Renewable Energy Technology2004 Energy Workshop
Andy AdenNational Renewable Energy Laboratory
June 17, 2004
Major NREL ThrustsVehicle Technologies• Hybrid Vehicles• Alternative Fuels
UtilizationBuilding Technologies• Building Efficiency• Zero Energy BuildingsFederal Energy
Management
Basic Energy Science• New Materials• Chemical and
Biological SciencesAnalytical StudiesInternational
WindSolar• Photovoltaics• Solar ThermalBiomass• Biorefineries• BiosciencesGeothermal
Hydrogen• Production• Storage• Delivery and End
Use• Systems IntegrationDistributed Energy• Distribution and
Interconnection• Thermal Systems• Superconductivity
Why Renewable Energy?• Energy Security
– Dramatically reduce dependence on foreign oil• Biomass is the only renewable that directly reduces our dependency
on liquid transportation fuels
• Economics– Trade deficit reduction– Job creation potential, especially in rural areas
• Environment / climate change– Much lower environmental impact– Fuels and power
• Sustainability– Renewable technologies are more sustainable
U.S. Energy Consumption Trend
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1850 1870 1890 1910 1930 1950 1970 1990
Qua
drill
ion
BTU
s
Source: 1850-1949, Energy Perspectives: A Presentation of Major Energy and Energy-Related Data, U.S. Department of the Interior, 1975; 1950-2000, Annual Energy Review 2000, Table 1.3.
Coal
Crude Oil
Natural Gas
Nuclear
Hydro
Non-hydro Renewables
Wood
Changes in Atmospheric ConcentrationCO2, CH4, and N20 – A Thousand Year History
Source: IPCC Third Assessment Report (2001)
Atm
osph
eric
con
cent
ratio
n N
2O (p
bb)
310
290
270
2501000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Atm
osph
eric
con
cent
ratio
n C
O2
(ppm
)
360
340
320
300
280
260
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Atm
osph
eric
con
cent
ratio
n C
H4
(ppb
)
1750
1500
1250
1000
750
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Renewable Share of U.S. Energy Supply(data for 2002)
Coal 23%
Petroleum 39%
Renewable 6%
Natural Gas 24%
Nuclear 8%
Wind 2%
Biomass 46%
Hydroelectric 46%
Geothermal 5%
Solar <1%
Source: AEO 2004 tables (released in December 2003) based on US energy consumption. Overall breakdown Table A1 (Total Energy Supply and Disposition), and Renewable breakdown Table A18 (Renewable Energy, Consumption by Section and Source).
While the growing need for sustainable electric power can be met by other renewables…
The Unique Role of Biomass
Biomass is our only renewable source of carbon-based fuels and chemicals
Sole Supply
SustainableResources
Sunlight
Wind
Ocean/hydro
Geothermal
Nuclear
Minerals
Food
HumanNeeds
EnergyMotors/LightsHeat
Transport.
Materials
Organic
Inorganic
PrimaryIntermediates
Biomass
Electricity
Secondary Intermediates
Hydrogen
Animals
OrganicFuels
Batteries
Choices
Imagining a Sustainable World
The Environment
Water Soil Wildlife habitat/biodiversityAir ClimateNutrient
cyclesAdvanced Technology Scenarios for Production of Fuels and ChemicalsLee Lynd, Dartmouth College, 25th Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels & Chemicals, Breckenridge, CO, May 4-7, 2003
U.S. Renewable Energy Resources
• 6366 MW installed in U.S., 34,000 MW worldwide
• Current levelized electricity cost is 3-5¢/kWh at 15 mph; 2012 goal is 3¢/kWh for land based; 2012 goal is 5¢/kWh for offshore
• Strong European competition
• R&D: improvements in turbine and tower designs, structural dynamics, lower cost GE Wind 1.5 MW turbines installed near
Quay, De Baca County, New Mexico©2003 GE Wind Energy All Rights Reserved
1293
2
Wind Energy
U.S. Wind Power Capacity
• About 350 MW installed in U.S.; 40% off grid
• 742 MW sales in 2003; ~33% per year growth
• Current cost is 24–30¢/kWh, 2010 goal is 12–14¢/kWh, 2020 goal is 6–8¢/kWh
• Strong competition, government support from Japan and Germany
• R&D: device efficiency, crystalline and thin film technologies, manufacturing process development, lower cost
Sacramento Municipal Utility District
0102
6
Solar Photovoltaics
• Electricity: parabolic troughs, power towers, dish/Sterling systems
• Current levelized electricity cost is 10¢/kWh; 2010 goal is 6¢/kWh
• 350 MW capacity in U.S. (trough) with new 50 MW solar-only trough plant currently planned for Nevada
• R&D: improve efficiency, increased annual capacity factor using thermal storage, lower capital cost
1107
0
Concentrating Solar Power
Solar power facility located near Kramer Junction, CA
Electricity from Biomass
• Existing Industry (~9,000 MW in U.S.)– Direct combustion, residues, ~20%
eff.
