Renewable Energy Utilization in TurkeyRenewable Energy Utilization in Turkey
Namık K ArasNamık K ArasTurkish Academy of SciencesTurkish Academy of Sciences
Bahçeşehir UniversityBahçeşehir UniversityTurkeyTurkey
Renewable Energy in Turkey
*Turkey has abundant reserves of renewable energy, such as solar, wind and geothermal. The benefits of exploiting these sources would be enormous:
*By relying completely on indigenous resources,
renewable sources reduce reliance on imported fuels and enhance Turkey's energy security,
*The environmental impact of renewable technologies is far less than that of nuclear and fossil fuel power plants. There are no emissions of greenhouse gases or toxic wastes,
Renewable Energy in Turkey
*The cost of electricity from some renewable energy sources is already competitive with many conventional technologies, and is dropping rapidly;
*Renewable technologies have no fuel costs and are virtually inexhaustible.
Solar Energy
*Turkey receives sunlight equivalent to 11000 times the amount of electricity generated in Turkey in 1996.
*Both photovoltaic and solar-thermal systems could be used to great effect. Use of solar thermal is already widespread. In 1995 it was calculated that solar thermal generated 52,000 tones-of-oil-equivalent of heat.
*This could increase six-fold in the next 15 years.
Wind Energy
*Wind energy is already in use in many parts of the world at a price competitive with conventional technologies.
*The latest technologies can produce electricity at 4.4c/kWh, comparable to many conventional sources.
*In Turkey, wind energy has great potential. Figures show that Turkey theoretically has 160 TerraWatt hours a year of wind potential, which is equivalent to twice the country's electricity production 1996.
Bozcaada Windfarm (10.2 MW)
Bozcaada Windfarm (10.2 MW)
Çeşma Alaçatı Windfarm (7.2 MW)
Geothermal
*Turkey has one eighth of the world's geothermal potential and is ranked 7th in the world.
*The cost of electricity generated from geothermal reserves is between 3-10c/kWh, which is competitive with conventional systems.
*Turkey has already recognized the potential of geothermal and in 1972 began to implement a program of construction which would have seen nearly 710 Megawatts installed by now. Unfortunately, the program was not fully implemented and this rich resource remains unexploited.
World Bank Supports Renewable Energy in Turkey
*The World Bank on March 25 approved a $202.03 million Renewable Energy Loan (REL) for Turkey.
*A press release said the main objective is to increase privately owned and operated power generation from renewable sources such as water and wind.
European Union energy mix in 1999(EUROSTAT 2001)
22,0%
6,0%15,0%
41,0%
16,0%Solid FuelOilNatural GasNuclearRES
EU-15
Primary Energy Production of RES in 1999(EUROSTAT 2002)
1,4%3,6%
0,4%31,0%
63,6%
Biomass &Wastewind
Geothermal
Hydro
Solar
EU-15
White paper on Energy PolicyWhite paper on Energy Policy 2/2 2/2(The renewable content)(The renewable content)
Invites National and Community authorities to adopt policies mobilizing significant resources for RES
Foresees specific programes or subsidies least harmful to competition
Acknowledges that RES constitute in the long term the main sustainable energy source and calls for a strategy on RES development
White Paper on Renewable EnergiesCOM(97)599, 26.11.97
•Sets out Community Strategy and an Action Plan to double the share of Renewable energy from 6 to 12 % in Gross Inland Production by 2010 • Establishes Sub-targets in the various sectors.
• Preserves flexibility in view of Community enlargement.
• Instigates a tri-annual review procedure.
Europe-30: (in mtoe) Consumption Production
0
250
500
750
1000
1250
1500
1750
1990 2000 2010 2020 2030
Industry
Transport
Households,services
The Basic Facts About EnergyEnergy self sufficiency is impossible to achieve
An energy-intensive economy:consumption + 1 to 2%/ year
0
850
1990 2000 2010 2020 2030
Oil
Natural gas
Solid fuels
RenewablesNuclear
Tomorrow’s priorities:A. Curbing the growth in demand by:
Completing the internal market
Review of energy taxation
Energy saving and diversification plans
Dissemination of new technologies
Tomorrow’s priorities:B. Managing the dependence on supply by:
• Development of less polluting energy sources
• Maintaining access to resources
• Ensuring external supplies
New and renewable forms of energy are the first options for action in relation to security of supply, the environment and rural populations
• Renewables offer a potential to be exploited
• EU target: 12% of total energy consumption in 2010
• They have differing growth prospects
• Their takeoff assumes that financial or tax incentives will be provided
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
1990 2000 2010 2020 2030
production
Europe-30: renewables (reference scenario in mtoe)
New and renewable energy sources: a political priority
Targets and Associated instrumentsDevelopment of less polluting energy sources
mobilising support for renewablesRenewable do not have the same development facilities that other sectors had.
Aid for RES is justified on the grounds that conventional energies do not contribute much towards the external cost they entail.
