Estetisk-filosofiska fakulteten Engelska

Repetera Grammatik

Engelska A Campus och Distans

ENGAG1, ENGAL1, ENGALV

Marie Tåqvist Karlstads universitet

Engelska vt-11

2

CONTENTS I. Word Classes and Sentence Constituents 3

II. Nouns 4 A. Theoretical Part 4 B. Practical Part 6

III. Verbs 9 A. Theoretical Part 9 B. Practical Part 11

IV. Prepositions 14 A. Theoretical Part 14 B. Practical Part 14

V. Adjectives and Adverbs 16 A. Theoretical Part 16 B. Practical Part 18

VI. Pronouns 20 A. Theoretical Part 20 B. Practical Part 21

VII. Word Order 24 A. Theoretical Part 24 B. Practical Part 25

VIII. Correct the sentences 27

IX. Old exam (1) 28 Old exam (2) 40 KEY 52

I. Word Classes and Sentence Constituents 52

II. Nouns 53

III. Verbs 57

IV. Prepositions 61

V. Adjectives and Adverbs 62

VI. Pronouns 64

VII. Word Order 66

VIII. Correct the sentences 68

IX. Old exam – key (1) 69 Old exam – key (2) 78

3 I. WORD CLASSES AND SENTENCE CONSTITUENTS 1. Analyse the following sentence as fully as possible. Write word classes above the line and sentence constituents (= clause elements) below. (1/2 p per correct item.) Articles need not be marked. The Foreign Office confirmed last night that there were no British tourists left on the island. 2. Analyse the following sentence as fully as possible. Write word classes above the line and sentence constituents (= clause elements) below. (1/2 p per correct item.) Articles need not be marked. Ray gave me a hasty description of the car, and I was reasonably certain that I could find it without trouble. 3. Analyse the following sentence as fully as possible. Write word classes above the line and sentence constituents (= clause elements) below. (1/2 p per correct item.) Articles need not be marked. A year after the crash, investigators still can’t tell the victims’ families what caused the explosion. 4. Analyse the following sentence as fully as possible. Write word classes above the line and sentence constituents (= clause elements) below. (1/2 p per correct item.) Articles need not be marked. ”In the 1980s it was a crazy idea to think that you could make Galicia a center of fashion,” says Antonio Pernas.

4

II. NOUNS A. Theoretical Part 1. Explain grammatically the difference in meaning between the following sentences. (3p/pair) a. (1) Do you want coffee? (2) Do you want a coffee? b. (1) I have business in London. (2) I have a business in London. c. (1) An individual enjoying a work in a public gallery is not necessarily very rich. (2) An individual enjoying work in a public gallery is not necessarily very rich. 2. Explain why the definite article is or is not used with the underlined words in the sentences below: a. We drank and laughed and talked until dawn. b. This marked the dawn of a new era in Europe. c. Japanese industry is making increasing use of robots. d. This is one of the great problems for the IT industry. e. He has stayed at school all day. 3. Explain why the definite article is or is not used with the underlined words in the sentences below: a. For me, life is beginning at forty. b. I love the life I choose to lead. c. In France, the Netherlands and Norway, any member of the legislature becoming a minister has to resign his or her seat. d. The king was admitted to hospital in November. e. A strong east wind from the Atlantic grew to a gale. 4. Explain why the definite article is or is not used with the underlined words in

the sentences below: a. Life apparently continues as usual. b. English history is more difficult than the history of Sweden.

5 c. The England that I want to see will be a land of more hope and less glory. d. Mr Chirac said the changes to French society were hard for many people. e. My host family used to go to church every Sunday. f. The recent literature on animal behaviour is extensive. g. Scientific literature mounts at a rate of some 60,000,000 pages a year. h. Gascoigne is, of course, no longer the Gazza we knew and marvelled at. i. They boarded a bus in Times Square and went uptown. j.When the case came to court, Hamburger argued that is was impossible to translate a play by Shakespeare in the two months Muller had allowed himself. 5. Explain grammatically why one sentence is incorrect and the other sentence correct in the following pairs of sentences. Underline the errors: (2p/pair) a. (1) A great deal of work has been done to improve the sitution. (2) A great deal of jobs have disappeared in the mining industry. b. (1) There has been a horrendous weather on this tour. (2) There has been some horrendous weather on this tour. c. (1) A great deal of useful information can be got from this chart. (2) A great deal of sheep were grazing in the field. d. (1) It is a dangerous job to install electric wiring. (2) Learning all the rules of grammar is a hard work. e. (1) There is one chair too much. (2) There are ten words too many. f. (1) Do you recall what advice you gave to President Ford when the Shah of Iran visited Washington in 1975? (2) Do you recall what an advice that you gave to President Ford when the Shah of Iran visited Washington in 1975? g. (1) Take Warren Buffett, for instance. How important an influence is he at Salomon? (2) Take Warren Buffett, for instance. A how important person is he at Salomon? 6. Explain grammatically why only one of the following three sentences is correct: (3p) a. The pyjamas was too small. b. The scissors was gone. c. The steelworks was closed down.

6

B. Practical Part

1. Choose the correct alternative:

1. He assumes that the central problem of __________ contemporary American culture is its mean streak. ( - / the ) 2. She had ______ beautiful hair. ( - / a ) 3. __________ unemployment is a labour market problem. ( - / the ) 4. Che Guevara played a pivotal role in ___________ history. (- / the) 5. The police ___________ well aware of the public fascination with serial killers. ( is / are) 6. Do rainbows or similar ______________occur at night? (phenomena /phenomenon ) 7. ”And I’ve loved it,” he added, in ____________ past tense. ( - / the ) 8.The contents of the box __________ of little value. ( was / were ) 9. Statistics ____________ not always lie. ( does / do ) 10. For ordinary everyday sunshine, _____________ nature has supplied us with our own built-in protection. ( - / a / the ) 11. The prime minister pointed out that _______________ United States was already playing a key role in talks between Israel and the Palestinians. ( - / the ) 12. She is making ______________ good progress with her German. ( - / a / an ) 13. At _____________ EU-organised business conference last week, a short, plump German approached us. ( - / a / an ) 14. A __________________ importance was measured by the size and number of windows in his office. (managers / manager’s / managers’ ) 15. Although ______________________ were tired after their first day on board, neither of them slept for more than a few moments that night. (the Bacons / the Bacon’s / the Bacons’ ) 16. Linguistics _______________ the scientific study of language. ( are / is ) 17. Such _______________ elegant luxury does have its price. ( - / an ) 18. The greatest crisis facing ______________ modern civilisation, he says, is going to be how to transform information into structural knowledge. ( - / a / the ) 19. ______________ computer industry has expanded at a steady 8 per cent a year since 1973 - way ahead of ______________ economy and ______________ inflation. (- / the ) 20. I thought St Basil was the Patron Saint of Moscow, you know, the one who has the famous onion domes in ____________ Red Square. ( - / the ) 21. Thirty-four _____________________ candidates have been chosen by the party under the policy. (woman / women ) 22. News ______________________ pretty fast. (travel / travels ) 23. Acoustics __________________ not brilliant at Campfield Market, as was apparent on Press night. ( are / is ) 24. The usual family gathering at _______________________ was held over until late January. ( the Andersons / the Anderson’s / the Andersons’ ) 25. I have learnt that the case against ____________ corporal punishment has been made by sensible people since ___________ civilisation began. (a / the / -) 26. The wonders of __________ nature are limitless. ( a / the / - ) 27. The right flank was less well defended and __________ nature of the terrain complicated the defences. ( the / - )

7 2. What is the plural form of the following words? 1. a roof ____________________ 2. a deer _________________________ 3. a leaf ____________________ 4. a series ________________________ 5. a mouse _________________ 6. a criterion ________________________ 7. loaf _____________________ 8. take-off __________________________ 9. genius ___________________ 10. Chinese _________________________ 11. stimulus _________________ 12. hero ___________________________ 13. victory ___________________ 14. foot _____________________________ 15. thesis __________________ 16. a Portuguese _____________________ 17. proof ___________________ 18. a woman doctor ___________________ 19. goose ___________________ 20. octopus __________________________ 21. half ____________________ 22. analysis __________________________ 23. a woman writer ___________ 24. aircraft ___________________________ 3. Translate the words in brackets so that the sentences are grammatically correct: 1. _________________________ have been neutral for centuries. (Schweizarna) 2. People have proposed all kinds of _____________________ about what these things are. (hypoteser) 3. I think that in ___________________ like this one, there are fewer hands, and things are not being put right as quickly as they could be. (kriser) 4. Simon Hoggart is not quite accurate in his description of __________________. (dessa fenomen)

5. I’ve had __________________________ but I still love _________________ (tre fruar; den sista)

6. There are clearly enough cranks and geniuses in ______________________ to provide subjects for entertaining and informative television. (den brittiska historien)

7. _______________________________ Sun newspaper, the princess has written to the Queen saying she is carefully considering her mother-in-law’s call for an early divorce. (Enligt dagens)

8. Statistics never ____________________ anything. (bevisar)

8

9. In __________________ America, there is no business that is not show business. (dagens) 10. If Marx had examined Cricket in the British Museum Reading Room, the history of ___________________________________ might have been different. (nittonhundratalet) 4. Translate the following sentences into English. Stay as close to the original as possible. Write all numerals in letters unless figures are used in the original. 1. Så mycket pengar, och vad kan man överhuvudtaget (possibly) göra med dem? (2) 2. Barnen är på väg hem från skolan (2) 3. Om det finns några bevis, så (övers. ej) har ingen utom Jean Thompson någonsin sett dem

(4) 4. Hon och Michael delar lägenhet. (2) 5. Turen var på vår sida. (2) 6. Vad är det viktigaste livet har lärt dig? (2) 7. Etiopiens (Ethiopia) kalender är kanske sju år efter vår, men det kunde lätt vara sju århundraden. (4) 8. När börjar livet? (2) 9. Han gick i samma skola som Terry. (2) 10. Ett ökande antal människor har helt enkelt inte råd att sköta (look after) sina tänder. (4) 11. Det fanns inga bevis på att någon mördare eller något vittne hade överlevt. (3) 12. We should remember that [de pengar som styrelsen (board) gör av med (spend) tillhör alla medlemmarna, unga och gamla, rika och fattiga.] (3) 13. Ingen in Genève (Geneva) tvivlar på att miljontals arbeten och lika många liv beror på vad Förenta Staterna säger och gör beträffande (about) klimatförändringarna. (4) 14. Han hävdade (argue), att lärarna var alltför angelägna (anxious) att kontrollera sina elevers tankar. (4) 15. Some 56 per cent of the 805 people polled [beskrev sina kunskaper om EU som dåliga (poor) eller mycket dåliga] (2) 16. Hundratusentals människor räddades. (2) 17. Det är ett mycket gott råd. (1) 18. Förändras någonsin politiken? (2) 19. Jag skulle aldrig arbeta enbart för att få en egen identitet. (2) 20. Att vara ensamstående (single) förälder är det svåraste jag någonsin stått inför (face) (4) 21. Tänk på hur mycket pengar man har sparat genom att undvika rättegång. (3) 22. Bokens författare berättar att ”människorna med de vackra ansiktena var också, på något mystiskt sätt, de som det var roligast att vara tillsammans med.”] (4) 23. Hur kan någon (överhuvudtaget) säga att standarden (standards) har fallit, när de ser en underbar skola som den här? (3) 24. Eddie George [varnade igår för att ökade lönekostnader (escalating pay deals) hotade att driva upp (push up) inflationen.] (3) 25. Åtskilliga tusen yrkesfotografer (professional photographers) var redan yrkesverksamma (be at work) i USA i slutet av 1800-talet. (3)

9 III. VERBS

A. Theoretical Part

1. Explain grammatically the difference in meaning between the following sentences. (3p/pair) (a) (1) She was writing a report on the burglary. (2) She wrote a report on the burglary. (b) (1) He is not very polite. (2) He is not being very polite. (c) (1) She was telling them what she had watched on breakfast news. (2) She told them what she had watched on breakfast news. (d) (1) I regret to say the answer is no. (2) I regret saying the answer is no. 2. Explain why the ing-form is used in the underlined words below: 1. In his lifetime Cezanne had been used to having his work dismissed as clumsy. 2. He disliked having a Marilyn Monroe wiggle when he walked. 3. That also points to the problems Kemp-Welch is having at the Stock Exchange. 4. We needed some compensation, having listened to his tapes throughout our car journey. 5. Anything that makes them do that is worth having a stab at, said John Preston. 6. It is hard to tell whether she is being serious. 7. She believed that being Gordon’s daughter was the most important thing about her. 8. I am really happy here, and have no thoughts of leaving. 9. There are rumours that he is considering leaving because he is unhappy with the system. 10. There are rumours that he is considering leaving because he is unhappy with the system. 11. Bromley parents are now complaining that they cannot get their children into neighbourhood schools. 12. He is considering complaining to the Advertising Standards Authority.

10

13. Edwards died after complaining of feeling unwell after completing a string of concerts. 14. I know fishermen and farmers are always complaining, said Peter Adams. 15. You came without warning and without asking my permission. 16. She said impulsively, ‘I hope you don’t mind my asking, but I do think your shoes are super.’ 17. One of the questions you may be asking yourself is ‘Can I be taught to act?’ 18. Sitting in a strange room with a strange man asking me questions is pure hell. 19. Sitting in a strange room with a strange man asking me questions is pure hell. 20. People are always asking me why I dress strangely. 3. Explain grammatically why one sentence is incorrect and the other sentence

correct in the following pairs of sentences. Underline the errors: (2p/pair) 1. They tried to prevent rebels from climbing up the hill. They tried to prevent rebels from climbing it up. 2. It is incredible that they be allowed to attend. It is important that they be allowed to attend. 3. I have a tendency to pick up the book and then go to sleep. I have a tendency to pick up it and then go to sleep. 4. Explain grammatically the variation in verb forms (underlined) in the pairs of

sentences below: (2p/pair) a. England is going to need just such men as Leslie - men with gifts such as his. England are likely to start their World Cup qualifying campaign in early September. b. When one middle-aged lady said: ”If you brought peace back maybe I would think of

voting for you” she was being polite. Those who knew San Yu says he was polite and likeable. 5. Explain grammatically why one sentence is incorrect and the other sentence is correct in the following pairs of sentences. Underline the errors: (3p) 1. If something would happen, he would start insulting us. 2. If something happened, he would start insulting us. 3. If something happened, he should start insulting us.

11 B. Practical Part 1. Choose the correct alternative: 1. Olsen, the Norwegian manager, is thoroughly accustomed to __________________ with English league players. (work / working / worked ) 2. It is her death that has ___________________ to speculation on a serial killer. (lead / led / been leading) 3. The tension mounted as we were ________________ through two great, green steel doors. ( lead / led ) 4. 19. If he ____________ lose, the chances for peace are dim indeed. ( should / would ) 5. It made me ________________ totally alone. ( feel / feeling / to feel ) 6. Vast sums of public money _________________ simply disappeared. ( has / have)

2. Translate the words in brackets so that the sentences are grammatically correct:

1. I ____________________ when I first heard about Jeff’s involvement in the attack. (diskade)

2. I thought ______________________my mind. (att jag höll på att förlora)

3. He was a remarkable man who _____________the foundations for much that we take for granted today. (lade)

4. Lady Castle _________________ to speak. (reste sig)

5. The target is likely to _____________________ next year. (höjas)

6. What did it cost, if you don’t mind ___________________? (att jag frågar)

7. I am sure if people become unhappy with the game, they will stop _____________. (spela)

8. Amos had ___________________ to the island for solace. (flytt)

9. The boy had irritatingly _________________ up some letters outside his house. (rivit /sönder/)

10. A woman who ___________________ to change her name can even find herself being accused of surrendering her identity. (väljer) 11. Wimbledon have the opposite problem: can they avoid __________________ to sell? (att bli tvungna) 12. Here, Kumar plays an exploited Indian farmer who ______________ both hands while removing a massive stone from his land. (förlorar) 13. Only about 12 people_____________________ by lightning a year in Britain. (träffas) 14. Her confidence ________________. (växte)

12

15. War ________________ him a lot about fear. (lärde)

16. I ____________ awake all night a few feet away from him. (låg) 17. Small wonder that back home they have taken to ________________ for her soul. (att be) 18. When was the last time you read an author interview in which the writer was asked about sentence structure rather than where she ______________________ her clothes? (har köpt) 19. It ______________________ be a nice day out, but it has turned into a tragedy. (skulle) 20. If this _______________ occur, it ________________ have a bad effect on women. (skulle) 21. People ________________________ more adventurous. (börjar bli) 22. Police _____________________________ two men involved in an assault in Hackenbridge. (letar efter) 23. He did not see why footballers ___________________ be categorised as numbskulls. (skulle) 24. The real rainfall story, as one __________________ expect at this time of year, _________________ be found over India. (skulle)

25. He told her __________________ to Saudi Arabia for four months on a job. (att han skulle flyga)

26. Dogs like this _______________________ in Switzerland 400 years ago to guard cattle and houses. (föddes upp) 27. A documentary about the making of this film ________________________ on 17 January. (visas) 28. ”I really do think any man would be mad or idiotic if he ____________________ me out of a roomful of women,” she told one interviewer. (inte valde) 29. People are being asked to go outside and look up: if they see aircraft flying too close to each other, they _________________ report it to the authorities. (ska) 30. A picture of the Virgin Mary and a cross are the only wall decorations, and the furniture__________________ of a single chair and a table. (består) 31. More than $ 13 billion of federal money _____________ to small businesses owned by minorities. (går)

13 32. He ________________ wounded for hours. (låg) 33. The Cuban president went to the Great Wall, visited a housing project, and _____________a wreath at the tomb of Mao. (lade) 34. Ian ________________ even further down in the chair, his legs splayed across the floor. (gled) 35. My daily exercise ___________________ to nothing the day they invented the remote control. (krympte) 3. Translate the following sentences into English. Stay as close to the original as possible. Write all numerals in letters unless figures are used in the original. 1. Sa han att hon höll på att mista babyn? (2) 2. Du bjuder in gäster utan att berätta det i förväg. (2) 3. Jag är på jobbet fram till klockan fyra imorgon. (2) 4. När jag dricker för mycket, tittar jag mig i spegeln och ser en idiot som inte vet när det är dags att sluta. (3) 5. Han har bara råd att besöka Vietnam vartannat år. (2) 6. Jag minns att jag frågade henne varför hon inte tyckte om att vi läste Enid Blyton, som vi alla älskade (adore) när vi var tolv. (4) 7. Klockan två på morgonen den 12 december 1936 gled (slide) HMS Fury tyst ut ur hamnen i Portsmouth (Portsmouth Harbour). (4) 8. Priserna varierar på samma turistort (resort), beroende på vilket företag man väljer. (3) 9. John Barrett undervisade i historia vid Clifton College i fyrtio år. (2) 10. [This job] är troligen slut till jul (2) 11. Efter klockan fyra fortsätter de flesta att arbeta, antingen hemma eller i skolan. (3) 12. Brad vill att de skall stanna kvar i Storbritannien. (2) 13. Min tolvåriga dotter säger ibland till mig: ”Mamma, vad gör du hela dagen? (3) 14. Det var på 1700-talet som den brittiska allmänheten verkligen lärde sig älska the State Lottery. (3) 15. Hennes mor, som hon beundrar väldigt mycket, är född i Dominica [but came to Britain when she was 13]. (3) 16. Jag längtar bara efter att det här provet skall vara över. (2) 17. Om jag bara haft en karta, så hade jag hittat tillbaka (= hittat vägen tillbaka) (2) 18. De som vill gå ut och ta en drink och som uppför sig /väl/ borde få lov att göra det när som helst på dagen eller natten. (4) 19. [Assembly points] brukar vara på pubarna, eftersom det är där de flesta människor är i alla fall. (3) 20. En sådan hemsk olycka får inte hända igen. (2) 21. Hundratusentals människor med (on) låga inkomster får ett mycket uselt (miserable) nytt år. (3) 22. Jag snubblade på tofflorna och föll nerför trappan när jag bodde hos min syster. (3) 23. Om hon bara gjorde detta litet oftare, så skulle ingen slå henne i tennis. (3) 24. Vi ser bägge fram emot att bilda (have) familj. (2) 25. Min mor grävde fram fotot ur en byrålåda (drawer) där det hade legat, bortglömt, i åratal. (4)