• Near Term– Co-firing with coal, ~35% eff.– Several successful demonstrations– SOx and some NOx reductions– Encourages feedstock
supply/infrastructure
Chariton ValleyChariton ValleySwitchgrass FieldSwitchgrass Field
Alliant Ottumwa Generating Station,Chillicothe, Iowa
700 MW PC
Electricity from Biomass (cont.)• Mid Term
– Modular Systems (village power)– Micro turbines, Stirling engines– Simple to operate in remote
locations
• Long Term– Integrated Gasification Combined
Cycle, ~40+% eff.– 2012 goal is syngas at $5.28/GJ– Advanced gas turbines, fuel cells– Demonstrations in U.S. and Europe
Fuels from Biomass
Existing and emerging technology supports targets of a renewable fuel standard
Advanced technology provides the leap to substantial oil displacement
Government role in high risk R&D
Industry role is to commercialize
Grain
Cellulose
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025
Year
Eth
an
ol
(Bil
lio
ns
of
gal/
yr)
EXISTING
AdvancedCornMills
EMERGING
SugarPlatform-New Enzymes-Pretreatment-Fermentation
ADVANCED
FundamentalAdvances inLignocelluloseProcessingand fermentation
Renewable Fuel Standard5 bgy in 2012
The New Industrial Biorefinery
ConversionConversionProcessesProcesses
– Trees – Grasses– Agricultural Crops– Agricultural Residues– Animal Wastes– Municipal Solid Waste
USESUSESFuels:– Ethanol– Renewable Diesel
Power:– Electricity– Heat
Chemicals– Plastics– Solvents– Chemical Intermediates– Phenolics– Adhesives– Furfural– Fatty acids– Acetic Acid– Carbon black– Paints– Dyes, Pigments, and Ink– Detergents– Etc.
Food and Feed
- Enzymatic Fermentation- Gas/liquid Fermentation- Acid Hydrolysis/Fermentation- Gasification- Combustion- Co-firing
BiomassBiomassFeedstockFeedstock
Cargill Dow Dedicates PLA Refinery April 2002
NREL / DOE- Industry PartnershipsExample: DuPont’s Integrated Biorefinery
• Chemical co-products lower cost of fuel EtOH
• Advanced collaborative R&D (CRADA)
IntegratedCorn
Biorefinery(ICBR)
corn
corn stoverpower
bioethanol
chemicals SoronaSorona®®
building block
for Sorona®
polyester
Things to Remember
• Minnesota is a leader in renewable energy implementation– Ethanol and biodiesel fuels– Solar and wind power
• Renewable resources are plentiful• Renewable energy technology is technically feasible today and
in some cases cost competitive• Continued rapid growth anticipated over the next decade• Cost and technology barriers are being overcome through R&D• Industry participation is vital for continued commercialization
For Additional Information…
Email: [email protected]
Web: http://www.nrel.govhttp://www.eere.energy.gov