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Renewable Energy Projects Catalogue A guide to successful and innovative projects in the area of renewable energy EU RE C
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Page 1: Renewable Energy Projects Catalogue · 10 EUREC Renewable Energy Projects Catalogue EUREC Renewable Energy Projects Catalogue 11 RENEWABLE ELECTRICITY Senegalese and Spanish Public

Renewable Energy Projects Catalogue

A guide to successful and innovative projects in the area of renewable energy

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Join EURECDo you want to deepen your knowledge of Horizon 2020 and other EU funding opportunities for research in renewable energy?

Join EUREC and get access to an exclusive network of researchers having a powerful and credible voice in EU research policy.

Please feel free to contact us on [email protected]

www.eurec.be

EUREC

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EUREC Renewable Energy Projects Catalogue 3

INTRODUCTION

EUREC IS THE

LEADING EUROPEAN

ASSOCIATION OF

RESEARCH CENTRES

AND UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENTS ACTIVE

IN THE AREA OF

RENEWABLE ENERGY.

The purpose of the association is to promote and

support the development of innovative technologies

and human resources to enable a prompt transition

to a sustainable energy system.

The Renewable Energy Projects Catalogue- A guide

to innovative and successful projects in the area of

renewable energy presents a list of projects, led by EU-

REC members, which have contributed to increase the

presence of renewable energies in the energy mix, by re-

ducing their costs, increasing their reliability or facilitating

their integration in the energy system.

The Catalogue is divided in four main chapters dedicated to:

• RENEWABLE ELECTRICITY (e.g. PV, wind, biomass, solar thermal,

ocean, hybrid systems)

• RENEWABLE HEATING AND COOLING (e.g. heat pumps,

solar thermal)

• SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT (fuel cells and biofuels)

• HORIZONTAL TOPICS (e.g. grid integration and energy storage,

studies to support transition to sustainable energy, education and

training activities)

Each chapter presents examples of successful and innovative projects in its

respective area.

The Renewable Energy Projects Catalogue highlights the richness of renew-

able energy research, which covers different renewable energy sources with

different research needs, all along the resource value chain (e.g. from pro-

duction of the source- whenever needed- to the production of the generation

and transformation device to its integration into the existing energy system).

The Catalogue also presents examples of horizontal topics, such as grid in-

tegration, building integration, energy efficiency, energy storage, education

and training activities, whose importance has grown in recent years.

INT

RO

DU

CT

ION

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

PROJECTS

RENEWABLE ELECTRICITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 06 > 39

RENEWABLE HEATING AND COOLING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 > 47

SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 > 55

HORIZONTAL TOPICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 > 79

CONCLUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 > 81

EUREC MEMBERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

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Projects

1. Production of Solid Sustainable Energy Carriers from Biomass by Means of Torrefaction (SECTOR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

2. Technology transfer for the implementation of renewable energies as part of the power supply in Tenerife and Senegal and installation of the first PV plant connected to the grid in Senegal (MACSEN-PV) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

3. Solar Facilities for the European Research Area (SFERA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

4. Definition of competitiveness for photovoltaics and development of measures to accompany PV to grid parity and beyond (PV PARITY) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

5. Solar Up-scale Gas Turbine System (SOLUGAS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

6. New innovative solutions, components and tools for the integration of wind energy in urban and peri-urban areas (SWIP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

7. PV research Infrastructure (SOPHIA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

8. Wind Resource Assessment, Audit and Standardisation (WAUDIT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

9. Easy-mounting containerised Renewable Energy Power Shelter with High Temperature Batteries (OASIS ONE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

10. Development of a novel rare-earth magnet based wave power conversion system (SNAPPER) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

11. Flexible solar building elements (SMART-FLeX) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

12. Europe and Japan join in R&D on Concentrator Photovoltaics (NGCPV) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

13. Cradle-to-cradle Sustainable PV Modules (CU-PV PROJECT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

14. New concepts for high efficiency and low cost in-line manufactured flexible CIGS solar cells (hipoCIGS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

15. Photovoltaic Laboratory (PV-Lab) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

16. Spar-buoy Oscillating Water Column (OWC) with biradial turbine for ocean wave energy conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

RENEWABLEELECTRICITY1 .

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1. Product ion of Sol id Susta inable Energy Carr iers f rom Biomass by Means of Torrefact ion (SECTOR)

CHALLENGESThe torrefaction of biomass materials is considered to be a

very promising technology for the promotion of the large-

scale implementation of bioenergy. Torrefaction involves

heating biomass in an oxygen depleted atmosphere to

temperatures of 250-320 C. By combining torrefaction with

pelletisation or briquetting, biomass materials can be con-

verted into solid bioenergy carrier with a high energy den-

sity. These solid bioenergy carriers display improved be-

haviour in (long-distance) transport, handling and storage,

and also with superior properties in many major end-use

applications, such as (co-)firing in coal fired power plants

as well as gasification for the production of biofuels and

-chemicals. Torrefaction can help to reduce CO2 emissions

and to valorise the large potential of residue streams. The

technology is close to market implementation. The main

challenges to be solved are the process control for differ-

ent feedstocks to achieve a constant homogeneity during

commercial production, the standardisation of torrefied

fuel properties together with development of new anal-

ysis methods, and the strategic establishment of value

chains for market implementation.

Main features of the projectThe European project SECTOR started in January 2012

with 21 partners from 9 European countries and will last

until July 2015. The project has a budget of approximately

10 million euro and receives funding from the European

Union’s Seventh Programme for research, technological

development and demonstration. It is coordinated by DBFZ

in Germany. Other project parners include: VTT (Finland),

ECN (The Netherlands), CENER (Spain).

RESULTSThe biomass potential has been evaluated for forest en-

ergy, agricultural residues and energy crops, both on a

European and global level. The research regarding the tor-

refaction process focussed on the comparison between

thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), batch- and pilot scale

tests for different feedstocks and process conditions.

These led to an improved understanding of torrefaction,

better prediction of behaviour during torrefaction and to an

optimised control of process conditions. In the demonstra-

tion plant, a constant quality according to end use require-

ments has been achieved during commercial production

runs. End use tests in a pulverised coal power plant are still

ongoing to further improve handling, storage, milling and

(co-) firing/gasification. In parallel, a new ISO standard for

torrefied fuels was initiated (ISO 17225-8: Solid biofuels -

Fuel specifications and classes - Graded thermally treated

densified biomass). Existing analysis methods were suc-

cessfully validated for torrefied materials in a Round Robin

test with 43 participants, while additional new methods

are under development in the project. Finally, the market

implementation is supported by the close examination

of value chains and their socio-economic impact. The

interaction with relevant stakeholders was established

through more than 90 dissemination activities, such as

workshops, papers and presentations, as well as participa-

tion in a range of commissions and boards. In conclusion,

the SECTOR project spans all aspects, from biomass to

market implementation, which are needed to support the

establishment of torrefaction for the production of sustain-

able solid bioenergy carriers.

FIGURE 3: Torrefied straw pellets.

FIGURE 1: Structure of SECTOR.

FIGURE 2: Straw Torrefaction at CENER.

CONTACT DETAILS

Kay Schaubach, [email protected]

DBFZ, Leipzig, Germany

FOR MORE INFORMATION:

www.sector-project.eu

© DBFZ and CENER

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Senegalese and Spanish Public Authorities

during the PV Plant Opening Ceremony

MACSEN-PV Technical Workshop for Teachers.

Dakar, November 10th, 2012

Dakar University students visiting

the PV Installation in CERER’s facilities

CONTACT DETAILS

Ms. Mónica Alonso, [email protected]

ITER, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain

FOR MORE INFORMATION:

http://macsen-pv.iter.es

CHALLENGESThis project, financed by the European Programme MAC

2007-2013, was conceived as a platform for technical

cooperation between the Canary Islands and Senegal

in the field of the integration of renewable energies in

the power supply. The project started in October 2010

and was finalized in June 2013. Its main objective was

to improve the capacity of public authorities and local

technicians to support the implementation of renewable

energies as part of the power supply in these regions.

Its milestone was the installation of the first PV system

connected to the grid in Senegal. The project was led by

the Instituto Tecnológico y de Energías Renovables (ITER)

and had the following partners, the Agencia Insular de

Energía de Tenerife (AIET), the Agence Sénégalaise d’Élec-

trification Rurale (ASER) and the Centre d’Etudes et de

Recherches sur les Energies Renouvelables (CERER).

Main features of the projectDuring the first stage of the project, a series of sectori-

al evaluations were carried out concluding in 12 energy

system analysis reports. This work allowed to identify

the availability of resources, the forecasts of the energy

demand, the existing legislation, the main needs and the

training lacks existing in the RES field in Tenerife and in

Senegal. As a result of the findings of these previous re-

ports, various capacity building actions were carried out,

such as the elaboration of materials and tools aimed at

public-sector managers and technicians and also at teach-

ers. In particular, the materials developed were: the hand-

book “Guide for Energy Planners about RES integration

into the grid”, a collection of 16 “Teaching Supporting

Materials for Secondary and University teachers”, and

a Teaching Supporting Video for teachers “Training Itiner-

aries of ITER’s RES installations”. These materials were

specifically distributed among the beneficiaries during the

Technical Workshops organized in Tenerife and Senegal

for public-sector managers/ technicians and for teachers.

In addition, one online Advisory Office, containing the

collection of elaborated materials, together with other doc-

uments, links and tools of interest, was developed in the

Web page of the project: http://macsen-pv.iter.es.

RESULTSThe main outcome of the project is the 3 kWp PV mixed

plant installed in CERER´s headquarters in Dakar. This in-

stallation, inaugurated by Senegalese and Tenerife Island

government officials on December 2012, was connected

to the conventional Senegalese electricity grid on April

2013, being a milestone in the development of RES in

Senegal, being the first renewable facility to be con-

nected. Beside this, the project promoted the creation of

a “National Scientific Committee for Renewable Energy

Systems integration into the Senegalese Grid”, headed

by the Senegalese Ministry of Energy. This Committee

defined the required procedures needed to connect this PV

installation to the grid, but it’s intended to be a permanent

one. The Committee will be decisive for the development

of effective regulatory and legislative frameworks for

renewable sources in Senegal, and it will have ITER´s

support and advice.

The PV installation is nowadays being used as a demon-

stration platform and internship for local technicians man-

aged by CERER. For this reason, its design was adapted

specifically taking into account the peculiarities of the Sen-

egalese grid, and in order to maximize its demonstrative

and educational use.

The enormous visibility and recognition reached by the

project must be highlighted, appearing in more than 200

media releases and presented in more than 45 internation-

al events. Furthermore, the project´s results have been

published in 3 international scientific publications.

2. Technology t ransfer for the implementat ion of renewable energies as par t of the power supply in Tener i fe and Senegal and insta l la t ion of the f i rs t PV p lant connected to the gr id in Senegal (MACSEN-PV)

© ITER

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PROMES-CNRS Laboratory and Dish-Stirling solar facility

View of the Plataforma Solar de Almeria facilities

CONTACT DETAILS

Gabriel Olalde, [email protected]

CNRS- PROMES, Odeillo, France

FOR MORE INFORMATION:

http://sfera.sollab.eu/

CHALLENGESSeveral Concentrated Solar Power projects have recently

been put into operation. Some 2.400 MW are under con-

struction and several GW are in advanced stages of plan-

ning, particularly in Spain, but also in other Southern Euro-

pean countries, like France, Greece and Portugal. In view

of this challenge for research, development and application

of concentrating solar systems involving a growing num-

ber of European industries and utilities in global business

opportunities, the purpose of this project is to integrate,

coordinate and further focus scientific collaboration

among the leading European research institutions in

solar concentrating systems, and to offer European re-

search and industry access to the best-qualified research

and test infrastructures.

Main features of the projectThe main goals of the SFERA project are:

• To increase the scientific and technological knowledge

base in the field of concentrating solar systems

• To develop and improve the research tools best-suited

to the scientific and technological community in this field

• To strengthen the European industry

through stimulating technology

transfer by fostering the use

of World-class R&D facili-

ties

• To increase general

knowledge of the scien-

tific community in the

possible applications of

concentrated solar ener-

gy, including creation of

new synergies with other

scientific disciplines (e.g., ma-

terials treatment)

RESULTSThe program of joint research activities included in the

SFERA project has increased the basic scientific knowl-

edge and available techniques for improved performance

of concentrating solar systems. Based on the gathered

experience, a process was established to harmonize and

improve the basic services of the research facilities. The

specific focus was related to:

• The development of common performance testing guide-

lines,

• The evaluation of improvements to reach ultra-high flux

distributions and to allow accelerated aging testing,

• The establishment of guidelines to set up new test facil-

ities for thermal energy storage materials and systems.

By guaranteeing a broad information exchange with the

scientific and industrial communities, as a sound base

for further commercial deployment and by developing

different technological aspects, SFERA had significant

socio-economic impacts in Europe. It has helped the So-

lar Thermal Electricity European industry to develop and

export new technologies thereby improving its competi-

tiveness worldwide.

