IMPLANT TRAINING

AT BSNL,

MUZAFFARPUR

BY:

AISHWARY KASHYAP

(0131EC101007)

ECE-A , 4TH YEAR

CONTENT

COMPANY PROFILEINTRODUCTIONABOUT THE EXCHANGELOCAL AND TRUNK LINEPCMOVERVIEW OF MOBILE COMMUNICATIONGSM TECHNOLOGYCDMA TECHNOLOGYINTRODUCTION TO INTERNET AND BROADBANDCONCLUSION

COMPANY PROFILE

Every day we make phone calls from our telephone sets quite easily but are unaware of the technology used behind it. The technologies used in telecommunication is a bit complicated but at the same time interesting too.

Here it has been tried to give an idea of the different technologies used for telecommunication by one of the biggest service provides to India, i.e., BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LTD.

The service provided by BSNL to its customers is:-

Basic local telephony

National and International call service

Mobile Communication

Internet Service

The basic telephony i.e., the local call facility provided to the consumers by BSNL comprises of the following:-

Exchange

Main Distribution Frame

Line Connection

Power Plant

The exchange is the basic part of telecommunication system. It is through this exchange that a subscriber gets connected to different parts of the world by means of a telephone. There are different types of exchanges depending upon the technology used.

INTRODUCTION

All industries operate in a specific environment which keeps changing and the firms in the business need to understand it to dynamically adjust their actions for best results. Like minded firms get together to form associations in order to protect their common interests. Other stake holders also develop a system to take care of their issues. Governments also need to intervene for ensuring fair competition and the best value for money for its citizens. This handout gives exposure on the Telecom Environment in India and also dwells on the role of international bodies in standardizing and promoting Telecom Growth in the world.

The Indian postal and telecom sectors saw a slow and uneasy start. In 1850, the first experimental electric telegraph line was started between  and . In 1851, it was opened for the use of. The Posts and Telegraphs department occupied a small corner of the Public Works Department, at that time.

Subsequently, the construction of 4,000 miles (6,400 km) of telegraph lines connecting Kolkata (then Calcutta) and Peshawar in the north along with Agra,  (then Bombay) through Sindwa Ghats, and  well as  and  was started in November 1853. , who pioneered the  and  in India, belonged to the Public Works Department, and worked towards the development of telecom throughout this period. A separate department was opened in 1854 when telegraph facilities were opened to the public.

In 1880, two  namely The  Ltd. and The Anglo-Indian Telephone Company Ltd. approached to establish the permission was refused on the grounds that the establishment of telephones was a Government monopoly and that the Government itself would undertake the work. In 1881, the Government later reversed its earlier decision and a licence was granted to the  Limited of for opening telephone exchanges at ,and and the first formal telephone service was established in the country. On the 28th January 1882, Major E. Baring, Member of the 's Council declared open the Telephone Exchanges in Calcutta, Bombay and Madras. The exchange in Calcutta named the "Central Exchange", was opened at third floor of the building at 7, Council House Street, with a total of 93 subscribers. Later that year, Bombay also witnessed the opening of a telephone exchange.

Further milestones and developments

1907 - First Central Battery of telephones introduced in 1913-1914 - First Automatic Exchange

installed in kanpur.

1927 - Radio-telegraph system between the  and India, with beam stations at khadki and

dhundh..

1933 -  system inaugurated between the UK and India.

1953 - 12 channel carrier systemoduced.

1960 - First  route commissioned between delhi  and kanpur

1975 - First  system commissioned between Mumbai city and andheri telephone exchanges.

1979 - First optical fibre system for local junction commissioned at pune

1980 - First satellite earth station for domestic communications established at scikandarabad.

1983 - First analog signal Stored Program Control exchange for trunk line commissioned at

Mumbai.

1984 – c-dot exchange established for indigenous development and production

of digital exchanges.

1995 - First mobile telephone service started on non-commercial basis on 15 August 1995

in delhi

1995 - Internet Introduced in India starting with Delhi, Bombay, Calcutta, Chennai and Pune on

15 August 1995

Modern policies

All villages shall receive telecom facilities by the end of 2002.

