Rep Patternbook

a pat t e r n b o o k f or

Details and techniques for building andrenovating Gulf Coast houses

m i s s i s s i p p i r e n e wa l f o r u m

gulf coast neighborhoods

To the Residents of the Gulf Coast:

As a result of the leadership of the Governor's Commission on Recovery,Rebuilding and Renewal and the efforts of many talented professionals, APattern Book for Gulf Coast Neighborhoods is now available. This valu-able tool marks a new beginning in the rebuilding efforts of our residentsand businesses throughout the Gulf Coast region. While many of our mostloved places have disappeared, we are compelled to rebuild the Coast in atime- honored way. To ensure that this effort is properly performed, I urgebuilders to use this pattern book in their efforts. It will not only result inbeautiful buildings, but also strong and well- protected homes and busi-nesses.

A Pattern Book for Gulf Coast Neighborhoods follows the tradition ofAmerican town building by providing practical tools and resources for smallbuilders, homeowners and suppliers. In an effort to conserve and restorethe sense of place that is specific to each locality, this book provides a kindof DNA code for our communities and our inherited architecture. Patternbooks have been in use since ancient Roman times, and the British broughtthe idea to the American colonies, where pattern books remained a com-mon town-building tool through the first half of the 20th Century. With-in this pattern book is a resource that offers general direction for charac-ter retention that should be used in both renovation, as well as newconstruction opportunities.

I wish to thank and acknowledge the many agencies and participantswho contributed in the preparation of this document. So many people haverisen to the challenge of Hurricane Katrina's impact, and I am proud tohave their help in our time of need. Marsha and I look forward to peoplerebuilding our remarkable neighborhoods and communities and hope thispattern book will help bring back some of the best of what we lost.

Sincerely,

Haley BarbourGovernor

Governors Commissionon Recovery, Rebuilding,and RenewalChairman

Jim Barksdale

Vice Chairmen

Derrick Johnson

Ricky Matthews

Jerry St. Pe

Joe Sanderson

Anthony Topazi

Outside Counsel

William Winter

Commission Staff

Henry Barbour - Executive Director

Brian Sanderson - General Counsel

Emily Fair - Staff Assistant

a p a t t e r n b o o k f o r g u l f c o a s t n e i g h b o r h o o d s

Urban Design Associates707 Grant Street, 31st FloorThe Gulf TowerPittsburgh, PA 15219

www.urbandesignassociates.com

urban design associates, 2005Drawings in the Gulf Coast Pattern Book are forillustrative purposes only and not to be used forconstruction purposes. A professional architect orengineer should be consulted for any residentialreconstruction.

Special thanks to all the CNU contributors well asJohn Norquist and his staff for a terrific job organ-izing the design teams. To Andres Duany and thegreat folks at DPZ for their tireless support andwork to bring everyone together to find optionsfor rebuilding in ways that enhance traditionalurbanism in the Gulf Coast.

ao v e r v i e w

1

Mississippis Gulf Coast has a rich archi-tectural heritage that has created a col-lection of neighborhoods remarkable fortheir diversity and unique regional char-acter. While the architecture of the hous-es varies from town to town, a commonarchitectural language was shared by theregion's traditional builders which hasresulted in the unique character and qual-ity of neighborhood streets, public spacesand parks, and downtown streets. As wewalk along these streets today, or remem-ber doing so in places that are now gone,it is the graceful porches, the ornamenton top of a porch column, the grandeurof tall narrow windows, and the graceful-ness of a cornice detail that tell us wherewe are and who we are.

The devastation wrought by hurricanesin the region destroyed many of thebuildings which created these streets,

Purpose of the Gulf Coast Pattern Book

Overview of the Gulf Coast Pattern Book

neighborhoods, and towns. With theurgent need to rebuild, it is essential tofind the most efficient and cost effectivemeans for providing housing and makingit possible to resume activities. However,there is also a danger that the essentialqualities of these places will be lost. Theuse of mass production, standardizedplans, modular units, and the need forspeed, could result in generic buildingsthat seem the same as anywhere else.

It is also imperative to make sure thenew houses are as well prepared as possi-ble to withstand future storms. FEMA isintroducing new regulations which willresult in further changes in the way inwhich houses are built.

The Mississippi Renewal Forum hasdeveloped concepts for rebuilding townsand cities in new ways but as traditionalurban environments. That work address-

This Pattern Book is organized in foursections: The Overview, NeighborhoodPatterns, Architectural Patterns, and Land-scape Patterns. Each section is designed toprovide key information to help informdesign and site planning decisions abouta planned renovation or new house con-struction.

The Neighborhood Patterns sectionopens with a series of illustrations thatdescribe the way in which individualhouses create a Gulf Coast neighborhoodstreet. Illustrations include different typesof streets including small scale neighbor-hood streets, larger scale streets, and com-mercial streets. It then provides a descrip-tion of the various Gulf Coast

neighborhoods and relates them to theTransect Zones in the SmartCode whichserved as the basis of the conceptual plansthat developed in the Forum. Each zonehas an appropriate range of building typesand street cross sections. And finally,building types will need to respond toFEMA regulations that control the min-imum floor elevation of buildings. Inaddition to determining the range ofappropriate house types, this will requireparticular care in placing the house on thesite and designing elements such as stairs,porches, and other elements that relatethe house to the street.

The Architectural Patterns section pres-ents guidelines for building or renovating

Architectural Patterns

es the larger scale issues of new urbanpatterns, building relationships and towncharacter. It also has produced somebeautiful, large scale building proposalsfor waterfronts and downtowns.

A Pattern Book for Gulf Coast Neighbor-hoods provides patterns for traditionalhouses and small commercial buildings asa resource for individual owners, localbuilders, architects and communities asthey rebuild houses, businesses andneighborhoods. Whether repairing adamaged house, erecting a pre-manufac-tured house, or building with conven-tional means and methods, readers willbe able to find appropriate patterns tohelp guide the process of designing andbuilding houses consistent with traditionsof the Gulf Coast. Mississippi architectsare a great resource to help residents andbusiness owners design appropriate build-ings for their towns.

s e c t i o n

o v e r v i e w 1

Purpose and Overview ofthe Gulf Coast Pattern Book 1

How To Use the Pattern Book forGulf Coast Neighborhoods 2

s e c t i o n

n e i g h b o r h o o d p a t t e r n s 4

Neighborhood Patterns 6

Building a New TraditionalCommunity 8

Neighborhood Character 10

s e c t i o n

a r c h i t e c t u r a l p a t t e r n s 12

Gulf Coast Building Types 13

Kit of Parts Strategies to MeetFEMA Requirements 14

Building a Gulf Coast House 18

Gulf Coast Architectural Styles 20

Gulf Coast Acadian-Creole 22

Gulf Coast Victorian 28

Gulf Coast Classical 34

Gulf Coast Arts & Crafts 40

Gulf Coast Mixed-Use 46

Ancillary Structures andGarages 52

s e c t i o n

l a n d s c a p e p a t t e r n s 54

Landscape Elements 55

s e c t i o n

a p p e n d i x 58

House Types 58

Material Manufacturers 68

Resources 68

Glossary of Terms 69

b a c k c o v e r

A Pattern Book HistoryNeighborhood Patterns

A

B

C

D

E

Landscape Patterns

traditional Gulf Coast houses and smallcommercial buildings within a specificarchitectural vocabulary. Four primaryarchitectural traditions found throughoutthe Gulf Coast neighborhoods are illus-trated with key details, materials andshapes to help owners determine theappropriate design elements for theirhouse or building.

The Landscape Patterns section illus-trates specific examples of fencing, walls,paving, and garden types found in GulfCoast neighborhoods.

An Appendix, illustrating a variety ofregional house plans and elevations pre-pared by architects as well as a listing ofmaterial resources, reference materialsand a glossary, is also included.

a 2


How To Use The Pattern Book For Gulf Coast NeighborhoodsStep 1: Identify NeighborhoodType and CharacterThe Neighborhood Patterns section pro-vides an overview of the unique charac-teristics of each type of traditional neigh-borhood street and keys them to thetransect zone which identifies the rangeof appropriate building types, as well asarchitectural character.

Step 2: Identify Appropriate HouseTypesThe rebuilding effort will identify areasfor different building and lot types, rang-ing from small cottages to large and com-plex mixed use buildings. Review thepotential building types for the site andestablish the minimum required floor ele-vation above grade level for your floodzone. The diagrams on pages C14 - C17illustrate strategies to achieve variousminimum floor elevations for commonbuilding types.

Step 3: Identify Appropriate Architectural Character Four primary architectural styles found inGulf Coast are documented in the Pat-tern Book: Acadian-Creole, Classical,Arts & Crafts, and Victorian. An addi-tional Mixed-Use Building types isdescribed as well. These sections followthe structure outlined below:

HISTORY & CHARACTER

The first page of every architectural stylesection begins with a brief description ofthe style and its history. Photos of rele-vant examples of the style in Gulf Coasthave been documented and are shownalong with the essential qualities of eachstyle. A partial elevation drawing andmeasured cross section relay the criticalvertical dimensions and elements of thefacade.