14

26. Duka bordet var det enda jag trodde jag kunde göra riktigt, och nu skrek min faster något om att jag använde för många tallrikar. (4) 27. Jag visste att jag skulle bli tvungen att åka dit antingen med tåg eller buss (coach). (3) 28. [If the Northern Ireland information service had asked me], hade jag sagt nej. (2) 29. Jag ringer dig så snart jag kommer hem. (2) 30. Förändras någonsin politiken? (2) 31. Medlemmar av solidaritetsrörelsen, som ledde kampen mot kommunismen, ville ställa honom inför rätta (try him) för att han infört krigsrätt (martial law) i Polen 1981. (4) 32. En del av öborna (islander) tog enorma risker, och de betalade i några fall för det med livet. (3) 33. Det får mig att tänka på hur det är att skriva romaner, i vilka... [the people have quite complicated characters]. (3) 34. Tjugo år efter inbördeskrigets utbrott (outbreak), återvänder Kathy Evans till en stad som arbetar hårt för att begrava sitt våldsamma förflutna och lägga grunden (foundations) för en stabil (stable) framtid. (4) IV. PREPOSITIONS

A. Theoretical Part

1. Explain grammatically the difference in meaning between the following sentences. (3p/pair)

a. (1) Mr Gibson didn’t think much of the pitiful return on shareholders funds either. (2) Mr Gibson didn’t think much about the pitiful return on shareholders funds either. b. (1) Kevin stayed at the Bernards’ for three months. (2) Kevin stayed with the Bernards for three months. B. Practical Part

1. Translate the words in brackets so that the sentences are grammatically correct:

1. Parkin was quietly proud ____________________________ to join the paper. (över att bli tillfrågad) 2. Grandfather died only __________________________________. (för ett år sedan) 3. It was ________________________ by a train, she recalled. (som att träffas) 2. Fill in the correct preposition or use a dash (—) to indicate that no preposition is needed: 1. On Monday she arrived _____________ Whittington hospital, north London. 2. Her relatives could have paid ______________ the work with the insurance money. 3. It began to make sense ______________ me.

15 4. She was cured ______________ cancer. 5. It only looks easy because we are skilled _____________ it and enjoy doing it. 6. Catherine reminded him ________________ the late Steve McQueen. 7. The 34-year-old never really expected to be here and wept _____________ joy at the finish. 8. My father convinced me ______________ that it was fantastic. 9. ‘Can’t you keep your voice down?’ Brody said ______________ a hoarse whisper. 10. There is a test ______________ the end of each of the mandatory units.

11. I am playing better than I ever have ______ the beginning of the year.

12. Samuel Hilton is proud __________that his regiment was called the Loyal North Lancashires.

13. The policemen suspected him ________ drunken driving.

14. The company did not have a clear picture of the customers it was aiming ______ .

15. David Prinosil arrived ________ Sydney only____________ the morning of the

match after reaching the semi-finals of the Qatar Open____________ the weekend.

16. He married ________a successful illustrator named Molly.

17. Local companies take an interest __________ us.

18. She suffers__________ depression.

19. Another operation, in the spring ______________ 1984, confirmed that the film star could not be saved. 20. This new treatment can be had _____________ the tenth of the price of laser therapy. 21. He was suspected ______________ arson. 22. Politicians much prefer spending ________________ saving. 23. Denmark has been beaten ________________ at least 17 points in each of the last four games against England. 24. Buffalo Bill escapes prosecution _________________ producing one buffalo ________________ the last possible moment. 25. Even though he admits ______________ having eaten some beef the day before, he still manages to make it sound ______________ an accusation.

16

26. She spoke of marrying ______________ both. 27. A Cup run can make the difference between having to sell a player ____________ the end of the season to survive or not. (i) 28 . ___________ each occasion, she succeeded ______________ coming __________ heroin _____________ a month while staying ______________ members of her family outside Glasgow, but was back on the drug __________________ hours of her return to the city. (Vid - med - undan (= bli fri från) - under - hos - inom) 29. Anyone can publish; anyone can read what is published; anyone can comment ___________what he or she has read. 30. I am terrible ______________ remembering names. (på) 31. The FT-SE 100 Index fell 10.3 per cent, while my shares fell on average ___________ 15.4 per cent. (med) 3. Translate the following sentences into English. Stay as close to the original as possible. Write all numerals in letters unless figures are used in the original. 1. Bellamy kämpade mot stormen som en idiot (madman). (2) 2. Folk är trötta (bored) på att vara snälla. (2) 3. Black Sam var en ung engelsk sjöman som hade anlänt till nya världen i början av 1700-talet. (3) 4. De båda offren drogs upp ur havet av kustvakten (coastguards) inom tre timmar. (3) 5. Hon har varit sysselsatt med (engaged in) att studera för sina slutprov (A-levels) och (med att; övers ej) tjäna extra fickpengar som servitris på lördagar.(3) 6. Han försöker bevisa, att han har lärt sig av sina misstag. (3) 7. [He booked into a clinic] och svor på att han aldrig skulle dricka igen. (3) 8. Den person som ber om utredningen (review) måste gå med på att betala den andra partens (side) kostnader om de förlorar. (4)

V. ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS

A. Theoretical Part

1. Explain grammatically the difference in meaning between the following sentences. (3p/pair) a. (1) Jonah looks surprisingly good today. (2) Jonah looks surprisingly well today. b. (1) He smiled hopefully. (2) He smiled, hopefully.

17 2. Give the word class of the underlined words below and explain why that particular word class is used in each case. a. He now works, as usual, far away from home. b. Derbyshire had started the day in their usual ebullient fashion despite losing an important toss. c. This is an unusually good series of art books. d. A menu with a lot of dishes in a restaurant is usually a sure sign of trouble. e. The best way to avoid making a mistake is to take as little action as possible. f. No one else came close. g. I would hope that journalists begin once again to do their homework and do research before they make comments that make them look very silly on public media. h. When I told Ella May why I had quit, she laughed loud. 3. Explain grammatically why one sentence is incorrect and the other sentence correct in the following pairs of sentences. Underline the errors: (2p/pair) a. (1) He felt pain as he contemplated the incredible that had happened. (2) He felt pain as he contemplated the evil in the universe. b. (1) American politics have become the rich’s hobby. (2) Unemployment is not the unemployed’s fault. c. (1) Play as much sport as possibly, and keep busy. (2) They can’t possibly win, even if they keep trying. d. (1) It is unlikely that the deceased committed suicide. (2) If you are in a hole, the best to do is to stop digging. e. (1) The most beautiful thing we can experience is the mysterious. (2) The mysterious is that something akin to the Bermuda Triangle engulfs English cricketers in their teens.

18

4. Explain grammatically the variation in verb forms (underlined) in the pairs of sentences below: (2p/pair)

a. Life apparently continues as usual. The argument in Newham is unusually bitter.

b. (1) He wanted to do something good. (2) He wanted to do something well.

B. Practical Part

1. Choose the correct alternative:

1. This beautiful stone cottage has _____________________ uninterrupted views over the sea and surrounding coastal scenery. (amazing / amazingly ) 2. Can even Mr Major himself believe that the party which twice in a decade steered the British economy into an __________________________ deep recession did so with ”skill”? ( unnecessary / unnecessarily ) 3. The Foreign Office has made it very clear it intends to do as little as __________________ ( possible / possibly ) 4. He must learn to know if they were _________________ spelt and look them up. ( wrong / wrongly ) 5. I didn’t think I was doing anything ____________________. ( wrong / wrongly )

6. I know I will do _____________ on this grammar test. ( good / well )

7. It is obviously of less use to those who travel ____________, however. ( infrequent / infrequently ) 8. A heavier coffee, such as Old Java, will taste ________________ with a darker roast to bring out some of its depth. ( good / well ) 9. ______________enough, senior Tories on both sides were quick to blame the same adviser. ( Curious / Curiously )

10. Here every effort would be made to ensure that workers taking these jobs are rewarded with opportunities to train for more skill and more _________________ paid employment. ( high / highly ) 11. The match finished ____________________ enough. ( entertaining / entertainingly)

12. The Republican base is starting to feel ______________________ now about their candidate. ( enthusiastic / enthusiastically ) 13. She feels _________________ about her religion. ( strong / strongly ) 14. I let them off the hook too __________________ . ( easy / easily )

19 15. This was the CNN magazine poll - not a perfect poll if you look really ______________ at the sampling. ( close / closely ) 2. Translate the words in brackets so that the sentences are grammatically correct:

1. The 23-year-old, sacked _____________________ six months after beginning work last October, is claiming unfair dismissal. (mindre än) 2. __________________________________, it was even colder by the end of the week, Friday night’s minimum falling to minus 27 degrees centigrade. (Otroligt nog) 3. Wash the spinach _________________________. (noggrant) 4. Drug-taking is a ___________________ selfish activity. (högst) 5. ‘ ___________________, personal happiness and professional success do not always go together,’ he said. (Sorgligt nog) 6. It was Charlie’s idea to introduce the older residents to ___________________. (de nya) 3. Translate the following sentences into English. Stay as close to the original as possible. Write all numerals in letters unless figures are used in the original. 1. Det sista din far sa var att (jag skulle; översätt ej) hålla ett öga på dig. (2) 2. Den här klänningen är mycket elegantare än något som jag är van vid att ha på mig. (3) 3. Tro inte, att du är den enda som känner igen dem. (2) 4. Hon vill verkligen bli tagen på allvar som skådespelerska. (3)

5. Mandy var den varmaste och kärleksfullaste (loving) person jag någonsin känt. (2) 6. En solnedgång är en av de vackraste synerna (sight) i naturen. (2)

7. Givetvis vill vi alla spela hela tiden, men laget är det viktigaste. (2)

8. Hade den döde blivit biten av en insekt? (2)

9. Er firma är den enda som inte ger mig gratisbiljetter. (2)

10. De enda som möjligen kunde ha orsak att klaga är fransmännen. (4) 11. [Further inquiries revealed that] mannen som bodde i huset hade använt den dödes identitet. (2)

20

VI. PRONOUNS

A. Theoretical Part

1. Explain grammatically the difference in meaning between the following sentences. (3p/pair) a. (1) They asked me what car I recommended them to buy. (2) They asked me which car I recommended them to buy. b. (1) What difference did it make if I lost just one year in the process of growing up. (2) What a difference it would make if I lost just one year in the process of growing up.

c. (1) You can choose from any of these destinations. (2) You can choose from some of these destinations.

d. (1) It is a question I can’t answer truthfully. (2) There is one question I can’t answer truthfully. e. (1) We respected the teachers who didn’t treat us as children but who treated us as

adults. (2) We respected the teachers, who didn’t treat us as children but who treated us as

adults. f. (1) Most of the presidential candidates are men. (2) Most presidential candidates are men. g. (1) I will be pleased if someone can tell me the difference between Entertainment and

Light Entertainment. (2) I will be pleased if anyone can tell me the difference between Entertainment and

Light Entertainment. h. None of the men offered to help me. Neither of the men offered to help me. 2. Explain grammatically why one sentence is incorrect and the other sentence

correct in the following pairs of sentences. Underline the errors: (2p/pair) a. (1) I couldn’t see what difference that made to any of us. (2) I realized what difference it would make to all of us. b. (1) Both children were very young, and none of them spoke a word of English. (2) The three children were very young, and none of them spoke a word of English. c. (1) Everyone in the office is very quiet. (2) Everyone in the office were very quiet.

21 3. Explain grammatically why only one of the following three sentences is correct: a. Citizens’ service is truly an idea who’s time has come. b. Citizens’ service is truly an idea whose time has come. c. Citizens’ service is truly an idea which time has come. 4. Explain grammatically the use of it and there in the following sentences: a. It is 14 years since England enjoyed such a run. b. Indeed, in autumn 1978, it appeared that Labour might well be returned to office. c. Sir Geoffrey said there was a consensus on education in the country.

5. Explain grammatically why it can only be used in two of the following sentences. Correct the errors:

a. It wasn’t a single child to be seen. b. It is always nice to receive recognition for a book. c. It was always someone there who knew what had happened. d. It was Taylor who made the breakthrough. e. It was no time to relax before the game started. 6. Explain grammatically why it can only be used in two of the following sentences. Correct the errors: a. It is always a special atmosphere here. b. Then it is a full-day assessment about the problems they will face. c. It was just not his day. d. It is difficult to plan too much or too far ahead. 7. Explain grammatically why it can only be used in two of the following sentences. Correct the errors:

a. It is something strange about them. b. It can’t be any doubts whatsoever that they are responsible. c. It’s a problem that we have just one connection per institution. d. It had taken him 25 minutes to write a certain poem, but it had taken him 25 years to reach the position where he was able to write it.

B. Practical Part

1. Choose the correct alternative:

1. At its peak, pop singer ‘Leapy Lee’ Graham knifed Anthony Stack in _______________ arm. (his / the) 2. It served ______________ purpose. (it’s / its) 3. ______________ remains to be seen whether China will win. (It / There) 4. ______________ is only one in a two million chance that a flight on an airline registered in western Europe will end in a serious accident. (It / There)

22

5. Such elegant luxury does have ________ price. (its / it’s) 6. But amid the gloom __________ is a glimmer of good news from north of the border. (it / there) 7. ___________ is a mystery why bedrooms don’t feature more in rock lyrics. (It / There) 8. _____________ has been an increase in the number of applicants. (It / There) 9. The use of cosmetics has _______________ origin in simple face paints. (its / it’s / its’) 10. Last year _________________ was a major snowstorm in the early evening rush-hour of the 25th. (it / there / -) 11. “ _______________ remains to be seen whether China will keep its word,” he said. (It / There) 12. Tell her to put ____________ foot down. (her / the) 13. You have a spot on ______________ cheek. (the / your) 14. Help from someone ___________________ experienced is very important. (who’s / whose) 15. Keighly paid a high price when their captain and prop Steve Hall suffered a double fracture of _____________ leg in the narrow defeat by Warrington. (his / the) 16. Napa Valley is best celebrated for ___________ wine, but now ____________ also being celebrated for _____________ food. (it’s / its) 17. There were men out there, workmen driving animals and carrying torches ______________ beams were aimed at the ground. (which / who’s / whose) 2. Translate the words in brackets so that the sentences are grammatically correct: 1. As he was being airlifted to hospital, he remembered to ask the villagers ___________________________ had gone for help. (vilka av dem som) 2. _________________ some of the most socially disadvantaged children in the country. (Det här är) 3. Everyone ____________________ that smallpox has been eradicated. (tror) 4. Ex-cult members, ________________________ still fight for their lives, are disarmingly candid. (av vilka en del) 5. ___________________ has been the biggest medical breakthrough this century? (vilket)

23 6. The Sunday Times did not mention Mr Kilduff in ___________________ of its two articles. (någon) 7. ____________________ a lot of thankless tasks to be done around royalty. (Det är) 8. There is a sense in which she does not wholly belong in _________________ of those two worlds. (någon) 9. ________________________ the results, which will shortly be exhibited. (Det här är) 10. They also have ideas ______________________, which they commission authors to write. (själva) 11. ___________________________________ are occasional smokers. (de flesta av kvinnorna) 12. _________________ of these events was as significant as the economic crisis which continues to haunt the press industry. (Ingen) 13. For those to __________________ work is a pleasure, being forced into unsought leisure time can adversely affect the health. (vilka) (dvs ‘för dem som’) 14. It was the only occasion when ____________________great composers met, and __________________ could think of anything to say to the other. (de båda; ingen av dem)

15. It was expressed in a language _________________ emotive force could be readily appreciated. (vars)

16. There was no other way of knowing______________ day of the week it was. (vilken)

17. The officer admitted he did not know____________________ of these two routes Mr. Smith had used. (vilken)

18. ________________of this is new to the Newbury protesters and millions of their contemporaries. (Inget)

19. The power companies have reduced their risk but increased ______________ (vår) 20. He found it hard to find people with _______________ he could share the deep spiritual meaning of his work. (vilka) 21. There has been a marked improvement over the last 24 hours but solid snow is forecast tomorrow _______________ is the worst possible thing that could happen. (vilket) 22. _____________________ is illegal, the money is good, and a film can be made in under an hour. (Inget av det här) 23. _____________________ people who decide enough is enough and do something. (detta är)

24

24. Both he and his wife feel something is wrong, but _______________________ know what. (ingen av dem) 3. Translate the following sentences into English. Stay as close to the original as possible. Write all numerals in letters unless figures are used in the original. 1. [Why shouldn’t they enjoy the freedom] som är deras, nu när deras barn inte behöver dem längre? (3) 2.Vilket löjligt förslag! (1) 3. Alla som jag någonsin älskat har lämnat mig.](2) 4. På sätt och vis hade bägge männen kommit tillbaka från de döda. (2) 5. Det som gör hans bok så fascinerande är hans intresse (concern) av att upptäcka vilken sorts män det är som väljer ett så farligt yrke. (4) 6. I met people [vars liv hade förändrats] by the experience. (2) 7.Vilka av följande är droger: [(a) Tobacco (b) Alcohol [c] Marijuana] (2) 8. Vilken tur att de stöds av sina vänner! (3) 9. Så gott som (virtually) alla som var i lagerlokalen (warehouse) dödades. (2) 10. Hurdana är de (people) som du arbetar tillsammans med? (2) 11. De flesta européer är oroliga för det samhälle de lever i, och tror att det (things) bara kan bli sämre (3) 12. [The best advice for] dem som åker skidor regelbundet är att köpa egna skor (boots) (2) 13. [She came into the room] med en sax i handen och försökte hugga (stab) mig i bröstet. (3) 14. Han berättade två historier av vilka endast den ena var rolig. (3) 15. Alla andra har gått hem. (2) 16. Vilken sjukdom fruktar du mest? (2) 17. Det finns några uppmuntrande tecken, fast det är för tidigt att vara helt säker (confident) (3) 18. De flesta av de rapporterade dödsfallen berodde på tortyr. (3) 19. Det kommer alltid att finnas arbete i den här branschen (line)] (2) VII. WORD ORDER

A. Theoretical Part

1. Explain grammatically why two sentences are incorrect and the other sentences correct in the following sentences. Underline the errors: a. ‘What nasty thoughts are in your head?’ barked my aunt, taking over the bacon. b. ‘What nasty thoughts are in your head?’ asked me my aunt, taking over the bacon. c. ‘What nasty thoughts are in your head?’ barked she, taking over the bacon. d. ‘What nasty thoughts are in your head?’ my aunt barked, taking over the bacon. 2. Explain grammatically why one sentence is incorrect and the other sentence correct in the following pair of sentences. Underline the errors: (a) ‘Now you stay home and out of the woods,’ shouted my aunt from the other room. (b) ‘Now you stay home and out of the woods,’ had shouted my aunt from the other room.