A Communication Convergence Bill introduced in the Parliament on August 31, 2001 is

presently before the Standing Committee of Parliament on Telecom and IT.

National Long Distance Service (NLD) is opened for unrestricted entry.

The International Long Distance Services (ILDS) have been opened to competition.

The basic services are open to competition.

In addition to the existing three, a fourth cellular operator, one each in four metros and thirteen

circles, has been permitted. Cellular operators have been permitted to provide all types of

mobile services including voice and non-voice messages, data services and public call office

utilizing any type of network equipment, including circuit and/or package switches that meet

certain required standards.

Policies allowing private participation have been announced as per the New Telecom Policy

(NTP), 1999 in several new services, which include Global Mobile Personal Communication by

Satellite (GMPCS) Service, digital Public Mobile Radio Trunked Service (PMRTS) and Voice

Mail/ Audiotex/ Unified Messaging Services.

Wireless Local Loop  has been introduced to provide telephone connections in urban, semi-

urban and rural areas promptly.

ABOUT THE EXCHANGE

In the field of , a telephone exchange or telephone switch is a system of electronic components that connects telephone calls. A central office is the physical building used to house  equipment including telephone switches, which make  "work" in the sense of making connections and relaying the speech information.

TYPE’S OF EXCHANGE Manual exchange Strowger exchange Cross bar exchange Electronics exchange (analog and digital exchange)

MANUAL EXCAHNGE

With manual service, the customer lifts the receiver off-hook and asks the operator to connect the call to a requested number. Provided that the number is in the same central office, the operator connects the call by plugging into the jack on the switchboard corresponding to the called customer's line. If the call is to another central office, the operator plugs into the trunk for the other office and asks the operator answering (known as the "inward" operator) to connect the call.

STROWGER EXCHANGE

Strowger developed a system of automatic switching using an electromechanical switch based around electromagnets and pawls. With the help of his nephew (Walter S. Strowger) he produced a working model in 1888 .selector starts in the 'home' position and with each 'impulse' the wiper contacts would progress round the output bank to the next position. Each output would be connected to a different subscriber, thus the caller could connect to any other subscriber who was connected to that bank, without any manual assistance from an operator.

Diagram of a simple Selector

In Figure 2 (above), the selector has 10 outputs, so a caller can choose to connect to any of 10 different subscribers by dialing any digit from 1 to 0 (0=10). This sort of automatic selector is known as a Uni-selector, as it moves in just one plane (rotary).

By mounting several arcs of outlets on top of each other, the number of outlets can be increased significantly but the wipers are then required to move both horizontally to select a bank and then vertically to move around that bank to the required outlet. Such a selector is known as a  Two-Motion Selector. Two-motion selectors typically have 10 rows of 10 outlets, thus 100 possible outlets altogether. A two-motion selector can therefore accept two dialed digits from a subscriber and route the call to any of 100 numbers. The selector 'wipers' always start in their resting 'home' position. The first digit moves the selector vertically up to the corresponding level and then the second digit moves the wipers around the contacts of that level. This is shown in figure 3, below.

 A Two-Motion "Final" Selector

The type of selector shown above is known as a Final Selector as it takes the final two digits of the number dialed. Most numbers dialed are several digits longer, and therefore pass through a chain of selectors. Selectors previous to the Final Selectors are different; they are called Group Selectors. Group selectors take only ONE digit from the caller, and step up the number of levels according to the digit dialed. The rotary movement is then automatic; the wipers search around that level to find a free outlet - i.e. the next free selector in the chain. This is covered in more depth later.

CROSS BAR EXCAHNGEIn , a crossbar switch (also known as cross-point switch, crosspoint switch, or matrix switch) is a  connecting multiple inputs to multiple outputs in a matrix manner. Originally the term was used literally, for a matrix switch controlled by a grid of crossing . A crossbar switch is an assembly of individual switches between multiple inputs and multiple outputs. The switches are arranged in a matrix. If the crossbar switch has M inputs and N outputs, then a crossbar has a matrix with M x N cross-points or places where the "bars" cross. At each crosspoint is a switch; when closed, it connects one of M inputs to one of N outputs. A given crossbar is a single layer, non-blocking switch. Collections of crossbars can be used to implement multiple layer and/or blocking switches. A crossbar switching system is also called a co-ordinate switching system.