Solar Facilities for the European Research Area

3 . Solar Fac i l i t ies for the European Research Area (SFERA)

© CNRS-PROMES

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Figure 1 - Parameters influencing PV competitiveness

Figure 2 – Achievement of

PV competitiveness in the

residential sector in 2013

Figure 3 – Achievement of

PV competitiveness in the

residential sector in 2020

CONTACT DETAILS

Ingrid Weiss, [email protected]

Silvia Caneva, [email protected]

WIP – Renewable Energies, Munich, Germany

FOR MORE INFORMATION:

http://www.pvparity.eu/

CHALLENGESThe European PV Parity project (started in June 2011

and ended in November 2013) aimed to contribute to

the achievement of further PV penetration in the EU

electricity market and the attainment of PV compet-

itiveness with the lowest possible impact and at the

lowest possible price for the community. The PV Parity

project defined also the relevance of PV electricity im-

ports from MENA countries in the European wholesale

electricity market.

Main features of the projectSeveral aspects of the PV Parity project were character-

ized by a high scientific innovation and relevance. One of

those aspects was related to the approach used for the

definition of the PV competitiveness, which was until now

usually referred only to a static comparison between the

evolution of PV generation cost and electricity prices for

the residential market segment. The definition of PV com-

petitiveness in the PV Parity project was a dynamic defi-

nition developed for each market segments (residential,

commercial and utility), which took into account all relevant

aspects related to the PV electricity generation including

the costs and benefits of PV integration into the electrical

grid and the environmental costs and benefits related to

the PV electricity generation (Figure 1). Per each type of

consumer, roadmaps towards the PV competitiveness

have been developed for 11 target countries: Austria,

Belgium, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Ita-

ly, Portugal, Spain, The Netherlands and United Kingdom

(Figure 2 and 3).

RESULTSPV is already competitive, or will be competitive in a

few years, at residential and commercial level. This pic-

ture changes at utility scale, where the competitiveness of

PV is still far from being achieved due to the “merit-order

or cannibalism” effect of the PV generation in the whole-

sale market. Competitiveness of PV imports from MENA

would be achieved between 2020 and 2026. However,

with the additional cost of transporting electricity to Europe

and the need to build new lines, it will not be until 2030

that such an option could be envisaged. Until then, solar

energy should be developed in the MENA region to help

meet the growing local and regional demand.

The integration cost of PV into the electrical grid is rela-

tively modest (up to 26 €/MWh by 2030 to integrate up

to 485 GWp into the electrical grid) and confirms the in-

creasing of the PV attractiveness for European economy.

Self-consumptions of PV generation shall be maximized.

Demand response or storage solutions can be effective

to reduce grid integration of PV. Further reduction of PV

grid integration will be achieved through external cost cal-

culations. It is also important to look at positive benefits

that photovoltaics are generating for the whole community

which are not integrated into the price of electricity. The

environmental impact of 1 kWh of photovoltaic electricity

was calculated through a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and

compared to that of electricity generated from coal and

natural gas. The LCA showed that PV generated electrici-

ty’s environmental and health impact is only about 5% that

of conventional electricity, meaning a potential reduction

of 95% of the pollution, toxicity, water and land effects

by using PV.

In the past decade, the deployment of PV in Europe

has been mainly facilitated by feed-in tariffs or similar

schemes. Many countries were surprised by the dynam-

ics of PV installations and they failed in some cases to

adapt the level of financial support in due time. The ex-

isting support schemes have to be readjusted in order

to integrate new alternative incentives such as

self-consumption or net-metering in order to be

in line with the latest developments of the PV

sector. Some countries have done this already

especially for small users; this can be a valuable

solution. It is important to constitute the right

to self-consume.

The PV Parity project has clearly highlighted

how renewable energies, with solar PV play-

ing a major role, are stepping up to meet Eu-

rope’s energy demand in a sustainable way. PV

is an increasingly competitive choice in many

regions, and the number of installations contin-

ues to grow. With PV providing an ever greater

share of electricity, policies are needed to ad-

dress challenges with upgrading grid infrastruc-

tures and revamping energy markets. With the

right framework, renewables will continue to

increase their presence in the European elec-

tricity mix, while maintaining the stability and re-

liability of the power system, at a minimal cost.

4. Def in i t ion of compet i t iveness for photovol ta ics and development of measures to accompany PV to gr id par i ty and beyond (PV Par i ty )

© WIP

© TUW-EEG

© TUW-EEG

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CONTACT DETAILS

Ralf Uhlig, [email protected]

DLR (German Aerospace Centre), Köln, Germany

FOR MORE INFORMATION:

http://www.solugas.eu

CHALLENGESThe main objective of the Solugas project was to demon-

strate the performance and cost reduction potential of

a solar-hybrid driven gas turbine system on a commer-

cial megawatt scale. The technical viability and reliability

of the system with a high temperature solar receiver and

a solarized gas turbine unit adapted to the special needs

of solar-hybrid operation should be shown.

Besides long-time operation, cost reduction especially re-

garding tower and heliostat design and O&M effort were

main goals of the project.

Main features of the projectIn SOLUGAS, financed by the EU’s 7th Framework Pro-

gram, a pilot tower plant at the Solúcar Platform in Seville,

Spain, has been designed, built and operated. The project

partners were ABENGOA, the German Aerospace Center

(DLR), Turbomach, GEA Technika Cieplna and New Energy

Algeria (NEAL).

Within the four years of project duration the plant accu-

mulated more than 700 hours of solar operation and about

1000 hours of turbine operation. The receiver reached the

designed performance at an outlet temperature of 800°C.

Stable system operation at different load situations was

successfully achieved. The design tools used for the re-

ceiver development could be validated.

RESULTSThe results of the Solugas project showed the potential

of this technology and will be the base for further market

assessments. Fig. 1: SOLUGAS site Seville, Spain

This project has received funding from the European Union’s

Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological de-

velopment and demonstration under grant agreement no 219110

5. Solar Up-scale Gas Turbine System (SOLUGAS)

© DLR

Fig. 2: SOLUGAS solar receiver

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CONTACT DETAILS

Leonardo Subías, [email protected]

CIRCE, Zaragoza, Spain

FOR MORE INFORMATION:

http://fcirce.es

CHALLENGESThe SWIP project aims to deal with and overcome the

main barriers that slow down the massive deployment

of small and medium size wind turbines (SWT):

• Cost of technology: In Europe, the installed cost of a

SWT ranges from 2.100 to 7.400 e / kW and the elec-

tricity production costs between 0,15 to 0,30 e / kWh.

• Wind resource assessment: Accurate prediction of the

wind speed is essential to calculate the electricity output,

representing the basis for economic performance.

• Regulation: Currently, fully competitive wind markets

are rather found in developing countries, where off-grid

and micro-grid applications prevail. The sector is at the

mercy of regulation, as it is completely dependent of it.

• Social acceptance and safety: These two topics should

be at the core of future developments, as are the issues

that may jeopardize the public awareness, and therefore

the success of the technology.

• Aesthetic, noise and vibration: Tonality is a feature that

may increase the adverse impact of a given noise source,

as well as vibrations, due to the impact on the location

where the device is installed. Aesthetic issues are key

enablers for the social acceptance of these systems.

• Wind market / user friendliness: Proximity of society to

information and communication technologies needs to

be exploited and taken as an advantage for the integra-

tion of new systems into society and their day-to-day life.

Main features of the projectThe new and innovative solutions developed by the pro-

ject will allow to: reduce the costs of the electric gener-

ator of wind turbines, providing two new concepts for

energy generation; increase the power coefficient ratio

of the blades (and therefore the number of hours that the

SWT is working), highly softening or even eliminating the

mechanical and acoustic noise they currently produce; re-

duce the maintenance costs of the SWTs by including two

innovative elements (SCADA for preventive maintenance

and magnetic gearbox) in the SWTs and improving the

integration of the wind turbines in buildings and districts

with more aesthetic solutions.

The project will develop three different prototypes to be

integrated in three different scenarios (new energy effi-

cient building, shore-line and industrial area) with a view

to validating the targeted solutions and goals, providing

scalable solutions for different applications.

RESULTSA technology and policy analysis has been performed with

a view to establishing the basis for the development of the

wind turbines and their features to allow massive deploy-

ment within the existing energy grid. A benchmarking of

SWT has been developed in order to set the starting point

from where the project can provide improvements beyond

state of the art. Energy plans in EU cities have been stud-

ied in order to define where the SWT can best fit.

The measurement campaign has started in the pilot areas

with a view to defining wind characteristics at the demon-

stration sites.

Developments in the design of the new blades have been

done, taking into account aesthetic aspects for integration

in urban environments, as well as performance and noise

characteristics.

Integration of small wind energy in urban and peri-urban areas

6. New innovat ive solut ions, components and tools for the integrat ion of wind energy in urban and per i -urban areas (SWIP)

© CIRCE

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20 EUREC Renewable Energy Projects Catalogue

Figure 1: Comparison of Norm STC Pmax measurements

CONTACT DETAILS

Philippe Malbranche, [email protected]

CEA-INES, Chambéry, France

FOR MORE INFORMATION:

www.sophia-ri.eu

CHALLENGESMany photovoltaic research infrastructures exist all over

Europe: some are unique, others are similar. The challenge

is to promote on a large-scale an increased coordina-

tion between PV research institutes in order to avoid

unintended duplication, avoid unnecessary investment and

get more value out of the same budgets. The idea is to join

forces to offer common referential and better services to

PV researchers from academia and industry.

Main features of the projectThis European Commission-funded project (FP7) gathers

20 European partners and addresses specifically eight top-

ics seen as important for the PV sector: Silicon material,

Thin films and Transparent Conductive Oxides, Organic

PV, Modelling, Concentrated PV, Building Integrated PV,

PV Module lifetime, and PV module performance.

RESULTSThe main project results are:

1. Transnational Access Activities: Free-of-charge trans-

national access for researchers was granted to 35 re-

search proposals, selected out of 52 applications. These

accesses supported a better understanding of some

materials and the development and innovation process

of several devices.

2. Joint Research Activities: these activities aim at im-

proving the services offered by the existing PV research

infrastructures. Several examples can be given:

• 2 Round Robins with 12 partners to improve PV mod-

ules peak power measurement and energy output pre-

diction helped increasing the scientific knowledge of

the behavior of different PV technologies. The full list

of SOPHIA Joint Research Activities is available on the

project website.

• For lifetime prediction, a comprehensive test plan with

15 accelerated ageing procedures allowed the develop-

ment of a more representative ageing test procedure.

• New characterization procedures were developed for

silicon material, Transparent Conductive Oxides, Thin

Films, Organic PV, Concentrated PV and Building In-

tegrated PV.

• On Modelling activities, the interfaces between models

were improved.

3. Networking Activites: for an increased coordination

of the Research Infrastructures

• 18 networking seminars and workshops organised

• 10 common databases set up

• 21 webinars organized (600 participants in total), still a

dozen planned in 2014

• 26 personal exchanges (students & experts) took place

• A vision paper for the future development of research

infrastructures

The momentum created by the project is taken over by

the CHEETAH project (FP7), with its 35 European partners.

7. PV research Inf rast ructure (SOPHIA)

© CEA-INES

Pmax

Module Number

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23EUREC Renewable Energy Projects Catalogue

CONTACT DETAILS

Simon Watson

CREST- Loughborough University, UK

Email: [email protected]

Project Coordinator: Javier Sanz Rodrigo

CENER - National Centre of Renewable Energies of Spain

Email: [email protected]

FOR MORE INFORMATION:

http://www.waudit-itn.eu/

CHALLENGESWAUDIT was an Initial Training Network (ITN), a Marie-Cu-

rie action funded under the FP7-People program and coor-

dinated by the National Centre of Renewable Energies of

Spain (CENER). The objective of WAUDIT was the gener-

ation of a pool of researchers, in the field of wind re-

source assessment. The development of state-of-the-art

measurement and numerical and physical modelling tech-

niques provided a wide range of methodologies whose

potential was to be assessed by the network.

CREST at Loughborough University was a main partner

in the project whose role was to assess best practice in

the assessment of wind resource in forested terrain using

computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models.

Main features of the projectWAUDIT aimed at providing the best working environment

for early stage researchers drawing on the leading players

in wind energy research: universities, research centres and

industrial partners. A total of 30 organisations from 8 differ-

ent EU member states contributed to the development of

a number of PhD projects. Training activities were carried

out by the European Wind Energy Academy (EAWE).

The partners in the project worked together to develop

and benchmark a number of tools for wind resource as-

sessment including the use of field measurements, wind

tunnel measurements, statistical and numerical models.

RESULTSAt CREST, Cian Desmond worked under the supervision

of Prof Simon Watson to develop best practice in the use

of the Ansys CFX CFD model to predict the wind condi-

tions in and around forest canopies. This research project

was in close collaboration with other WAUDIT partners

including the University of Orléans and EdF in France.

CFD simulations were compared to wind tunnel and field

measurements to determine the best way to predict the

effect of forest canopies and to assess the accuracy of

numerical modelling in forested areas. The results have

been used to provide guidelines for wind farm developers

in challenging onshore environments.

Left: Model tree used in

a wind tunnel for forest

canopy experiments,

Right: CFD simulation of the wind speed (top) and turbulence (bottom)

in and around a canopy.