25 3. Explain grammatically why one sentence is incorrect and the other sentence correct in the following pair of sentences. Underline the errors: (a) No sooner is one climax over than another begins. (b) No sooner I had seen him than he left me and went under. B. PRACTICAL PART

1. Place the words in the left-hand column in the basic, unstressed position in the sentences below: Example: often I visit the British Museum when I am in London. 1. also Sometimes letters can bring bad news. 2. have Seldom I read a more moving letter. 3. never I think I will be American. 4. openly Sergei Filatov said he was being bugged while he was in office. 5. for a long time As the title indicates, birds have been a symbol of freedom 6. never I wish it had happened. 7. very seldom The result is that the private school gets the most able children. 8. for some reason But most of all, she has become a kind of lightning conductor for other people’s hostility. 9. is As a mother of two wonderful children, I am well aware of prejudice against adoption and adopted children, but rarely it so blatant. 10. truly We have, unfortunately, lost ground since March, for which we are sorry. 11. finally Dan gave the man the film.

12. always One annoying habit is when people are late.

13. more or less One of the views expressed was that women have accepted their situation.

26

14. probably The parents have the greatest responsibility for teaching their children manners.

15. never I thought that I would be able to pass the exam.

16. can Rarely such a short life have been so symbolic.

17. never I thought about my mother, who I had known. 18. for some reason We have never taken to salting cod the way our continental neighbours have. 19. had Rarely he looked better and spoken with more vigour. 20. had In a sense, both men come back from the dead. 21. will I think I never be an American.

2. Translate the following sentences into English. Stay as close to the original as possible. Write all numerals in letters unless figures are used in the original. 1. Han ställer fortfarande vissa saker på fel plats, där jag inte kan nå dem, men vi kan båda två skratta åt det. (3) 2. Plötsligt märker jag att alla tittar på mig. (2) 3. [By now,] började John Major bli nervös. (2) 4. När jag någon tid senare återvände, strålade (beam) han av lycka] (3) 5. [Not only] förstår få människor det, men ännu färre kan begripa (grasp) hur Ian klarar att gå eller ens stå upp. (3)

27 VIII. The following sentences contain common mistakes made by Swedish learners. Correct them! (1p / correct alteration; - 1p / incorrect alteration

1. It’s to much homework in every course.

2. I want to learn english so good that people can understand me.

3. When I went in nine grade we went to London.

4. I have also been in Spain at the island Tenerife.

5. Me and my friend talked english whit a englishman who lived there.

6. There was some things that I didn’t like.

7. I did not like the book because it was terrible difficult to read.

8. This leads to that noone can feel safe even in there own home.

9. There are many things which has gone wrong, and these things has created an

intolerable situation.

10. The writer also wonder if it is a crime to not do anything in such situations.

11. Perhaps legislation is the only solution on this problem, if peoples view of other

people do not change.

12. I don’t do as much errors now as I used to.

13. When you for some time have practised the art of writing, you will feel a lot more confident.

14. It is interesting with all the recent trends.

15. The dogs name was Ferdinand and he’s owner was Mr Brown.

16. There is no tea left, is it?

17. They hurt themself badly in the accident.

18. These celebrities can be seen by people not only in Sweden but in whole Europe.

19. Could you tell me who has written Moby Dick?

20. Even if I can a lot of words, there are many left to learn.

21.I didn’t found the book that amusing, but the theme was interesting.

22. It’s sad that everybody have not the same opportunity to experience other cultures.

23. When they come to London for the first time becomes the change to big.

24. Henry accused him for on purpose having hurt him.

25. The book wants to show how the childhood affects by the environment.

26. Loneliness is some of the worst things that can happened to a person, I think.

28

KARLSTADS UNIVERSITET Estetisk-filosofiska fakulteten Engelska Lärare: Marie Tåqvist ENGELSKA A: GRAMMATIK DATUM: 080327 Tid: 14.00-18.00 Namn: ......................................................………………. INGA HJÄLPMEDEL Personnummer: ...........................................……………. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A. Theoretical Part Answer the following questions in Swedish or English. Please write clearly! 1. Analyse the following sentence as fully as possible. Write word classes above the line and sentence constituents (= clause elements) below. (1/2 p per correct item). Articles need not be marked. (15p)

My colleague who moved to Tibet told me that Buddhism is the only truly peaceful religion.

29 2. Explain grammatically the difference in meaning between the following sentences. (5 x 3p) a. (1) I simply couldn’t do without the paper. (2) I simply couldn’t do without paper. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ b. (1) So I’ve seen a few homicides in my day. (2) So I’ve seen few homicides in my day. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ c. (1) Any word can mean anything. (2) Any word can mean something. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ d. (1) I will never forget skipping school every Friday. (2) I will never forget to skip school every Friday. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ e. (1) It is safe to assume that they are arguing about money. (2) It is safe to assume that they argue about money. ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

30

3. Explain why the definite article is or is not used with the underlined words in the sentences below: (6p) 1. How I love hedonism! ___________________________________________________________________________ 2. How I love the crazy hedonism of weekends! ___________________________________________________________________________ 3. OK, how about if I go to school and you get a job? ___________________________________________________________________________ 4. With iTours you’ll discover the Paris that inspired legends and continues to make them. ___________________________________________________________________________ 5. School went on all year for two years, starting at dawn and ending an hour before sunset. ___________________________________________________________________________ 6. Tha Amazon is the longest river in the world. ___________________________________________________________________________ 4. Give the word class of the underlined words below and explain why that particular word class is used in each case. (4p) a. You’d better be nice to me, Moe! ___________________________________________________________________________ b. Calvin, the mighty tyrannosaur, stands over his kill and roars triumphantly. ___________________________________________________________________________ c. Calvin, the mighty tyrannosaur, stands over his kill and roars triumphantly. ___________________________________________________________________________ d. Frankly, my life was plenty complicated before the potato chips. ___________________________________________________________________________

31 5. Explain grammatically why one sentence is incorrect and the other sentence correct in the following pairs of sentences. Underline the errors: (4 x 2p) a. Should an entertainer have such power? b. Should an entertainer have such a power? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ a. The childhood is rarely happy or stress-free. b. Childhood is rarely happy or stress-free. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ a. I went to collect some soil samples and—I think I must have been hit over the head. b. I went to collect some soil samples and—I think I must have been hit over my head. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ a. It was of all things necessary that the author of Sophia remains anonymous. b. It was of all things necessary that the author of Sophia remain anonymous. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________

32

6. Explain why the ing-form is used in the underlined words below: (6p) a. I don’t see how you’re allowed to have a kid without signing one of those. ______________________________________________________________________________ b. Man, you’d think the guy eating the worms would be calling the shots! ______________________________________________________________________________ c. Usually, if you’re calling any shots at all, you’re not eating worms. ______________________________________________________________________________ d. Calvin, losing is a part of life. ______________________________________________________________________________ e. I really hate having things put in perspective. ______________________________________________________________________________ f. I mean, isn’t it worth keeping the share prices up if we can? ______________________________________________________________________________ 7. Explain grammatically why it can only be used in two of the following sentences. Correct the errors: (4p) a. I hate it when it’s this windy. b. It is no easy direct relationship between the teaching objectives of our lessons and the learning outcomes for the students. c. She looked around, but it was no one to be seen. d. It isn’t difficult to see real reasons for learning English for jobs or studies. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________

33 8. Underline the antecedent (‘korrelat’) of the relative clause in each of the following sentences: (3p) (a) This includes Online Licensing, which allows local authorities to accept applications for up to 60 kinds of licences over the internet. (b) But they have time for gardening, which can yield cut flowers for the house throughout the summer. (c) Laura Kiritsy heard Rivera’s declaration and reported it, which is the only reason we now know that there is a third openly gay Member of Parliament. 9. The following sentences contain common mistakes made by Swedish learners. Correct them! (1p / correct alteration; - 1p / incorrect alteration) You’re not allowed to know that until it’s too late to not have one. It’s a really boring task, but fortunate it’s taking so long that the company are now paying us extra to do the work as freelancers. If the heaven is good and if I like to be bad, how am I supposed to be happy there? I’ve seen some two thousands homicides in my day. Some lady called you for about an hour ago. In this essay, I will argue that rap music is a continuation of African American culture, and that it as an art form must be valued as highly as blues, gospel and jazz. The main reason to the violence that we see in today’s society is that parents do not spend enough time with their children. If every teacher where more like my eighth-grade maths teacher, more kids would be interesting in doing their homework.

34

B. Practical Part I. Choose the correct alternative: (21p) 1. What _______________ disgusting spectacle of savage gluttony! (a / an / -) 2. My daughter Ankita Ghai is _______________ air hostess. (a / an / -) 3. Jane is _______________ CEO [in Swedish: ‘VD’] of the company, which develops light sensitive drugs that can be used to prevent and treat diseases. (a / an / -) 4. When we left Ruschein we went to _______________ Lake Locarno for my Dad’s birthday. (the / -) 5. I guess _______________ gravity must pull especially hard on tigers. (the / -) 6. This is _______________ gravity that keeps the moon in orbit. (the / -) 7. All too frequently, the topic of _______________ subjunctive mood is made far more difficult than it needs to be. (the / -) 8. Everyone I know ____________________ your destiny is a private cage in the primate house. (thinks / think) 9. The money ____________________ nothing. (is / are) 10. I had never ____________________ in my own bed before. (lain / lied / laid) 11. After the grazing season, the cattle _______________ transported to a commercial feedyard. (was / were) 12. She giggled and punched him in _______________ arm. (his / the) 13. Will ____________________, for example, be authentic English language materials available from which listening or reading texts can be taken? (it / there) 14. What if _________________________ is no afterlife? (it / there) 15. Grant, on the other hand, understood her almost without ____________________ need for words. (some / any) 16. Why does _________________________ at all exist? (something / anything) 17. There was a violent blow on the back of her head—and everything went ________________. (black / blackly) 18. Learners differ in ways that need ____________________ thought when making decisions about course content and methodology. (careful / carefully)

35 19-20. Rachel looked _________________________ down at the ground, which seemed to be an _________________________ long way away. (bitter / bitterly); (awful / awfully) II. What is the plural form of the following words? (6p) 1. basis ____________________ 2. criterion ____________________ 3. potato ____________________ 4. two-year-old ____________________ 5. mouse ____________________ 6. aircraft ____________________ III. Place the words in the left-hand column in the basic, unstressed position in the sentences below: (6p) Exempel: often I X visit the British Museum when I am in London. 1. not The difficult thing is to be overwhelmed by the

bad patches. 2. never Bad experiences pass quickly enough. 3. never It’s a truth universally acknowledged that bad experiences pass

quickly enough. 4. early one morning When they arrived at Lusaka International Airport ,

the car which they’d pre-booked some 6 months ago wasn’t available. 5. always That’s because she is disappointed when she finds out they are

not for real. 6. was So overcome she that it was only when she was on her way

home again that she remembered m’lord. IV. Translate the words in brackets so that the sentences are grammatically correct: (18p) 1. _________________________ will thank me for keeping this journal at such a young age. (historien) 2. The lawsuit stems from an incident that happened at an _______________________________ birthday party in the basement of a duplex apartment in the West End. (artonårings) 3. Every boy and girl ______________________________ to aim high and not to settle for the merely adequate. (uppmuntras)

36

4. Fine art is irrelevant in ____________________ culture. (dagens) 5. Good teachers have always taken a positively critical approach to appraising and developing their work, using what insights are available from their own and ________________________ experience. (andras) 6. She’s such a hypocrite about _________________________ vocabulary. (att bygga) 7. I knew after our first date that I had ____________________ my husband-to-be. (funnit) 8. We realised the map _________________________? (hade tappats bort) 9. He had already noted the tense she had deliberately ____________________ to use. (valt) 10. The next day Barrett boarded a Continental Airlines airplane in Tulsa and _______________ to the New Orleans International Airport. (flög) 11. The film _________________________ by eight people at Lansing theatre. (sågs) 12-13. ____________________ existence is no longer compatible with ____________________. (Dess); (samhället) 14. I have accepted much after the complications of the war and interregnum, but not such a deliberate show of interest that is against my own—and possibly against ___________________. (ditt; only one word) 15. Of the ingredients required, ____________________ of them come from renewable resources? (vilka) 16. If you could have ___________________________ in the world right now, what would it be? (vad som helst) 17. ________________________________________ was the job at hand. (Det viktiga) 18. Now that Diana is dead, who is going to speak for _______________________________? (de hemlösa) 19. Dogs find people buried ____________________ in snow. (djupt) V. Fill in the correct preposition or use a dash (—) to indicate that no preposition is needed: (10p) 1. The secret _______________ making great hot chocolate is to put the tiny marshmallows in first. 2. The day off is ruined _______________ knowing I’ve got to get ready for school tomorrow.

37 3. I’ll write about the debate _______________ Tyrannousaurs. 4. I’m so good _______________ figuring on what’s going on! 5. I am concerned _______________ that those mean and women and the families they represent are under stress as a result. 6. Americans are increasingly concerned _______________ global warming. 7-8. Too bad the daily drudgery _____________ making a living has to keep you ____________ appreciating these sublime moments of life. 9. I know some day I will live _______________ the coast. 10. An ancient underwater city has been found 5 miles _______________ the coast of south-eastern India. VI. Translate the following sentences into English. Stay as close to the original as possible. Write all numerals in letters unless figures are used in the original. 1. ____________________________________________________________________________ [Inget i livet är någonsin lätt.] (2) 2. ____________________________________________________________________________ [Det känns underbart.] (2) 3. ____________________________________________________________________________ [Det här är inte mina drömmars Sverige.] (3) 4. ____________________________________________________________________________ [Jag såg artikeln i Financial Times.] (2) 5. ____________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ [Jag har hört talas om henne men jag vet inte hur hon ser ut.] (3) 6. ____________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ [Lovar du att sluta undvika (anv. en form av avoid) mig?] (3) 7. ____________________________________________________________________________ [Rachel skakade på huvudet av frustration]. (3) 8. ____________________________________________________________________________ [Han undrade vilka böcker som hon redan läst.] (3)

38

9. ____________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ [Jag insisterar på att göra min andel (share), Rowe.] (3) 10. ___________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ [Pojken gick in i rummet där den gamle satt och väntade.] (3) 11. ___________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ [Han lade försiktigt sin halsduk på bordet bredvid sig.] (3) 12. ___________________________________________________________________________ [Finns det ingenting man kan göra?] (3) 13. ___________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ [Matthew Welton och hans vänner, av vilka många brukade sova på gatan, arbetar nu för The Goodwill Inn Homeless Shelter.] (4) 14. ___________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ [Vi är för upptagna med att arbeta och har inte tid med varandra.] (3) 15. ___________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ [‘Ditt skägg ser verkligen skrämmande ut’, sade hon till honom.] (3) 16. ___________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ [Vi är vana vid att vänta utanför badrumsdörren.] (3) 17. ___________________________________________________________________________ [Det finns ingen mjölk i kylen.] (2) 18. ___________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ [Ingen av de två pojkarna skadades allvarligt i olyckan.] (4)

39 19. ___________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ [När han kom fram till flygplatsen var det hundratals människor där.] (3) 20. ___________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ [Jag ser inte fram emot att träffa Marc och hans familj igen nästa år.] (3) 21. ___________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ [Jag hade inte bett om hjälp om jag känt till den här regeln.] (4) 22. ___________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ [De skakade hand och svor (use a form of swear) att vara vänner resten av livet.] (3) 23. ___________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ [När de för ett par månader sedan köpte ny bil, valde de en minivan.] (4) GOOD LUCK!/MT

40

KARLSTADS UNIVERSITET Estetisk-filosofiska fakulteten Engelska Lärare: Marie Tåqvist ENGAG1, ENGAL1, ENGALV: ENGELSK GRAMMATIK DATUM: 081024 Tid: 8.15-12.15 Namn: ......................................................………………. INGA HJÄLPMEDEL Personnummer: ...........................................……………. Betygsgränser: Del A: G=41p, VG=56p. Del B: G=87p, VG=108p. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A. Theoretical Part Answer the following questions in Swedish or English. Please write clearly! 1. Analyse the following sentence as fully as possible. Write word classes above the line and sentence constituents (= clause elements) below. (1/2 p per correct item). Articles need not be marked. (12p)

Unfortunately, the wrinkled handkerchief which the woman gave him had a rather large greenish stain.

41 2. Explain grammatically the difference in meaning between the following sentences. (5 x 3p) a. (1) John is cleaning the windows. (2) John cleans the windows. ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ b. (1) It was time to relax and plan the future. (2) There was time to relax and plan the future. ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ c. (1) London may well have been the most fashionable city in any country at any point in the world’s history. (2) London may well have been the most fashionable city in any country at some point in the world’s history. _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ d. (1) The devout Catholic stopped to pray for a few minutes. (2) The devout Catholic stopped praying for a few minutes. _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ e. (1) What does she look like? (2) How does she look? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________

42

3. Explain why the definite article is or is not used with the underlined words in the sentences below: (6p) a. They move herds of tens of thousands of cattle to the edge of the Nile. ______________________________________________________________________________ b. At dinner, I ate some of Beau Brummel’s home-made peppermint ice-cream, the best I ever tasted. ______________________________________________________________________________ c. If women really wanted to change society, they could. ______________________________________________________________________________ d. If women really wanted to change the society that we live in, they could. ______________________________________________________________________________ e. This study will present a discussion of the comparative structure of the noun phrase in English and Hindi. ______________________________________________________________________________ f. The Rose and Crown is one of Yorkshire’s oldest pubs. ______________________________________________________________________________ 4. Explain grammatically why it can only be used in two of the following sentences. Correct the errors: (4p) a. It is nothing wrong with a healthy debate. b. It was no other way to prevent people from being injured. c. It was important to prevent people from being injured. d. It’s snowing like crazy but nothing will stop our peddler’s adventure. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________

43 5. Explain grammatically why one sentence is incorrect and the other sentence correct in the following pairs of sentences. Underline the errors: (4 x 2p) a. Meanwhile, as the rich grows richer, our members look forward to another year of poverty. b. Meanwhile, as the rich grow richer, our members look forward to another year of poverty. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ a. Life is more than just a game. b. The life is more than just a game. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ a. I’m still a vegetarian, but only because I’m used to eating the Indian food that I eat. b. I’m still a vegetarian, but only because I’m used to eat the Indian food that I eat. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ a. I always wondered which of these were genuine and which were not. b. I always wondered which of these that were genuine and which were not. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________

44 6. Explain why the ing-form is used in the underlined words below: (6p)

1. Before spelling out exactly what this means, it is worth asking whether translating machinery is necessarily irreversible. ______________________________________________________________________________ 2. Before spelling out exactly what this means, it is worth asking whether translating machinery is necessarily irreversible. ______________________________________________________________________________ 3. If a GM school doesn’t like having to apply to the government, it can always choose not to. ______________________________________________________________________________ 4. A story in a Sunday newspaper claimed that John Barnes was having an affair with Carlsberg’s North-West PR woman. ______________________________________________________________________________ 5. I had to leave at 5am and the man working in the afternoon booked a cab for me. ______________________________________________________________________________ 6. Working in the afternoon is one of the surest ways for a teenager to live a life away from crime. ______________________________________________________________________________ 7. Give the word class of the underlined words below and explain why that particular word class is used in each case. (4p) a. Camelot’s celebration was rudely interrupted by the Roman delegation. ___________________________________________________________________________ b. In a momentary lapse of judgement, I deleted my blog. ___________________________________________________________________________ c. This blog was better when you just kept quiet for weeks. ___________________________________________________________________________ d. I will not go to France to receive the award. ___________________________________________________________________________

45 8. Explain why close is used in sentence (a) and closely in sentence (b). Give the word class of the underlined words. (3p) (a) The keep stood close to the town’s walls. (b) Oktibbeha County is a community closely connected to its past, with landmarks colouring its landscape and illustrating its history. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 9. The following sentences contain common mistakes made by Swedish learners. Correct them! (1p / correct alteration; - 1p / incorrect alteration) A new political force has succeeded in to gain popularity among ordinary people. It take advantage of the fact that people are displeased with the well-fare state. The main reason is that Nationalism focus on individuals emotions. Inevitably, their lives changes wether they like it or not. If he would be alive, we wouldn’t be in this situation. Most of us are just to busy to notice. The life in ancient Egypt was centred largely on agriculture. Never before she had had such good life. I told him that I had always avoided to go there.

