excellent
SqKm
.
0
100000
200000
300000
400000
MW
Land area Potential
Fair 6-7 m/sGood 7-8 m/sVery good 8-9 m/sExcellent > 9 m/s
Wind Energy Potential of Southeast Asia at 65 M.Source: Wind Energy Resource Atlas of Southeast Asia Prepared for the World Bank Asia Alternative Energy Program by True Wind Solutions, LLC, Albany, New York
7
Production Cost Ranges for Fossil and Renewable Resources 1990, 2000, 2005
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Wind PV Bio Geo
Prod
uctio
n Co
st: U
S ce
nts p
er k
Wh
Y1990
Y2000
Y2005
Source: G8 Renewable Energy Task Force Report, 2001
2000 ConventionalProduction Cost Range
2000 ConventionalRetail Cost
2000 Off Grid Cost
8
Lessons Learned
Failures of RE projects are not technology but institutional
problems.
- Governmental policy for rural electrification and RE
- Participation from local community
- Tariff collection for maintenance
- Income generating activities
- Training for local people
- Maintenance service by suppliers
9
What is necessary for rural electrification?
Policy issues:- Government policy and regulatory framework to encourage RE (IPP, import duty exemption, etc.) - Active partnership between the public and private sectors- Financial support to villagers and businesses- Awareness of RE technology, cost and benefit (Demonstration projects) Private sector:- Commercial business to provide RE equipment and services (including maintenance and repair, training for local people) Village community: - Participation of village community- Productive use of electricity (income generation)- Training for proper maintenance- Electricity tariff for maintenance and repair
10
Vietnam
- 3.9 million households (18 million people) have no
access
to electricity.
- Government of Vietnam has a plan to extend national
grid
to 90% of rural households by 2005.
- Village-commune renewable projects including small
hydro,
PV and wind turbine were developed.
- SELCO Vietnam has successfully installed SHS in rural
areas
since 1995 in cooperation with Vietnam Women’s Union
and
Vietnam Bank for Agricultural and Rural Development.
11
NEDO Project in Vietnam(Man Yang Province) 1997 - 2001
“Hybrid System of PV Power Generation and Micro Hydro Power Generation”
PV Power Generation approx. 100 kWMicro Hydro Power Generation approx. 25 kW
Climate Observation Instruments Load
River
Hydro power
yard
PV yardPV array
12
Cambodia
- Cambodia has no national grid and electricity is
generated by 22
isolated diesel-generating systems.
- Only 10-12% of households have access to electricity.
- In rural areas, conventional biomass fuels mainly for
cooking meet 85% of energy requirements.
- More than 50% of households in rural areas use
rechargeable
batteries. There are about 1,500 battery-charging
stations run by
diesel generators. 13
Electricity tariff in Cambodia
700
350
1200
900
2720
650
1500
2000 2000
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Phnom PenhEDC
Local cities byEDP
Small IPP inrural areas
Batterycharging tariff
Stand alone PV Micro-Hydro
Riel
/kW
h
1 US$ = 4000 Riel
estimate
estimate
15
Cambodian RE and Rural Electrification
Project
Objectives:
- 5% of power generated by RE by 2007 (8 MW)
- 100,000 households with urban quality electricity by
2007
- ~10,000 households served by solar and other RE
- Sustainable market for RE systems
16
NEDO Project in Cambodia (Kompong Cham Province) 2002 - 2004
“Dispersed Power Generation System (PV + Micro Hydro)”
PV Power Generation newly installed approx. 80 kWMicro Hydro Power Generation newly installed approx. 40 kW 17
NEDO Project in Cambodia (Sihanoukville City) 2002 - 2004
“Combined Power Generation System (PV+Biogas)”
PV Power Generation newly installed approx. 50 kW Biogas Power Generation newly installed approx. 60 kW 18
Thailand
Policy:
- Energy Plan 2002-2011
- Energy Conservation Promotion Fund (ENCON fund)
- Small Power Producers (SPP) and VSREPP
RE projects:
- EGAT Rooftop PV
- PV pilot project in Mae Hong Son (500kw)
- Rural electrification (PV, Mini-hydro)
- Wind power pilot project
19
NEDO Project in Thailand (Kanchanaburi Province) 1992 - 1997
“PV Power Generation System for Battery Charging Station”
PV Power Generation 4 kW
20
NEDO Project in Thailand (Libong Islands, Trang Province) 1999 - 2003“Grid-Connected PV Power Generation System”
Diesel Generator
Home System
PV module
AC module
Grid
Battery Charging Station
PV Power Generation 100 kW 21
GHG Emissions
1224 1307
6053
42053975
6746
0
6.8
00
-6
11.4
-7-5.5
-80
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
Base year Y1999 Y2010
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
Japan
USA
EU
Japan (comparedwith base year)USA (compared withbase year)
EU (compared withbase year)
(CO2 equivalent million ton)
22
- 2.50%
Emission Reduction of CO2, Methane, Nitrous oxide + 0% : Emission reduction of CO2 from energy utilization- 0.5% : Emission reduction of Methane, Nitrous oxide, etc.- 2.0% : Technology innovation and voluntary energy
conservation by the public
+ 2% Emission control of Fluorocarbon alternatives (HFC, PFC, SF6)
- 3.90% Sinks (Forestation etc.)
Remainder Kyoto Mechanisms
- 1.60%(Emissions Trading, Joint Implementation, Clean DevelopmentMechanism)
Target of GHG Emissions Reduction in Japan, 2010
23
Cost of CO2 Reduction Comparisons
24
Non-AnnexⅠCountry(Developing country)
AnnexⅠCountry(Developed country)
CERs = Certified Emission ReductionsOE = Operational Entity
Government
(5) CERs
Reduction of GHG Emissions
Financing, Technologies, etc.
(4) Verification/ Certification
Monitoring
(1) Agreement
(2) Validation
Government
CDM Project
UNFCCC / CDM Executive Board
OE 2
OE 1
CDM Scheme
Project participant
approval
Project participant
Financing, Technologies, etc.
approval
Project design document
(3) Registration
25
Conclusion
- RE plays a key role in poverty alleviation in off-grid rural areas but
income generation need be incorporated.
- Participation of local people is vital for successful RE
projects.
- Government policy and regulatory framework to encourage
RE is
crucial.
- Private businesses supplying RE equipment and
maintenance services should be encouraged.
- Demonstration/Pilot Projects should be implemented and
replicated.
- Financial support is essential.
- CDM should be explored as a new funding scheme.
26