8. Wind Resource Assessment , Audi t and Standardisat ion (WAUDIT)

© Loughborough University

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CONTACT DETAILS

Francesco Sergi, [email protected]

CNR-ITAE, Messina, Italy

FOR MORE INFORMATION:

www.itae.cnr.it

CHALLENGESThe aim of the OASIS ONE project was to develop a

containerized off-grid energy station for small villages

where the power network is not present. The motivation

comes from the necessity to assure basic services like

supplying energy for:

• Preservation of pharmaceutical products

• Food preservation

• Small field hospitals

• TV

• Lightning

• Water pumping

to population living in poor or remote areas.

The main challenge was to realize an easy to transport

and to install system, with very low maintenance and,

thanks to renewables and energy storage systems, totally

autonomous and automated.

Main features of the projectThe final system is a container equipped with 5kW of high

efficiency mono-crystalline photovoltaic roof plant, 5kW

horizontal axis wind turbine, 5kW genset for start-up pro-

cedure and, in case of system default, 50kWh of energy

storage thanks two ZEBRA (NaNiCl2) high temperature

batteries. ZEBRA stands for Zero Emission Batteries Re-

search Activity.

The wind turbine is operated through a telescopic pole

transported inside the container and extended during the

installation of OASIS ONE.

A load management system allows prioritising the unin-

terruptable loads with respect to the others, in case of

low energy from renewables or low energy available from

the batteries.

RESULTSOASIS ONE is now a product of FIAMM Energy Storage

Solutions. The system is addressed to the market of Sub

Saharan Africa, Centre America and Asia market.

CNR-ITAE developed the system from the concept idea to

the design and construction of the first prototype, together

with FIAMM and other industrial supplier partners.

OASIS ONE is a very low emission energy system that

contributes to the increasing of life quality of people from

developing countries.

9. Easy-mount ing conta iner ised Renewable Energy Power Shel ter wi th High Temperature Bat ter ies (OASIS ONE)

© CNR-ITAE

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CONTACT DETAILS

Paul McKeever, [email protected]

Offshore Renewable Energy Catapult, Blyth, UK

FOR MORE INFORMATION:

http://www.snapperfp7.eu/

CHALLENGESWaves around the coast of Europe are among the most en-

ergetic in the world, and are very predictable for the energy

available a day ahead. Consequently, wave energy has the

potential to provide significant amounts of renewable

energy with different availability criteria to wind and

solar. However, wave motion is very complex and there

is a need for low cost reliable power conversion systems

to generate electricity. One issue is that wave motion is

high amplitude, low frequency so that there is a need for a

power take off system to create a higher frequency motion

more suitable for electricity generation. Also, the energy in

waves, particularly during winter storms, can be damaging

to the conversion system, so the simpler the system with

fewer moving parts, the more likely it is to be reliable.

Narec, the National Renewable Energy Centre in the UK

led a project funded under the FP7 research for the benefit

of specific groups (in particular SME’s) for the development

of a novel rare-earth magnet based wave power conver-

sion system, with the project acronym SNAPPER. (Since

the project was completed Narec merged to become part

of the Offshore Renewable Energy ORE Catapult)

Main features of the projectThe Snapper device is designed to work like a typical lin-

ear generator in which a set of magnets of alternating

polarity are mounted on a translator. The translator is at-

tached to a floating buoy (see Fig 1) and is moved up and

down inside the multiple copper coils of an armature by a

passing wave. However there is a crucial difference with

Snapper; a second set of magnets with alternating polarity

are mounted within the armature coils. These armature

magnets prevent the translator assembly magnets from

moving up and down independently of the armature. In-

stead magnetic forces between the armature and trans-

lator repeatedly couple the two sub-assemblies together

and they move together until the external force acting on

the translator is able to overcome the magnetic coupling.

As the armature is spring mounted, see Fig 1, when the

magnetic coupling is overcome, it “snaps” and results in

a series of faster relative movements between armature

and translator. The device thus converts low frequency

wave motion to higher frequency motion more suitable

for electricity generation, without the need for a gearbox.

This is a particular advantage for wave energy conversion,

where minimising the number of moving parts at sea sig-

nificantly improves reliability and reduces cost.

10. Development of a novel rare-ear th magnet based wave power convers ion system (SNAPPER)

© Offshore Renewable Energy Catapult

RESULTSIn the project simulation techniques were used

to optimise the design, and then a device was

built to this design. Initial testing was done

“dry” in the laboratory with a controllable prime

mover, focussing on the electrical and dynamic

performance of the system, followed by “wet”

testing in the Narec wave tank with the focus

on hydrodynamic and electrical performance.

The project has successfully designed, built

and validated a novel wave energy power

conversion system with significantly reduced

complexity and number of moving parts to po-

tentially form the basis of a series of commer-

cial devices. Several innovation awards have

been given to the project. Narec/ORE Catapult

is currently looking at updating the Business

Plan for Snapper and seeking public and private

investment to build a 2nd generation device in

order to move closer to commercialisation.

26 EUREC Renewable Energy Projects Catalogue

Fig 1

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CONTACT DETAILS

Francesco Frontini, [email protected]

SUPSI, Canobbio, Switzerland

FOR MORE INFORMATION:

http://www.smartflex-solarfacades.eu/home.html

CHALLENGESSmartFlex is a large-scale collaborative project within the

European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme. The

project focusses on the manufacture of individually de-

signed photovoltaic building elements on an industrial

scale.

Main features of the projectThe SmartFlex project aims to demonstrate the multi-

functional photovoltaic building element as a plug &

play device that can be safely and easily installed onto

any building. It wants to provide a platform for solar ele-

ments to be customised, allowing them to be seamlessly

integrated into buildings. Architects’ requests are met by

enhanced modularity in system design, various sizes, col-

ours, shapes and materials.

SmartFlex bridges the gap between photovoltaic manufac-

turers and architects. It aims to meet the technical require-

ments that architects, engineers and installers encounter

when designing, engineering and installing building-inte-

grated solar systems.

Photovoltaic cells and modules can be part of the build-

ing structure, which means they can replace convention-

al building materials rather than being installed at a later

stage. Equipped with solar elements, a building can pro-

duce renewable energy and pave the way towards moder-

nity and sustainability.

RESULTS

Planning software The objective is for architects to use the intuitive planning

software to design solar modules in shapes and colours

that fit perfectly into the building envelope. The software

will then send the data of the individually designed mod-

ules directly to the industrial production line. This eases the

process for architects and engineers in a groundbreaking

way.

Testing and monitoringSmartFlex is achieving this objective by testing different

technical options, checking the module performance and

energy yield produced by solar facades and developing a

prototype production line.

Several photovoltaic building elements are tested and

monitored on a test building.

11 . F lex ib le so lar bui ld ing e lements (SMART-FLeX)

© SUPSI

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Légende??

CONTACT DETAILS

Dr. Ana Belén Cristóbal López,

[email protected]

Universidad Politecnica de Madrid- Instituto de Energia Solar,

Madrid, Spain

FOR MORE INFORMATION:

www.ngcpv.org

CHALLENGESThe FP7-project NGCPV (A new generation of concen-

trator photovoltaic cells, modules and systems; EC Grant

number 283798) aims to support the progress of Con-

centrator Photovoltaics (CPV). The potential of CPV is

based on the use of very high efficient and, therefore more

costly solar cells, made from III-V semiconductor materi-

als, which are standard in space applications, but would

not be affordable in flat-plate approaches. Inexpensive

lenses or mirrors are used to strongly concentrate the

light and hence reduce the required solar cell area.

Approximately 150 MW of CPV systems had been installed

worldwide by the end of 2013 and the market is expected

to reach GW level in the next five years. However, al-

though considerable progress has already been made in

the development and manufacturing of CPV, there are still

huge possibilities to further increase their efficiency while

reducing their cost.

Main features of the projectNGCPV is sponsored within the first collaborative call in the

field of energy launched by the European Commission and

the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development

Organization (NEDO) of Japan. Based on their common

visions concerning clean energy and climate protection,

the Directorate-General for Research of the European

Commission together with NEDO of Japan, devised a co-

operative R&D-strategy that was materialized by the issue

of the call FP7-ENERGY-2011-JAPAN: Ultra-high Efficiency

Concentration Photovoltaics (CPV) Cells, Modules and Sys-

tems /EU-Japan Coordinated Call in 2010.

The NGCPV consortium – consisting of 7 European and

9 Japanese partners - responded to this call and, with its

impact, is expected to contribute to the achievement of

both the EUs “20-20-20” and NEDOs “Cool Earth in 2050”

targets. The EUREC member Fraunhofer Institute for Solar

Energy Systems ISE from Freiburg, Germany is member of

the consortium, which is coordinated by the Universidad

Politécnica de Madrid, Spain and the Toyota Technological

Institute, Japan. The project started in June 2011 and will

end in November 2014.

NGCPV research is focused on the development and

demonstration of new concepts for devices and process-

es for very high efficiency photovoltaics and on methods

and procedures suitable for standardized measurement

technology for CPV cells and modules. The project covers

Research and Development along the value chain including

novel materials, new III-V (multi-junction) solar cell struc-

tures, innovative CPV modules and efficient CPV systems.

RESULTS

The project is still running. However, several major findings

and breakthroughs have already been achieved, such as:

• In May 2012 Sharp achieved the world record efficiency

for a triple--junction solar cell of 43.5% under concen-

trated sunlight. Less than a year later a new record was

achieved: 44.4%. Four-junction solar cells are under de-

velopment.

• Fundamental material research has progressed signif-

icantly, for example on the incorporation of quantum

structures (like quantum wells or quantum dots) into

multi-junction solar cells and on advanced materials,

such as GaAsN. The research is successfully supported

by the application of novel characterization techniques.

• Concentrator primary and secondary optics are optimized

with a current focus on Dome-shaped Fresnel Köhler

concentrators.

• Tools for the characterization of industrial CPV modules

have been developed, which improve the repeatability,

availability and control of the operating conditions at re-

duced cost.

• A 50 kWp CPV plant has been built at the Spanish loca-

tion of Villa de Don Fadrique.

• A novel CPV array, named “INTREPID” that

combines the latest improvements reached

by the Consortium at different levels has been

installed at UPM facilities in May 2014.

These results as well as the experiences of

fruitful and intense collaboration between all

project partners, demonstrate that common

solutions to global challenges (climate, envi-

ronment, ICT, etc.) could be speeded up by

encouraging R&D schemes that combine the

expertise of top companies and research cen-

tres around the world.

Partners of the project and the novel INTREPID

system developed by the NGCPV. Consortium

12. Europe and Japan jo in in R&D on Concentrator Photovol ta ics (NGCPV)

© Fraunhofer ISE

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CONTACT DETAILS

Bart Geerligs, [email protected]

ECN (Energy Research Centre of The Netherlands),

Petten, The Netherlands

FOR MORE INFORMATION:

http://www.sustainablepv.eu/cu-pv/

CHALLENGESThe challenges that are tackled in this project are to re-

duce resource consumption by silicon solar cell and

module technology and to reduce pollution, in particular

the use of lead, CO2 emissions by solar cell and module

production, and the future waste burden of end-of-life pho-

tovoltaic modules. The problems to be solved are: the

silicon consumption, since the production of silicon for

solar energy is very energy-intensive; the silver consump-

tion, presently 1000-2000 ton/year for solar energy, and

growing fast; the lead consumption, especially in module

manufacturing; and enabling more effective recycling with

better recovery of individual materials.

Main features of the project3 SMEs, 1 large industry, and an industry association, par-

ticipate with 2 R&D institutes in the project, and expect

to prove their equipment and technologies in the project.

Silicon consumption is reduced by decreasing wafer thick-

ness and increasing module efficiency. Silver consumption

is reduced by a change to copper electroplating, with seed-

ing by inkjet technology using a minimal amount of silver,

or by physical vapour deposition, technologies which at

the same time allow thin wafers. The module technolo-

gy is adapted for the combined requirements of handling

thin cells, copper metallisation, no lead, and the possibility

for separation of the laminate during recycling. This in-

volves a combination of back contact module technology

and new interconnection materials and encapsulants. In

addition, solutions will be developed for other module as-

pects which presently cause high cost of recycling, such

as framing technology. The project has a quick-start phase

aimed at demonstrating part of the improvements in pres-

ent mainstream PV technology: in particular reduction of

silver, separation technology for current modules, and

modifications to enhance recycling of frame.

RESULTSThe project has so far demonstrated technology for high

efficiency back contact solar cells down to 120μm thick-

ness. The silver consumption was reduced to 30 mg per

wafer (about 6 tons per gigawatt-peak power), for silver

ink fire-through metallisation followed by copper electro-

plating, and to zero in case of metallisation by physical

vapour deposition. A best full-size solar cell efficiency of

21.7% was achieved.

The module technology with lead-free interconnection was

developed for recycling. Recycling technology for these

modules is under development, with promising results

for improved recovery of wafers, glass, and backsheet.

Additionally, improved techniques that can be applied to

recycling of present-day modules are under development.

This is being done in active discussion with companies

along the module life cycle to identify most promising

business cases. Results are communicated to the PV and

recycling community, including a workshop on recycling

of PV modules later this year.