46 B. Practical Part

I. Choose the correct alternative: (22p) 1. Can this even have _______________ influence on how they are voting? (a / an / -) 2. When was the last time you wanted _______________ good advice? (a / an / -) 3. She was _______________ chairman of the board from May 1973 to May 1991. (a / an / -) 4. In _______________ ancient Egypt, lipstick was used by the nobility of both sexes. (the / -) 5. Instead of relaxing and letting _______________ nature take its course, he panicked and tried to remove the safety pin by not so gentle manipulations from the outside. (the / -) 6. A glance at any psychology book on the subject will reveal a variety of conflicting views about _______________ nature and process of learning. (the / -) 7. In those days, _______________ life in the Armed Forces made a difference to men. (the / -) 8. Did he perhaps arm himself with some object before he changed _______________? (seat / seats) 9. The United Nations _______________ set up a special panel to propose controls over trade in small arms. (has / have) 10. Semantics __________________ with meaning in language. (deal / deals) 11. It is only a short step from there to __________________ up stories about how the other kid “started it”. (make / making) 12. Jonathan Aitken was enjoying a skiing trip with his family, trying to take his mind off the tiresome week that _______________ ahead. (lie / lay / laid) 13. ____________________ of the charges were dropped. (much / many) 14. _______________ is little doubt that very many more in the party have held their tongues rather than add to Mr Blair’s problems. (It / There) 15. _______________ was a windy evening. (It / There) 16-17. _______________ is a debate going on at the moment about how much people should get paid for doing ____________________ responsible jobs. (It / There); (high / highly) 18. It made the Slough telegraph office as popular a tourist attraction in _______________ day as the car park is in ours. (it’s / its / those)

47 19. He gets that from his mum _______________ is one of the most photogenic people in the world. (who / whom) 20. This caused such distress to a common friend of _______________ that he took us to dinner at one of the best restaurants the market could provide. (our / ours) 21. They gave in too ____________________ and too early. (easy / easily) 22. This is a show you’ll definitely be talking about afterwards—whether you ran in horror or laughed _________________________ throughout. (guilty / guiltily) II. What is the plural form of the following words? (6p) 1. belief ____________________ 2. mother-in-law ____________________ 3. goose ____________________ 4. phenomenon ____________________ 5. aircraft _____________________ 6. echo ____________________ III. Place the words in the left-hand column in the basic, unstressed position in the sentences below: (6p) Exempel: often I X visit the British Museum when I am in London. 1. are She told him: ‘Not only the titles unsuitable, but the printing

and covers are unlikely to inspire people to read them.’ 2. on June 12, 1993 So when they cast their votes they knew exactly what

they were doing. 3. seldom This is one thing which I have heard mentioned. 4. generally Max Weber, born in 1864, is regarded as the greatest of

modern sociologists. 5. hardly This decision is a surprise. 6. not Sometimes I prefer to know the truth. IV. Translate the words in brackets so that the sentences are grammatically correct: (19p) 1. Who goes to ____________________ every day? (skolan) 2. The ____________________ are slow, but the earth is patient. (oxar)

48

3. _________________________ is eternal. (Kärleken) 4. So how do ____________________ children become adults, when all their lives they have been ferried back and forth in cars by parents? (dagens) 5-6. In public life, nearly everyone _______________ who _________________________ friends are. (vet); (alla andras) 7. Derek Canning, who sold the chickens, claimed they _________________________ in captivity. (var uppfödda /föda upp = breed/) 8. She ___________________________ by 30 health workers by then. (hade setts) 9. They dragged the boy, aged 14, out of his house at night, dressed in only a T-shirt and boxer shorts, bundled him into the car and ____________________ off. (körde) 10. _________________________ can drive perfectly for one mile, but it takes real skill and professionalism to drive 1,000,000 miles or more safely. (Vem som helst) 11. We went through the names, ______________________________ was Emma Nicholson’s, before I explained how unlikely it all was. (av vilka ett) 12. Our players have to ask _________________________ if they are still hungry for success. (sig) 13. She was escorted by two men, but ____________________ of them spoke to her or exchanged a word with each other until they were crossing the main road. (ingen) 14. Together they went searching for gold. Although they found ____________________, there were other ways of getting rich at sea: Black Sam and Williams knew you did not have to wait for a ship to become wrecked. (inget; only one word) 15. Large sums of money were being spent on the expansion of arts degree courses _______________ students would make little contribution to Britain’s economic welfare. (vars) 16. ___________________________________ is to prune once a year, and if you miss the summer, prune in winter. (det viktigaste) 17. West England and Wales were the sunniest regions in relative terms, enjoying 40% more sunshine than ____________________. (vanligt) 18. Leading up to the event on March 10, the postal carrier’s burden grew __________________ each day and his mailbag sagged lower to the ground. (tyngre) 19. The room smelled _________________________ when we walked in. (hemskt)

49 V. Fill in the correct preposition or use a dash (—) to indicate that no preposition is needed: (10p) 1. The media have been forced to watch the unfolding drama _______________ a distance. 2. He never discussed his views _______________ abortion, or politics, or anything else. 3. I think most actors are conscious _______________ the need to keep in training. 4. Chinese officials complain _______________ that foreign commentators take too negative a view in general of China’s progress. 5. John Sweeney is on the defensive and complaining _______________ it. 6. She’s not interested _______________ a high-powered career. 7. I was there _______________ two years ago, which was fun. 8. I’m an optimist _______________ nature. 9-10. Trade relations ______________ Japan and the United States improved _______________ the start of April. VI. Translate the following sentences into English. Stay as close to the original as possible. Write all numerals in letters unless figures are used in the original. 1. ____________________________________________________________________________ [Var har du köpt de här möblerna?] (2) 2. ____________________________________________________________________________ [Han undvek att se på de anklagade.] (2) 3. ____________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ [Verkligheten är ibland bättre än dikten (fiction).] (3) 4. ____________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ [Det underliga var att ingen av de två flickorna visste något.] (4) 5. ____________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ [De sade att de hade gjort läxorna, vilket var lögn.] (3)

50

6. ____________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ [De här kyrkorna är byggda på sjuttonhundratalet.] (3) 7. ____________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ [Han kom inte ihåg vem som hade lärt honom spela gitarr.] (3) 8. ____________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ [Trots att det var kallt hade han ingen rock på sig.] (3) 9. ____________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ [De lovade att de skulle skynda sig, och det gjorde de också.] (3) 10. ___________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ [Dessa människor, av vilka de flesta är emot reformen, har inte kunnat rösta.] (4) 11. ___________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ [Michael Jecks förklarar varför han alltid skriver om Devon på trettonhundratalet.] (3) 12. ___________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ [De skadade fördes till sjukhus, och de som klarat sig undan (escaped) olyckan åkte hem.] (4) 13. ___________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ [‘Vilken dag är det idag?’ frågade hon när hon vaknade. (3) 14. ___________________________________________________________________________ [Jag känner henne inte. Hur ser hon ut?] (2)

51 15. ___________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ [Jag höll just på att låsa dörren när telefonen ringde.] (3) 16. ___________________________________________________________________________ [Man lär sig mycket genom att lära andra.] (3) 17. ___________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ [USA är ett intressant land, men den amerikanska politiken är svår att förstå.] (4) 18. ___________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ [När vi anlände spelade flickorna kort och pojkarna lagade mat.] (3) 19. ___________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ [Studenterna insisterade på att skrivningen skulle skjutas upp (att skjuta upp = to postpone.] (3) 20. ___________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ [Vi behövde inte ta med våra egna cyklar eftersom de hade några gamla som vi kunde låna.] (4) 21. ___________________________________________________________________________ [Det brukade finnas en park här.] (2) 22. ___________________________________________________________________________ [Mindre än tre fjärdedelar kom i tid.] (3) GOOD LUCK!/MT

52 KEY

I. WORD CLASSES AND SENTENCE CONSTITUENTS

1. Word Classes:

Adj N V Adj N Conj IndefPrn V IndefPrn The Foreign Office confirmed last night that there were no Adj N V Prep N British tourists left on the island. Sentence Constituents: The Foreign Office confirmed last night ------------- s -------------- p --- advl/time ---- mod.adj H mod.adj H that there were no British tourists left on the island. --------------------------------------------- Od ------------------------------------------------------- fs p --------------- es -------------- +p -------- advl/place ---- det mod.adj H 2. Word Classes: N V PePrn Adj N Prep N Conj PePrn V Adv Ray gave me a hasty description of the car, and I was reasonably Adj Conj PePrn V V PePrn Prep N certain that I could find it without trouble. Sentence Constituents: Ray gave me a hasty description of the car, and I was reasonably s p Oi ---------------- Od --------------------------- s p advl/degree mod.adj H -- mod.prep -- certain that I could find it without trouble. ------------------------ pr/s ---------------------------------------------------- H --------------------- adj.compl -------------------------------- s ----- p ------ Od --- advl/manner --

53 3. Word Classes: N Prep N N Adv V Neg V (Note – the negation A year after the crash, investigators still can’t tell can also be analysed as an Adv) N N InterPrn V N The victims’ families what caused the explosion.

Sentence Constituents: A year after the crash, investigators still can’t tell --------- advl/time ------------- s advl/time p neg +p (Note – the negation H ------mod.prep----- can also be analysed as a modal advl) the victims’ families what caused the explosion. ---------------- Oi ---------------- ------------------- Od ------------------------- mod.gen H s p -------- Od ---------- 4. Word Classes: Prep N/Num PePrn V Adj N Infin-marker V ”In the 1980s it was a crazy idea to think Conj PePrn V V N N Prep N V ----------- N ---------- that you could make Galicia a center of fashion,” says Antonio Pernas.

Sentence Constituents: ”In the 1980s it was a crazy idea ---------------------------------- Od -------------------… --- advl/time ----- fs p -----pr s--------- mod.adj H to think that you could make Galicia a center of fashion,” says Antonio Pernas. …------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ p ----------- s ---------- -------------------------- es -------------------------------------------------------------- ---- p ---- ---------------------------- Od --------------------------------------------- s ------ p -------- Od ---------- pr/o --------------- H --mod.prep --

II. NOUNS

A. Theoretical Part

1. a. (1) Do you want some coffee? / Vill du ha kaffe? (2) Do you want a cup of coffee? / Vill du ha en kopp kaffe? Coffee is an uncountable noun, so it does not normally take the indefinite article, except in certain cases where it has been made countable (a coffee = a cup of coffee). SS §145C, MEV 4.3.3 1 b. (1) I have things to do in London. / Jag har affärer i London.

(2) I have a company in London. / Jag har en firma i London. ‘business’ = things to do, affärer (att uträtta); uncountable, does not take the indef. art. ‘a business’ = company, affärsrörelse, firma; countable, takes the indef. art. SS §159 B, MEV 4.3.3

54

1c. (1) An individual who admires a work of art in… / En individ som njuter av ett konstverk... (2) An individual who likes to work in… / En individ som tycker om jobbet ... The noun work in the sense of ‘job’ (‘arbete’) is uncountable, so it does not take the indefinite article (2). By contrast, work in the sense of ‘work of art’ (‘/konst/verk’) is countable, so it takes the indef.art. (1). SS §146, MEV 4.3.3

2a. We drank and laughed and talked until dawn. Certain expressions of time (or a change in progress from one part of day to another) do not take the definite article. SS§ 176G, MEV 4.6.3 b. This marked the dawn of a new era in Europe. A post-modifier in the form of an of-phrase makes the noun specific, so the definite article must be used (even in cases where the definite article is not normally used). SS §175A, MEV 4.6.2 c. Japanese industry is making increasing use of robots. Uncountable nouns used in the generic sense do not take the definite article, even when there is a pre-modifier (in this instance, Japanese). SS §176 C, MEV 4.3.2 d. This is one of the great problems for the IT industry. In this sentence, industry refers to a specific line of business, so the definite article is needed. SS §176 C, MEV 4.3.2 e. He has stayed at school all day. Certain institutions such as school, church, prison, hospital do not take the definite article when what is referred to is the activities rather than the actual building. SS §176 H, MEV 4.6.3 3. a. For me, life is beginning at forty. Uncountable nouns used in the generic sense do not take the definite article. SS §176A, MEV 4.3.2 b. I love the life I choose to lead. A post-modifier in the form of a that-clause (a restrictive relative clause: /that/ I choose to lead) makes the noun specific, so the definite article must be used even when the noun is uncountable. SS §172 245B, MEV 4.6.2; 4.6.3.1 c. In France, the Netherlands and Norway, any member of the legislature becoming a minister has to resign his or her seat. Proper nouns do not normally take the definite article (France, Norway). Plural names of countries is an exception to that rule: the definite article is normally used. SS §183, MEV 4.2 d. The king was admitted to hospital in November. Certain institutions such as school, church, prison, hospital do not take the definite article when what is referred to is the activities rather than the actual building. SS §176 H, MEV 4.6.3 e. A strong east wind from the Atlantic grew to a gale. Names of seas take the definite article (all bodies of water except lakes). SS §192 MEV Appendix 2 4. a. Life apparently continues as usual. Uncountable nouns used in the generic sense do not take the definite article. SS §176A, MEV 4.3.2

b. English history is more difficult than the history of Sweden. A post-modifier in the form of an of-phrase makes the noun specific, so the definite article must be used even when the noun is uncountable. SS §175 A, MEV 4.6.2

55 c. The England that I want to see will be a land of more hope and less glory. Proper nouns do not normally take the definite article but a post-modifier in the form of a that-clause (a restrictive relative clause) makes the noun specific. As a result, the definite article must be used, even when the noun does not normally take the definite article. SS §172, MEV 4.2, 4.6.2 d. Mr Chirac said the changes to French society were hard for many people. Uncountable nouns used in the generic sense do not take the definite article, even when there is a pre-modifier (in this instance, French). SS §176 B and C, MEV 4.3.2 e. My host family used to go to church every Sunday. Certain institutions such as school, church, prison, hospital do not take the definite article when what is referred to is the activities rather than the actual building. SS §176 H, MEV 4.6.3 f. The recent literature on animal behaviour is extensive. Nouns with a specific reference take the definite article (in this instance, certain literature on a soecific topic). SS §172, MEV 4.6.2 g. Scientific literature mounts at a rate of some 60,000,000 pages a year. Uncountable nouns used in the generic sense do not take the definite article, even when there is a pre-modifier (in this instance, Scientific). SS §176 C, MEV 4.3.2 h. Gascoigne is, of course, no longer the Gazza we knew and marvelled at. Proper nouns do not normally take the definite article but a post-modifier in the form of a that-clause (a restrictive relative clause) makes the noun specific. As a result, the definite article must be used, even when the noun does not normally take the definite article. SS §172, MEV 4.2, 4.6.2 i. They boarded a bus in Times Square and went uptown. Proper nouns do not usually take the definite article. SS §187, MEV 4.2 j. When the case came to court, Hamburger argued that is was impossible to translate a play by Shakespeare in the two months Muller had allowed himself. Certain institutions such as school, church, prison, hospital, court do not take the definite article when what is referred to is the activities rather than the actual building. SS §176 H, MEV 4.6.3 5. a. The quantifier a great deal of can only be used with uncountable nouns (SS §275, MEV 8.8.6; 8.8.6.1). The noun work is uncountable (SS §146, MEV 4.3.3), so (1) is correct. The noun jobs is countable, so it requires another quantifier, for example a great many, a large number of. b. The noun weather is uncountable is English, so it does not take the indefinite article (SS §146, MEV 4.3.2). Therefore, sentence (1) is wrong. Instead, say There has been horrendous weather on this tour. The indefinite pronoun some can be used with countable and uncountable nouns. c. The quantifier a great deal of can only be used with uncountable nouns (SS §275, MEV 8.8.6; 8.8.6.1). Information is uncountable (SS§ 159 B), but sheep is countable and takes the zero plural (SS §156 A, MEV 4.4.1). Therefore, (1) is correct and (2) must be changed (e.g. a lot of / many sheep). d. Job is a countable noun and can therefore take the indefinite article. Therefore, (1) is correct. Work is uncountable, so the indefinite article cannot be used (SS §176 D, MEV 4.3.2; 4.3.3). Sentence (2) should end is hard work. e. Both chair and words are countables. The quantifier much can only be used with uncountables (SS §275, MEV 8.8.6; 8.8.6.1). Therefore, much must be changed to many in sentence (1). f. Advice is uncountable so it does not take the indef. art.: erase an in sentence (2). (SS §159, MEV 4.3.2) Also, English has no equivalent to the Swedish relative pronoun som in indirect questions: /vilket råd som ... = what advice/. In other words, there should be no that in sentence (2). (SS §239, MEV 8.5.4)

56

g. In sentences with how, as, so, to + an adjective, the indef.art. is placed after the adjective. Therefore, sentence (2) is wrong. The following is correct: How important a person is he... (SS §125 D, MEV 4.6.1) 6. Pyjamas and scissors are always plural in English (SS §160, MEV 4.4.2.2) so the plural were is needed. Steelworks can be either singular or plural (SS §156E, MEV 4.4.1), so was is correct here. B. Practical Part 1. No article (Uncountable noun, generic sense; SS §176 C, MEV 4.3.2) 2. No article (Hair is uncountable except is the sense of ‘hårstrå’; MEV 4.3.3) 3. No article (Uncountable noun, generic sense; SS §176A, MEV 4.3.2) 4. No article (Uncountable noun, generic sense; SS §176A, MEV 4.3.2) 5. are (Police is always plural; SS §162D, MEV 4.4.2.2) 6. phenomena (plural; SS §155F, MEV 4.4.1) 7. the (Most grammar terminology takes the definite article, SS §175F, 4.6.2) 8. were (contents is plural when it has a concrete sense, SS §161, 4.4.3) 9. do (Statistics takes the plural when it refers to numerical data rather than the subject of study, SS §158, MEV 4.4.2.1) 10. No article (Uncountable noun, generic sense; SS §§ 176A, 176 B, MEV 4.3.2) 11. the (the definite article is used with plural names, SS §189B, MEV 4.2) 12. No article (Uncountable noun, so no indef.art, SS §159, MEV 4.3.2) 13. an (EU begins with a vowel sound; SS §170, MEV 4.6.1) 14. manager’s (the apostrophe is generally used when the owner is animate, SS §§164-165, MEV 4.5.1) 15. the Bacons (plural names, SS §189A, MEV 4.2) 16. is (a subject or science ending in –ics takes the def.art. when it refers to the subject of study rather than the practical application of it, SS §158, MEV 4.4.2.1) 17. No article (luxury is uncountable, SS §146, 4.3.2) 18. No article (Uncountable noun, generic sense. The rule applies even when there is a pre-modifier, SS §176C, MEV 4.3.2; 4.6.3.1) 19. The, the, no article (industry takes the def.art. when used in the specific sense (a certain type of industry), economy always takes the definite article (SS § 176 E), inflation is an uncountable noun used in the generic sense; SS §§176A, 176 B, MEV 4.3.2; 4.6.3.1) 20. No article (public places and public buildings normally don’t take the def.art, SS §187, MEV 4.2) 21. women (irregular plural, SS §153, MEV 4.4.1) 22. travels (news uncountable and therefore singular, SS §159, MEV 4.3.1; 4.3.2) 23. are (acoustics takes the plural when it refers to sound conditions rather than the subject of study, SS §158, MEV 4.4.2.1) 24. the Andersons’ (ellipsis: Andersons’ place), SS §432 C, MEV 4.5.1 25. - corporal punishment (generic sense; no article) - civilisation (SS §176, MEV 4.3.2) 26. - nature (Uncountable noun, generic sense; SS §176, MEV 4.3.2) 27. the nature of the terrain (The noun has been made specific by the addition of a post-modifier in the form of an of-phrase; SS §175 A, MEV 4.6.2) 2. 1. roofs SS §152 2. deer SS §156 3. leaves SS §152 4. series SS §156E 5. mice SS §153 6. criteria SS §155 F 7. loaves SS §152 8. take-offs SS §157 9. geniuses SS §155A 10. Chinese SS §156B 11. stimuli SS §155A 12. heroes SS §463B 13. victories SS §462 14. feet SS §153 15. theses SS §155E 16. Portuguese SS §156B 17. proofs SS §152 18. women doctors SS §157A 19. geese SS §153 20. octopuses SS §463A 21. halves SS §152 A 22. analyses SS §155 E 23. women writers SS §157A 24. aircraft SS §156 E

Alt. MEV 4.4.1 for irregular plurals.