Architectural details are illustrated with typical dimensions and locationsA Gulf Coast neighborhood corner lot

Assembling the elements of a Gulf Coast house

MASSING & COMPOSITION

This page describes the basic massingtypes or shapes of houses found in theGulf Coast precedents for each architec-tural style. Each massing type is shownas a three-dimensional image with a cor-responding elevation diagram showingpotential additions. The layout of roomsshould be designed to fit into the mass-ing types found within the particularstyle.The roof types are part of this over-all massing description.

WINDOWS & DOORS

The window and door spacing is relatedto both the shape and the style of thehouse. Typical window and door compo-sitions are illustrated as part of the mass-ing illustrations for each style. Typicalwindow and door proportions, trimdetails and special window or door ele-ments are illustrated on a separate pagewithin each section.

PORCHES & CHIMNEYS

Porches are essential elements of thecharacter of many Gulf Coast neighbor-hoods. The location and design elementsof porches are covered on this page. Themassing of the front porch is specific toeach house type and distinct within a par-ticular style.

Chimneys are a key element in thecomposition of the elevation for some ofthe styles. Massing and details such aschimney caps are outlined on this page.

MATERIALS & APPLICATIONS

This page of each style section in theArchitectural Patterns includes a list ofacceptable materials and their applica-tion. Also included on this page are hand-drawn elevation possibilities composedusing elements described in the PatternBook to illustrate the end result achievedif one follows the guidelines of the Pat-tern Book.

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3

GALLERY OF EXAMPLES

This last page of each style section con-tains both a collection of photos of GulfCoast houses in that style as well as detailphotos of porches, doors and windows.

Step 6: Reviewthe Material ManufacturersList in the AppendixAn abbreviated list of material manufac-turers for items such as doors, windows,columns, and moldings is provided here.When keyed to the appropriate architec-tural style, the list can serve as a referenceor resource when searching for the appro-priate building supplies from localsources.

Step 7: Review the Resources Listin the AppendixFor those interested in learning moreabout the Gulf Coasts residential archi-tecture, architectural styles in general, theGulf Coasts history, or other availableresources, this list provides a handy ref-erence.

Identifying or selecting a window

Character sketch of a traditional Gulf Coast house

Material options example

Massing and composition diagrams

Style examples

Eave details

c

a r c h i t e c t u r a l p a t t e r n s : g u l f c o a s t v i c t o r i a n

29c 28


Boxed eave Sloped

68

12

1 - 6 to 2'-0"

8"Boxed eave return

6"12

"16

"

12812

1to 1'-6"

212

Individual double-hung windows are themost common type. Front doors are gen-erally located in the corner of narrowhouses and at the center of wide houses.Paired or bay windows are often used inthe forward gable of the gable L massingtypes. Bay windows may be one or twostories tall.

RoofThe roof pitch on most Victorianhouses varies from 6 to 14 in 12. Slate,shingles and metal are appropriate roof-ing materials.

EavesTwo eave types define the Gulf coast Vic-torian, one is more formal than the other:

Boxed eaves, with frieze, are the moreformal option, with or withoutbrackets that are either horizontal orvertical in proportion. Eaves have a12- to 16-inch frieze board eithertouching or at least 8 inches above the

Massing

RAISED COTTAGE

Rectangular volume with a roof pitchranging from 5 to 7 in 12 for the mainbody. Roofs are either hipped or gableend. Porches are typically inset within theroof form or added on the front as a fullfront porch. Sometimes the porch is ahipped added to a Gable roof over theMain Body.

CREOLE COTTAGE

This massing typically accommodates aone-story continuous porch with a shedor hipped roof running the full length ofthe front facade.This is a side gable housefacing the street. Roof pitches are typi-cally 10 in 12.GABLE L

Square volume with hipped roof fromwhich a front-facing gabled wingextends. Roof pitches range from 8 in 12to 12 in 12. Front porches extend the fullwidth of the front facade or occasionallyare one and two-bay, hipped porches at

and tie into the gable LBROAD FRONT

Side-gable rectangular volume with roofpitches ranging from 6 in 12 to 10 in 12.One-story shed porches are often placedsymmetrically on the front facade. One-story side wings often occur. This mass-ing also accommodates a two-story con-tinuous porch with a shed or hipped roof.

CombinationsComplex forms and larger living spacesmay be created by combining side wingsand/or rear wings with the main body.Gabled or arched dormers may be addedto introduce light into half-story and atticspaces. The architectural character of theattached parts should match that of themain body.

Facade CompositionVictorian facade composition is charac-terized by a symmetrical and balancedplacement of doors and windows.

window head trim. Eave returnsshould have metal flashing back to thewall at a maximum slope of 2 in 12.

Boxed eave with sloped soffit, oftenhipped, at gables. The rake features anoverhang with simple decorativevergeboard.

Wall Section & Eave DetailsThe first floor of the Victorian house istypically set three feet above the finishedgrade. For one-story houses, the floor-to-ceiling height should be 9 to 10 feet. Fortwo-story houses, the minimum floor-to-ceiling height is 9 feet for the first floorand 8 feet for the second floor.

Window head heights should be 8 feetabove the floor for first floor windowsand 7 feet for second floor windows.

These houses have 8-inch-wide skirtboards. Foundation vents are centeredunder windows when used.

MASSING DIAGRAMS

Massing & Composition

MASSING COMBINATIONS

Creole CottageRaised Cottage Gable L - 1 and 2 story

gulf coast victorian

Essential Elements ofthe Gulf Coast Victorian Style

Prominent porch elements

Cut wood ornament, often withnatural forms such as leaves and vinesor turned decorative millwork

Wood clapboard siding

Vertically proportioned windowsand doors

Partial elevation and wall section

The Victorian style builds on the Carpenter Gothic cottages abundant inearly rail-served coastal resorts. Pattern Books published by Andrew Jack-son Downing and others were the source for many of these early housedesigns. These books made it easier for the builders of early resorts, coun-try estates and even modest dwellings to adopt the style. Although exoticVictorian houses incorporating Eastlake, Queen Anne and Italianate detailsgrew in popularity, folk-based Victorian houses flourished in this region.

The Gulf Coast Victorian style is based on the simple, elegant formsadapted to small houses. The massing forms are simple, while ornamentis typically restrained and limited to the porch and the buildings cornice.

Broad Front

3/5 2/5

24'32'

2/5 3/5

34'42'

1/3 1/3 1/3

22'28'

24'32'

1/3 1/31/3

FACADE COMPOSITION DIAGRAMS

TYPICAL EAVE DETAILS

8'-0

" ty

pic

al

10'-0

" ty

pic

al

4'-0

" ty

p.

b 4

a pattern book for gulf coast neighborhoods

neighborhood patternsThe Gulf Coast has a remarkable collection of distinct and unique places,each with its own individual identity and inherited traditions. The diver-sity of this regional character is a result of many factors including the richmix of cultures, the sub-tropical environment, and the migration of peo-ple from many parts of the world. Since the earliest settlements of theFrench, Spanish, and English colonists, this mix of traditions has been evi-dent in food, music, literature, and language as well as architectural andurban patterns. The legacy of this complex history is found in the charac-ter of the architecture and urbanism throughout the region, whether insmall rural hamlets, towns, or cities.

Within the diverse range of settlements, there are common elementsthat have emerged over time to create this fabric of Gulf Coast neighbor-hoods and places.

The Transect, which describes the hierarchy of scale and location with-in the region, helps us understand the fundamental qualities of the differ-ent settlement patterns. They include rural landscapes with farmsteads orcoastal homesteads, small hamlets and villages, collective settlementsaround historic trading towns and government centers up to the largerurban centers. These areas are defined in The SmartCode, a tool used toguide planning and development policies based on the quality and char-acter of the type of place. When rebuilding in your own neighborhood, itis helpful to understand the underlying patterns, the way houses and build-ings are located on property, the size and character of streets, the preser-vation of agricultural or coastal land, the landscape and the architecture.

An example of a raised cottage in the Victorian style

Photo of typical streetscaping in a Mississippi town

BiloxiGulfport

Long Beach

PassChristian

Waveland

Bay St.Louis

DIberville

OceanSprings

Gautier

Pascagoula

MossPoint

bn e i g h b o r h o o d p a t t e r n s

5

Photo of typical cottage in Bay St.Louis

Typical L-shape massing in the Victorian style

Historic postcard of Beach Boulevard in Waveland, MS

View of large home in rural setting

View of Howard Avenue in Biloxi

View of typical main street in Natchez

Plan of Waveland, Mississippi Plan of Bay St.Louis, Mississippi Plan of Biloxi, Mississippi

Settlement CharacterNeighborhoods and buildings have verydifferent character traits that create thedistinct sense of place. The SmartCodehas defined a series of zones that includethe most rural T1 to T2 to typicalneighborhoods in towns and villages T3

to T4 and urban centers that have moreof a mix of uses with a variety of buildingsizes and densities. These zones includetraditional Main streets and areas withspecial uses T5 and SD.