13. Cradle- to-cradle Susta inable PV Modules (Cu-PV project )

© ECN

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Logos of the involved partners

(Würth Solar had been substituted after two years by Manz):

Fig. 3. IV curve and data of the best cell device with InSx buffer layer on glass substrate (with ARC).

Fig. 4: JV-curve and PV parameters (left) of a 4 x 4 cm2 mini-module (right) on polyimide film with a record conversion efficiency of 14.8 %, which was independently certified by Fraunhofer ISE.

Fig. 5: Modules on enamelled steel with a substrate size of a) 10 x 10 cm² (efficiency: 15.4%) and b) 23 x 30 cm² (efficiency: 12.9%).

CONTACT DETAILS

Friedrich Kessler, [email protected]

ZSW, Stuttgart, Germany

FOR MORE INFORMATION:

http://www.zsw-bw.de/

CHALLENGESThe main objective of the project was to develop inno-

vative flexible substrate materials and deposition pro-

cesses for the roll-to-roll deposition (R2R) of highly efficient

Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) solar modules with potential for low

production costs (< 0.6 €/Wp).

All substrates, methods, processes etc. should have the

potential to be transferred to a R2R production. R2R-pro-

duction itself, however, was not an issue of investigation.

Novel substrates such as low carbon steel, aluminum foil,

enameled aluminum, enameled low carbon steel and in-

novative polyimide films which were not yet commercially

available have been tested, evaluated and characterized.

A core activity and important goal was to develop a mul-

tifunctional enamel layer on low carbon steel with all de-

sired features such as perfect electrical insulation against

the steel substrate, resistance against high temperatures

(650°C), high barrier against iron diffusion and precursor

layer for the alkaline (Na, K) doping of the CIGS thin film

absorber. Other challenges were the evaporation of a novel

buffer layer and monolithic cell interconnection on sensi-

tive thin polymer foils.

In order to achieve highest efficiencies on the one hand

and lowest costs on the other hand substrate texturing,

reduction of absorber thickness and vacuum free depo-

sition of the transparent conductive window layer (TCO)

were an issue of investigation as well.

Main features of the projectA novel atmospheric pressure plasma enhanced chemical

vapor deposition (APPECVD) was developed and applied

for solar cells. The CIGS absorber was co-evaporated both

at low and high substrate temperatures (about 450°C and

650°C) by a multistage process in order to adjust and op-

timize the compositional grading and to achieve highest

efficiencies. Another approach was to reduce the absorber

thickness to one-third of the initial value by not more than

10% efficiency loss. All experiments were performed on

a very high efficiency level and accompanied by sophisti-

cated electronic measurements to detect defect states,

to reduce carrier recombination and to optimize the CIGS

doping. All developments were critically reviewed with

view on transferability to production, costs and yield. 50%

of the project partners came from industry.

RESULTS

Solar cell performance achieved at low substrate temper-

atures for the first time touched the efficiencies normally

achieved only on glass substrates at high temperatures.

A new record efficiency of 18.7% on 25μm thin polyimide

foil achieved at low temperature opened up a new era in

flexible thin film photovoltaics. Only 10% loss of efficiency

could be demonstrated by halving the absorber thickness

on polyimide. Remarkably good cell results could also be

achieved with the APPECVD deposited window layers

which were comparable to the standard reference samples

with sputtered layers. Up to 17.5% cell efficiency could be

demonstrated with inline evaporated InSx buffer layers.

Another remarkable finding was that the cell efficiencies

obtained on novel enamel coatings always was slightly

higher than the reference cells on glass. That was the

first and with view on future developments very important

hint that the high potassium content of the self-mixed

novel enamel could be the reason for that. Later on, i.e.

after the end of project, the project partner EMPA could

demonstrate a new CIGS record efficiency on polyimide

foil (20.4%) which was even slightly above the former

record on glass (20.3%). The significant and unexpected

rise of the efficiency from 18.7% to 20.4% was due to

potassium. After publication, other institutes applied the

potassium treatment to high-temperature-CIGS as well

resulting in a big leap up to 20.8% (ZSW) and even more

(21.0%, Solibro).

Fig. 1: J-V and P-V measure-ments of the 18.7 % efficien-cy record device (EMPA) on polyimide film together with the characteristic PV parameters. The measurement has been cer-tified by the Fraunhofer Institute ISE, Freiburg, Germany.

Fig. 2: JV-curve of record cells on enamelled steel substrate a)sample 6308-1 (from first project period) as confirmed by ISE and b) sample 6308-15 (from second project period) as measured at ZSW.

14. New concepts for h igh ef f ic iency and low cost in - l ine manufactured f lex ib le C IGS solar ce l ls (HIPOCIGS)

© ZSW

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CONTACT DETAILS

Prof. Urs Muntwyler, [email protected]

PV-LAB- Berne University of Applied Sciences, Burgdorf,

Switzerland

FOR MORE INFORMATION:

http://www.pvtest.ch/

CHALLENGESThe Photovoltaic Laboratory (PV LAB) at Bern University of

Applied Sciences BFH is based in Burgdorf (Switzerland)

and has 30 years of expertise in the field. The PV LAB sup-

ports the energy transition policy of the Swiss Government

(“Energiewende 2050”) with research and education. The

“Energiewende 2050” of the Swiss Government aims

at 20% PV-electricity in the grid in 2050.

Main features of the projectThe PV LAB co-authored a study published in 2012 on

PV-electricity cost, evidencing that the cost for PV-elec-

tricity is (i) very competitive today and (ii) much lower than

figures presented by the Swiss Federal Office of Energy

(SFOE). The authors of the 2012 study also believe that

the contribution from PV-electricity could be up to 30% in

2050 (i.e., higher than the 20% PV-electricity in the grid

as requested by the Swiss Government).

RESULTSA 30% contribution of electricity from PV would allow Swit-

zerland to replace all combustion cars by electric vehicles

and replace the fossil heating systems with heat pumps.

Bern University of Applied Sciences in Biel, hosting the

only automotive engineering department in Switzerland,

has developed solar racing cars and light-weight electric

vehicles since the 1980s. These efforts have resulted in

the well-known SMART car that is now commercialized by

Mercedes Daimler. Several spin-offs of BFH Biel are also

successfully active in the PV industry, e.g. Sputnik is today

among the worldwide leading PV inverter companies.

Currently, BFH in Biel develops and establishes a battery

research center in the city of Biel. In Burgdorf, the PV LAB

at BFH concentrates on the combination of PV electricity

production and electric vehicles (solar carports and smart

grid applications). This research is linked to long-term

measurements of photovoltaic electricity production from

a Swiss measurement network with installations from 3

kWp to 1,35 MWp.

Research activities also concentrate on the planning, de-

sign and realisation of “PV oriented buildings” (PVOB).

Two 60m high buildings in the city of Zürich were retro-

fitted with thin film PV modules on all four façades and

are today the biggest thin film PV façade installations in

the world. A new PV planning software, developed in the

frame of this project, supports the design of PV façades

and “PV skins” on buildings.

15. Photovol ta ic Laboratory (PV-Lab)

© Bern University of Applied Sciences

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Biradial air turbine: perspective view and model testing in laboratory.

CONTACT DETAILS

Luís Gato, [email protected]

Instituto Superior Tecnico de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal

FOR MORE INFORMATION:

www.ist.utl.pt

CHALLENGESThe ocean waves are an important renewable energy re-

source that, if extensively exploited, may contribute sig-

nificantly to the electrical energy supply of countries with

coasts facing the ocean. A wide variety of technologies

has been proposed, studied, and in some cases tested at

full size in real ocean conditions. The mechanical process

of energy absorption from the waves requires a moving

interface, involving (i) a partly or totally submerged moving

body and/or (ii) a moving air-water interface subject to an

oscillating pressure. In the latter case, there is a fixed or

oscillating hollow structure, open to the sea below the

water surface that traps air above the inner free-surface;

wave action alternately compresses and decompresses

the trapped air which forces air to flow through a turbine

coupled to a generator. Such a device is named oscillat-

ing-water-column (OWC).

The main advantage of the OWC versus most other

wave energy converters is its simplicity: the only moving

part of the energy conversion mechanism is a turbine, lo-

cated above water level, rotating at a relatively high veloc-

ity and directly driving a conventional electrical generator.

The spar-buoy is a simple concept for a floating OWC. It is

an axisymmetric device (and so insensitive to wave direc-

tion) consisting basically of a (relatively long) submerged

vertical tail tube open at both ends, fixed to a floater that

moves essentially in heave. The length of the tube deter-

mines the resonance frequency of the inner water column.

A version of the spar-buoy is being developed at Instituto

Superior Técnico (IST), Lisbon. A 1:16th-scale model was

tested in 2012 at the large wave flume of NAREC, UK.

More recently, in 2014, a 1:32th-scale model of a three-

buoy array was tested at the large wave tank of Plymouth

University, UK.

Main features of the projectThe spar-buoy OWC is to be equipped with a new type of

self-rectifying air turbine: the biradial impulse turbine, pat-

ented by IST. Model tests in laboratory indicated that it is

more efficient than any other competing turbine on which

experimental results are available. Its average efficiency

in random waves (about 72%) is close to, or higher than,

what can be achieved with the conventional high-pressure-

oil circuits with hydraulic motors that equip most wave

energy converters of oscillating body type (like Pelamis).

RESULTSPhase control is a way of bringing the device

close to resonance with the incoming waves

and can substantially increase the amount of

energy absorbed from the waves. In the case

of an OWC converter, this can be done by clos-

ing a valve: the water column is kept in a fixed

position during certain intervals of the oscilla-

tion cycle (latching control). There are specific

problems related to latching control of an OWC:

the difficulty to design and construct a valve

with a response time not exceeding a few tens

of a second. This may be overcome with the

novel biradial turbine, in which an axially sliding

cylindrical valve may be positioned close to the

rotor. This is why only recently latching control

of OWCs has been considered as feasible for

significantly increasing the amount of energy

absorbed from the waves by OWC devices.

The next step is the design, construction, de-

ployment into the sea and testing of a proto-

type, possibly at scale 1:2 to 1:4, to demon-

strate the technology in terms of structural and

power performance, and survivability under ex-

treme conditions.

The ambition of the project is the create an ef-

ficient, reliable and economically competitive

wave energy converter to be deployed in ar-

rays, capable of providing substantial contribu-

tion of clean energy to electrical grids of regions

facing the oceans and large seas.

16. Spar-buoy Osci l la t ing Water Column (OWC) wi th b i radia l turb ine for ocean wave energy convers ion

© IST-Lisbon

Spar-buoy OWC developed at IST

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RENEWABLEHEATING AND COOLING

Project

1. SolarBrew . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

2. Advanced ground source heat pump systems for heating and cooling in Mediterranean climate (GroundMed) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

3. Next Generation Heat Pump for Retrofitting Buildings (GreenHP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

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CONTACT DETAILS

Christoph Brunner, [email protected]

AEE - Institut für Nachhaltige Technologien, Gleisdorf, Austria

FOR MORE INFORMATION:

http://www.aee-intec.at

CHALLENGESThe manufacture of malt and beer requires large amounts

of electrical and thermal energy which is nowadays mainly

based on fossil fuels. In State of the Art breweries 7.5 –

1.5 kWhel and 60–120 MJth per hl of beer are needed and

the annual output of medium to large sized breweries may

easily exceed one million hl. The entire process heat de-

mand of the thermally driven processes in breweries and

malting plants can be met with heat at a temperature of

between 25 and 105°C on process level. This enables the

integration of solar thermal energy supplied by convention-

al, non-concentrating solar thermal collector technologies

such as flat-plate or evacuated tube collectors.

Against this background, the demonstration of the tech-

nical and economic feasibility of the integration of a

large scale solar thermal system to the mashing pro-

cess of the Austrian brewery Goess was initiated and a

solar process heat application with a gross collector area

of 1,500m² connected to a 200m³ energy storage tank was

finally commissioned in June 2013.

Main features of the projectThe project “SolarBrew” is coordinated by the Austrian

research institute AEE INTEC and financed by Heineken

Supply Chain B.V. to which the brewery Goess belongs.

Funding is provided by the European Commission (FP7) as

well as by the Austrian Klima- und Energiefonds. In order

to meet the holistic approach, the Goess consortium was

complemented by a process engineering partner (GEA

Brewery Systems GmbH) as well as by the Danish solar

thermal collector manufacturer and turn-key supplier of

large-scale solar thermal systems Sunmark A/S.

Solar assisted mashing process for the brewery Goess:

The solar thermal system designed for the brewery Goess

implies several innovative approaches:

• Two steam supplied vessels (mash tuns) were retrofit-

ted by especially designed internal plate heat exchanger

templates which enable a supply system based on hot

water instead of steam.

• The new hot water supply is fed by waste heat from a

nearby biomass CHP plant as well as by a large scale

ground mounted solar thermal system (100 collectors

summing up to a total of 1,500 m² gross collector area)

which is hydraulically connected to a 200 m³ pressurized

solar energy storage tank.

While mashing, the temperature of the mash is contin-

uously increased from a starting temperature of around

58°C to a final temperature of around 78°. If there is so-

lar thermal energy at the right temperature available, the

energy is taken out from the solar energy storage tank

and pumped into the retrofitted plate heat exchangers.