57 3. 1. The Swiss SS §156 B, MEV 4.4.1 2. hypotheses SS §155 E, MEV 4.4.1 3. crises SS §155 E, MEV 4.4.1 4. these phenomena SS §155 F, MEV 4.4.1 5. three wives SS §152, MEV 4.4.1, the last one SS §273 B, MEV 6.4.3.3 6. British history SS §176 C, MEV 4.3.2 7. According to today’s SS §165 E, MEV 4.5.1 8. prove (statistics takes the plural when it refers to the practical application of the stubject, SS §158, MEV 4.4.2.1) 9. today’s SS §165 E, MEV 4.5.1 10. the twentieth century SS §298 C, MEV 9.3.3 4. 1. So much money, and what can you possibly do with it. SS §159, MEV 4.3.1 2. The kids/children are on their way home from school. SS §153, 176H, MEV 4.6.3 3. If there is any evidence, no one except Jean Thompson has ever seen it. SS §159, MEV 4.3.1 4. She and Michael share a flat. SS §174, MEV §4.4.5.2 5. Luck was on our side. SS §146, 176A, B, MEV 4.3.2 6. What is the most important lesson life has taught you? SS §§325, 176, 71, MEV 4.3.2; 6.2.1 7. Ethiopia’s calendar may be seven years behind ours, but it could easily be seven centuries. SS §165 D, MEV 4.5.1; 5.2.2.2 8. When does life begin? SS §176A, MEV 4.3.2 9. He went to the same school as Terry. SS §176 H, MEV 4.6.3 10. An increasing number of people simply can’t afford to look after their teeth. SS §147, 153, MEV 4.4.2.2; 8.8.6.1 11. There was no evidence that any murderer or witness had survived. SS §159, MEV 4.3.1; 4.3.2 12. ... the money that the board is spending belongs to all the members, young and old, rich and poor. SS §159, MEV 4.3.1; 4.3.2 13. No one in Geneva doubts that millions of jobs and as many lives depend on what the U.S. says and does about the climate changes. SS §152, 183B, 162C, MEV 4.4.4; 4.4.5.2 14. He argued that teachers were too anxious to control their pupils’ thoughts. SS §§365C, 165, MEV 4.5.1 15. described their knowledge of the EU as poor or very poor. SS §159, MEV 4.6.2 16. Hundreds of thousands of people were saved. SS §298, MEV 4.4.2.2; 9.5 17. That’s a very good piece of advice. SS §159, MEV 4.3.1 18. Does politics ever change? SS §158, MEV 4.4.2.1 19. I would never work purely to have an identity of my own. SS §127 A, MEV 8.3 20. Being a single parent is the hardest job I’ve ever faced. SS §§363, 174B, 326, MEV 4.6.1; 5.4.3; 6.2.1 21. Think what a lot of money has SS §159, MEV 4.3.1; 4.3.2 been saved SS §93D by avoiding a trial. 22. The author of the book SS §166, MEV 4.5.2 tells us SS §425C that ”the people with the beautiful faces were also, mysteriously, the ones SS §232, MEV 6.4.3.3 it was most fun to be with. 23. How can anyone say that standards SS §176, MEV 4.3.2 have fallen when they see a wonderful school like SS §374 this /one/? 24. Eddie George warned yesterday that escalating pay deals threatened to push up inflation SS §176, MEV 4.3.2 25. Several thousand SS §297, MEV 9.5 professional photographers were already at work in the United States in the late 19th century SS §298 B, MEV 9.3.3. III. VERBS A. Theoretical Part 1a. = Hon höll på att skriva en rapport om inbrottet. – Hon skrev /klart/ en rapport om inbrottet. (1) The progressive is used about sth ongoing/unfinished; it indicates that the report was in the process of being written – but wasn’t finished. (2) The simple form is used about single finished events; it indicates that the report was finished. SS §101 D, MEV 5.5; 5.5.2; 5.5.3

58

1b. = Han är inte särskilt artig (någonsin) – Han är inte särskilt artig (just nu). (1) The simple form is used about permanent characteristics. (2) The progressive form is used about temporary/deliberate/conscious behaviour. SS §102; 104 grupp C, MEV 5.5.1; 5.5.4 1c. = Hon höll på att berätta för dem… – Hon berättade /klart/ för dem… (1) The progressive form is used about sth ongoing/unfinished; it indicates that she was in the process of telling them – but hadn’t finished. (2) The simple form is used about single finished events; it indicates that she had finished telling them. SS §101 C, D, MEV 5.5.3 1d. (1) Jag beklagar att jag måste/måste tyvärr/ säga att svaret är nej. (2) Jag ångrar att jag sade att svaret är nej. The verbs regret, forget, remember can be followed by the infinitive (pointing forwards in time) or the ing-form (pointing back in time). SS §411 B, MEV 5.7.4 2. 1. After prepositions, in this instance to SS §357, MEV 5.1; 10.4.4.1 2. After certain verbs, in this instance dislike SS §410, MEV 5.7.3 3. The progressive form, in this instance about sth ongoing, unfinished SS §101, MEV 5.1; 5.5.2 4. In reduced clauses, in this instance instead of a temporal clause (efter att ha lyssnat), SS §367C, MEV 5.1 5. After certain adjectives, in this instance worth SS §363, MEV 5.1; 6.5 6. The progressive form, in this instance indicating deliberate/conscious behaviour (as opposed to a permanent character trait) SS §104, grupp C, MEV 5.5.4 7. Being Gordon’s daughter is the subject in the clause – equivalent to the Swedish att-infinitive. The ing-form is more common than the infinitive as the subject, especially when talking about things that are true in general SS §363 8. After prepositions, in this instance of SS §357, MEV 5.1; 10.4.4.1 9. The progressive form, in this instance about sth ongoing, unfinished SS §101, MEV 5.5.2 10. After certain verbs, in this instance consider SS §410, MEV 5.7.3 11. The progressive form, in this instance about sth ongoing, unfinished SS §101 C, MEV 5.5.2 12. After certain verbs, in this instance consider SS §410, MEV 5.7.3 13. After prepositions, in this instance after SS §357, MEV 5.1, 10.4.4.1 14. The progressive form, in this instance expressing subjectivity/irritation on the part of the speaker SS §101 F, MEV 5.5.2 15. After prepositions, in this instance without SS §363, 5.1; 10.4.4.1 16. After certain verbs, in this instance mind SS §§410, 415 B, MEV 5.7.3 17. The progressive form, in this instance about sth that is going on for a certain /limited/ period of time; SS §101 A, MEV 5.5.2 18. As the subject in the clause, equivalent to the Swedish att-infinitive SS §363 19. In reduced clauses, here instead of a relative clause (who was asking me...), SS §140, MEV 5.5 20. The progressive form, in tis instance expressing subjectivity/irritation on the part of the speaker. SS §101 F, MEV 5.5.2

3. 1. (1) They tried to prevent rebels from climbing up the hill. → Correct (2) They tried to prevent rebels from climbing it up. → Incorrect (it up → up it) Climb up is a prepositional verb, so the preposition must come before the object. In a phrasal verb, the adverb (also known as the verb particle) comes after the object when the object is a pronoun (put it on). In a prepositional verb, by contrast, the preposition is placed before the object even when the object is a pronoun (climb up it). SS §390 2. It is incredible that they be allowed to attend. → Incorrect (be → should be, are) It is important that they be allowed to attend. → Correct The present subjunctive can be used in a that-clause when the main clause expresses someone’s

wish/will/desire (= It is important that they be). The indicative is used when something real is described (= It is incredible that they are). SS §90, MEV 5.6.2

59 3. I have a tendency to pick up the book and then go to sleep. → Correct I have a tendency to pick up it and then go to sleep. → Incorrect (pick up it → pick it up) Pick up is a phrasal verb. In a phrasal verb, the adverb (also known as the verb particle) comes either before or after the object when the object is a noun (pick up the book; pick the book up). However, the adverb comes after the object when the object is a pronoun (pick it up). SS §390 4. a. England (the country) is singular, so it takes a singular verb (a). However, if England refers to a

sports team (a collective noun), the verb is often in the plural. This is because what you have in mind is the individual players. SS §162 A + C, MEV 4.4.4

b. was being = temporary, deliberate, conscious behaviour (the progressive) was = permanent character trait (the simple) SS §101A, 104 grupp C, MEV 5.5.4

5.1. If something would happen, he would start insulting us. → Incorrect 2. If something happened, he would start insulting us. → Correct 3. If something happened, he should start insulting us. → Incorrect In conditional constructions, would is used in the main clause, whereas the subordinate clause (the if-clause) uses the present, the past, or the past perfect. In this instance, we have the Conditional Type II. SS §112, MEV 5.4.6 Note: would in an if-clause normally expresses ‘vill vara vänlig att’. SS §36 C, MEV 5.2.2.4 Also note: should normally means ‘borde’ and cannot refer to anything that happened in the past if it is followed by the infinitive, as in (3). SS §45, MEV 5.2.2.5 B. Practical Part 1. 1. working (After prepositions, SS §357, MEV 5.1; 10.4.4.1) 2. led SS §67, MEV App.6 3. led SS §67, MEV App.6 4. should SS §48D, MEV 5.2.2.5 5. feel (the bare infinitive after make, SS §414, MEV 5.7.2 6. have (the head word in the subject is sums, so the plural must be used) 2. Översätt orden inom parentes så att de passar in i meningarna:

1. was washing up/doing the dishes (going on when sth else suddenly happens; SS §101C, MEV 5.5.2) 2. I was losing (ongoing process of change; SS §101B, MEV 5.3; 5.5.2 (NB spelling!)) 3. laid SS §63, MEV 5.3; App.6 4. rose SS §63 MEV 5.3; App.6 5. be raised SS §63, MEV 5.3 6. my asking SS §415 B, MEV 5.7.3 7. playing (stop in the sense of ‘sluta’ is followed by the ing-form, SS §410, MEV 5.7.4) 8. fled SS §63, MEV App.6 9. torn SS §63, MEV App.6 10. chooses SS §78, MEV 5.3; App.6 11. having SS §410, MEV 5.7.3 12. loses SS §75, MEV 5.3; App.6 13. are struck SS §69, MEV 5.3; App.6 14. grew SS §80, MEV App.6 15. taught SS §71, App.6 16. lay SS §86, MEV 5.3; App.6 17. praying SS §412, MEV 5.1; 10.4.4.1 18. bought SS §108, MEV App.6 19. was going to SS §122, MEV 5.4.5.2

60

20. should § 48 D; would SS §34, MEV 5.2.2.5; 5.4.6 21. are becoming SS §398, MEV 4.4.2.2; 5.5.2 22. are looking for SS §101, MEV 4.4.2.2; 5.5.2 23. should SS §47, MEV 5.2.2.5 24. would, was to SS §40, MEV 5.2.2.4 25. he was flying SS §119, MEV 5.4.5; 5.4.5.2 26. were bred SS §67, MEV App.6 27. will be shown SS §24, MEV 5.4.5 28. did not choose (OBS stavning!) 29. are to SS §118 A, MEV 5.4.5 30. consists SS §159, MEV 4.3.1; 4.3.2 31. goes SS §386 C, MEV 4.4.5.2 32. lay SS §86, MEV 5.3; App.6 33. laid SS §77, MEV 5.3; App.6 34. slid SS §73, MEV App.6 35. shrank SS §84, MEV App.6 /shrunk OK/ 3. 1. Did he say /that/ she was losing the baby? (the progressive, SS §101, MEV 5.5.2) 2. You invite guests without telling me in advance. (the ing-form after prepositions, SS §357, MEV 5.1; 10.4.4.1) 3. I will be at work until four /o’clock/ tomorrow. (will is used about the future in expressions equivalent to Swedish present tense, SS §24, MEV 5.4.5) 4. When I drink too much, I look /at myself/ in the mirror and see a fool who does not know when /it is time/ to quit. (the simple form: habit, regular event, SS §101, MEV 5.5.1) 5. He can only afford to visit Vietnam every other year/every two years. SS §281B, MEV 9.7 6. I remember asking her why she did not like our/us reading Enid Blyton, who/whom we all adored when we were twelve. (remember + the ing-form, SS §411 B, MEV 5.7.4, object + the ing-form, SS §§415, 248, MEV 5.7.4) 7. At two o’clock on the morning of the 12th of December (December 12), 1936, HMS Fury slid silently out of Portsmouth Harbour. (temporal prepositions: SS §435, MEV 9.2, articles with ships: SS §197) 8. /The/ Prices will vary in the same resort, depending /on/ which company you choose. SS §§176, 243, 78, MEV 4.3.2; 8.6.2; App.6 9. John Barrett taught history at Clifton College for forty years. SS §71, MEV App.6; 5.4.2 10. ... will probably be finished by Christmas. the future, SS §24, MEV 5.4.5 11. After 4 p m, most work on/go on working, either at home or in school. SS §410, MEV 5.7.3 12. Brad wants them to stay in Britain. SS §418, MEV 5.7.1 13. My twelve-year old daughter sometimes says to me, ‘Mummy, what do you do all day?’ the simple form: habit, regular event, SS §101, MEV 5.5.1 14. It was in the 18th century that the British public really learnt to love the State Lottery. SS §§65, 298, MEV 9.3.3; App.6 15. Her mother, whom she adores/ admires very much/, was born in Dominica... SS §107 A, MEV 5.4.2 16. I am only longing/I only long for this test to be over. SS §362 17. If I had only had a map, I would have found the way back. SS §112, MEV 5.4.6 18. Those who want to go out for a drink and who behave themselves should be free to do so at any time of the day or night. SS §233, MEV 8.10 19. Assembly points are usually in the pubs, because that is where most people are anyway. SS § 60, 282 A 20. Such a dreadful accident must not (be allowed to) happen again. SS § 20D 21. Hundreds of thousands of people on low incomes will get a very miserable new year. SS § 161, 24 22. I tripped on my slippers and fell down the stairs when I was staying with my sister. SS § 86, 101 23. If she only did/would only do this a little more often, no one would beat her at tennis. SS § 112, 36C 24. We are both looking forward to having a family. SS §412, MEV 10.4.4.1 25. My mother dug the photo out of a drawer where it had lain, forgotten for years. SS §§69, 86, MEV App.6

61 26. Setting the table was the only thing I thought I could do properly, and now my aunt was shouting something about me (my) using too many plates. SS §§363, 101, MEV 5.2.2.1; 10.4.4.1 27. I knew I would have to get there by either train or coach. 28. I would have said no. SS §112, MEV 5.4.6 29. I will call you as soon as I get home. SS §24, 75, MEV 5.4.5; 11.2 30. Does politics ever change? SS §158, MEV 4.4.2.1 31. Members of the Solidarity movement, which led (SS §67, MEV App.6) the fight against communism (SS §176, MEV 4.6.3), wanted to try him for introducing martial law to Poland in 1981. 32. Some islanders took enormous risks and in some cases paid (SS §77, MEV App.6) for them with their lives (SS §152A, MEV 4.4.1). 33. It makes me think (SS §414A, MEV 5.7.2) about what it’s like to write novels in which (SS §§243 C, 249, MEV 4.4.2.2; 8.6.1) the people have quite complicated characters. 34. Twenty years after the outbreak of civil war, Kathy Evans returns to a city that is working hard to bury its violent past and lay the foundations for a stable future.

IV. PREPOSITIONS

A. Theoretical Part

1. a. (1) The choice of preposition determines the meaning of the verb think: didn’t think much of X = had a low opinion of X; didn’t think much about X = didn’t spend a lot of time contemplating X. b. Stay at indicates location. In the phrase stay at the Bernards’, the noun place is understood. Therefore, the apostrophe genitive is used. Stay with is followed by one or more persons. Therefore, the /plural form of/ the name is used: the Bernards, which means ‘the Bernard family’. B. Practical Part

1. 1. of being asked 2. a year ago SS §434 A 3. like being hit SS §§374, 357, MEV 10.4.3 2. 1. at 2. for 3. to 4. of 5. at 6. of 7. for

8. - 9. in 10. at 11. at 12. - 13. of 14. at

15. in/on/at 16. - 17. in 18. from 19. of 20. at 21. of

22. to 23. by 24. by/after; at 25. to; like 26. – 27. at 28. On, in, off,

for, with , within 29. on 30. At 31. by

3. 1. Bellamy fought the storm like a madman. SS §374 B, MEV 10.4.3 2. People are bored with being kind. 3. Black Sam was a young English sailor who had arrived in the new world at the beginning of the 18th century. 4. The two victims were pulled out of the sea by the coastguard within three hours. 5. She has been engaged in studying SS §357, MEV 10.4.4.1 for her A-levels and earning extra pocket money as SS §374 B, MEV 10.4.3 a waitress on Saturdays. 6. He is trying to prove that he has learnt from his mistakes. 7. He booked into a clinic and swore that SS §357, MEV 10.4.4.1 he would never drink SS §428, MEV 7.6 again. 8. The person asking for the review has to agree that if they lose they will pay the other side’s costs /has to agree to pay the other side’s costs if they lose/.