Transect Zone T3: Transect Zone T4: Transect Zone T5:

Note: All requirements in thistable are subject to adjustmentfor local context.

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Neighborhood Patterns

Neighborhoods in the CityThe Gulf Coasts wonderful neighbor-hoods including vacation homes inWaveland and residential neighborhoodsin Biloxi and Ocean Springs, provide awide variety of architectural styles, housetypes and sizes. Yet despite the differ-ences, these neighborhoods share a fun-damental physical structure.

Streets & BlocksThe physical structure of a neighborhoodis defined by its network of public streets,(occasionally with alleys), residentialdevelopment blocks and park spaces.Thestreet pattern can vary from a small-scalegrid of streets focused on a park green tocurving streets to a series of cul-de-sacsdepending on the neighborhoods era ofdevelopment.

Houses on LotsHouses are built along a relatively con-sistent front yard setback line. Setbacksvary slightly to provide visual relief andto allow for porches, existing trees andother landscape elements to remain. Firstfloors and porches tend to sit two to threefeet above finished grade. Ancillary struc-tures, such as garages and sheds, areattached to the house or are located at therear of the lot.

Building SetbacksEach residential development block (yel-low) is lotted into individual house lotswith a typical front yard zone (lightgreen) which is the public face of thehouse.These lots can vary in size and canaccommodate single or multi-family lots.The building setback is the distancefrom the front property line to the face ofthe house. Neighborhoods usually have acommon setback for the houses thatvaries depending on the era of the neigh-borhood.


7

The Individual HouseThe last component of a neighborhoodis the individual house. The house pro-vides the greatest opportunity for varietythrough the use of architectural styles,massing forms, color palette and the var-ied possibilities of landscaping selections.

Public Street LandscapePublic street landscape, such as grassverges (lawns) and street trees, provideboth a visual edge as well as a bufferbetween the street and the front lawn. Inthe older neighborhoods, the trees havegrown quite large and beautiful creatinga canopy of green as one walks down thestreet.

Neighborhood CharacterEach neighborhood derives its uniquecharacter from the composition and jux-taposition of these individual elements streets, blocks, houses, parks, and publicand private landscape elements whichtogether form the residential fabricof the Gulf Coast.

Private Front Yard LandscapeThe individual personality of the home-owner is displayed through the varyingtreatments that front and back yardsreceive. Landscaping patterns can rangefrom the formal to the informal, andbrick edging, brick walks and well-trimmed hedges are as common as natu-ralistic gardens of low groundcover,medium height shrubs and indigenousornamental trees.

b 8


Building a New Traditional Community

Surface Parking CommercialMain Street

Mixed use buildingswith structured parking

BeachBoulevard

Bay

Mixed- UseMain Street

Residential Street

3-5 storyMixed-Usebuildings

3-5 storyMixed-Usebuildings

TownhousesSingle Family 2-3 storyMixed-Usebuildings

Single Family

Beach-front-Promenade

Potential transect section of transition from gulf front to residential neighborhoods

Each of the communities of the Missis-sippi Gulf Coast is unique, and each hasits own special sense of place, which mustbe recognized, sustained, and nurtured asthose communities recover and rebuild inthe aftermath of Hurricane Katrina. Eachcommunity has its own history, its ownpatterns of settlement and growth, itsown history and cultural heritage, and itsown distinctive architectural characterwhich reflects that history and culturalheritage.

In the effort to retain each communi-ty's individuality and sense of place, thepreservation of historic buildings is ofutmost importance. Historic buildings arevisible ties to the community's past --tangible links with the lifetimes and con-tributions of earlier generations -- help-ing to provide a sense of continuity in theongoing process of shaping the history ofa place and its people. Historic buildingsalso help to establish the uniqueness andindividuality of the community, for onlythat particular community has those par-ticular buildings with their particularcharacter and appearance. To a largeextent, a place retains its identity becauseit has a degree of visual continuity overthe years. The buildings of a communi-ty provide much of that visual continuity.They help to form its picture in ourminds, and make it recognizable to us.

But many of the older buildings of theGulf Coast, which helped to impart thatdistinctive character and sense of place,have been destroyed, and many othershave been irreparably damaged. In someplaces whole neighborhoods have beendevastated, and some areas of the Coasthave been completely destroyed. How dothese communities go about rebuilding ina manner that will enable them to retaintheir individuality and distinctiveness? Inthose areas, there will be a need to con-struct new buildings that are designed ina manner that is sympathetic to the dis-tinctive architectural character of thecommunity.

Although each community of the Mis-sissippi Gulf Coast has a unique historyand its own distinctive appearance, thereare certain patterns of settlement andarchitecture that are widely shared. Build-ing and designing in a manner that isconsistent with and sympathetic to thesepatterns can produce neighborhoods andcommunities that "belong" to the Mis-sissippi Gulf Coast.

Richard J. Cawthon,Chief Architectural Historian,Mississippi Department of Archives andHistory


9

Above drawings provided by Milton W. Grenfell, Michael Imber, Marianne Cusato, and Eric Moser

As each house and shop is rebuilt orrenovated, homeowners and builders havean opportunity to create the sense of con-tinuity and unique quality of Gulf Coastplaces. It is all too easy to build genericbuildings that could be anywhere. Thesame is true for windows, porches, doorsand materials. A Pattern Book for GulfCoast Neighborhoods is intended to pro-vide a resource for building in tradition-

al ways. It offers patterns that buildersonce knew very well. These vocabulariesare still alive. It is still possible to buywindows, doors, trim boards and porchcolumns much like the ones used in tra-ditional houses, new and improved with-out losing their character and quality.Each house, shop, and building must bethought about as part of the larger neigh-borhood. Porches pulled up close to the

street, front gardens that are kept for thebenefit of neighbors walking down thestreet - all of these rituals and acts ofbuilding community, reinforce our ties tothe region, history and a sense of thefuture.

The most important aspect of each ofthe building types illustrated is the wayin which they contribute to the publicrealm. Individual houses line the streets

of neighborhoods and offer a front porchand front lawn as a gift to the street. Thelarge scale buildings provide openfacades, arcades, and loggias to add scaleand character to streets and public spaces.Even in V-zones, the articulation of thebases of large buildings must provide thisscale and character to create humane andinviting urban environments

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Elements of Medium ScaleNeighborhood street

Mixed -use but primarilyresidential

Wide range of building types

Varying setbacks

Medium size blocks

Neighborhood Character

20' 5' 5'6'28'6' 15'

StreetFront YardSidewalk

Verge VergeSidewalk

Front Yard

Elements of Small ScaleNeighborhood street

Low density suburban residentialareas

Naturalistic planting

Deep setbacks

Large blocks

Irregular roads to accommodatenatural conditions

varies varies20'

StreetFront Yard Front Yard

T3: THE SUBURBAN ZONE

T4: THE GENERAL URBAN ZONE


11

StreetRaised ArcadeSidewalk Sidewalk

Elevated Arcade

SetbackSidewalk

Verge Boulevard PedestrianPromenade

Elements of Mixed Use Neighborhood Street

Higher density mixed-usebuildings

Varying building types includingretail, offices, rowhouses andapartments

Tight network of streets with widesidewalks

Consistent street tree planting

Buildings set close to the streetwide sidewalks

Elements of Water Front Streets

Highest density

Greatest variety of uses

Civic buildings of regionalimportance

Larger blocks with screenedparking

Steady tree planting along streets

Buildings set close to the street

T4: THE GENERAL URBAN ZONE

T5: THE URBAN CENTER ZONE

BayBuilding Zone

Above drawings provided by Michael Imber, and Marianne Cusato

c 12


architectural patternsThis Pattern Book establishes patterns among traditional house types in Gulf

Coast neighborhoods. There are other conditions described in the plans devel-oped by the Mississippi Forum Charrette that include buildings in the Downtownsand in coastal zones that have more complex requirements by FEMAand willneed special architectural designs. This Pattern Book is intended for use by indi-viduals and builders as they rebuild the fabric of neighborhoods and thereforefocuses on the design of houses and small commercial buildings. It provides meansof coping with FEMA requirements forcing new houses to be built at higher ele-vations than in the past, but it does so only within the range of elevations thatare appropriate for traditional house types and for affordable construction. Spe-cial conditions that require greater height should be designed by architects as spe-cial conditions.

The information in this section is intended to help homeowners and buildersin understanding the key elements that contribute to the character or style ofGulf Coast houses and small commercial buildings. These guidelines can beapplied to new construction renovation and additions to historic buildings or evenprovide resources to transform existing production houses that do not reflectGulf Coast traditions.