The return flow from the process back to the storage is

stratified according to the temperature. If the temperature

in the solar energy storage is not high the process supply

temperature is heated up in-line via the waste heat from

the biomass CHP plant. Only in case when both systems

cannot supply either the temperature or the energy quan-

tity needed, the existing steam supply system acts as

backup in parallel.

RESULTSFrom simulations it can be expected that almost 30% of

the thermal process energy demand for mashing can be

supplied by the solar thermal system in future and that

the entire process energy demand will be covered with

renewable sources only (waste heat from biomass + solar

thermal). In sum round 1,570 MWh of natural gas per year

corresponding to round 38,000 tons of CO2 equivalents per

year can be saved in future by this hybrid system.

1,500m² flat plate collector field

with 200m³ solar energy storage

and brewery building complex.

Retrofit of two existing mash tuns

with heat exchanger templates.

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Mounting of 200m³ solar

energy storage.

1. SolarBrew

© AEE Intec

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CHALLENGESThe main challenge of the GROUND-MED project has

been to maximize the seasonal performance factor

(SPF) of ground-source heat pumps (GSHP) technology,

looking into the integrated GSHP system comprising the

heat pump, the ground heat exchanger, the heating/cooling

system and all associated components (pumps, fans, etc.).

SPF is the ratio of useful energy delivered (heating, cooling

and sanitary hot water) divided by the electricity consump-

tion throughout the year. SPF depends on the heat pump

technology and system design and operating conditions.

Main features of the projectThe GROUND-MED project has developed, demonstrated

and monitored prototype ground source heat pump (GSHP)

systems in eight buildings of South Europe.

The project has been implemented by 24 European organ-

isations coordinated by the Centre for Renewable Ener-

gy Sources and Saving (CRES). The consortium includes

the European heat pump manufacturers CIAT, HIREF and

OCHSNER WP. It started on 1 January 2009 and will end

on 31 December 2014. It has a budget of approximately

7.24 million euro, 4.3 million of which are the EU funding,

through the FP7.

The project developed eight super heat pump prototypes

incorporating advanced solutions for extraordinary energy

efficiency, advanced low temperature fan-coil unit proto-

types of extremely low (1/5) electricity consumption, an

air-handling unit prototype utilizing condensing heat, cold

storage units, advanced control algorithms, free cooling

operation, as well as local data acquisition systems and

centralized data management system for remote monitor-

ing. Monitoring results demonstrate measured SPF values

above 5 in both heating and cooling modes, well above the

default value of 3.5 accepted by the European Commission

as the EU average of GSHP systems in operation (2013).

RESULTSThe Ground-Med project effectively developed and

demonstrated a new generation of ground source heat

pump systems of superior energy efficiency, providing that

way the technology that will effectively aid the EU to reach

its targets for renewable energy, energy saving and CO2

emissions reduction for 2020 and beyond.

SPF2 (heat pump + external pump) measured in

Ground-Med demo systems.

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CONTACT DETAILS

Dimitrios Mendrinos, [email protected]

Centre for Renewable Energy Sources and Saving (CRES),

Pikermi, Greece

FOR MORE INFORMATION:

http://www.groundmed.eu/

2. Advanced ground source heat pump systems for heat ing and cool ing in Medi terranean c l imate (GroundMed)

View of Ground-Med heat pump and data logging equipment at the

La Fabrica del Sol demonstration site, in Barcelona.

© CRES

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CHALLENGESThe renovation and retrofitting of multi-family houses and

commercial buildings using renewable heating and cool-

ing (RHC) technologies is a key issue for achieving the

EU 20-20-20 targets. About 83% of all residential build-

ings in Europe were built before 1995 and will eventually

need retrofitting. A particular challenge in this context is

to implement renewable heating and cooling systems in

large cities as urban heating still relies heavily on fossil

energy at the present time. This requires the development

of advanced RHC technologies and system integration

concepts based on local resources. The GreenHP project

addresses this challenge by developing an advanced

heating system using air/water heat pump technology

for retrofitting multi-family and commercial buildings

in densely populated areas and cities.

Main features of the projectThe primary goal is to develop an urban heating solution

with minimum environmental impact. In order to achieve

this goal, the GreenHP project pursues a comprehensive

multi-level research approach ranging from new heat pump

component designs to advanced system integration con-

cepts. The main research goals can be summarized as

follows:

Component level: New heat exchanger concepts based on brazed aluminium micro-channel heat exchangers including bionic refrigerant distribution

New compressor concepts for propane as refrigerant

Optimized fan and air flow system and advanced anti-icing and defrosting methods

Unit level: Refrigerant charge reduction

Heat pump design enabling high efficiencies with propane as refrigerant

System level: Building integration concepts including PV and solar thermal collectors

Holistic control strategies for the system

Energy management concepts for smart grid integration

The GreenHP consortium includes the following partners:

Austrian Institute of Technology (AIT) - Coordinator, Emer-

son Climate Technologies GmbH, AKG Group, Ziehl-Abegg

SE, Hesch Schröder GmbH, Gränges AB, Royal Institute

of Technology (KTH), Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy

Systems (Fraunhofer ISE), European Heat Pump Associ-

ation (EHPA).

INITIAL RESULTSGreenHP is an ongoing project. The first task was to de-

velop an application scenario for the GreenHP system and

to assess its potential in Europe. Locations in different

climate zones and different building types were considered

in order to identify a high impact scenario. The analysis

shows that the highest potential for the GreenHP system

is expected for multi-family houses built before 1995 and

located in the ErP (Energy Related Product Directive) av-

erage climate zone. In Germany alone, for example, there

are 2.78 million multi-family houses built before 1995. The

GreenHP system is hence designed for a retrofitted multi-

family house in the average climate zone with a living area

of about 600 m². It is based on a variable capacity air/water

heat pump and can provide up to 30 kW of heat for space

heating and domestic hot water.

CONTACT DETAILS

Michael Monsberger, [email protected]

AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Vienna, Austria

FOR MORE INFORMATION:

www.greenhp.eu

3. Next Generat ion Heat Pump for Retrof i t t ing Bui ld ings (GreenHP)

Based on this analysis, a building integration

concept for the GreenHP heat pump unit is cur-

rently being developed for combined operation

with a photovoltaic and a solar thermal system.

Different control strategies, including a strategy

based on price signals from the electricity mar-

ket are considered in order to identify building

integration concepts with high seasonal perfor-

mance and optimized operating costs. The sim-

ulation results serve as a basis for the design

and development of a lab-scale air/water heat

pump pilot. In order to prove the potential of

the GreenHP concept, the lab-scale pilot will be

subjected to stand-alone performance testing

and hardware-in-the-loop testing.

The research leading to these results has re-

ceived funding from the European Union Sev-

enth Framework Programme FP7/2007-2013

under grant agreement no. 308816.

© AIT

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Project

1. New feedstock and innovative transformation process for a more sustainable development and production of lignocellulosic ethanol (BABETHANOL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

2. Sodium borohydride fuel cell vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

3. Bioethanol production from wood waste, by enzymatic hydrolysis Buildings (GreenHP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

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CONTACT DETAILS

Mercedes Ballesteros Perdices, [email protected]

CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain

FOR MORE INFORMATION:

http://www.ciemat.es

CHALLENGESBABETHANOL is a collaborative research project between

Europe and Latin America for the development of more

sustainable processes for 2nd generation biofuels from

lignocellulosic biomass and the definition of new local

feedstocks out of competition for the food industry.

Main features of the projectBABETHANOL develops solutions for a more sustainable

approach to 2nd generation renewable ethanol, based on

a “moderate, environmentally-friendly and integrated”

transformation process that should be applicable to an

expanded range of lignocellulosic feedstocks. The new

process, called CES, will be an alternative to the costly

state-of-the-art, processes notably the current pre-treat-

ments requiring much energy, water, chemical products,

detoxification and waste treatment. CES will be developed

and tested from laboratory to semi-industrial pilot-scale

with different feedstocks. A catalogue of lignocellulosic

feedstocks from crops and agro-industrial residues avail-

able in South America and Western Europe and suitable

for the new process will be developed during the project.

The project aims to develop a new pretreatment for the

production of 2nd generation ethanol that will provide a

substantial cost reduction in comparison with current pro-

cesses which use stat-of-the-art pretreatments, such as

acid hydrolysis. The new pretreatment will be especially

adapted to small size production plants that can be locat-

ed in rural or urban areas were crops or agro-industrial

residues can be available in amounts of at least 30.000

tons per year. Conditions in the Latin American countries

involved in this project are particularly suitable to this new

pretreatment.

RESULTS

Lignocellulosic biomass transformations that produce

2nd generation bioethanol are currently widely studied all

around the world. Four lignocellulosic materials, selected

for their expected potential for conversion to 2nd genera-

tion ethanol, have been fully characterized: Blue Agave Ba-

gasse (BAB): a fibrous residue resulting from the manufac-

turing of Tequila; Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (OPEFB):

another fibrous residue resulting from the manufacturing

of palm oil; Sweet Corn (SC): a residue mixture resulting

from the harvest of corn and the production of sweet corn;

and Barley Straw (BS): a fibrous residue resulting from the

harvest of barley.

These materials have been used for the development of

the new pre-treatment process at laboratory scale. Oth-

er potential feedstocks from Latin America and Western

Europe have been searched. Priority has been given to

biomasses with specific chemical composition: cellulose

>34%, hemicelluloses <30%, lignin <22%, ash<10%, li-

pids<10%, proteins<10% and not competing with human

and animal feedings. Available amounts and geographical

concentrations of these materials have also been major

selection criteria with a view to supplying production plants

of minimum 30.000 tons per year processing capacity in

regional/local level.

The study of the CES process at laboratory scale is well

advanced: the optimum operating conditions are different

for each biomass but within a small range of variation.

1. New feedstock and innovat ive t ransformat ion process for a more susta inable development and product ion of l ignocel lu los ic e thanol (BABETHANOL)

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CONTACT DETAILS

Dr.Osman Okur, [email protected]

TUBITAK MRC Energy Institute, Gebze Kocaeli, Turkey

FOR MORE INFORMATION:

www.mam.gov.tr

2. Sodium borohydr ide fuel ce l l vehic le

CHALLENGESFuel cell vehicles (FCVs) have the potential to significantly

reduce our dependence on oil and lower harmful emis-

sions that contribute to climate change. Fuel Cell Vehicles

run on hydrogen gas rather than gasoline and emit no

harmful tailpipe emissions. The efficiency of a hydrogen

fuel cell vehicle is three times more than a petrol-fuelled

engine. However, hydrogen storage on board the vehi-

cle is the key factor to achieve market success for FCVs.

Sodium borohydride (NaBH4) has often been considered

the best choice for hydrogen production among the ex-

isting hydrides. NaBH4 is also a good hydrogen storage

material with a reported gravimetric H2 capacity up to 9.0

as percentage by weight using water and catalysts and up

to 21.3 as percentage by weight using water vapor. If the

inherent drawbacks of this material like limited solubility,

instability, expensive catalyst, recycling problem of byprod-

uct sodium metaborate (NaBO2) are eliminated, then the

usage of NaBH4 for hydrogen production is going to be

increased and its production cost will decrease from 50

to 5 US$/kg.

Main features of the projectIn the Sodium Borohydride Fuel Cell Vehicle Project, TUB-

ITAK MRC Energy Institute has designed, developed and

built a 5 kW hydrogen generation system (HGS) based

on hydrolysis of sodium borohydride (NaBH4) that is in-

tegrated with a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell

(PEMFC) stack in a sport vehicle. Copper, Nikel-based sup-

ported catalysts on different materials were prepared by

conventional impregnation method. The maximum hydro-

gen generation capacity of the system was 70 Litres per

minute. The developed on board system was integrated

into a vehicle. The produced hydrogen is fed to fuel cell

system. 5 kW power is produced at a constant loading of

72 Volt and 70 Ampere, and the generated power drives

the electrical motor successfully. The road tests of the

vehicle are completed.

Bipolar plates, catalysts, membrane electrode assembly

have been manufactured and high power density fuel cell

system integration has been performed.

RESULTSThe three main outputs of the projects are:

• A 5 kW fuel cell system

• A 7 m3 capacity- 70 Liters/minute production speed

Hydrogen production system

• Fuel Cell Vehicle

A 5 kW fuel cell system has been manufactured for 95%

with national technological capability. The maximum speed

of the vehicle is 90 km and the range with full fuel tank

is 150 km.

The output of the project is a zero-emission vehicle in-

dependent from fossil fuels. The hydrogen source for

the fuel cell is obtained from boron reserves which Turkey

holds for the 70% of total world reserves.

The Sodium Borohydride Fuel Cell Vehicle (BORMOBÍL) is

the first in Turkey for 5+5 kW hybrid concept.

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CONTACT DETAILS

Prof.dr.ing. ALEXANDRU NAGHIU, [email protected]

University of Agricultural Sciences Cluj-Napoca, Romania

FOR MORE INFORMATION:

www.icia.ro

CHALLENGESThe project Bioethanol production from wood waste by

enzymatic hydrolysis aims to develop a technology for

transformingwood waste into bioethanol. In Romania,

wood waste represents a significant renewable resource

for bioethanol production.

Biomass is one of the key ways to ensure security of

supply and sustainable energy in Europe. Wood waste

represents a cheap carbohydrate source for bioethanol

production.