62

V. ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS

A. Theoretical Part

1. a. (1) Jonah looks surprisingly good today. ... ser bra ut... (2) Jonah looks surprisingly well today. ... ser frisk ut... The verb look in the sense of ‘se ut’ is aa verb of perception and is therefore followed by an adjective (which functions as a predicative in the sentence). So both good and well are adjectives. The adjective well means frisk. b. In sentence (1), hopefully describes the verb (How did he smile? – Hopefully). Hopefully is therefore an advl/manner in this sentence. In sentence (2), hopefully is a modal adverbial (satsadverbial/ attitydadverbial), and describes someone’s attitude to the clause content: ‘It is to be hoped that he smiled.’ 2. a. usual is an adjective (predikativ) in a reduced clause. SS §319 A b. usual is an adjective (mod.adj) which modifies the noun fashion. c. unusually is an adverb (adverbial of degree) which describes the adjective good. d. usually is an adverb (advl/time) which indicates frequency. e. possible is an adjective (predicative) in a reduced clause. SS §319A f. close is an adverb (advl/place) which describes the verb came. (NB: this is an adverb with two possible forms: with or without -ly). SS §343, MEV App.9 g. silly is an adjective (predicative) after a verb of perception. The adjective modifies the pronoun them. SS §397, MEV 7.2.1 h. loud is an adverb (advl/manner) which describes the verb laugh. (NB: this is an adverb with two possible forms: with or without -ly). SS §343, MEV App.9 3. a. (1) He felt pain as he contemplated the incredible that had happened. Incorrect (2) He felt pain as he contemplated the evil in the universe. Correct Adjectives can be nominalised (= used as the head word in a noun phrase) only when the sense is generic. Evil in (2) refers to all the evil in the world, evil in general – so nominalisation is possible here. Adjectives with a specific reference must normally be supported by a noun, so in sentence (1), thing must be inserted after incredible. SS §326 D, MEV 6.4.2, 6.4.3.2 b. (1) American politics have become the rich’s hobby. Incorrect (2) Unemployment is not the unemployed’s fault. Correct See the above BUT note that some adjectives can be nominalised even when they are used about sth/sb specific. Unemployed is such an adjective. Adjectives that can be nominalised even when they refer to sth/sb specific take the apostrophe genitive rather than an of-construction (SS §326D, MEV 6.4.3.1). Adjectives that can only be nominalised when used in the generic sense (the rich) cannot take the apostrophe genitive; instead, an of-construction must be used (SS §324, 166 D, MEV 6.4.1), so you can say the hobby of the rich (alt. rich people’s hobby) but not the rich’s hobby. c. (1) Play as much sport as possibly, and keep busy. Incorrect (2) They can’t possibly win, even if they keep trying. Correct After as (and if and than) in reduced clauses, an adjective is used: possible (SS §319 A). In sentence (2), possibly is a modal adverbial which describes the speaker’s attitude to the whole clause. d. (1) It is unlikely that the deceased committed suicide. Correct (2) If you are in a hole, the best to do is to stop digging. Incorrect In English, adjectives used about sth/sb specific must normally be supported by a noun (SS §326 D, MEV 6.4.2; 6.4.3.2). However, some adjectives can be nominalised even when they are used about sth/sb specific – like the deceased. So no noun is needed here. By contrast, there must be a supporting noun after the best – for example the noun thing (the best thing to do). SS §326 A

63 e. (1) The most beautiful thing we can experience is the mysterious. Correct (2) The mysterious is that something akin to the Bermuda Triangle engulfs English cricketers in their teens. Incorrect Adjectives can be nominalised when they are used in the generic sense, i.e. when they refer to all of sth, as in the mysterious in sentence (1). (SS §325, MEV 6.4.2). However, if the adjective refers to sth/sb specific, then a supporting noun must be used, for example thing: the most beautiful thing (1), the mysterious thing (2). SS §326, MEV 6.4.3.2 (It is also possible to re-phrase the sentence: What is mysterious is that… ) 4. a. Usual: adjective (predicative) in a reduced clause after as/if/than. SS §319 (Un)usually: adverb (advl/degree) which describes the adjective bitter. SS §335, MEV 7.1 b. In sentence (1), he wanted to do a good deed. Here, good is an adjective (object predicative) which modifies the object. In (2), he wanted to do something in a good way. Here, well is an adverb (advl/manner) which describes the verb do. SS §§335, 395, 422, MEV 7.1 B. Practical Part

1. 1. amazing (adjective and mod.adj which modifies the noun views, SS §128, MEV 6.3.2) 2. unnecessarily (adverb and advl/degree which describes the adjective deep, SS §335, MEV 7.1;) 3. possible (adjective and subject predicative in a reduced clause, SS §319 A) 4. wrongly SS §343, MEV App.9 5. wrong SS §343, MEV App.9 6. well (adverb and advl/manner which describes the verb do, SS §335, MEV 7.1; 7.3) 7. infrequently (adverb and advl/time which describes the verb travel, SS §335, MEV 7.1) 8. good (adjective and subject predicative after a verb of perception. It describes the noun coffee, SS §317, MEV 7.1) 9. Curiously (adverb and modal adverbial, SS §335, MEV 7.1) 10. more highly paid (the form highly is used as advl/degree with an adj/participle, SS §343, MEV 7.3) 11. entertainingly (adverb and advl/manner which describes the verb finished, SS §335, MEV 7.1) 12. enthusiastic (adjective and subject predicative after the verb of perception feel = känna sig. It describes the compound noun Republican base, SS §397) 13. strongly (adv and advl/manner which describes the action verb feel = känna för, SS §335, MEV 7.1) 14. too easily (adverb and advl/manner which describes the verb let, SS §335, MEV 7.1) 15. closely (adverb and advl/manner which describes the verb look = titta på, SS §343, MEV 7.1) 2. 1. less than SS §311, MEV 6.2.5 2. Amazingly/Incredibly (enough) SS §335, MEV 7.1 3. carefully SS §335, MEV 7.1 4. highly SS §343, MEV 7.1, App.9 5. Sadly (enough) SS §335, MEV 7.1 6. the new ones SS §380, MEV 6.4.3.3 3. 1.The last thing (SS §326 A, MEV 6.4.3.2) your father said was to keep an eye on you. 2. This dress is much more elegant than anything I am used to wearing. SS §§ 265, 412, MEV 5.2.2.6 3. Don’t think /that/ you are the only one who recognises them. SS §141, MEV 6.4.3.1; 6.4.3.3 4. She really wants to be taken seriously as an actress. SS §§335, 174 A, 374 B, MEV 4.6.1; 5.7.1; 7.1 5. Mandy was the warmest and most loving person I have ever known. SS §§308-310, MEV 6.2.1 6. A sunset is one of the most beautiful sights in nature. SS §310, MEV 4.3.2; 6.2.1 7. Of course we all want to play all the time, but the team is the most important thing. SS §326 D, MEV 6.4.3.1 8. Had the dead man (the deceased) been bitten by an insect? SS §326, MEV 6.4.3.1 9. Your firm is the only one which does not give me free tickets. SS §326, MEV 6.4.3.2 10. The only ones who could possibly have any reason to complain are the French. SS §§326; 328, MEV 6.4.3.2; 6.6; 8.8.1.3 11. Further inquiries revealed that the man living at the house had been using the dead man’s (SS §326, MEV 6.4.3.1) identity.

64

VI. PRONOUNS

A. Theoretical Part

1. The interrogative pronoun what is used when the reference is unlimited (alla av ett visst slag), whereas the interrogative pronoun which is used when there is a choice (Which of these specific cars do you recommend?). SS §§241-243, MEV 8.5.1 b. In sentence (1), what is an interrogative pronoun. The indefinite article is not used in direct or indirect questions. The sentence means ‘It would not make any difference if…’. In sentence (2), what is an exclamatory pronoun. The indefinite article is used in direct and indirect exclamations in front of a singular countable noun. The sentence means ‘It would make a huge difference if…’. SS §260 c. In an affirmative clause, any means ‘vilken som helst’, and some means ‘vissa, en del’. Remember: some has a limited reference and any has an unlimited reference. SS §§263 B, 274 A, MEV 8.8.1.1 d. Sentence (1) means ‘That’s a question I can’t answer.’ It is the normal word when you are referring to a previously mentioned clause or noun phrase (in this case a certain question – SS §206). Sentence (2) means ‘I have a question I can’t answer’. There is used in the sense of ‘det finns’ (existential ’there’) and is the formal/preparatory subject when the extraposed subject is a noun phrase (a question). MEV 8.1.2.1 e. Without the commas: a restrictive/defining relative clause = We respected those teachers who treated us treated as like adults, but we didn’t respect the other teachers. With the commas: a non-restrictive/non-defining relative clause = We respected all the teachers and by the way, the teachers treated us like adults. SS §245 B, MEV 8.6.5 f. Most of is used when you have a certain specific group in mind, for example the presidential candidates

in an election (specific reference). Most is used when you refer to all of something, in this instance all presidential candidates in general (generic reference). SS §282 A, MEV 8.8.5

g. If is an interrogative pronoun, so this is an interrogative clause – an indirect one. Normally, any would be used in direct and indirect questions. However it is also possible to use some, but with a difference in meaning. Someone indicates that you expect that someone will be able to answer. Anyone indicates that you don’t expect anyone at all to be able to answer. SS §266B, MEV 8.8.1.1 h. None of is used when there are three or more of sth, or when the noun is uncountable. Neither of is used when there are two of sth. SS §§261, 263, MEV 8.8.2 2. a. (1) is correct and (2) is incorrect. In indirect questions, the interrogative pronoun is used instead of the indefinite article (What difference does it make/I asked what difference it would make). In indirect exclamations, by contrast, the exclamatory pronoun takes the indefinite article when the following noun is a countable noun in the singular (what a difference). So, a must be added before difference in (2). SS §260 b. (1) is incorrect and (2) is correct. The pronoun none is used when there are three or more of sth. When there are two of sth, neither must used instead. c. (1) is correct and (2) is incorrect. Pronouns ending in -one och -body always take the singular form of the verb: Everyone in the office was... 3. a. Citizens’ service is truly an idea who’s time has come. → Incorrect b. Citizens’ service is truly an idea whose time has come. → Correct c. Citizens’ service is truly an idea which time has come. → Incorrect The relative pronoun ‘vars’ is equivalent to whose in English and it can be used about both people and objects (idea). Note that who’s is a contraction of who is/who has. Also note that although which is a relative pronoun, it can never be placed in a pre-modifying position before a noun. Instead, it must be placed in an of-construction: ‘the power of which is…’. SS §§246-249, MEV 8.6.3

65 4. a. It is normally used in expressions for time: 14 years. SS §207D, MEV 8.1.2.2 b. It is the formal/preparatory subject when the extraposed subject is a clause (here finite: that Labour

might...). SS §210 B, MEV 8.1.2.2 c. There is the formal/preparatory subject when the extraposed subject is a noun phrase (here: a

consensus) SS §211 A, MEV 8.1.2.1 5. a. It wasn’t a single child to be seen. → Incorrect. Det = there when the extrap.subj. is a NP (child) b. It is always nice to receive recognition for a book. → Correct. Det = it when the extrap.subj. is a clause

(to receive recognition for a book) c. It was always someone there who knew what had happened. → Incorrect. Det = there when the

extrap.subj. is a NP (the independent pronoun someone) d. It was Taylor who made the breakthrough. → Correct. Det = it in a cleft sentence (emphatic sentence

structure) e. It was no time to relax before the game started. → Incorrect. Det = there in expressions for a period of

time rather than a point in time. SS §§206-211, MEV 8.1.2.1, 8.1.2.2 6. Sentence (a) and (b) are incorrect, and sentence (c) and (d) are correct. In (a), the extrap.subj. is a Noun Phrase (atmosphere), so there must be the formal/preparatory subject. In (b), the same rule applies. (extrap.subj. = assessment) In (c), the reason why it is used is because it’s an expression of time SS §207A, MEV 8.1.2.2 In (d), the extrap.subj. is a clause (to plan...), so it must be the formal/preparatory subject. SS §210 A, MEV 8.1.2.2 7. (a) och (b) är fel, och ( c) och (d) är rätt. I (a) och (b) är det egentliga subjektet en nominalfras (i (a) ett självständigt pronomen, och i (b) ett substantiv /doubt/) och it måste ersättas av there. SS §211I, MEV 8.1.2.1 ( c) måste it användas beroende på att det egentliga subjektet är en that-sats; i (d) eftersom man syftar på tid/såtgång/. (Även förklaringen att det egentliga subjektet är en to -infinitiv går bra.) SS §§207, 210, MEV 8.1.2.2 B. Praktisk del

1. 1. the arm (the object is the owner, SS §226B, MEV 8.3.1) 2. its SS §222, MEV 8.3 3. It SS §210 B, MEV 8.1.2.2 4. There SS §211, MEV 8.1.2.1 5. its SS §222, MEV 8.3 6. there SS §211, MEV 8.1.2.1 7. It SS §210 B, MEV 8.1.2.2 8. There SS §211, MEV 8.1.2.1 9. its SS §222, MEV 8.3 10. there SS §211 A, 8.1.2.1 11. It SS §210 B, MEV 8.1.2.2 12. her SS §226, MEV 8.3.1 (NB! This is the imperative and the subject is implied but not explicitly stated!) 13. your SS §226, 8.3.1 14. who’s (= who is) SS §247, MEV 8.5.3 15. his (the subject is the owner, SS §226 A, MEV 8.3.1) 16. its wine(SS §222, MEV 8.3), but now it’s (= it is) 17. whose (= ‘vars’, which can refer to persons and objects alike, SS §247, MEV 8.5.3) 2. 1. which of them SS §239, MEV 8.5.1 2. These are SS §229 B, MEV8.4 3. believes SS §279, MEV 8.8.4 4. some of whom SS §248 B, MEV 8.6.1

66 5. What SS §243, MEV 8.5.2

6. either SS §263 A, MEV 8.8.2 7. There are SS §211, MEV 8.1.2.1 8. either SS §233A, MEV 8.8.2 9. These are SS §229 B, MEV 8.4 10. themselves SS §216, MEV 8.2 11. Most of the women SS §282 A, MEV 8.8.5 12. None SS §263, MEV 8.8.2 13. whom SS §248, MEV 8.6.3 14. the two SS §289C; neither of them SS §263 A, MEV 8.8.2 15. whose SS §§247, 249 A, MEV 8.6.3 16. what SS §241, MEV 8.5.1; 8.5.2 17. which SS §241, MEV 8.5.2 18. None SS §263 B, MEV 8.8.2 19. ours SS §222, MEV 8.3 20. whom SS §248, MEV 8.6.1 21. which SS §249B, MEV 8.6.1 22. None of this SS §263, MEV 8.8.2 23. These are SS §229B, MEV 8.4 24. neither of them SS §263, MEV 8.8.2 3. 1. that is theirs, now that their children no longer need them? SS §§222, 367, 371, MEV 4.4.1; 8.3 2. What a ridiculous suggestion! SS §260 3. Everyone that I have ever loved has left me. 4. In a way, both men had returned from the dead. SS §289, MEV 8.8.4 5. What makes his book so fascinating is his concern to discover what sort of men they are who choose such a dangerous occupation. SS §206, MEV 8.9.2 6. whose lives had been changed 7. Which of the following are drugs: 8. What luck that they are supported by their friends! 9. Virtually everyone who was in the warehouse was killed. 10. What are the people you work with like? 11. Most Europeans are worried about the society in which they live, and believe that things can only get

worse. 12. those who ski regularly is to buy your own boots 13. with a pair of scissors in her hand and tried to stab me in the chest. 14. He told us/me/them two stories, only one of which was funny. SS §423 A 15. Everyone else has gone home. SS §§279, 86, MEV 8.8.4 16. What (SS §243, MEV 8.5.2) disease do you fear /the/ most? 17. There are some encouraging signs, although it is too early to be completely confident. 18. Most of (SS §282, MEV 8.8.5) the reported deaths were due to torture. 19. There’s always going to be work in this line.

VII. WORD ORDER

A. Theoretical Part

1. 1a. ‘What nasty thoughts are in your head?’ barked my aunt, taking over the bacon. → Correct b. ‘What nasty thoughts are in your head?’ asked me my aunt, taking over the bacon. → Incorrect c. ‘What nasty thoughts are in your head?’ barked she, taking over the bacon. → Incorrect d. ‘What nasty thoughts are in your head?’ my aunt barked, taking over the bacon. → Correct In reporting clauses in connection with direct speech, Subject-Verb word order is normally used (d). Inverted word order is possible unless the verb is complex and/or the subject consists of a personal pronoun (a). Inversion is not possible when there is an object (b) or the subject is a pers.pron. (c) SS §446B, MEV 12.2.2

67 2. (1) is correct and (2) is incorrect. Inversion is possible in sentence (1) because the predicate is simple (it consists of only one verb). When the predicate is complex (had shouted), Subject-Verb word order is required: my aunt had shouted. 3. (a) No sooner is one climax over than another begins. → Correct (b) No sooner I had seen him than he left me and went under. → Incorrect When there is a clause-initial adverbial which negates or restricts the meaning of the entire clause, /partial/ inversion is needed: in other words, the predicate (or part of it: the auxiliary verb) must be placed before the subject as in (a) (is = p, one climax = s). In sentence (b), the sentence would be correct if the auxiliary verb had had been placed before the subject: had I seen.... SS §449, MEV 7.6.1.1

B. Practical Part

1. also Sometimes letters can X bring bad news. 2. have Seldom X I read a more moving letter. 3. never I think I will X be American. 4. openly Sergei Filatov X said he was being bugged while he was in office. 5. for a long time As the title indicates, birds have been a symbol of freedom X 6. never I wish it had X happened. 7. very seldom The result is that the private school X gets the most able children. 8. for some reason But most of all, X she has become a kind of lightning conductor for other people’s hostility. 9. is As a mother of two wonderful children, I am well aware of prejudice against prejudice against adoption and adopted children,

but rarely X it so blatant. 10. truly We have, unfortunately, lost ground since March, for which we are X sorry.

11. finally Dan X gave the man the film.

12. always One annoying habit is when people are X late.

13. more or less One of the views expressed was that women have X accepted their situation.

14. probably The parents X have the greatest responsibility for teaching their children manners.

15. never I thought that I would X be able to pass the exam.

16. can Rarely X such a short life have been so symbolic.

68

17. never I thought about my mother, who I had X known. 18. for some reason X We have never taken to salting cod the way our continental neighbours have. 19. had Rarely X he looked better and spoken with more vigour. 20. had In a sense, both men X come back from the dead. 21. will I think I X never be an American.

2. 1. He still puts certain things in the wrong place, where I can’t reach them, but we can both laugh about it. 2. Suddenly I notice that everyone is looking at me. 3. John Major was getting nervous. 4. When I returned some time later, he was beaming with happiness. 5. Not only do few people understand it (SS §449, MEV 7.6.1.1), but even fewer can grasp how Ian manages to walk or even to stand up. VIII. Correct the sentences! 1. There (is) (SS §211, MEV 8.1.2.1), too (= alltför) 2. English (SS §341, MEV App.1) so well (SS §341, MEV 7.1) 3. was (in) ninth 4. to (Spain), on/in (the island) of (Tenerife) (SS §432, MEV 4.5.2) 5. I and my friend (Me and my friend = informellt), English (SS §466, MEV App.1), with (spelling!), an Englishman 6. were (things = extraposed subject) 7. terribly (advl/degree which describes the adjective difficult) 8. It’s not possible to use a preposition (to) before a that-clause. Re-phrase the sentence! E.g. This leads to

a situation where... their (poss.pron) 9. have (things = subject), have 10. wonders (writer = subject), not to do 11. (solution) to, people’s (the genitive), does (view = head word in the subject) 12. make (errors), many (error/s is countable and much is only used with uncountable nouns.) 13. Move for some time to clause-final position (after writing) 14. Swenglish! ‘Det är intressant med...’ Re-phrase: All the recent trends are interesting SS §215 E, MEV 8.1.2.2 15. dog’s (the genitive), his (poss.pron.) 16. (is) there 17. themselves 18. (in) the whole of (Europe) 19. (who) wrote SS §108A, MEV 5.4.2 20. (if I) know 21.I didn’t find the book that amusing, but the theme was interesting. 22. It’s sad that everybody does not have the same opportunity to experience other cultures. 23. When they come to London for the first time the change becomes/is too big. 24. Henry accused him of having hurt him on purpose 25. The book wants to show how - childhood is affected by the environment. 26. Loneliness is one of the worst things that can happen to a person, I think.