This section begins with an overview of the traditional building types foundthroughout the Gulf Coast. Following that, individual sections based on com-mon architectural styles identify typical characteristics and elements of a houseincluding general massing types, window and door composition, common eavesand porch details as well as materials and examples. These are described in bothgraphic and written form. These patterns can help enhance the original charac-ter of a regional house or as residents build new houses within one of the tradi-tional Gulf Coast neighborhoods, new plans can be adapted to reflect one of thesetraditional styles.

ca r c h i t e c t u r a l p a t t e r n s

13

The Gulf Coast HouseThe Architectural Patterns section buildson the Neighborhood Patterns described inthe previous section to create distinctplaces. Seven distinct building typolo-gies recur throughout the region and inthe Gulf Coast neighborhoods. Thisinventory of regional building types isadapted to reflect various architecturalstyles or vocabularies. In many older hous-es, styles were adapted over time as cer-tain patterns became popular. Whilethere are many variations on regionalhouse types, the types illustrated on thispage appear to dominate neighborhoodpatterns before World War II, through-out the region1 SIDE HALL HOUSES

These houses include shotgun types aswell where the primary difference is thesingle room width bay on the shotgunand a wider house with a hallway alongone side to access rooms.Typically hippedroof but also gabled roofs are common.2 RAISED COTTAGE

This type is often called a Creole Cottageor Acadian Cottage. Influences are a mixof French and Spanish adaptations to theregion. Later versions include what isreferred to as an American Cottage withClassical detailing and a typical 5 baycomposition for windows and doors.3 L-SHAPED

These houses often have a perpendicularwing in the back or a cross gable wingthat forms a T in plan. Porches or gal-leries often run along the side and tie intothe rear wing.

4 SIDE GABLE

This house type is found nationally andforms the simple rectangular form thatcan be adapted to most styles. In thisregion, the rear or the front can haveporches inset under the main roof.

5 PYRAMID

This house type is found throughout theregion typically as a one or one and a halfstory massing often called a Bayed Cot-tage. The floor to ceiling height is typi-cally taller to allow for deep porches.

6 TOWNHOUSE

Found in the heart of urban centers,many townhouses developed as mixed usetypes with commercial ground floors andresidential floors above. French influ-enced buildings often feature a balconyabove the ground floor.7 MIXED-USE BUILDINGS

These form the local commercial streetsand districts. Typically simple, two storyforms of masonry with plaster finishing.Balconies and repetitive openings onupper floors are typical. Decorative cor-nices of either wood or masonry.

1 SIDE HALL

Gulf Coast Building Types

3. L- SHAPE

2. COTTAGE

4. SIDE GABLE

5. PYRAMID

6. TOWNHOUSE

7. MIXED-USE

c 14


Kit of Parts Strategies to Meet FEMA Requirements

FEMA has outlined requirements in par-ticular zones to raise the finish floor ofnew homes to minimum heights abovesea level. Check local requirements todetermine specific site criteria. For moreinformation check with FEMA atwww.fema.gov.

This document includes a kit of partsto achieve these requirements in a man-ner derived from typical local and ver-nacular examples. These options can beused individually and together in combi-nation. In vernacular conditions, thestrategies were carefully designed not tooverwhelm the buildings scale. Not allbuilding types can be used with the mostrestrictive conditions. Basic strategiesinclude:

1 Raising the site with 4 feet of fill

2 4-foot base to raise the floor elevation

3 8-foot sub-story with a grand stair

Used in combination, they can reachup to 16 feet above original site grade.The diagram suggests how these optionscan achieve the maximum elevation.

Option 14-foot Raised SiteThe first option is to use fill toraised the building site up fourfeet. In more urban conditions, asite wall is used at the sidewalk tomaximize the flat areas of the site

Option 24-foot BaseThe most commonly used optionis to build the finish floor four feetabove grade. This is achieved withthe use of either piles or founda-tion walls

Option 38-foot Sub-Story withGrand StairAnother common option is toraise the house 8 feet above finishgrade. When a porch is used, thestair is often incorporated insidethe porch itself. In many cases, theground floor is enclosed withwalls to create useable uncondi-tioned space for vehicles andequipment


15

ALTERNATIVE A

BUILDING BASE

Side HallSide Hall and Shotgun style houses typ-ically have very narrow forms. They aretraditionally raised above the ground sev-eral feet and accommodate a 4 foot highbase and a perpendicular set of steps toget up onto the porch.The two story Side Gable house is lesscommon but is also a traditional form inthe region. These houses often have twostory front porches and are articulated asVictorian style houses. Stairs are some-times pulled inside the porch structure.With the addition of a raised site, thehouse can achieve a 12 foot height abovesurrounding grade.

Raised CottageThese houses are the most adaptable tothe raised condition. Most traditionalhouses of this type are either raised 4 to6 feet with a storage area underneath theporch and the first floor, or they are raid-ed a full story with square masonry pierson the ground floor and the light woodporch structure above.These are found inthe rural (T1 and T2 transect areas) andas urban cottages as well. The diagramsillustrate the potential to add an addi-tional 4 foot base to the two story type toachieve a 12 foot height above grade. Ifthe site can be raised and additional 4feet, than the potential of 16 feet abovesurrounding grade can be achieved. Un-occupied ground floor exterior walls canbe articulated as louvered panels insetbetween square, masonry piers.

ALTERNATIVE B

SUB-STORY

c 16


ALTERNATIVE A

BUILDING BASE

L-ShapeThese houses are variations on the Sidehall and Shotgun types.They are tradi-tionally raised above the ground severalfeet and accommodate a 4 foot high baseand a perpendicular set of steps to thefront porch or parallel to the side porch.

The two story L-shape house often hasa two story front porch. Stairs are some-times pulled inside the porch structure forthese as well. With the addition of araised site, the house can achieve a 12 footheight above surrounding grade. Un-occupied ground floor exterior walls canbe articulated as louvered panels insetbetween square, masonry piers.

Side GableThese houses are simple rectangularboxes. Typically they are two story mass-es. An additional 4 foot base can be addedto achieve a minimum elevation abovethe surrounding grade. Stairs can run par-allel to the front face of the house toaccess the porch or run perpendicular tothe front porch. The ground floor shouldbe designed as light, panel walls withwindow like openings. Shutters shouldinfill between piers. An additional 8 footsub-story can be added to achieve a twostory living space above an un-occupiedground floor. This can be combined witha 4 foot high base and a raised site toachieve 16 feet above surrounding grade.

ALTERNATIVE B

SUB-STORY


17

PyramidThe pyramidal house form is typicallybuilt as a single story house. The house isalmost always raised on a base masonrypiers infilled with lattice.To achieve addi-tional height above surrounding grade, asub-story of 8 feet and a base of four feetcan be combined to create a reasonablehouse form. This can be raised an addi-tional 4 feet with the site where possible.The base articulation requires masonrypiers with louvered panel infill.

TownhouseTownhouses can accommodate an 8 footheight sub-story that can serve as park-ing and some light storage.The base mustbe articulated as masonry piers with lou-ver shutter infill panels. An additional 4foot high base can be added to achieve a12 foot height above surrounding grade.Stairs will have to un parallel to the frontface with a sub-base of 8 feet. Addition-al height will require some setback fromthe sidewalk to allow for perpendicularruns of steps as well.

Mixed-UseMixed-use buildings typically rely ongrade level entrances to accommodateADA access and street level activity.Additional height can be gained by pro-viding deeper setbacks to the street - 20feet plus - and a raised base. ADA accessis provided wither as a parallel ramp inthe front just off the sidewalk or a per-pendicular ramp along one side of thebuilding.

ALTERNATIVE A

BUILDING BASE

ALTERNATIVE B

SUB-STORY

c 18


Building a Gulf Coast House

c 28





Cut wood ornament, often withnatural forms such as leaves and vinesor turned decorative millwork




The Victorian style builds on the Carpenter Gothic cottages abundant inearly rail-served coastal resorts. Pattern Books published by Andrew Jack-son Downing and others were the source for many of these early housedesigns. These books made it easier for the builders of early resorts, coun-try estates and even modest dwellings to adopt the style. Although exoticVictorian houses incorporating Eastlake, Queen Anne and Italianate detailsgrew in popularity, folk-based Victorian houses flourished in this region.

The Gulf Coast Victorian style is based on the simple, elegant formsadapted to small houses. The massing forms are simple, while ornamentis typically restrained and limited to the porch and the buildings cornice.

8'-0

" ty

pic

al

10'-0

" ty

pic

al

4'-0

" ty

p.

c


29

Boxed eave Sloped

68

12

1 - 6 to 2'-0"

8"

Boxed eave return

6"12

"16

"

12812

1to 1'-6"

212

Individual double-hung windows are themost common type. Front doors are gen-erally located in the corner of narrowhouses and at the center of wide houses.Paired or bay windows are often used inthe forward gable of the gable L massingtypes. Bay windows may be one or twostories tall.

RoofThe roof pitch on most Victorianhouses varies from 6 to 14 in 12. Slate,shingles and metal are appropriate roof-ing materials.


Boxed eaves, with frieze, are the moreformal option, with or withoutbrackets that are either horizontal orvertical in proportion. Eaves have a12- to 16-inch frieze board eithertouching or at least 8 inches above the

Massing

RAISED COTTAGE

Rectangular volume with a roof pitchranging from 5 to 7 in 12 for the mainbody. Roofs are either hipped or gableend. Porches are typically inset within theroof form or added on the front as a fullfront porch. Sometimes the porch is ahipped added to a Gable roof over theMain Body.