Wood waste contains an orderly arrangement of cells with

walls composed of varying amounts of cellulose, hemi-

cellulose and lignin. Bioethanol can be produced from

cellulose and hemicellulose.

Main features of the projectThe novelty of the project consists in the combination of

enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation in one step (simul-

taneous saccharification and fermentation process).

The technology for converting wood waste into ethanol

consists in the following steps:

• autohydrolysis pretreatment of wood waste to separate-

carbohydrates components and to make wood available

for hydrolysis;

• enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation of cellulosic frac-

tion and

• distillation and purification of bioethanol.

RESULTSThe technology has many advantages compared with

other existing technologies in the field: ecological pre-

treatment method; hydrolysis and fermentation can be

performed in one step; the content of lignin is very small

(only traces) which implies a high yield of hydrolysis (since

lignin acts as inhibitory of hydrolysis) and high bioethanol

concentration (4 -10%).

Bioethanol obtained from wood has a great potential to

replace the existing fuels and to reduce greenhouse gas

emissions. The bioethanol obtained from waste wood can

be blended with fossil fuel and used in cars.

3. B ioethanol product ion f rom wood waste , by enzymat ic hydrolys is

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Project

1. Towards a sustainable energy system- Integrating sources of renewable energy (I-Balance) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

2. Microgrids in Navarra: design, development and implementation (ATENEA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

3. Critical Resources and Material Flows during the Transformation of the German Energy Supply System (KRESSE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

4. Smart Nord . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

5. Efficient Energy for EU Cultural Heritage (3ENCULT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

6. Power Supply and Storage Demand in 2050 (RESTORE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

7. Sustainable SwissTech Convention Center (STCC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

8. Energy-saving in a supermarket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

9. Excellence in energy education at the University of Oldenburg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

10. Storage systems for renewable energy management (SmartGrids Navicelli) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

11. Facilitating energy storage to allow high penetration of intermittent renewable energy (stoRE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

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CONTACT DETAILS

Piet de Vey Mestdagh, [email protected]

EnTranCe (Energy Transition Centre), Groningen, The Netherlands

FOR MORE INFORMATION:

www.en-tran-ce.org

CHALLENGESThe increasing importance and role of renewable energy

sources is changing the energy system. Managing peaks

and troughs in electrical energy production and consump-

tion is an issue of crucial importance to the whole system.

Finding new ways of integrating renewable sources of

energy is integral to system balance. Together with the

philosophy of “People in Power”, local energy production

and balance are the focus of study at Hanze University of

Applied Sciences. Hanze UAS has several research pro-

jects with this focus that started with the Flexines project

in 2006 and is now rapidly expanding to deal with the is-

sues of balancing, demand/response, central/local storage,

bio-gas and energy transformation (P2G). The research

project I-Balance at the living lab facility EnTranCe (En-

ergy Tansition Centre) at Hanze UAS is implemented in

close cooperation with the local community of Hooghalen

(Drenthe).

EnTranCe is a hotspot of applied sciences for business

and innovation. Students and researchers work together

in a five and a half hectare field with semi permanent

buildings to carry out open innovation together with com-

panies, government and research institutes. Companies

concerned with the future of our energy system have the

opportunities, facilities, technology and the best possible

network to support them in the development of energy

products and services. At EnTranCe start-ups are able to

expand business models with the support of experts from

the academic and business sectors (e.g. lawyers, econo-

mists, marketing and financial experts, business adminis-

trators and behavioral scientists). This approach enables

good ideas to be immediately translated into successful

market orientated products. I-Balance is one of these de-

velopments.

Main features of the projectThe I-Balance project is characterized by horizontal inte-

gration whereby gas (now natural, in the future green gas)

and electricity are combined to form an integrated energy

supply through the inclusion of locally produced sustain-

able energies. The project works throughout the entire

energy chain using open innovation.

The I-Balance project is carried out through the collabo-

ration and interplay of research institutions, medium and

small businesses, large commercial interests and practice

orientated research.

RESULTS

Based upon the knowledge already available through

research and industrial application, the following will be

developed:

• New concepts for the decentralized generation of

sustainable energy. Peak-shaving by more efficient

use of natural gas to produce electricity, replaceable

in the future by green gas.

• ICT protocols for power electronics concerning net-

work quality and stability, the basic conditions for

inclusion of sustainable forms of energy within the

existing and future system

• A new integrated balancing mode.

• Tested concepts using real-time sustainable energy,

locally produced in a monitoring situation of 50 house-

holds in Hooghalen (Drenthe, NL)

1. Towards a susta inable energy system- Integrat ing sources of renewable energy ( I -Balance)

© Hanze University of Applied Sciences

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CONTACT DETAILS

Monica Aguado Alonso, [email protected]

CENER- Renewable Energy Integration Grid Department, Sarriguren, Spain

FOR MORE INFORMATION:

http://www.cener.com/en/renewable-energy-grid-integration/product-specifications.asp

CHALLENGESThe demonstration of the feasibility of the smartgrid con-

cept for electric power systems and and the definition of

solutions to improve RES penetration in the energy mix

were at the basis of the ATENEA project.

The aim of the project was to design microgrids with

control strategies to allow for the optimization of differ-

ent elements, adding new functionalities, assuring load

supply in isolate mode, attenuating disturbances in con-

nected mode and collaborating with the grid for stability

maintenance.

The Specific Objectives were:

• To manage the generated power at each moment in

order to assure load supply.

• To ensure that the power consumed comes from re-

newable sources to promote for the energy self-suf-

ficiency of the installation.

• To protect installations from grid or microgrid faults.

• To send the energy excess to the grid making the

microgrid an active part of the distribution network.

Main features of the projectThe Department of Innovation, Enterprise and Employ-

ment of Navarra Government and the European Union

through the regional funds FEDER financed the project

“Microgrids in Navarra: design, development and imple-

mentation”

The project created a microgrid aimed at industrial appli-

cation of Alternate Current architecture with a power of

100 kW. The generated electricity is supplied to part of

the Wind Turbine Test Laboratory – LEA- electric loads of

CENER and to the lightning of the Rocaforte industrial area.

The installation is also used as a test bench for new equip-

ment, generation systems, energy storage, control strate-

gies and protection schemes. It can operate in connected

or in isolated mode. It consists of the following modules:

GENERATION ENERGY STORAGE LOADS

PV system Vanadium redox flow battery

Programmable loads

Small wind turbine

VRLA batteries LEA load

Gas micro-turbine Li-ion battery Industrial area lighting

Diesel generator Supercapacitors Microgrid load

Electric vehicle

Electric forklift

RESULTSThe following tools have been successfully developed:

• Microgrid design and optimitation

• Virtual Platform. It is developed in Matlab-Simulink

and illustrates the whole microgrid configuration

and its models, namely: PV panels, flow battery,

wind turbine, etc. This platform serves to validate

the microgrid control, to develop different energy

management strategies and to analyze the system

response due to different events.

• Cener Management Optimization Software - CeMOS

2. Microgr ids in Navarra : des ign, development and implementat ion (ATENEA)

© CENER

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CONTACT DETAILS

Peter Viebhan, [email protected]

Wuppertal Institut for Climate, Environment, and Energy,

Wuppertal, Germany

FOR MORE INFORMATION:

http://wupperinst.org/en/projects/details/wi/p/s/pd/38/

CHALLENGESAccording to targets set by the German Federal Govern-

ment, renewable energies are to account for 18 per cent

of gross final energy consumption by 2020, rising to 60 per

cent by 2050. If only electricity generation is considered,

the proportion of gross electricity consumption contributed

by electricity from renewable energy sources is to increase

to 80 per cent by 2050. However, it is not only energy sup-

ply or climate protection criteria that play a crucial role in

realising the development of renewable energy sources – a

comprehensive sustainability assessment of the individual

technologies must be made taking into account a variety

of criteria. Such criteria include short- and long-term cost

considerations, energy security, the impact on land use

and the countryside, social acceptability, environmental

impacts and resource requirements.

When it comes to resource assessments, it is recognised

that the overall resource utilisation of an energy system

is generally considerably lower if it is based on renewa-

ble energies (albeit not primarily on biomass) rather than

on fossil fuels. However, this does not necessarily mean

that renewable energies must always be considered as

being unproblematic with regard to the use of resources.

In particular, limited research has been undertaken on the

consumption and long-term availability of minerals, usual-

ly required in the manufacture of energy converters and

infrastructure. In this connection, the availability of rare

earth elements, such as indium, gallium, lanthanum and

neodymium, and other raw materials that play a significant

role, such as nickel and vanadium, is of particular interest.

The study of the Wuppertal Institute, finalised in June

2014, attempts to close the previous assessment gap,

contributing to the holistic sustainability analysis of re-

newable energies. The aim of the study was to provide an

indication as to whether and how the transformation of the

energy supply system can be shaped more resource-ef-

ficiently with a high degree of expansion of renewable

energies. To achieve this, the study involved investigating

which “critical” minerals are relevant in Germany for the

production of technologies that generate electricity, heat

and fuels from renewable energies in a time perspective

up to 2050. Figure 1 and 2 show, for example, a possible

development of some mineral resources according to dif-

ferent scenarios for the deployment of wind power and

photovoltaics by 2050. In this connection, the assessment

of being “critical” comprises the long-term availability of

the raw materials identified, the supply situation, recy-

clability and the environmental conditions governing their

extraction.

MAIN FEATURES OF THE PROJECTThe study shows that the geological availabil-

ity of minerals does not generally represent a

limiting factor in the planned expansion of re-

newable energies in Germany. It may not be

possible, however, for each technology variant

to be used to an unlimited extent.

Of the technologies investigated, the following

have proven to be most probably non-critical

with regard to the supply of minerals:

• Use in the electricity sector: solar thermal

energy, hydropower, wind turbines without

rare earth magnets, silicon-based crystal-

line photovoltaics

• Use in the heating sector: geothermal en-

ergy, solar thermal energy

• Infrastructure: electricity grids, specific

types of electricity storage devices, alka-

line electrolysis and solid oxide fuel cells

The supply of minerals in the use of biomass

and biofuels in the electricity, heat and transport

sectors cannot be classified as being critical ei-

ther. However, the availability of biomass itself

and the associated problems, especially land

use and competitive usage, depending on the

type of biomass, would have to be taken into

account.

Specific elements or sub-technologies of wind

energy, photovoltaics and battery storage were

identified as being critical with regard to the

supply of minerals. However, there are non-criti-

cal alternatives to these technologies that could

increasingly be used in future or that already

dominate the market.

With regard to geothermal electricity genera-

tion, a relevant demand for various critical al-

loying elements cannot at least be ruled out

in the case of a major expansion. There are

several arguments in favour of assessing ge-

othermal electricity generation as “relevant”

with regard to its future demand for steel alloys.

However, the data base is as yet inadequate

for forecasting this demand reliably, meaning

that no conclusions can be drawn at present

for geothermal energy.

CONCLUSIONSWhilst the heating and transport sectors are

most probably not considered as being critical

in the event of the direct use of renewable ener-

gies, attention needs to be paid to the electricity

sector with reference to the research question

raised. Even if the availability of minerals for

the relevant technologies is not a problem, po-

tential supply risks owing to dependencies on a

few supplier countries and competitive usages

should be borne in mind. One central aspect of

the policy recommendations derived from the

study is the proposal to focus in the medium

term on efficiency and recycling strategies and

on strategies for prolonging the useful life and

life cycle of systems in the bid to secure Ger-

many’s raw material supply.

3. Cr i t ica l Resources and Mater ia l F lows dur ing the Transformat ion of the German Energy Supply System (KRESSE)

© Wuppertal Institute

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Source: [1] Lehnhoff, S. ; Klingenberg, T. ; Blank, M. ; Calabria, M. ;

Schumacher, W.Distributed coalitions for reliable and stable provision

of frequency response reserve, 2013 IEEE International Workshop on

Intelligent Energy Systems (IWIES)

CONTACT DETAILS

Sebastian Lehnhoff, [email protected]

OFFIS, Oldenburg, Germany

FOR MORE INFORMATION:

http://smartnord.de/

CHALLENGESThe increase in renewable power generation causes an

overall decrease in conventional power generation from

large-scale and highly predictable fossil power plants.

Aside from market-based provision of active power sched-

ules, these power plants are crucial for the provision of

short-term automatic ancillary services such as frequency

and voltage control. Substituting these plants for renew-

able generation units requires the latter to be capable of

providing these ancillary services in order to guarantee

a reliable and stable power supply.

Main features of the projectThe project presents an integrated approach for identifying

distributed coalitions of agents representing distributed

generation units capable of providing frequency response

reserve. A method was developed for calculating the indi-

vidual droop control parameters of each participating de-

vice taking into account opportunity costs, device-specific

reliabilities (e.g. for photovoltaic or wind installations) as

well as the small-signal stability of such a coalition for fre-

quency response reserve. In addition, secondary as well

as tertiary control was considered in a similar fashion.

RESULTS

Coalitions of small inverter based generators are capa-

ble of providing dependable ancillary services. This will

mitigate the amount of fossil power needed to stabilize

the system. There is however the need to expand the

classic frequency/Power-droop control regime in order to

avoid stability issues due to inverter-to-invert-interactions

when implementing large-scale autonomous frequency

control from small-scale devices. In addition this will be

a future business model for distributed and intermittent

generators.