RES could be financed by temporary levies on a share of the profits of other conventional oprerators in the energy sector
Target : 12% of energy consumption in 2010
Draft DirectivesDraft Directives
•Directive on the promotion of electricity from renewable energy sources in the internal electricity market
•Directive on Combined Heat and Power (CHP)Target: doubling the share of CHP from 9% (1994) to 18% (2010) Special provision for renewables.
•Directive on Liquid Biofuels mandate for a minimum use of biofuels and their de-taxation
1. National Targets for electricity from renewable energy sources (‘RES-E’) Member States are obliged to establish national targets for future consumption of RES-E. The Directive gives in its Annex indications for these national targets.
If the targets are met, consumption of electricity from renewable energy sources will rise from 14 % in 1997 to 22% by 2010
The Commission will monitor progress made by Member States towards achieving their national targets
The Directive on the promotion of electricity from renewable energy sources
Damage Cost Estimates for Energy Fuel Cycles (UK Specific Results)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Coal Oil Gas Nuclear Wind Biomass
Global warmingNoiseMaterialsCropsOccup. HealthPublic health
€ ce
nt
Source DG Research
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 '0
HY
GE
RES power plants Production cost
BM WE
€ ce
nt/k
Wh
Gas
Coal
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 '0
HY
GE
Gas vs RES power plants Production cost
BM WE
Gas
Gas + Ext. cost
BM+Ext cost
WE+ Ext. cost
€ ce
nt/k
Wh
(Combined cycle Gas Turbines)
CountryTotal Inland
Consumption %
Total Electricity
Generation %
B 1,2 1,4
DE 2,6 5,4
DK 9,2 11,7
GR 5,5 10,0
E 5,2 12,8
FR 7,0 12,9
IRL 1,8 5,2
I 7,8 16,9
L 1,3 2,5
NL 2,1 3,4
A 23,4 68,1
P 11,1 19,8
FIN 22,2 26,3
S 26,7 46,2
UK 1,1 2,7
EU-15 5,9 14,0
RES Contribution in 1999RES Contribution in 1999(EUROSTAT 2002)(EUROSTAT 2002)
Hydroelectric potential in Turkey in percent (2001)
34
9
57
Installed up to2001
under construction
projected
Hydroelectric dams in Turkey(2001)
125
36385
Installed up to2001
under construction
projected
Hydroelectric Total power, MW
11600
354020100
Installed up to2001
under construction
projected
Hydroelectric power production, GWh/year
42200
1150071600
Installed up to2001
under construction
projected
Percent hydro electrical energy production (1999)
29,7
14,7
13Turkey
OECD
EU
Type GWh % GWh %Thermal 26400 75,83 23400 63,32Hydro 8400 24,11 13600 36,64Wind 20,2 0,06 16,5 0,040Total 34820 100,00 37017 100,00
2003 2004
Gross electricity production in Turkey during the first three months of 2003-2004
Gross electricity production during the first three monts of 2004
36,64
0,046,0711,35,52
38,85
1,45
water
wind
coal
lignite
fuel oil
natural gas
others
Percent other type of electrical energy production (1999)
0,1
0,60,8
Turkey
OECD
EU
Potential economical renewabla energy sources in Turkey (MW)
Hydro
Geothermal
Solar
Wind
Percent thermal electrical energy production (1999)
70,2
61,1
51,8Turkey
OECD
EU
Electricity Production in percent according to their source in Turkey as of 2003
48,4
0,118,7
4,2
28,7Total hydro
geothermal
natural gas
petrolium
coal+lignite
Percent nuclear electrical production (1999)
0
23,7
34,4
Turkey
OECD
EU
Energy consumption per capita in Turkey
1985
1990
1995
2000
1990 1995 1996 1997 1998
year
kWh Series1
Conclusions (1/3)
Development of RES should become a political
priority for Turkey
The Turkey’s strategy for RES will be successful
provided political impetus is seconded by adequate
and timely legal and financial initiatives
Conclusions (2/3)
To attain this ambitious targets, apart from public
financing, private investment in RES will be
crucial in the coming years
Conclusions (3/3)
Total Primary Energy Reserves of Turkey (2002)
Primary Energy Source Total Reserve
Coal (106 tonnes) 1,126
Lignite (106 tonnes) 8,075
Hydro (GWh) 125,000
Petrolum (106 tonnes) 41.8
Natural Gas (109 m3) 8.7
Energy Production and Consumption of Turkey (2002)
Primary Energy Source
Production Consumption
Coal (103 tonnes) 2,357 11,039
Lignite (103 tonnes) 63,445 64,883
Petrolum (103 tonnes) 312 16,339
Natural Gas (106 m3) 2,551 29,661
Hydro (GWh) 24,010 24,010
Wind &Geothermal 618 618
Biomass (wood) 16,263 16,263
Biomass (other) 5,790 5,790
TOTAL (Million TOE) 27.4 70.2