CREOLE COTTAGE

This massing typically accommodates aone-story continuous porch with a shedor hipped roof running the full length ofthe front facade.This is a side gable housefacing the street. Roof pitches are typi-cally 10 in 12.GABLE L

Square volume with hipped roof fromwhich a front-facing gabled wingextends. Roof pitches range from 8 in 12to 12 in 12. Front porches extend the fullwidth of the front facade or occasionallyare one and two-bay, hipped porches at

and tie into the gable LBROAD FRONT

Side-gable rectangular volume with roofpitches ranging from 6 in 12 to 10 in 12.One-story shed porches are often placedsymmetrically on the front facade. One-story side wings often occur. This mass-ing also accommodates a two-story con-tinuous porch with a shed or hipped roof.


Facade CompositionVictorian facade composition is charac-terized by a symmetrical and balancedplacement of doors and windows.

window head trim. Eave returnsshould have metal flashing back to thewall at a maximum slope of 2 in 12.

Boxed eave with sloped soffit, oftenhipped, at gables. The rake features anoverhang with simple decorativevergeboard.

Wall Section & Eave DetailsThe first floor of the Victorian house istypically set three feet above the finishedgrade. For one-story houses, the floor-to-ceiling height should be 9 to 10 feet. Fortwo-story houses, the minimum floor-to-ceiling height is 9 feet for the first floorand 8 feet for the second floor.



MASSING DIAGRAMS



Creole CottageRaised Cottage Gable L - 1 and 2 story Broad Front

3/5 2/5

30'

32'

1/3 1/3 1/3

30'

24'

1/3 1/31/3


TYPICAL EAVE--- DETAILS

40'

1/4 1/41/4 1/4 1/5 1/51/5 1/5 1/5

40'

1/5 1/51/5 1/5 1/5

Most traditional houses are distinguished by a Main Body thatis always the most important form. Additional space is creat-ed through secondary additions to this Main Body. The firststep in designing a house is to determine the Main Body Mass-ing Type.This will guide the development of a new house planor the modifications to an existing house.

In general, additions are treated as Wings. Side wings can beeither one, or one-and-one-half stories, set back from the frontfacade of the Main Body. Two-story additions can be addedto two-story Main Bodies, but should be set back from thefront facade and limited in width to a maximum of one-thirdthe width of the Main Body. Side wings and rear wings canbe added in many combinations.

Once the massing and the floor-to-floor heights are deter-mined, various Door and Window Compositions can beexplored. Most styles have very definite patterns that were usedto produce balanced or picturesque compositions with a har-monious and pleasing image. Window proportions, locationand spacing are all important and were well understood byearly house builders.

The History & Character Page of the GulfCoast Victorian Architectural Style

The Massing & Composition Page of the GulfCoast Victorian Architectural Style

Historic photos of Gulf Coast Victorian houses

Massing Diagram indicating a 4-foot base

Typical Boxed eaves return


1/5 1/51/5 1/5 1/5


19

While windows and doors are available today from a widerange of manufacturers and come in almost any shape and size,correctly proportioned and detailed Windows and Doors arecritical in reinforcing the style of the house. The Pattern Bookillustrates standard window and door types used for each archi-tectural style and special windows and doors used as accents.

c 30


8"

STANDARD WINDOWS

Box bay window

3'-0

"6'

-6"

1'-6

"

8'-4"

1'-4"2'-6"12"

First floor

Second floor

SPECIAL WINDOWS

TYPICAL WINDOW DETAIL

6"2"

Flat trim

2"

1'-0

"

5'-1

0''

2'-8'' 3'-0"

6'-2

''

6'-2

''

2'-8''

6'-6

''

3'-0''

DORMER WINDOW

8

12

1'-2

"5'

-2"

2'-4"6" 6"

5'-2

''

WindowsWindows are vertical in proportion andhave a 2 over 2 or 4 over 4 muntin pat-tern. Panes are always taller than they arewide. Some houses may have windowswith rounded upper sashes. Standardwindows are double hung.

Special WindowsGulf coast Victorian houses featureround- top windows, dormers and boxand angled bay windows. Bay windowsmust project a minimum of 8 inches fromthe main structure. Bay windows have acontinuous base to the ground; two-storybays are common.

Windows & Doors

DoorsDoors on Gulf coast Victorian houses arevertical in proportion. The maximumwidth of a pair of double doors is 5 feetfor doors at least 8 feet tall, and 4 feet forshorter pairs of double doors.

TrimWindows and doors have 6-inch trimwith a simple backband profile. Victori-an window and door trim carries a deco-rative crown and cap above; windows mayfeature an ornate hood.

DOORS

4'-0"8"3'-4"6" 6" 2'-8" 1'-3"

8'-0

"

6'-8

"2'

-8"

6'-8

"2'

-0"

1'-3"

2'-4"6" 6"

c


31

Classical

3"

3"

3"

3"

1" sq.

RAIL DETAILS

2"

3"

2"

2"

2" turned

One-story porch elevation

One-story porch elevation

mental balusters are also used with squarecolumns. Square pattern lattice is used asinfill between piers at the foundation.

BracketsBrackets range from simple designs cutfrom boards, to more elaborate turnedwood or jigsaw-cut openwork. Bracketsare a minimum of 2 inches thick. Arch-way bracketing can be used to formportals over key entry locations.

Porch LocationFull front porches are encouraged onGulf coast Victorian houses. Porches canbe used to wrap the corner of a house, orfill in the void created by an L-shapedplan.The minimum porch depth is 8 feet.

PORCH COLUMN TYPES

Square

8" square,chamfered

corner8"10"dia.

Ionic orDoric order

Porch Roofs & EavesPorches can be one or two stories tall withflat, shed or shallow hipped roofs. Fullporches may be integrated under thehouses main roof. Shed or hip porcheshave a 3 in 12 to 4 in 12 pitch. Exposed2 x 8 rafter tails typically occur every 14to 16 inches on center. Entablatures aregenerally Classically proportioned anddetailed.

Columns & RailingsColumn types include 8-inch-squareposts and 8- to 10-inch-diameter Doricand Ionic columns. First-floor columnsare 9- to 10-feet tall, while second-floorcolumns are 8- to 9- feet tall. Turned orsquare balusters are spaced no more than4 inches apart. Porch bays should bevertically proportioned. Flat-cut orna-

PORCH EAVE DETAILS

12''

14"

to 2

0"8'

'

Section A-A

12''

EQ

EQ

Porches

TYPICAL PORCH LOCATIONS

Wrap

Full front porch

Side portico

House

Porch

A

A

Porches are important elements in the environment and findexpression in almost every architectural style or vocabulary.Setting the appropriate column types, porch cornices, railing,and balustrades is key to establishing the character of thehouse. The Pattern Book offers options found within a par-ticular style complete with sample profiles that illustrate thecorrect dimensions and components.

The final assembly of the various components should producea house of recognized character and quality no matter whatthe size. Appropriate materials are discussed in the Appendix.A series of illustrated possibilities within each style sectiondemonstrates the effective application of the Pattern Bookguidelines.

The Doors & Windows Page of the Gulf Coast Victorian Architectural Style

The Porches Page of the Gulf CoastVictorian Architectural Style

Illustration of the correct assembly of a house inthe Victorian Style

PORCH EAVES DETAILS

Porch eaves detail

c 20


Gulf Coast House StylesA series of well developed architecturalstyles or vocabularies were popularthroughout the Gulf Region in the 19thand early 20th Century.These styles wereadapted by local builders through the useof early Pattern Books and later catalogsof house plans. Many of the early houseswere built without the aid of PatternBooks and are increasingly rare. Thesestyles represent the broader patternsfound in the neighborhoods constructedlargely before 1940.Each style has become adapted to thelocal environment and local building tra-ditions. Many patterns emerged from theinfluence of Caribbean builders and set-tlers trading with the West Indies andLatin America.

Four principal architectural styles giveneighborhoods their character:

1 Acadian-Creole

2 Victorian

3 Classical

4 Arts & Crafts

These styles are described in more detailwith typical key elements in the follow-ing pages.

Gulf Coast Architectural Styles

2 VICTORIAN

1 ACADIAN-CREOLE

3 CLASSICAL

4 ARTS & CRAFTS

c

a r c h i t e c t u r a l p a t t e r n s

21

c 22


gulf coast acadian-creole

Essential Elements of theCoastal Style

Deep one and two story porches

High ceiling with verticallyproportioned column bays and wallopenings

French doors and full length windowson the ground floor with tall shutters

First floors raised above the ground

Partial Elevation and Wall Section

The Acadian-Creole style found throughout this region was influenced byFrench speaking people who first migrated to Nova Scotia and later reset-tled along the Gulf Coast. They brought with them the rich culture ofFrance, which has continued with their descendants. While Biloxi, NewOrleans, and other Gulf Coast towns have a strong French flavor, theirs isby no means the only culture to contribute to this distinctive style; it is alsoa mix of English and Spanish colonial architecture. Much of the lookalso reflects a Caribbean influence. This collage of influences has createdone of the most appealing styles that is a direct response to the climaticand environmental conditions of the region. Deep porches, or galleries,evolved as an integral part of the principal house massing and combinedwith the traditional steeply pitched French hipped roof produced the dis-tinctive double pitch roof of the Acadian-Creole house. While these hous-es have many different massing types, the detailing is largely Classical withVictorian variations.