4. SMART NORD

© OFFIS

Response of the coalition after a drop in frequency at the transformer.

Inje

cted

Pow

er [k

W]

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CONTACT DETAILS

Alexandra Troi, [email protected]

EURAC research, Bozen, Italy

FOR MORE INFORMATION:

www.3encult.eu

CHALLENGES3ENCULT bridges the gap between conservation of his-

toric buildings and climate protection. Historic buildings

are the trademark of numerous European towns and will

only survive if maintained as a living space. Energy effi-

cient retrofit is important – both for improving the comfort

and reducing energy demand (in terms of money and in

terms of resources) and for structural protection in heritage

buildings.

3ENCULT demonstrates that it is feasible to reduce the

energy demand also in historic buildings to 1/4 or even

1/10, depending on the case and the heritage value.

Main features of the projectA core element in 3ENCULT was the multidisciplinary

team, who elaborated a comprehensive refurbishment

strategy for historic buildings: tools for the diagnosis, pas-

sive and active retrofit solutions as well as monitoring and

control devices.

The results are demonstrated in 8 case studies and trans-

ferred into building practice via diverse channels, including

advice to CEN, virtual library on www.buildup.eu and a

handbook with guideline for planners as well as targeted

information and training material for education and indus-

try, but also study tours, workshops and e-guidelines for

local governments and decision makers and last but not

least information for building owners and a wide audience

through web and TV.

RESULTS

There is no “one-fits-all”-solution – too unique is each

historic building. The project rather proposes a “pool” of

solutions and guidance how to find the right one for the

specific building:

• a highly energy-efficient conservation-compatible

window

• improved capillary active internal insulation

• a low impact ventilation based on active overflow

principle

• a LED wall washer for high quality and low impact

illumination (e.g. in museums)

• integrated PV solution and guideline on RES integra-

tion in Historic Buildings

• the web-based “roombook” integrating conserva-

tion and energy aspects supporting the multidiscipli-

nary diagnosis and design

• wireless sensor networks and a Building Manage-

ment System dedicated to Historic Buildings

• adaptation of PHPP (Passive House Planning Pack-

age) and integration of historic buildings in EnerPHIT

certification

As regards to the impact: 14% of EU building stock

dates before 1919, 26% before 1945 – and even if only

part of it is listed, most of it constitutes our built herit-

age and should be treated with care. Reducing its ener-

gy demand (~855 TWh) by 75% will result in more than

180 Mt CO2 saved (3.6% of EU-27 emissions in 1990).

Partnership: Coordinator – EURAC research, Italy. Austria: Bartenbach Lichtlabor, Univer-

sity of Innsbruck. Belgium: REHVA, youris.com. Czech Republic: ATREA. Denmark: Royal

Danish Academy of Fine Arts. France: Menuiserie André. Germany: ICLEI, IDK, Passivhaus

Institut, Remmers, Technical University of Dresden, University of Stuttgart. Italy: Artemis,

Municipality of Bologna, University of Bologna. Netherlands: TNO. Spain: CARTIF, Grupo

Unisolar. United Kingdom: ARUP.

5. E f f ic ient Energy for EU Cul tura l Her i tage (3ENCULT)

© EURAC

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Figure 1: RESTORE 2050 is primarily concerned with

the European power supply network of the future.

Amongst other aspects, it is investigated the impor-

tance of the extension of the transmission network,

storage and methods of load management for a reliable

power supply based on weather dependent renewable

energy sources.

Figure 3: Current sector-specific potential for DSM in Germany in terms of energy (upper panels) and capacities (lower

panels) for average summer week (left panels) and winter week (right panels). The sectors investigated are 1)electric

heating, 2)AC and water heating, 3)domestic cooling devices, 4)domestic white goods (except for cooling), 5)ventilation,

6/7)industrial cooling, 8)industrial processes eligible for DSM, and 9)industrial base load.

CONTACT DETAILS

Dr Thomas Vogt, [email protected]

NEXT ENERGY – EWE-Forschungszentrum für Energietechnologie e. V.,

Oldenburg, Germany

FOR MORE INFORMATION:

www.next-energy.de

CHALLENGESRecent studies show that in the year 2050 a power sup-

ply system for Europe that is based on almost 100 % on

renewable energies is possible. However, those studies

do not address adequately all important aspects and ques-

tions concerning the transition to a future power supply

system. Some of these aspects are: the systematic rela-

tion between the developing transmission network across

Europe; the intermittent availability wind and solar power

on different temporal and spatial scale; the adequate anal-

ysis of required storage capacities and interconnectors.

RESTORE 2050 addresses these and other strategic as-

pects by combining meta-analysis of available studies and

detailed system modeling. The focus is on quantifying the

requirement and effect of storage capacities and demand

side management considering the effect of pan-European

power balancing due to the availability of interconnectors

with varying capacities. The overall goal of the project is to

develop consistent political recommendations on how to

stimulate the transformation of the German power system

considering the European dimension of the future power

supply by renewables.

Main features of the projectThe project is funded by the German Federal Ministry of

Education and Research (BMBF) through the funding initia-

tive Energy Storage and runs for three years until October

2015. Project partners are the Carl von Ossietzky Univer-

sität Oldenburg, the Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt,

Energie GmbH, and NEXT ENERGY - EWE-Forschungszen-

trum für Energietechnologie e.V. The project benefits from

the key competences of the partners in energy meteorolo-

gy/technology, on system and grid analyses as well as on

the development of computerised models and scenarios.

The recommended actions derived from the research re-

sults contribute to develop a German political strategy up

to 2050 that takes Europe into account.

RESULTSThe primary objective of RESTORE 2050 is to give sus-

tainable recommendations for a target-orientated political

management to transform the German power system

in the European context. To this end, four issues are ad-

dressed on the basis of the future expected development

in power supply/demand within the ENTSO-E network up

to the year 2050 as well as on high spatial and temporal

resolved meteorological time series: (1) National devel-

opment strategy for renewable energies in the European

context, (2) expansion of the transmission grid as well as

alternatives (load management), (3) the meaning of power

exchange with third countries, (4) the role of storage at

transmission grid level. The recommended actions derived

from the research results contribute to the development of

a German political strategy up to 2050 that takes Europe

into account.

AcknowledgmentsFunding of the joint project RESTORE 2050 by the German Federal

Ministry of Education and Research through the funding initiative Energy

Storage is kindly acknowledged (funding code 03SF0439A).

Web link: http://forschung-energiespeicher.info/en/project-showcase/analysen/projekt-einzelansicht/54/Stromversorgung_und_Speicherbedarf_im_Jahr_2050/

6. Power Supply and Storage Demand in 2050 (RESTORE)

Figure 2: Simulated wind power output (normalised to

nominal output) with high spatial resolution (7 km x 7km).

© Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg

© NEXT ENERGY

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Sustainable SwissTech Convention Center

General view of STCC

2 MW-p BiPV power plant

mounted on the building roofs of

the EPFL campus

CONTACT DETAILS

Philippe Vollichard, [email protected]

Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland

FOR MORE INFORMATION:

http://tstcc.ch/fr/index.php

CHALLENGESThe SwissTech Convention Center (STTC) on the EPFL

campus in Lausanne (Switzerland), open in April 2014, is

one of the World most modern and best-equipped con-

ference centers. Its large auditorium can be automatically

transformed from a 3,000-seat amphitheatre to a 1’800 m2

banquet hall. The STCC was designed according to sus-

tainable principles by combining several Renewable

Energy Technologies (BiPV, solar thermal, heat pumps,

geothermal pillars, daylighting, etc.) with a mixed use of

space (student rooms, shops, hotel and services) and an

eco-friendly mobility (metro line, electric vehicles)..

Main features of the projectSpace heating and cooling

The core energy concept of STCC is the use of heat re-

jection from the water circulating in the buildings of the

EPFL campus originally pumped from Lake Geneva. The

water mainly used for cooling the campus buildings due

to the large available free gains enables to provide heating

during wintertime (1.1 MW max power) and cooling during

summertime (1.6 MW max power) to STCC thanks to a

reversible heat pump. It is returned to the lake via a nearby

river without harming the environment.

Domestic hot water

The STCC domestic hot water is

100% renewable and produced by

solar thermal collectors located on

the rooftops of the nearby student

lodgings and shops, as well as by

heat pumps recovering the waste

heat from ventilation and/or fridges.

Daylighting

The STCC makes primarily use of

daylight in the entrance hall and

even in the large 3’000 seats plena-

ry room for sake of energy savings

and users comfort. A maximal use of daylighting is also

made in the basement.

World Premiere for Dye Solar Cells

A transparent and coloured glazing performs the double

function of sun shadings and solar electricity generation

for the STCC Western façade. It is the first large-scale

implementation of the Dye Solar Cells (DSC), invented

by EPFL Professor Michael Grätzel and manufactured by

a local “Start-up” company.

RESULTSThe DSC power plant produces annually 2,000 kWh of

solar electricity and prevents the STCC from overheating.

It will be completed by a 250 kW-p BiPV power plant involv-

ing thin film solar technology, which is part of a 2 MW-p

BiPV power plant completed last year and mounted on

the roofs of the EPFL campus buildings. The solar power

plant supported by a public utility (Romande Energie) and

EPFL generated 2 millions of kWh in 2013.

7. Susta inable SwissTech Convent ion Center (STCC)

© EPFL

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Doors on all cabinets is just one of the actions that have reduced the

energy consumption significantly for the ICA City supermarket in Borås

in Sweden.

CONTACT DETAILS

Ulla Lindberg, [email protected]

SP- Technical Research Institute of Sweden, Borås, Sweden

FOR MORE INFORMATION:

www.sp.se

CHALLENGESRetailers are used to negotiate, and are very good at it.

They are used to go for the lowest initial cost. Salesmen,

often from very small installing companies, have since

many years adapted the technical solutions to the buyer’s

wishes.

The main challenge is to introduce trust.

• Making the retailer believe that the higher initial cost

will result in a return on operating cost.

• Making the installers to abandon known solutions and

dare to use “new” technology.

Due to this behavior to buy “cheap”, there is a high po-

tential for better energy efficiency. Many retailers believe

glass doors for retail cabinets will lower the sales.

About 4% of the electrical energy in an industrialized coun-

try goes to the supermarkets and about half of that is used

for the refrigeration system.

Main features of the projectThe dairy section in an existing supermarket was given a

total remake.

All display cabinets for chilled food were equipped with

glass doors. The refrigeration units were changed and

designed for best possible part load and lowest possible

temperature lift at all times. The whole control system

was changed. Heat pumps were introduced to reuse the

heat flow from the refrigeration installation for heating of

the building and sanitary hot water.

RESULTSThe introduction of glass doors cut the cooling load in half.

The effect on the sales volumes has not yet been fully

evaluated but the retailers, who have very exact knowl-

edge through the computerized cash register system, have

not reported any negative effects.

The efficiency of the refrigeration system conservatively

calculated from the measured data before and after the

changes is more than doubled.

The 50% load reduction (due to glass doors on the cab-

inet) and the double efficiency (due to improvements of

the refrigeration units) give the result of 25 % remaining

electrical energy need on an annual basis.

The introduction of heat pumps using the heat from the

refrigeration system replaced most of the heating needs.

Only 10-15% of the original heating needs have to be ex-

ternally supplied. As there is still a large remaining potential

for energy savings and energy integration, the retailer has

started to discuss with stakeholders in neighboring build-

ings for the use of all available heat.

All installations are conventional commercial installations.

Thus, there is a huge potential to improve energy efficien-

cy in other supermarkets without delay as well simply by

copying the solutions demonstrated in the project!

AcknowledgmentThe project was performed at SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden

with financial support from the Swedish Energy agency and industry

through the research programme BeLivs.

8. Energy-saving in a supermarket

© SP

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CONTACT DETAILS

Evelyn Brudler

Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Germany

Email: [email protected]

FOR MORE INFORMATION:

http://www.uni-oldenburg.de/en/energycourses/

CHALLENGESThe main objective of such a project is to establish a high

level interdisciplinary and cross-faculty cooperation in

education in Renewable Energy (RE), - grounded in and

growing from the research groups in Renewable Energy

(ENERiO) at the University of Oldenburg.

Main features of the projectFour sub-projects cooperated to establish high level ed-

ucation in RE: an interdisciplinary PhD-programme on 5

scholarships attached to the ENERiO research groups; a

fellowship programme at the Hanse Wissenschaftskolleg

(city of Delmenhorst); a coordinator acting as a commu-

nicator amongst the research groups and educational

programmes in RE at the university; the development

of an online teaching unit at the Institute of Education in

Economics.

The project was established to aggregate existing activities

in RE education, to facilitate closer communication be-

tween the active groups and to increase the visibility of all

of it to the university members and potential international

students and to offer high level education from Bachelor

/ Master to PhD students. The PhD scholars formed an

interdisciplinary group on system integration of RE power

to power grids. The fellowship programme attracted world-

wide researchers while having them to also teach module

units in RE Master- and PhD-courses. Furthermore, inter-

disciplinary events for Master and PhD students took place

at the Hanse Wissenschaftskolleg. An online teaching unit

in Energy Economics was developed.