69 KEY: GRAMMAR EXAM 080327 A Theoretical Part 1. Analyse the following sentence as fully as possible. Write word classes above the line and sentence constituents (= clause elements) below. (1/2 p per correct item). Articles need not be marked. (15p) Word Classes: PosPrn N RelPrn V Prep N V PePrn

My colleague who moved to Tibet told me Conj N V Adj Adv Adj N

that Buddhism is the only truly peaceful religion. Sentence Constituents: My colleague who moved to Tibet told me --------------------------------------------- s ------------------------------------------------------- p Oi mod.gen H ---------------------- mod.clause ------------------------ s p ---- advl/place ----

that Buddhism is the only truly peaceful religion. -------------------------------------------------- Od ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ — s p --------------------------------- pr/s ---------------------------------------------- mod.adj advl/degree mod.adj H

2. Explain grammatically the difference in meaning between the following sentences. (5 x 3p) a. (1) I simply couldn’t do without the paper. (2) I simply couldn’t do without paper. The definite article is used with singular countable nouns in both a specific and a generic sense. It is not, however, used with uncountable nouns in the generic sense. Paper can be either countable (‘en tidning, en uppsats, ett föredrag’) or uncountable (‘papper’). In the latter case, the definite article is NOT used when the sense is generic. MEV §§4.3.2, 4.3.3 b. (1) So I’ve seen a few homicides in my day. (2) So I’ve seen few homicides in my day. A few = some, ‘några’ (positive meaning); Few = not very many, ‘få’ (negative meaning) MEV §8.8.5 c. (1) Any word can mean anything. (2) Any word can mean something. Any and it compounds have an unlimited reference, here ‘vad som helst’, ‘everything’. Some and its compounds have a limited reference, here ‘någonting’ (Any word can have a meaning). MEV §8.8.1.1 d. (1) I will never forget skipping school every Friday. (2) I will never forget to skip school every Friday. Forget/regret/remember followed by a verb in the ing-form refer back in time: ‘I will never forget the fact that I used to skip school every Friday.’ Forget/regret/remember followed by an infinitive refer forward in time: ‘I always skip school on Fridays and I am not going to forget about it and accidentally show up in school instead.’ MEV §5.7.4

70

e. (1) It is safe to assume that they are arguing about money. (2) It is safe to assume that they argue about money. The progressive form is used when talking about something ongoing and unfinished, as in (a): They are arguing about money right now. By contrast, the simple form is used when talking about habits and regular events, as in (b): They regularly/often/usually argue about money. MEV §5.5.2 3. Explain why the definite article is or is not used with the underlined words in the sentences below: (6p) 1. How I love hedonism! Uncountable nouns used in the generic sense do not normally take the definite article. MEV 4.3.2 2. How I love the crazy hedonism of weekends! Uncountable nouns DO take the definite article when made specific by a post-modifier, here an of-phrase. MEV §§4.3.2; 4.6.2 3. OK, how about if I go to school and you get a job? Certain institutions, like ‘school’, ‘church’, ‘prison’, do not take the definite article when the activities of that institution are referred to, rather than the actual building. MEV §4.6.3

4. With iTours you’ll discover the Paris that inspired legends and continues to make them. Most geographical names (towns, cities) do not normally take the definite article. However, the definite article is used when the name has been post-modified, here by a that-clause (a restrictive relative clause). MEV App. 2 5. School went on all year for two years, starting at dawn and ending an hour before sunset. Certain expressions of time introduced by at do not take the definite article, e.g. at dawn. MEV §4.6.3 6. The Amazon is the longest river in the world. The definite article is used with rivers (all bodies of water except lakes). MEV App. 2 4. Give the word class of the underlined words below and explain why that particular word class is used in each case. (4p) a. You’d better be nice to me, Moe! Adjective; subject predicative. Subject predicatives are used after linking verbs (be) and do not modify the verb! They describe the subject, here the pronoun you. MEV §§3.4.4, 6.1 b. Calvin, the mighty tyrannousaur, stands over his kill and roars triumphantly. Adjective; adjectival modifier, which describes the noun tyrannosaur. MEV §6.1 c. Calvin, the mighty tyrannousaur, stands over his kill and roars triumphantly. Adverb; adverbial of manner, which describes the verb roars. MEV §7.1 d. Frankly, my life was plenty complicated before the potato chips. Adverb: modal adverbial, which relates to the whole clause. MEV §7.1

71 5. Explain grammatically why one sentence is incorrect and the other sentence correct in the following pairs of sentences. Underline the errors: (4 x 2p) a. Should an entertainer have such power? b. Should an entertainer have such a power? Sentence (a) is correct: The indefinite article is not used with uncountable nouns. MEV §4.3.2 a. The childhood is rarely happy or stress-free. b. Childhood is rarely happy or stress-free. Sentence (b) is correct: The definite article is not used with uncountable nouns in the generic sense. MEV §4.3.2 a. I went to collect some soil samples and—I think I must have been hit over the head. b. I went to collect some soil samples and—I think I must have been hit over my head. Sentence (a) is correct: Possessive pronouns are used when talking about body parts UNLESS the object is the owner or the clause is in the passive voice. This is a passive clause (a form of BE + the past participle): therefore, the definite article must be used instead. MEV §8.3.1 a. It was of all things necessary that the author of Sophia remains anonymous. b. It was of all things necessary that the author of Sophia remain anonymous. Sentence (b) is correct: When the main clause expresses a wish/will/desire, the subjunctive is used in the that-clause. The present indicative cannot be used. (NOTE: There is no subject-verb agreement in the subjunctive since the verb is in the infinitive: remain, have, be, go, etc). MEV §§5.6, 5.6.2 6. Explain why the ing-form is used in the underlined words below: (6p) a. I don’t see how you’re allowed to have a kid without signing one of those. The ing-form is used after prepositions (without). MEV §§5.1, 10.4.4.1 b. Man, you’d think the guy eating the worms would be calling the shots! The ing-form is used in reduced clauses—here, instead of a relative clause (who eats). MEV §5.1 c. Usually, if you’re calling any shots at all, you’re not eating worms. The ing-form is used as part of the progressive form, to indicate that something is ongoing, unfinished. MEV §5.5 d. Calvin, losing is a part of life. The ing-form is used as /part of/ the subject in the clause. MEV §5.1 e. I really dislike having things put in perspective. The ing-form is used after certain verbs, here hate. MEV §§5.1, 5.7.3

f. I mean, isn’t it worth keeping the share prices up if we can? The ing-form is used after the adjectives busy and worth. MEV §§5.1, 6.5

7. Explain grammatically why it can only be used in two of the following sentences. Correct the errors: (4p) a. I hate it when it’s this windy. Correct: ‘It’ is normally used when talking about the weather. b. It is no easy direct relationship between the teaching objectives of our lessons and the learning outcomes for the students. Incorrect: The extraposed subject is a noun phrase (‘no easy direct relationship’), so ‘there’ must be used as formal/preparatory subject.

72

c. She looked around, but it was no one to be seen. Incorrect: The extraposed subject is a noun phrase (‘no one’), so ‘there’ must be used as formal/preparatory subject. d. It isn’t difficult to see real reasons for learning English for jobs or studies. Correct: The extraposed subject is a /non-finite/ clause (to see real reasons for…), so ‘it’ must be used as formal/preparatory subject. MEV §§8.1.2.1, 8.1.2.2 8. Underline the antecedent (‘korrelat’) of the relative clause in each of the following sentences: (3p) (a) This includes Online Licensing, which allows local authorities to accept applications for up to 60 kinds of licences over the Internet. (“Online Licensing allows local authorities to…”) (b) But they have time for gardening, which can yield cut flowers for the house throughout the summer. (“Gardening can yield cut flowers…”) (c) Laura Kiritsy heard Rivera’s declaration and reported it, which is the only reason we now know that there is an openly gay Member of Parliament. (“The fact that Laura Kiritsky heard Rivera’s declaration and reported it is the only reason we now know…”) See Worksheet 4 + Key 9. The following sentences contain common mistakes made by Swedish learners. Correct them! (1p /correct alteration; - 1p / incorrect alteration) not to You’re not allowed to know that until it’s too late to not have one. fortunately It’s a really boring task, but fortunate it’s taking so long that the company are now paying us extra to do the work as freelancers. If the heaven is good and if I like to be bad, how am I supposed to be happy there? thousand I’ve seen some two thousands homicides in my day. Some lady called you for about an hour ago. In this essay, I will argue that rap music is a continuation of African American culture, and that it as an art form must be valued as highly as blues, gospel and jazz. → …and that, as an art form, it must be… for The main reason to the violence that we see in today’s society is that parents do not spend enough time with their children. was/were* interested If every teacher where more like my eighth-grade maths teacher, more kids would be interesting in doing their homework. *This is a hypothetical situation, so the past subjunctive ‘were’ can be used.

73 B. Practical Part I. Choose the correct alternative: (20p) 1. What a disgusting spectacle of savage gluttony! (a / an / -) MEV §8.7 2. My daughter Ankhita Ghai is an air hostess. (a / an / -) MEV §4.6.1 3. Jane is - CEO [in Swedish: ‘VD’] of the company, which develops light sensitive drugs that can be used to prevent and treat diseases. (a / an / -) MEV §4.6.1 4. When we left Ruschein we went to - Lake Locarno for my Dad’s birthday. (the / -) MEV App. 2 5. I guess - gravity must pull especially hard on tigers. (the / -) MEV §§4.3.2, 4.6.2 6. This is the gravity that keeps the moon in orbit. (the / -) MEV §§4.3.2, 4.6.2 7. All too frequently, the topic of the subjunctive mood is made far more difficult than it needs to be. (the / -) MEV §4.6.2 8. Everyone I know thinks your destiny is a private cage in the primate house. (thinks / think) MEV §8.8.4 9. The money is nothing. (is / are) MEV §4.3.1, 4.3.2 10. I had never lain in my own bed before. (lain / lied / laid) MEV App. 6 11. After the grazing season, the cattle were transported to a commercial feedyard. (was / were) MEV §4.4.2.2 12. She giggled and punched him in the arm. (his / the) MEV §8.3.1 13. Will there, for example, be authentic English language materials available from which listening or reading texts can be taken? (it / there) MEV §8.1.2.1 14. What if there is no afterlife? (it / there) MEV §8.1.2.1 15. Grant, on the other hand, understood her almost without any need for words. (some / any) MEV §8.8.1.1 16. Why does anything at all exist? (something / anything) MEV §8.8.1.1 17. There was a violent blow on the back of her head—and everything went black. (black / blackly) MEV §6.1 18. Learners differ in ways that need careful thought when making decisions about course content and methodology. (careful / carefully) MEV §7.1 19-20. Rachel looked bitterly down at the ground, which seems to be an awfully long way away. (bitter / bitterly); (awful / awfully) MEV §7.1 II. What is the plural form of the following words? (6 p) 1. basis bases 2. criterion criteria 5. mouse mice 3. potato potatoes 4. two-year-old two-year-olds 6. aircraft aircraft All questions: MEV §4.4.1

74

III. Place the words in the left-hand column in the basic, unstressed position in the sentences below: (6p) Example:

often I X visit the British Museum when I am in London. 1. not The difficult thing is X to be overwhelmed by the bad patches.

MEV §§7.6.4, 12.2.1 2. never Bad experiences X pass quickly enough.

SS §§427, 428; MEV §7.6.2 3. never It’s a truth universally acknowledge that bad experiences X pass

quickly enough. SS §§427, 428; MEV §7.6.2

4. early one morning (X) When X they arrived at Lusaka International Airport X ,

the car which they’d pre-booked some 6 months ago wasn’t available. MEV §7.6.3

5. always That’s because she is X disappointed when she finds out they are not for

real. MEV §7.6.2

6. was So overcome X she that it was only when she was on her way home

again that she remembered m’lord. MEV §7.6.1.1

IV. Translate the words in brackets so that the sentences are grammatically correct: (19p) 1. History will thank me for keeping this journal at such a young age. (Historien) MEV §4.3.2 2. The lawsuit stems from an incident that happened at an eighteen-year-old’s birthday party in the basement of a duplex apartment in the West End. (artonårings) MEV §4.5.1 3. Every boy and girl is encouraged to aim high and not to settle for the merely adequate. (uppmuntras) MEV §8.8.4 4. Fine art is irrelevant in today’s culture. (dagens) MEV §4.5.1 5. Good teachers have always taken a positively critical approach to appraising and developing their work, using what insights are available from their own and others’ experiences. (andras) MEV §4.5.1 6. She’s such a hypocrite about building vocabulary. (att bygga) MEV §10.4.4.1 7. I knew after our first date that I had found my husband-to-be. (funnit) MEV App. 6 8. We realised the map had been lost. (hade tappats bort) MEV App. 6, §5.2.1.1 9. He had already noted the tense she had deliberately chosen to use. (valt) MEV App. 6

75 10. The next day Barrett boarded a Continental Airlines airplane in Tulsa and flew to the New Orleans International Airport. (flög) MEV App. 6 11. The film was seen by eight people at Lansing theatre. (sågs) MEV App. 6, §5.2.1.1 12-13. Its existence is no longer compatible with society. (Dess); (samhället) MEV §§8.3, 4.3.2 14. I have accepted much after the complications of the war and interregnum, but not such a deliberate show of interest that is against my own—and possibly against yours. (ditt; only one word) MEV §8.3 15. Of the ingredients required, which of them come from renewable resources? (vilka) MEV §§8.5.1, 8.5.2 16. If you could have anything in the world right now, what would it be? (vad som helst). MEV §8.8.1 17. The important thing was the job at hand. (Det viktiga) MEV §6.4.3 18. Now that Diana is dead, who is going to speak for the homeless? (de hemlösa) MEV §6.4.1 19. Dogs find people buried deep in snow. (djupt) MEV §7.2.2 V. Fill in the correct preposition or use a dash (—) to indicate that no preposition is needed: (10p) 1. The secret to making great hot chocolate is to put the tiny marshmallows in first. 2. The day off is ruined by knowing I’ve got to get ready for school tomorrow. SS §357; MEV10.4.4 3. I’ll write about the debate on/over Tyrannosaurs. 4. I’m so good at figuring out what’s going on! 5. I am concerned — that those men and women and the families they represent are under stress as a result. MEV §10.4.4 6. Americans are increasingly concerned about global warming. 7-8. Too bad the daily drudgery of making a living has to keep you from appreciating these sublime moments of life. 9. I know some day I will live on/near/by the coast. 10. An ancient underwater city has been found 5 miles off/from the coast of south-eastern India. VI. Translate the following sentences into English. Stay as close to the original as possible. Write all numerals in letters unless figures are used in the original. 1. Nothing in life is ever easy. [Inget i livet är någonsin lätt.] (2) MEV §4.3.2 2. It feels wonderful/marvellous/glorious/etc. [Det känns underbart.] (2) MEV §3.4.4

76

3. This is not the Sweden of my dreams. [Det här är inte mina drömmars Sverige.] (3) MEV §4.5.2, App. 2 4. I saw the article in the Financial Times. [Jag såg artikeln i Financial Times.] (2) MEV App. 2, App. 6 5. I’ve heard about/of her but I don’t know what she looks like. [Jag har hört talas om henne men jag vet inte hur hon ser ut.] (3) MEV §8.5.1 6. Do you promise to stop avoiding me? [Lovar du att sluta undvika (anv. en form av avoid) mig?] (3) MEV §5.7.4 7. Rachel shook her head in frustration. [Rachel skakade på huvudet av frustration]. (3) MEV §8.3.1, App. 6 8. He wondered what/which books she had already read. [Han undrade vilka böcker som hon redan läst.] (3) MEV §8.5.4 9. I insist on doing my share, Rowe. [Jag insisterar på att göra min andel (share), Rowe.] (3) MEV §10.4.4.1 10. The boy went into / entered the room where the old man sat waiting. [Pojken gick in i rummet där den gamle satt och väntade.] (3) MEV §§6.4.3, 5.1 11. He carefully placed/laid his scarf on the table next to / beside him. Alt: He placed/laid his scarf carefully on the table next to / beside him. [Han lade försiktigt sin halsduk på bordet bredvid sig.] (3) SS §430; MEV §7.6 12. Is there nothing to be done? / … one/you can do? / … that can be done? [Finns det ingenting man kan göra?] (3) MEV §8.1.2.1 13. Matthew Welton and his friends, many of whom used to sleep on the street, now work for The Goodwill Inn Homeless Shelter. [Matthew Welton och hans vänner, av vilka många brukade sova på gatan, arbetar nu för The Goodwill Inn Homeless Shelter.] (4) MEV §8.6.3 14. We are too busy working and don’t have time for each other. [Vi är för upptagna med att arbeta och har inte tid med varandra.] (3) MEV §6.5 15. ‘Your beard looks really frightening’, she told/ said to him. [‘Ditt skägg ser verkligen skrämmande ut’, sade hon till honom.] (3) MEV §12.2.2 16. We are used to waiting outside the bathroom door. [Vi är vana vid att vänta utanför badrumsdörren.] (3) Be used to + ing = vara van vid MEV §5.2.2.6 Used to + inf = brukade MEV §5.2.2.6 17. There is no milk in the fridge. [Det finns ingen mjölk i kylen.] (2) MEV §8.1.2.1 18. Neither of the two boys was/were seriously hurt/injured in the accident. [Ingen av de två pojkarna skadades allvarligt i olyckan.] (4) MEV §8.8.2

77 19. When he arrived at the airport, there were hundreds of people there. [När han kom fram till flygplatsen var det hundratals människor där.] (3) MEV §§8.1.2.1, 9.5 20. I do not look forward / am not looking forward to meeting Marc and his family again next year. [Jag ser inte fram emot att träffa Marc och hans familj igen nästa år.] (3) MEV §10.4.4.1 21. I wouldn’t have asked for help if I’d known about this rule. [Jag hade inte bett om hjälp om jag känt till den här regeln.] (4) MEV §5.4.6 22. They shook hands and swore to be friends for the rest of their lives. [De skakade hand och svor (use a form of swear) att vara vänner resten av livet.] (3) MEV §4.4.5.1 23. When they bought a new car a couple of months ago, they chose a minivan. [När de för ett par månader sedan köpte ny bil, valde de en minivan.] (4) MEV App. 6 GOOD LUCK!/MT

78

KEY: GRAMMAR EXAM 081024 A Theoretical Part 1. Analyse the following sentence as fully as possible. Write word classes above the line and sentence constituents (= clause elements) below. (1/2 p per correct item). Articles need not be marked. (12p) Word Classes: Adv Adj N RelPrn N

Unfortunately, the wrinkled handkerchief which the woman V PePrn V Adv Adj Adj N

gave him had a rather large greenish stain. Sentence Constituents: Unfortunately, the wrinkled handkerchief which the woman modal advl ------------------------------------------------- s -------------------------------------------------… mod.adj H ----- mod.clause ------------------… Od --------- s ------------ gave him had a rather large greenish stain. …------------------ p --------------------------- Od ------------------------------------ …------------------ advl/degree mod.adj mod.adj H p Oi

2. Explain grammatically the difference in meaning between the following sentences. (5 x 3p) a. (1) John is cleaning the windows. (2) John cleans the windows. (1) ‘John is cleaning the windows right now.’ The progressive form is used when talking about something ongoing and unfinished. (2) ‘John regularly/often/usually cleans the windows.’ The simple form is used when talking about habits and regular events. MEV §5.5.2 b. (1) It was no time to relax and plan the future. (2) There was no time to relax and plan the future. (1) ‘This wasn’t the right time to relax and plan the future.’ The pronoun it refers to a point in time. (2) ‘We/they didn’t have enough time to relax and plan the future.’ The pronoun there refers to a period of time. c. (1) London may well have been the most fashionable city in any country at any point in the world’s history. (2) London may well have been the most fashionable city in any country at some point in the world’s history. (1) ‘Perhaps London has always been the most fashionable city.’ Any and its compounds have an unlimited reference, here ‘när som helst’, ‘alltid’. (2) ‘Perhaps there was a time when London was the most fashionable city.’ Some and its compounds have a limited reference, here ‘någon tidpunkt’ MEV §8.8.1.1 d. (1) The devout Catholic stopped to pray for a few minutes. (2) The devout Catholic stopped praying for a few minutes.