10'-0

"8'

-6"

ca r c h i t e c t u r a l p a t t e r n s : g u l f c o a s t a c a d i a n - c r e o l e

23

MASSING DIAGRAMS


Massing CombinationsThe strong form of these houses limitsthe number of ways in which additionalwings can be added. Add-on wingsshould have similar roof pitches and betreated as separate additions to the basicform rather than part of a single complexform.

Facade CompositionAn informal relationship among the ele-ments enables window spacing, dormerplacement, and porch bays to each havetheir own spacing and dimensions.

EavesSimple unadorned eaves are characteris-tic of the Acadian-Creole style.They canhave exposed rafter ends that are shaped.A frieze board is used below the rafters.They can also be flush to the wall orbeam at the porch, or slightly projectingwith a boxed soffit.

WallThe first floor of an Acadian-Creolehouse is typically set three feet above thefinished grade for a one-story house andone foot above finished grade for a two-story house. For one-story houses, theminimum floor-to-ceiling height is 10feet. For two-story houses, the minimumfloor-to-ceiling height is 10 feet for thefirst floor and 9 feet for the second floor.

Window head heights should be 8 feetabove the floor for the first floor win-dows, and 7 feet to 8 feet for the secondfloor windows.

MassingA deep front porch is recessed within thevolume of the house under one roof.

The one-story houses are raised off theground three feet and have 16-inch by20-inch brick piers supporting each col-umn on the front porch. The two-storyhouse is typically a one-story house raisedon full-height brick piers. Dormers areadded to create a one-and-one-half- ortwo-and-one-half-story house. Porchescan wrap around one or more sides of thehouse.

BROAD FRONT

Rectangular volume with either a gabledor hipped roof. The pitch is typically 10-in-12

BROAD FRONT WITH DOUBLE PITCH ROOF

Rectangular volume with a side gabledroof. The roof has a pitch of 9-in-12 over

the main body and 6-in-12 over therecessed porch.

N A R R OW F R O N T

Rectangular or square volume with eithera side gabled or hipped roof. Side gabledroof has either a constant 10 in 12 pitchor a double pitch roof at the front , andmay have a double pitch roof at the rear.Hipped roof has a 10 in 12 pitch and theridge line, if any, runs perpendicular tothe front of the house.

S I D E H A L L

One-story narrow front rectangular vol-ume with either a hip or gable facing thestreet. Roof pitch is 8 in 12 to 10 in 12.A full width front porch is added to thevolume of the house. An inset porch mayalso run the full width of the hipped roofvolume.



24'32'

1/3 1/3 1/3 1/4 1/4 1/4 1/4

1/41/4 1/41/4 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5

32'40'

32'40' 36'40'

Broad Front Broad Front with Double Pitch Roof

Narrow Front Side Hall

12"-18"

5/4" x 4"

7"10

"-12

"

10"

Open rafters Flush or boxed

1/2 1/2

12'16'


c 24


DOORS

SPECIAL WINDOWSSTANDARD WINDOWS

First floor

Second floor

Standard WindowsWindows are typically vertical in pro-portion with muntin patterns of 6 over 6or 9 over 9. Window panes are square orvertical in proportion. First floor windowscan have 4 over 4 or 2 over 2 muntin pat-terns as well. Standard windows are dou-ble-hung.

Special WindowsSpecial windows are typically smallaccent windows with 6 panes or in a 4over 4 muntin pattern. A single leaf shut-ter is often used. Dormer windows aremulti-paned in the 6 over 6 pattern.

ShuttersLouvered and board & batten shutters arecommon elements for windows anddoors. They should be sized to match thewindow sash and mounted with hardwareto appear operable.

DoorsMulti-pane doors are often used in lieuof windows on the first floor under theporch. Entry doors are typically 4-, 6- or8-paneled and include either a transomor a transom and sidelites.

Windows & Doors

TrimWindows and doors typically have 4-inch-wide trim with a backband. Classi-cal door surrounds are sometimes used atthe front door. Stone or wood lintels overwindows and doors are common ele-ments clad in brick or stucco.

3'-0"

6'-8

"4"

1-4

"

4'-0"4"

6'-8

"4"

1-4

"

4"

6'-8

"8"

1-8

"

1'-8"

3'-0"

6'-2

"

5'-6

''

3'-0''

5'-6

''

3'-0''

2'-8''

4'-6

''

812

10''

6'-8

''

2'-0''


4"2"

2"

2'-8"

2'-0

''

2'-0"

4'-0

''

Shutters

Eq

ual

to

hei

gh

t o

f w

ind

ow

op

enin

g o

r o

f sa

sh/f

ram

e

1/2 sashwidth

1/2 sashwidth

18''

7'-0

''


25

Porch Roofs & EavesAcadian-Creole porches are symmetricaland run the full length of the facade.Columns have a regular spacing ofbetween 8 to 12 feet on center. Eaves canbe either open rafters or flush with theporch beam.

Columns & RailingsColumn types for one-story porches andthe second floor of two-story porchesinclude slender round or square Tuscancolumns, and chamfered or plain rectan-gular posts with out trim. Columns at thefirst floor of two-story porches are moremassive with either no detail, or a mini-mum capital expression.

Railings have square balusters spacedno more than 4 inches on center with

intermediate posts for railings over 9 feetin length.

Porch Location & MassingSide Hall houses have two Bays for thefront facade length, or three bays forporches that wrap one side. Houses 24 to32 feet wide have three bays for the frontfacade length, or four or five bays forporches that wrap one or two sides.Houses 36 to 40 feet wide have a five bayporch. The porch can extend beyond themain body of the house and wrap one ortwo sides.

Porches should have a minimum porchdepth of 8 feet. Porches are frame con-struction set up on masonry piers. Thespace between piers may remain openwithout infill.

PORCH COLUMN TYPES

Porches


Wrapped two sides

Wrapped one side

Full front porch

House

Porch

6"sq.6"-8"

8'-0

" to

9'-0

"

8'-0

" to

9'-0

"

3"

3"

3"

3"

1" sq.

TYPICAL RAIL DETAIL

10''

1'-6

''8'

'9'

-4''

3'-0

''

3'-0

''

126

129

8''

8'-6

''1'

-0''

10'-0

''1'

-0''

3'-0

''

126

One-Story Porch Section

Two-Story Porch Section

129

PORCH TYPES

c 26


Roofing

Standing seam metal (painted), slate(including manufactured slateproducts), asphalt or compositionshingles

Soffits

Smooth-finish wood, fiber-cement orcomposition board

Gutters & Downspouts

Half-round or ogee profile gutterswith round or rectangular down-spouts in copper, painted orprefinished metal

Front Yard Fences

Wood picket on brick base

Lighting

Porch ceiling or wall-mountedcoach light

Windows

Painted wood or solid cellular PVC,or clad wood or vinyl with brickveneer only; true divided light orsimulated divided light (SDL) sashwith traditional exterior muntinprofile ( inch wide)

Doors

Wood, fiberglass or steel withtraditional stile-and-rail proportionsand raised panel profiles, paintedor stained

Shutters

Wood or composite, sized to matchwindow sash and mounted withhardware to appear operable

Columns

Round or square Tuscan or Doricorders, or 6 inch x 8 inch chamferedposts in wood, fiberglass orcomposite material; brick or blockwith stucco, 16 inch x 20 inch

Railings

Milled wood top and bottom railswith turned or square balusters

Porch Ceilings

Plaster, tongue-and-groove wood orcomposite boards, or beaded-profileplywood

Cladding

Smooth-finish wood or fiber-cementlap siding, 4 to 6 inches exposure

Smooth finish brick in Common,English or Flemish bond pattern

Painted brick

Light sand-finish stucco

Foundations & Chimneys

Brick veneer

Trim

Wood, composite or cellular PVC

Materials & Applications


27

Gallery of Examples

c 28





Cut wood ornament, influenced bynatural forms such as leaves and vines,or turned decorative millwork




The Victorian style builds on the Carpenter Gothic cottages abundant inearly rail-served coastal resorts. Pattern Books published by Andrew Jack-son Downing and others were the source of many of these early housedesigns. These books made it easier for the builders of early resorts, coun-try estates and even modest dwellings to adopt the style. Although exoticVictorian houses incorporating Eastlake, Queen Anne and Italianate detailsgrew in popularity, folk-based Victorian houses flourished in this region.

The Gulf Coast Victorian style is based on the simple, elegant formsadapted to small houses. The massing is simple, while ornament is typi-cally restrained and limited to the porch and the buildings cornice.