RESULTSThe project led, on the one side, to a higher visibility of

the existing education in Renewable Energy at the Uni-

versity of Oldenburg to an international community as

well as within the university itself. One feature was the

establishment of the Platform for the Study of Renewa-

ble Energy and interdisciplinary (partly international) joint

Master/PhD events. A new teaching unit “economics in

RE” was established and successfully tested in RE Master

education. The overall communication amongst the study

programmes led to increased exchange of students in the

single teaching units, even cross faculty wise.

On the other side, high level interdisciplinary research

opportunities attracted young researchers and increased

further the interdisciplinary cooperation amongst the RE

research groups.

Finally the overall communication between the teaching

and research units increased.

9. Excel lence in energy educat ion at the Univers i ty of Oldenburg

© University of Oldenburg

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1 MW electric storage system

CONTACT DETAILS

Stefano Barsali, [email protected]

Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Energia, dei Sistemi, del Territorio e delle

Costruzioni (DESTEC), Università di Pisa, Italy

FOR MORE INFORMATION:

www.dsea.unipi.it

CHALLENGESIn the framework of an increasing share of renewable

sources supplying power to the electric system, the fa-

cilitated regime which enabled renewable plants not to

provide the grid with regulation and control services will

be soon replaced with standard rules which will require all

plants to be dispatchable as well as provider of regulation

services. Without any storage device, power curtailment

or use of conventional generation are the only chances to

comply with the forthcoming grid requirements.

Even when grid requirements are not so tight, the in-

tegrated management of the sources available in the

framework of a Virtual Power Plant, jointly with some

storage devices, enables improving the effectiveness

of the exploitation of renewable sources.

Main features of the projectNavicelli is located near the town of Pisa and hosts several

shipyards, commercial and office buildings.

The project (funded by the Tuscany region authority) was

mainly organised in two demonstrators: the first one re-

lates to the MV network and mainly involves a large (1MW)

electric storage system (see photo) to ease the integration

of the large (3.7MW) PV plant; the second one regards the

Navicelli headquarter building where a 19kW cogeneration

plant, a 6kW wind turbine and a 15kW electric storage

system, as well as a thermal storage, were added to the

existing PV generator to demonstrate the operation of

innovative methods and tools for energy management

optimisation.

RESULTSThe 1MW storage system (although with a limited amount

of energy) demonstrates how the output of a PV plant can

be controlled while some grid services are made available.

The prototype demonstrates how renewable energy-based

systems can be made a competitive option, even in a not

subsidized regime, without being hindered by their random

nature.

The Virtual Power Plant system showed how an overall

optimization algorithm can be adopted with different opti-

mization criterion (maximum profit, maximum energy from

renewables, etc.) when different sources are available.

Examples of frequency response

10. Storage systems for renewable energy management (SmartGr ids Navice l l i )

© University of Pisa

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Example of rejected energy recovery by a 2 GW pumped storage system in Greece.

PHES and controllable plants load variation in Greece for 80% RES share scenario.

CONTACT DETAILS

Ioannis Anagnostopoulos, [email protected]

NTUA (National Technical University of Athens), Athens, Greece

Project Coordinator: Michael Papapetrou, [email protected]

WIP- Renewable Energies, Munich, Germany

FOR MORE INFORMATION:

www.store-project.eu

CHALLENGESThe stoRE project facilitates the realization of the ambi-

tious objectives for renewable energy by unlocking the

potential for energy storage infrastructure. Energy

storage, as part of an integrated approach including grid

reinforcement and demand management, helps to accom-

modate higher percentages of variable renewable energy

by balancing the supply and demand and improving the

power quality.

Even if we assume the existence of a supergrid there is a

certain need for new energy storage capacity in Europe.

This need for storage has to be recognized at EU/national

policy level in order to facilitate project development.

The framework conditions such as the power system char-

acteristics, the market operation and the regulations vary

significantly from one Member State to another creating

an environment for energy storage that does not reflect

the relevant needs.

There is a lack of wide acceptance of the need for storage,

limited understanding of the challenges, and no common

vision of the future of energy storage among the relevant

stakeholders.

Main features of the projectstoRE dealt with the non-technological barriers to en-

ergy storage, creating the right regulatory and market

conditions that give incentives for the development of

energy storage infrastructure to the extent necessary for

the accommodation of the planned renewable energy in-

stallations to the electricity grid.

All key actors on the European level were involved in a

process designed to build consensus about the necessary

adaptation of the European Energy framework and poli-

cies, developing concrete recommendations and plan their

implementation. Similar work was done in the six target

countries (Austria, Denmark, Germany, Greece, Ireland and

Spain), leading to improvements of the policies, legislation

and market mechanisms.

The possible positive and negative impacts of the different

energy storage options on the environment were also as-

sessed and the considerations of the relevant actors were

taken into account. Consultation processes, policy debates

and communication activities ensured that the project is

open to all key actors and target groups, with results rep-

resenting the whole energy sector and the society.

RESULTS

1. The environmental performance of energy storage in-

stallations was assessed. Together with all key actors

the stoRE project formulated recommendations for im-

proving the framework conditions.

2. The European regulatory and market framework con-

ditions were assessed with inputs from stakeholders

representing all interested parties, resulting in concrete

recommendations for improvements.

3. The regulatory and market framework conditions in the

target countries of Germany, Spain, Denmark, Greece,

Ireland and Austria were reviewed and action lists were

formulated, based on feedback received from local ac-

tors.

4. The recommendations were promoted among targeted

decision makers, through a meeting with the European

Commission, events in the European Parliament and

over 20 meetings with decision makers in the target

countries.

5. The general understanding on the role energy storage

can play in a sustainable energy future was improved

through our communication campaign that reached over

30,000 interested individuals..

Contract No:

IEE/10/222/SI2.591026

National Technical University of Athens School

of Mechanical Engineering

Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe

Programme of the European Union

11. Fac i l i ta t ing energy s torage to a l low high penetrat ion of in termit tent renewable energy (s toRE)

Rej

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pro

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(MW

)Lo

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W)

Hours of the year

Time (hours)

© National Technical University of Athens

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THE TOP TEN RESEARCH PRIORITIES FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY

At the end of 2013, the European Commis-

sion launched a process involving relevant

stakeholders in the area of energy in order

to come up with the Strategic Energy Tech-

nology Plan (SET-Plan) Integrated Roadmap

(IR). Such a document would focus on the development

of innovative solutions to address the needs of the Eu-

ropean energy system for the forthcoming years. This

strategic document intends not only to provide guidance

to the second Energy Work Programme of Horizon2020,

but it also serves as a basis for national action plans to be

developed between the European Commission and EU

Member States.

Representing leading research centres in renewable ener-

gy, EUREC has been involved in the SET-Plan Integrated

Roadmap process, and, within this context, has drafted a

list of main research priorities to foster the development

of renewable energies in the coming years.

The list of top 10 research priorities for renewable ener-

gies aligns with EUREC’s mission to promote and support

the development of innovative technologies and human

resources to enable a prompt transition to a sustainable

energy system. The list below is not in any particular order.

These ten topics are considered priorities with respect to

all other possible areas of energy research.

• System integration of renewable energy and demon-

stration of innovative control systems at domestic

and district level. Improving network planning with a

multi-network approach, including electricity, and heating

and cooling. An integrated network both at transmission

and distribution levels is essential to account for new

generation technologies based on renewables, innova-

tive power technologies including electricity and thermal

storage and network monitoring/control techniques.

• Improved cost and performance of PV cells, mod-

ules, systems as well as new products for Build-

ing-Integrated PV (BIPV) applications. Advanced PV

technologies and applications need to be developed to

maintain technology competitiveness. Emerging technol-

ogies need to demonstrate their added value in terms

of cost, performance or unique application options and

their viability in terms of manufacturability and stability.

• Cost reduction and improved performance of Con-

centrated Solar Power (CSP) systems. Heliostat field

costs represent about 50% of the total CSP plant cost.

Therefore, a significant cost reduction in the heliostat

field will represent LCOE (Levelised cost of electricity)

cost reduction of 15-20% from CSP systems. Increasing

not only the efficiency in the thermo-dynamical cycle

but also the cost effectiveness of the thermal storage

is a priority

• Testing and validation of low cost wind turbines

and components. Cheaper wind turbines with longer

lifetime will contribute to the increase of the market

penetration of wind energy. LCOE reduction from new

concepts is expected to be at least 10%

• Improved energy storage systems. In all areas: chem-

ical, electrochemical, mechanical or thermal.

• Improved wind and solar modelling and forecasting.

Enhancing wind models and assessing uncertainties of

wind conditions in the atmospheric boundary as well as

in complex terrains, and in extreme atmospheric con-

ditions are essential elements to increase reliability of

wind-based electricity. Also, increasing module electricity

production is a key player to bring down the cost of PV

electricity.

• Testing, validation and cost reduction of innovative

ocean energy devices and components. Ocean energy

is not very far down the cost curve. Testing and validation

in controlled conditions (e.g. wave tanks) allows ocean

energy projects to progress and increases investor con-

fidence when the device eventually goes to sea

• Increase efficiency, reduce emissions and improve

feedstock flexibility of micro, small and large scale

biomass based CHP, as well as enhance sustaina-

ble, innovative and cost-efficient advanced biomass

feedstock supply. Bioenergy use in industrial power

plants and DHC is expected to roughly double by 2020.

It is therefore crucial to secure biomass fuel supply to

the end consumer, to increase efficiency, sustainability,

while reducing dust emissions and costs

• Development of hybrid electric/heating/cooling grid

and storage solutions in order to enable system in-

tegration of increasing amounts of local and remote

renewable sources. Integrated solutions including con-

sumer demand, distributed generation, storage and mar-

ket players to support a secure, stable and responsive

system.

• Development of advanced thermal conversion solu-

tions and 2nd/3rd generation biofuels. Comprehen-

sive actions are needed to foster the development of

advanced biofuels and alternative fuels in this key sector,

to ensure sustainability and to commercialise biofuels

based on lignocellulose and other non-food feedstocks.

THESE TEN TOPICS

ARE CONSIDERED

PRIORITIES WITH

RESPECT TO ALL

OTHER POSSIBLE

AREAS OF ENERGY

RESEARCH

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EUREC Renewable Energy Projects Catalogue82

EUREC MEMBERS

• Aalto University - Department of Applied Physics, Finland

• AEE Institute for Sustainable Energy, Austria

• Austrian Institute of Technology - Energy Department, Austria

• ARMINES/MinesParisTech, France

• Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg - Department of energy and Semiconductor Physics, Germany

• Centro Nacional de Energias Renovables (CENER), Spain

• CIEMAT - Renewable Energies Department, Spain

• CNR - Institute for Advanced Energy Technologies, Italy

• CNRS ICUBE, France

• CNRS Laboratoire PROMES, France

• Centre for Renewable Energy Sources (CRES), Greece

• German Aerospace Centre (DLR), Germany

• Energy Centre of the Netherlands (ECN), The Netherlands

• Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL) - Laboratoire d´Energie Solaire et de Physique du Batiment, Switzerland

• ERIC - Hanzehogeschool Groningen, The Netherlands

• EURAC - European Academy, Italy

• Forschungszentrum Jülich (FZJ), Germany

• Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems (Fraunhofer-ISE), Germany

• Fraunhofer Institute for Wind Energy and Energy Systems Technology (Fraunhofer-IWES), Germany

• Fundacion CIRCE - University of Zaragoza, Spain

• Institut National d´Energie Solaire (CEA-INES), France

• Instituto Superior Técnico de Lisboa, Portugal

• Instituto Tecnológico Energias Renovables (ITER), Spain

• Interuniversity Microelectronics Center (IMEC), Belgium

• Loughborough University - Centre for Renewable Energy Systems Technology, UK

• National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Greece

• NEXT ENERGY, Germany

• OFFIS e.V.- Institute for Information Technology, Germany

• Offshore Renewable Energy Catapult, UK

• PV-Lab Berne University of Applied Sciences, Switzerland

• Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation (ICIA), Romania

• SFFE- Norwegian Centre for Renewable Energy, Norway

• SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, Sweden

• STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, UK

• SUPSI - Istituto Sostenibilità Applicata all’Ambiente Costituito, Switzerland

• Tubitak MAM - Energy Institute, Turkey

• University of Northumbria - Newcastle Photovoltaics Application Centre (NPAC), UK

• Université de Perpignan - UFR des Sciences Exactes et Expérimentales, France

• Università di Pisa - Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Energia, dei Sistemi, del Territorio e delle Costruzioni (DESTEC), Italy

• VTT Energy, Finland

• WIP - Renewable Energies Division, Germany

• Wuppertal Institut for Climate, Environment, Energy, Germany

• ZWS - Centre for Solar Energy and Hydrogen Research, Germany

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Renewable Energy Projects Catalogue

A guide to successful and innovative projects in the area of renewable energy

Ren

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Join EURECDo you want to deepen your knowledge of Horizon 2020 and other EU funding opportunities for research in renewable energy?

Join EUREC and get access to an exclusive network of researchers having a powerful and credible voice in EU research policy.

Please feel free to contact us on [email protected]

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