79 (1) ‘The Catholic was doing something else but he/she stopped that in order to start praying instead.’ (Stop to pray = sluta /med något annat/ för att be.) In this sentence, ‘stop’ + the infinitive is used. Why does he/she stop? → ‘/in order/ to pray’ (this is an adverbial of reason). (2) ‘The Catholic was praying but then he/she stopped.’ (Stop praying = sluta be.) In this sentence, ‘stop’ + the ing-form is used. What does he/she stop? → ‘praying’ (this is the direct object). MEV §5.7.4; see also Worksheet 3, section A. e. (1) What does she look like? (2) How does she look? (1) The interrogative pronoun what is used about a permanent quality. (She’s tall, blonde, etc) (2) The interrogative pronoun how is used about a temporary quality. (She looks happy, etc) MEV §8.5.1 3. Explain why the definite article is or is not used with the underlined words in the sentences below: (6p) a. They move tens of thousands of cattle to the edge of the Nile. Rivers (all bodies of water except lakes) take the definite article. MEV Appendix 2 b. At dinner, I ate some of Beau Brummel’s home-made peppermint ice-cream, the best I ever tasted. The defininite article is not used with meals. MEV §4.6.3 c. If women really wanted to change society, they could. Uncountable nouns used in the generic sense do not normally take the definite article. MEV §§4.3.2, 4.6.3.1 d. If women really wanted to change the society that we live in, they could. Uncountable nouns DO take the definite article when made specific by a that-clause (a restrictive relative clause). MEV §§4.3.2, 4.6.2 e. This study will present a discussion of the comparative structure of the noun phrase in English and Hindi. Grammar terminology takes the definite article. MEV §4.6.2 f. The Rose and Crown is one of Yorkshire’s oldest pubs. Names of pubs, hotels, restaurants, etc take the definite article unless the name consists of a genitive. MEV Appendix 2 4. Explain grammatically why it can only be used in two of the following sentences. Mark the errors: (4p) a. It is nothing wrong with a healthy debate. The sentence is incorrect. The extraposed subject is a noun phrase (the independent pronoun nothing), so ‘there’ must be used as preparatory/formal subject. b. It was no other way to prevent people from being injured. The sentence is incorrect. The extraposed subject is a noun phrase (the noun phrase no other way), so ‘there must be used as preparatory/formal subject. c. It was important to prevent people from being injured. The sentence is correct. The extraposed subject is a /non-finite/ clause (to prevent people from being injured), so ‘it’ must be used as preparatory/formal subject.

80

d. It’s snowing like crazy but nothing will stop our peddler’s adventure. The sentence is correct. ‘It’ is normally used when talking about the weather. MEV §§8.1.2.1, 8.1.2.2 5. Explain grammatically why one sentence is incorrect and the other sentence correct in the following pairs of sentences. Mark the errors: (4 x 2p) a. Meanwhile, as the rich grows richer, our members look forward to another year of poverty. b. Meanwhile, as the rich grow richer, our members look forward to another year of poverty. Sentence (b) is correct. Normally, adjectives can only function as heads of noun phrases if they refer to an abstract phenomenon in a generic sense or to a group of people in a generic sense (as in this case). They cannot normally refer to a single specific individual. MEV §§6.4.1, 6.4.3.1 a. Life is more than just a game. b. The life is more than just a game. Sentence (a) is correct. Uncountable nouns used in the generic sense do not take the definite article. MEV §§4.3.2, 4.6.3.1 a. I’m still a vegetarian, but only because I’m used to eating the Indian food that I eat. b. I’m still a vegetarian, but only because I’m used to eat the Indian food that I eat. Sentence (a) is correct. In the expression Be used to + ing (jag är van vid att äta…), to is a preposition and must be followed by the ing-form. The phrase means that the subject is familiar with doing sth. In the verb Used to (jag brukade äta…), to is an infinitive marker and must be followed by the infinitive. The phrase expresses habit. (The phrase Be used to + inf is also possible in some contexts, with to as the infinitive marker. It means that the subject is used as a tool to do sth which the infinitive verb refers to—and that doesn’t make any sense in this particular sentence.) MEV §§5.2.2.6, 10.4.4.1 a. I always wondered which of these were genuine and which were not. b. I always wondered which of these that were genuine and which were not. Sentence (a) is correct. English has no equivalent to the Swedish ‘som’ (a relative pronoun) in indirect questions. MEV §8.5.4 6. Explain why the ing-form is used in the underlined words below: (6p) 1. Before spelling out exactly what this means, it is worth asking whether translating machinery is necessarily irreversible. The ing-form is used after prepositions (before). MEV §5.1

2. Before spelling out exactly what this means, it is worth asking whether translating machinery is necessarily irreversible. The ing-form is used after the adjectives busy and worth. MEV §§5.1, 6.5

3. If a GM school doesn’t like having to apply to the government, it can always choose not to. The ing-form is used after certain verbs, here like. MEV §§5.1, 5.7.4

4. A story in a Sunday newspaper claimed that John Barnes was having an affair with Carlsberg’s North-West PR woman. The ing-form is part of the progressive, which indicates ongoing action. MEV §§5.1, 5.5

5. I had to leave at 5am and the man working in the afternoon booked a cab for me. The ing-form is used in reduced clauses—here, instead of a relative clause (who was working). MEV §§5.1, 3.4.7.1

81 6. Working in the afternoon is one of the surest ways for a teenager to live a life away from crime. The ing-form is used as /part of/ the subject in the clause. 7. Give the word class of the underlined words below and explain why that particular word class is used in each case. (4p) a. Camelot’s celebration was rudely interrupted by the Roman delegation. Adverb; adverbial of manner, which describes the verb interrupted. MEV §7.5 b. In a momentary lapse of judgement, I deleted my blog. Adjective; mod.adj, which modifies the noun lapse. MEV§§ 6.1, 7.1 c. This blog was better when you just kept quiet for weeks. Adjective; subject predicative. A subject predicative comes after a linking verb (here, the verb to be) and it does not modify the verb! It modifies the subject, here the noun blog. MEV §§6.1, 3.4.4 d. I will not go to France to receive the award. Adverb; modal adverbial, which relates to the whole clause. MEV §7.5 8. Explain why close is used in sentence (a) and closely in sentence (b). Give the word class. (3p) a. The keep stood close to the town’s walls. b. Oktibbeha County is a community closely connected to its past, with landmarks colouring its landscape and illustrating its history. Both close and closely are adverbs. The adverbs deep/high/wide/close have a concrete meaning, as in sentence (a), and the adverbs deeply/highly/widely/closely have an abstract meaning, as in sentence (b). MEV Appendix 9 9. The following sentences contain common mistakes made by Swedish learners. Correct them! (1p / correct alteration; - 1p / incorrect alteration) A new political force has succeeded in to gain popularity among ordinary people. → gaining MEV §10.4.4.1 It take advantage of the fact that people are displeased with the well-fare state. → takes MEV §5.4.1 The main reason is that Nationalism focus on individuals emotions. → focuses; individuals’ MEV §§5.4.1, 4.5.1 Inevitably, their lives changes wether they like it or not. → change; whether If he would be alive, we wouldn’t be in this situation. → were (the past subjunctive) or was MEV §§5.4.6, 5.6.2 Most of us are just to busy to notice. → too The life in ancient Egypt was centred largely on agriculture. MEV §§4.3.2, 4.6.3.1 Never before she had had such a good life. → had she had; such a MEV §§7.6.1.1, 8.9.2 I told him that I had always avoided to go there. → going MEV §5.7.3

82 .

B. Practical Part I. Choose the correct alternative: (22p) 1. Can this even have an influence on how they are voting? (a / an / - ) MEV §4.6.1 2. When was the last time you wanted – good advice? (a / an / - ) MEV §§4.3.2, 4.6.1 3. She was – chairman of the board from May 1973 to May 1991. (a / an / - ) MEV §§4.3.2, 4.6.1 4. In – ancient Egypt, lipstick was used by the nobility of both sexes. (the / - ) MEV §§4.3.2, 4.6.2 5. Instead of relaxing and letting – nature take its course, he panicked and tried to remove the safety pin by not so gentle manipulations from the outside. (the / - ) (the / - ) MEV §§4.3.2, 4.6.2 6. A glance at any psychology book on the subject will revela a variety of conflicting views about the nature and process of learning. (the / - ) §§MEV 4.3.2, 4.6.2 7. In those days, – life in the armed forces made a difference to men. (the / - ) §§MEV 4.3.2 4..6.3.1 8. Did he perhaps arm himself with some object before he changed seats? (seat / seats) MEV §4.4.5.1 9. The United Nations has set up a special panel to propose controls over trade in small arms. (has / have) §MEV 4.4.5.2 10. Semantics deals with meaning in language. (deal / deals) §MEV 4.4.2.1 11. It is only a short step from there to making up stories about how the other kid “started it”. (make / making) MEV §§5.1, 10.4.4 12. Jonathan Aitken was enjoying a skiing trip with his family, trying to take his mind off the tiresome week that lay ahead. (lay / lain / laid) MEV Appendix 6 13. Many of the charges were dropped. (much / many) MEV §8.8.6 14. There is little doubt that very many more in the party have held their tongues rather than add to Mr Blair’s problems. (It / There) MEV §8.1.2.1 15. It was a windy evening. (It / There) MEV §8.1.2.2 16-17. There is a debate going on at the moment about how much people should get paid for doing highly responsible jobs. (It / There); (high / highly) MEV §§8.8.1.1; 7.2.2 and Appendix 9 18. It made the Slough telegraph office as popular a tourist attraction in its day as the car park is in ours. (it’s / its / those) MEV §8.3 19. He gets that from his mum who is one of the most photogenic people in the world. (who / whom) MEV §8.6.1 20. This caused such distress to a common friend of ours that he took us to dinner at one of the best restaurants the market could provide. (our / ours) MEV §8.3 21. They gave in too easily and too early. (easy / easily ) MEV §7.1

83 22. This is a show you’ll definitely be talking about afterwards—whether you ran in horror or laughed guiltily throughout. (guilty / guiltily) MEV §7.1 II. What is the plural of the following words? (6 p) 1. belief beliefs 2. mother-in-law mothers-in-law 3. goose geese 4. phenomenon phenomena 5. aircraft aircraft 6. echo echoes MEV §4.4.1 III. Place the words in the left-hand column in the basic, unstressed position in the sentences below: (6p) Example: often I X visit the British Museum when I am in London. 1. are She told him: ‘Not only X the titles unsuitable, but the printing and covers

are unlikely to inspire people to read them.’ MEV §7.6.1.1 2. on June 12, 1993 So (X) when (X) they cast their votes X they knew exactly what they were

doing. MEV §§7.6.3, 12.2.1 3. seldom This is one thing which I have X heard mentioned. MEV §7.6.2 4. generally Max Weber, born in 1864, is regarded as the greatest of modern

sociologists. MEV §7.6.2 5. hardly This decision is X a surprise. MEV §7.6.4 6. not Sometimes I prefer X to know the truth. MEV §7.6.4 IV. Translate the words in brackets so that the sentences are grammatically correct: (19p) 1. Who goes to school every day? (skolan) MEV §4.6.3 2. The oxen are slow, but the earth is patient. (oxar) MEV §4.4.1 3. Love is eternal. (Kärleken) MEV §§4.3.2, 4.6.3.1 4. So how do today’s children become adults, when all their lives they have been ferried back and forth in cars by parents? (dagens) MEV §4.5.1 5-6. In public life, nearly everyone knows who everyone else’s friends are. (vet); (alla andras) MEV §§8.8.4; 4.5.1 7. Derek Canning, who sold the chickens, claimed they were bred in captivity. (var uppfödda /föda upp = breed/) MEV Appendix 6, §5.2.1.1 8. She had been seen by 30 health workers by then. (hade setts) MEV §§5.2.1.1, 5.4.4 9. They dragged the boy, aged 14, out of his house at night, dressed in only a T-shirt and boxer shorts, bundled him into the car and drove off. (körde) MEV Appendix 6

84

10. Anyone can drive perfectly for one mile, but it takes real skill and professionalism to drive 1,000,000 miles or more safely. (Vem som helst) MEV §8.8.1 11. We went through the names, one of which was Emma Nicholson’s, before I explained how unlikely it all was. (av vilka ett) MEV §8.6.3 12. Our players have to ask themselves if they are still hungry for success. (sig) MEV §8.2 13. She was escorted by two men, but neither of them spoke to her or exchanged a word with each other until they were crossing the main road. (ingen) MEV §8.8.2 14. Together they went searching for gold. Although they found none, there were other ways of getting rich at sea: Black Sam and Williams knew you did not have to wait for a ship to become wrecked. (inget ; only one word) MEV §8.8.6 15. Large sums of money were being spent on the expansion of arts degree courses whose students would make little contribution to Britain’s economic welfare. (vars) MEV §8.8.6.3 16. The most important thing is to prune once a year, and if you miss the summer, prune in winter. (det viktigaste) MEV §§6.4.2, 6.4.3.2 17. West England and Wales were the sunniest regions in relative terms, enjoying 40% more sunshine than usual. (vanligt) 18. Leading up to the event on March 10, the postal carrier’s burden grew heavier each day and his mailbag sagged lower to the ground. (tyngre) MEV §6.2.1 19. The room smelled terrible when we walked in. (hemskt) MEV §3.4.4 V. Fill in the correct preposition or mark with a “—” to indicate that no preposition is needed: (10p) 1. The media have been forced to watch the unfolding drama at/from a distance. 2. He never discussed his views on/about abortion, or politics, or anything else. 3. I think most actors are conscious of the need to keep in training. 4. Chinese officials complain – that foreign commentators take too negative a view in general of China’s progress. MEV §10.4.4.2 5. John Sweeney is on the defensive and complaining about it. 6. She’s not interested in a high-powered career. 7. I was there – two years ago, which was fun. 8. I’m an optimist by nature. 9-10. Trade relations between Japan and the United States improved at the start of April.

85 VI. Translate the following sentences into English. Stay as close to the original as possible. Write all numerals in letters unless figures are used in the original. 1. Where have you bought this furniture? [Var har du köpt de här möblerna?] (2) MEV §4.3.1, 4.3.2 2. He avoided looking at the accused. [Han undvek att se på de anklagade.] (2) MEV §6.4.3.1 3. Reality is sometimes better than fiction. [Verkligheten är ibland bättre än dikten (fiction).] (3) MEV §4.3.2, 4.6.3.1 4. The strange thing was that neither of the two girls knew anything. [Det underliga var att ingen av de två flickorna visste något.] (4) MEV §§6.4.3.2, 8.8.2 5. They said that they had done their homework, which was a lie. [De sade att de hade gjort läxorna, vilket var lögn.] (3) MEV §§8.6.1, 4.6.1 6. These churches were built in the eighteenth century. [De här kyrkorna är byggda på sjuttonhundratalet.] (3) MEV Appendix 6, §§5.2.1.1, 8.4, 9.3.3 7. He could/did not remember who had taught him to play the guitar. [Han kom inte ihåg vem som hade lärt honom spela gitarr.] (3) MEV Appenxix 6, §§5.4.4, 4.6.2 8. Although / Even though it was cold, he was not wearing a coat. / Despite the cold, … /Despite the fact that it was cold,… [Trots att det var kallt hade han ingen rock på sig.] (3) MEV §5.5 9. They promised to hurry /up/, and they did. [De lovade att de skulle skynda sig, och det gjorde de också.] (3) 10. These people, most of whom are against the reform, have not been able to vote. [Dessa människor, av vilka de flesta är emot reformen, har inte kunnat rösta.] (4) MEV §8.6.1 11. Michael Jecks explains why he always writes about Devon in the fourteenth century / fourteenth-century Devon. [Michael Jecks förklarar varför han alltid skriver om Devon på trettonhundratalet.] (3) MEV §§5.5.5, 9.3.3 12. The injured /people/ were taken to /the/ hospital, and those who had escaped the accident went home. [De skadade fördes till sjukhus, och de som klarat sig undan (escaped) olyckan åkte hem.] (4) MEV §§5.2.1.1, 6.4.1, 8.4 13. ‘What day is it today?’ she asked when she woke up. [‘Vilken dag är det idag?’ frågade hon när hon vaknade.] (3) MEV §12.2.2, Appendix 6 14. I don’t know her. What does she look like? [Jag känner henne inte. Hur ser hon ut?] (2) MEV §8.5.1 15. I was just locking the door when the phone rang. [Jag höll just på att låsa dörren när telefonen ringed.] (3) MEV §5.5, Appendix 6 16. You learn a lot by / through teaching others. [Man lär sig mycket genom att lära andra.] (3) MEV §8.8.6, 10.4.4

86

17. The United States is an interesting country, but American politics is hard to understand. [USA är ett intressant land, men den amerikanska politiken är svår att förstå.] (4) MEV §§4.4.2.1, 4.4.5.2 18. When we arrived, the girls were playing cards and the boys were cooking. [När vi anlände spelade flickorna kort och pojkarna lagade mat.] (3) MEV §§5.5 19. The students insisted that the exam /should/ be postponed. [Studenterna insisterade på att skrivningen skulle skjutas upp(att skjuta upp = to postpone).] (3) MEV §10.4.4, 5.6.2 20. We didn’t have to bring our own bikes because they had some old ones that we could borrow. [Vi behövde inte ta med våra egna cyklar eftersom e hade några gamla som vi kunde låna.] (4) MEV §6.4.3.3 21. There used to be a park here. [Det brukade finnas en park här.] (2) MEV §§8.1.2.1, 5.2.2.6 22. Less than three-fourths arrived on time. [Mindre än tre fjärdedelar kom i tid.] (3) MEV §§8.8.6.2, 9.4 GOOD LUCK!/MT