8'-0

" ty

pic

al

10'-0

" ty

pic

al

3'-0

" ty

p.

ca r c h i t e c t u r a l p a t t e r n s : g u l f c o a s t v i c t o r i a n

29

Boxed Eave Sloped

68

12

1 - 6 to 2'-0"

8"

Boxed Eave

8"8

1268

12

Facade CompositionVictorian facade composition is charac-terized by a symmetrical and balancedplacement of doors and windows.Individual double-hung windows are themost common type. Front doors are gen-erally located in the corner of narrowhouses and at the center of wide houses.Paired or bay windows are often used inthe forward gable of the Gable L mass-ing type. Bay windows may be one- ortwo- stories tall.


A boxed eave with frieze is the mostformal option, with or withoutbrackets. A 12- to 16-inch friezeboard either touching or at least 8inches above the window head trim iscommon. Eave returns should havemetal flashing back to the wall at a

Massing

RAISED COTTAGE

Rectangular volume with a roof pitchranging from 5 to 8 in 12 for the mainbody. Roofs are either hipped or gabled.Porches are typically inset within the roofform or added on the front as a full frontporch. Add on porches may have a dif-ferent roof type than the Main Body ofthe house.

CREOLE COTTAGE

This massing typically accommodates aone-story continuous porch with a shedor hipped roof running the full length ofthe front facade.This is a side gable housewith the ridge parallel with the street.Roof pitches are typically 8 to 10 in 12.

GABLE L

Square volume with hipped roof fromwhich a front-facing gabled wingextends. Roof pitches range from 8 in 12to 12 in 12. Front porches are typicall twoor three bay, hipped porches that tie into

the gable L. Often in corner houses, theporches wrap one corner and tie into aside wing.

BROAD FRONT

Two story, side-gabled rectangular vol-ume with roof pitches ranging from 6 in12 to 10 in 12. One-story shed porchesare often placed symmetrically on thefront facade. One-story side wings oftenoccur. This massing also accommodatesa two-story continuous porch with a shedor hipped roof.


maximum slope of 2 in 12.

A boxed eave with sloped soffit. Therake features an overhang with simpledecorative vergeboard.

Wall Section & Eave DetailsThe first floor of the Victorian house istypically set four feet above the finishedgrade. For one-story houses, the floor-to-ceiling height should be 9 to 10 feet. Fortwo-story houses, the minimum floor-to-ceiling height is 9 feet for the first floorand 8 feet for the second floor.



MASSING DIAGRAMS



Creole CottageHipped Cottage Gable L - 1 and 2 story Broad Front

3/5 2/5

32 - 36

32 - 36'

1/3 1/3 1/3

32 - 36

16 - 24'

1/3 1/31/3



36 -40'

1/4 1/41/4 1/4 1/5 1/51/5 1/5 1/5

36 -40'

1/5 1/51/5 1/5 1/5

c 30


8"

STANDARD WINDOWS

Box bay window

3'-0

"6'

-6"

1'-6

"8'-4"

1'-4"2'-6"12"

First floor

Second floor

SPECIAL WINDOWS


6"2"

Flat trim with crown

2 "

1'-0

"

5'-1

0''

2'-8'' 3'-0"

6'-2

''

6'-2

''

2'-8''

6'-6

''

3'-0''

DORMER WINDOW

8

12

1'-2

"5'

-2"

2'-4"6" 6"5'

-2''

WindowsWindows are vertical in proportion andhave a 2 over 2 or 4 over 4 muntin pat-tern. Panes are always taller than they arewide. Some houses may have windowswith rounded upper sashes. Standardwindows are double hung.

Special WindowsGulf coast Victorian houses featureround- top windows, dormers and boxand angled bay windows. Bay windowsmust project a minimum of 8 inches fromthe main structure. Bay windows have acontinuous base to the ground; two-storybays are common.

Windows & Doors

DoorsDoors on Gulf coast Victorian houses arevertical in proportion. The maximumwidth of a pair of double doors is 5 feetfor doors at least 8 feet tall, and 4 feet forshorter pairs of double doors.

TrimWindows and doors have 6-inch trimwith a simple backband profile. Victori-an window and door trim carries a deco-rative crown and cap above; windows mayfeature an ornate hood.

DOORS

4'-0"8"3'-4"6" 6" 2'-8" 1'-3"

8'-0

"

6'-8

"2'

-8"

6'-8

"2'

-0"

1'-3"

2'-4"6" 6"


31

Classical

3"

3"

3"

3"

1" sq.

RAIL DETAILS

2"

2"

2"

2"

2" turned

One-story, hipped porch elevation

One-story porch elevationSection AA

mental balusters are also used with squarecolumns. Square pattern lattice is used asinfill between piers at the foundation.

BracketsBrackets range from simple designs cutfrom boards, to more elaborate turnedwood or jigsaw-cut openwork. Bracketsare a minimum of 2 inches thick. Arch-way bracketing can be used to formportals over key entry locations.

Porch LocationFull front porches are common on GulfCoast Victorian houses. Porches can beused to wrap the corner of a house, or fillin the void created by an L-shaped plan.The minimum porch depth is 8 feet.

PORCH COLUMN TYPES

Square

8" square,chamfered

corner8"10"dia.

Ionic orDoric order

Porch Roofs & EavesPorches can be one or two stories tall withflat, shed or shallow hipped roofs. Fullporches may be integrated under thehouses main roof. Shed or hipped porch-es have a 3 in 12 to 4 in 12 pitch. Exposed2 x 8 rafter tails typically occur every 14to 16 inches on center. Entablatures aregenerally Classically proportioned anddetailed.

Columns & RailingsColumn types include 8-inch-squareposts and 8- to 10-inch-diameter Doricand Ionic columns. First-floor columnsare 9- to 10-feet tall, while second-floorcolumns are 8- to 9- feet tall. Turned orsquare balusters are spaced no more than4 inches apart. Porch bays should bevertically proportioned. Flat-cut orna-

PORCH EAVE DETAIL

12''

14"

to 2

0"8'

'

Typical porch entablature

12''

EQ

EQ

Porches


Wrap

Full front porch

Side portico

House

Porch

A

A

c 32



Roofing

Slate (including manufactured slateproducts), laminated asphalt orcomposition shingles with a slatepattern, or painted metal standingseam or 5-V crimp panels

Soffits

Smooth-finish composition board,tongue-and-groove wood boards, orfiber-cement panels



Front Fences

Wood picket, or wrought iron orsolid bar stock metal picket withornamental metal posts

Lighting

Porch pendant or wall-mountedcarriage lantern

Windows


Doors


Shutters


Columns

Architecturally correct Classicalproportions and details in wood,fiberglass or composite material

Square box column with chamferedcorners in built-up wood, fiberglassor composite material

Turned posts (minimum 6-inchstock) in wood, fiberglass orcomposite material

Railings

Milled wood top and bottom railswith square, turned or scroll-cutboard balusters

Porch Ceilings


Cladding

Smooth-finish wood or fiber-cementlap siding, 4 to 6 inches exposure

Vertical board and batten siding

Smooth-finish brick, common bond

Random-width cut wood or fiber-cement shingles

Decorative cut wood or fiber-cementshingles in fishscale, diamond andstaggered patterns

Trim

Wood, composite, cellular PVC orpolyurethane millwork; stone orcast stone


Brick or stone veneer


33

Gallery of Examples

c 34


gulf coast classical

Essential Elements of theGulf Coast Classical Style

Simple volumes with side wings andporches added to make more complexshapes

Symmetrical composition of doorsand windows

Simplified versions of Classical detailsand columns, often with robust andexotic Classical orders such as Ionicand Corinthian used in the porchelement

Multi-pane windows that are morebroad in proportion, usually with6 over 6 or 9 over 9 pane patterns

The Gulf Coast Classical style is based on Federal and Greek houses fromthe mid-nineteenth century. This region has significant examples of hous-es from this period. The dominant Federal style was practiced by notablearchitects such as Robert Mills and Benjamin Latrobe and many housesfrom this period were constructed using Pattern Books such as Asher Ben-jamins American Builders Companion.

These houses typically begin as simple, additive massing types with adominant center pavilion, or main body, which can be one or two stories,with additive side wings, rear wings and pavilions. Palladian compositionsdocumented in many English pattern books, were a principle reference formany houses from this period. Classical detailing and proportions weresimplifed and applied to common massing types found on the Gulf Coast.


7-

8'-0

"

9'-0

" ty

p.

8'-0

" ty

p.

10'-0

" ty

p.

4'-0" typicalheight at front ofhouse betweenfinish floor andfinish grade

ca r c h i t e c t u r a l p a t t e r n s : g u l f c o a s t c l a s s i c a l

35

Massing

BROAD FRONT

Hipped or side-gabled rectangular vol-ume with roof pitches ranging from 6 to8 in 12. One-story shed or hipped porch-es are often located centrally on the frontfacade. One-story side wings often occur.Although porches are most often one-third or one-fifth the length of the mainbody, they may also be three-fifths or theentire length of the front facade.

NARROW FRONT

Hipped or front-gabled box with roofpitches ranging from 6 to 8 in 12. Three-bay compositions are common. Full frontporches and one-story side-wings arecommon to this massing type.

Facade CompositionThe Gulf Coast Classical facade com-position is characterized by a symmetri-cal and balanced placement of doors andwindows. Entrance doors are typicallylocated in the center of the composition.Typically windows align vertically from

floor to floor.

CombinationsComplex forms and larger living spacesmay be created by combining side and/orrear wings with the main body. Gabled orhipped dormers may be added to intro-duce light into half-story and attic spaces.The architectural character of theattached parts should match that of themain body.

Wall Section & Eave DetailsThe first floor of the Main Body is

MASSING DIAGRAMS FACADE COMPOSITION DIAGRAMS

Broad FrontNarrow Front


24'36'

1/3 1/3 1/3

3/8 1/4 3/8

36'40'

3/8 1/4 3/8

36'40' 36 - 40

3/8 1/4 3/8


typically set 4 feet above the finishedgrade. The floor-to-ceiling height on thefirst floor is typically 10 feet. For two-story houses, the second-story floor-to-ceiling height is typically 8 to 9 feet tall.

The Gulf Coast Classical style is char-acterized by the vertical proportion of thewindow and door elements and well-detailed Classical eaves and cornices.Thefrieze below the soffit is typically smallwith profiled moldings and dentils.

6"eq

.eq

.

8"

8"


Boxed Eave Detail

Boxed Eave Section

8"10

"

1'-0"

Boxed Eave SectionBoxed Eave Return

Boxed Eave Return

c 36


Windows & Doors

10''

6'-8

''

6''

5'-0

''10

''

STANDARD WINDOWS

6'-6

''5'

-6''

typ

5'-1

0'' t

yp5'

-6''

typ

3'-0''

3'-0'' 3'-0''

3'-0''

DOORS

6'-8

''1'

-4''

4''

812

1'-3

''8'

-6''

6''

10'' 8''

612

2'-0''

SidingBrick

1 1/

2''

6''

TYPICAL WINDOW DETAILS

Triple window

3'-0''

5'-6

''

6''

Accent

Palladian window

SPECIAL WINDOWS

2'-8''

4'-6

''

812

1'-4'' 3'-0''

Dormer

5 1/2''

Standard WindowsWindows are typically vertical in pro-portion. Two basic window muntin pat-terns are 9 over 9 or 6 over 6 on the firstfloor, 9 over 9, 6 over 9 or 6 over 6 on thesecond floor, double hung with widetrim. Stone or brick jack arch lintels aretypical.

Special WindowsSpecial windows include Palladian archedaccent windows in gabled ends, dormerswith gable or hipped roof, and the triplewindow with broad center sash, a hall-mark of the Gulf Coast Classical stylehouse.

ShuttersShutters should be sized and mounted toappear operable. Shutter styles can eitherbe paneled or louvered.

DoorsDoors include 6- and 8-panel patterns,typically with sidelights and transomsurrounds.

TrimWindows and doors typically have4-inch-wide profiled trim.

First floor

Second floor

Eq

ual

to

hei

gh

t o

f w

ind

ow

op

enin

g o

r o

f sa

sh/f

ram

e

1/2 sashwidth

Eq

ual

to

hei

gh

t o

f w

ind

ow

op

enin

g o

r o

f sa

sh/f

ram

e

1/2 sashwidth

4'-0'' 3'-0''

2'-8''1'-2'' 1'-2''

1'-4'' 6''6''6''

6'-8

''1'

-4''

4''


37

Porches & EavesPorches can be one or two stories tall witheither flat, shed, gabled, or hipped roofs.Shed or hipped porches have a 2 to 4 in12 pitch, while classically proportionedtemple-front porch roofs have a 5 to 7 in12 roof pitch.

Columns & RailingsColumns include 10-inch diameter Doriccolumns, and 12-inch diameter Ioniccolumns. Single-story porches have 9-to10-foot-tall columns. Two-story porchesuse 10-inch diameter, 8-to 9-foot-tallcolumns on the second story and 12-inchdiameter 9-to 10-foot-tall columns onthe first floor. Porch column bays shouldbe more narrow than wide. Balusters havea square or turned cross section, andshould be spaced no more than 4 incheson center.

Porch Location & MassingEntry porticos and three-bay front porch-es are encouraged on Gulf Coast Classi-cal houses. Porches are generally centeredin the facade composition of this style.Minimum porch depth is 8 feet. Forwood deck porches, the gaps betweenbrick piers have lattice infill panels. Con-crete porches should be faced in brick,stone or stucco if appropriate.

DoricIonic

10" dia. 1012" dia.

COLUMN TYPES

612

Type A Pediment Type B Portico with railing Type C Shed or hipped 6'

to

8'

6' t

o 8

' 8'

7'9'2'

8'-10''

9'2'

-4''

2'-8

''

8'-6

''2'

-4''


Portico

Full front porch

Three-fifthsfront porch

12''

20''

8''

EAVE SECTIONS

12'' 12''

8''

8''

A

B and C

Align

PorchesPORCH TYPES

3"

3"

3"

3"

RAIL DETAILS

1" sq.

House

Porch

6" 4"

2"

4"

2"

4" dia.

28"

6"

Partial elevation

c 38


Roofing

Slate (including manufactured slateproducts), laminated asphalt orcomposition shingles with a slatepattern, flat clay tile, or painted metalstanding seam or 5-V crimp panels

Soffits

Smooth finish composition board,tongue-and-groove wood boards, orfiber-cement panels



Windows


Trim

Wood, composite, cellular PVC orpolyurethane millwork; stucco, stoneor cast stone

Doors


Shutters


Front Yard Fences

Wood picket or wood, wrought ironor solid bar stock metal picket withbrick or stucco finish masonry piers

Lighting

Porch pendant or wall-mountedcarriage lantern

Cladding

Sand-molded or smooth-finish brickin Common, English or Flemishbond patterns

Smooth-finish wood or fiber-cementlap siding, 4 to 6 inches wide

Light sand-finish stucco


Brick, stucco or stone veneer


Columns

Architecturally correct Classicalproportions and details in wood,fiberglass, cast stone, or compositematerial

Railings

Milled wood top and bottom railswith square or turned balusters;square balusters in Chippendalepatterns

Wrought iron or solid bar stockdecorative metal

Porch Ceilings



39

Gallery of Examples

c 40


gulf coast arts & crafts

Essential Elements of theGulf Coast Arts & Crafts Style

Shallow-pitched roofs with deepoverhangs

Deep, broad porch elements withexpressive structural components

Expressive structural elements such asrafters, brackets and columns

A mixture of materials such as brick,shingles and siding

Asymmetrical window and doorcompositions


Gulf Coast Arts & Crafts houses emerged from the traditions of crafts-man design found throughout the country during the early twentieth cen-tury. Many local builders picked up elements of the style from house planpublications and mail order houses. The Arts & Crafts movement, whichbegan in England in the late 19th Century, espoused a simple decorativeexpression of structural elements and use of natural materials which buildersfound suitable for estate and cottage homes.The Gulf Coast region is home to many small craftsman cottages that have been adapted to local build-ing types and traditions.

The Gulf Coast Arts & Crafts style is characterized by broad, openporches; roofs with deep overhangs and exposed rafter tails; asymmetriccompositions; grouped windows with a variety of upper muntin patterns;expressive trim; and porches with brackets. One unique trait of many ofthe Arts & Crafts houses in this region is the use of a more vertical col-umn as opposed to the shorter and wider columns used in other regions.

7'-0

"8'

-0"

min

.

8'-0

" m

in.

9'-0

" m

in.

ca r c h i t e c t u r a l p a t t e r n s : g u l f c o a s t a r t s & c r a f t s

41

Massing

HIPPED

Rectangular or square volume with a 6 in12 to 8 in 12 roof pitch; the ridge lineruns perpendicular to the front of thehouse. Porches are inset under the roofand run the full front facade. These typesare either three bay or five bay porches.These can be two stories, often with fulltwo story porches.

BROAD FRONT

Rectangular one or two story volumewitha 4 in 12 to 8 in 12 hipped or gableroof pitch. Asymmetrically placed gabledand/or shed roofed porches are common.Porches are typically one story.

BUNGALOW

Rectangular one-and-one-half-story vol-ume with a 6 in 12 to 8 in 12 roof pitch.The integral porch is set under occupi-able interior space, made possible by a

Hipped Broad Front Bungalow Narrow Front

dormer and high knee wall on the secondfloor. Integral front porches range fromhalf to the full length of the front facade.Symmetrically placed gabled or sheddormers have a 3 in 12 roof pitch.

NARROW FRONT

Rectangular volume with a 6 in 12 to8 in 12 roof pitch with gable facing thestreet. This can be either one or two sto-ries. Hipped roof houses of this type arealso found in the region.Asymmetricallyplaced, single bay, gable end porches arecommon. An inset one-story porch mayalso run the full width of the house.

Massing CombinationsComplex forms and larger living spacesmay be created by combining side and/orrear wings with the main body. Gabled orshed dormers may be added to introducelight into half-story and attic spaces. Thearchitectural character of the attachedparts should match that of the main body.

Massing & Composi

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