ELECTRONICS EXCHANGE

It is based on the automatic control by stored programmed in computer linked to it. It cover all the main drawbacks of above mentioned exchange. It may be digital or analog but mostly digital electronics exchanges are now common. It base on the principal time division switching or space division switching. Space division switching is used for analog electronics exchange and time division switching is used for digital exchange.

Space Division switching System

In a space Division Switching system, a continuous physical path is set up between input and output terminations. This path is separate for each connection and is held for the entire duration of the call. Path for different connections is independent of each other. Once a continuous path has been established., Signals are interchanged between the two terminations. Such a switching network can employ either metallic or electronic cross points. Previously, usage of metallic cross-points using reed relays and all were favored. They have the advantage of compatibility with the existing line and trunk signaling conditions in the network.

Time Division Switching System

In Time Division Switching, a number of calls share the same path on time division sharing basis. The path is not separate for each connection, rather, is shared sequentially for a fraction of a time by different calls. This process is repeated periodically at a suitable high rate. The repetition rate is 8 KHz, i.e. once every 125 microseconds for transmitting speech on telephone network, without any appreciable distortion. These samples are time multiplexed with staggered samples of other speech channels, to enable sharing of one path by many calls. The Time Division Switching was initially accomplished by Pulse Amplitude.

DIGITAL CARD

It is programmed data card which is used for automatic control of call set up and call termination as well as providing various services to the customer. There are three types of digital card which are as follow

1) TERMINATION CARD2) SERVICE CARD3) CONTROL CARD

Termination card: its main aim to connect the customer on trunk line .other features of terminating card is battery feed, over voltage protection,check weather call is STD or LOCAL or ISD

Service card: the service like dial tone ,call waiting ,call confrencing etc is given by this card.

Control card: it is there to see whether the call has been established or not. If established then requisite unit has been established or not.

Local and trunk Network

Trunk Lines

The term Trunk Line in telecommunications refers to the high-speed connection between telephone central offices in the. Trunk lines are always digital. The wiring between central offices was originally just pairs of twisted copper wire (the twists in the wiring prevented things known as crosstalk and noise). Because it is expensive to string up (or lay trenches for buried cables), the phone company researched ways in which to carry more data over the existing copper lines. This was achieved by using. Later, when fiber-optic technology became available, phone companies upgraded their trunk lines to fiber optics and used statistical time-division multiplexing, , coarse or dense wave division multiplexing and optical switching to further improve transmission speeds.

The signaling information exchanged between different exchanges via inter exchange trunks for the routing of calls is termed as Inter exchange Signaling. Earlier in band /out of band frequencies were used for transmitting signaling information. Later on, with the emergence of PCM systems, it was possible to segregate the signaling from the speech channel. A trunk line is a connecting (or other switching equipment), as distinguished from local loop circuit which extends from telephone exchange switching equipment to individual or information origination/termination equipment. When dealing with a private branch exchange (PBX), trunk lines are the phone lines coming into the PBX from the telephone provider. This differentiates

these incoming lines from extension telephone lines that connect the PBX to (usually) individual phone sets. Trunking saves cost, because there are usually fewer trunk lines than extension lines, since it is unusual in most offices to have all extension lines in use for external calls at once. Trunk lines transmit voice and data in formats such as analog, digital signal 1, ISDN or primary rate interface. The dial tone lines for outgoing calls are called DDCO (Direct Dial Central Office) trunks.

A travelling over a trunk line is not actually flowing any faster. The electrical signal on a voice line takes the same amount of time to traverse the wire as a similar length trunk line. What makes trunk lines faster is that the has been altered to carry more data in less time using more advanced multiplexing and techniques. If you compared a voice line and a trunk line and put them side by side and observed them, the first pieces of information arrive simultaneously on both the voice and trunk line. However, the last piece of information would arrive sooner on the trunk line. No matter what, you can't break the laws of physics. Electricity over copper or laser light over fiber optics, you cannot break the speed of light--though that has rarely stopped uneducated IT or IS managers from demanding that cabling perform faster instead of upgrading equipment.

Trunk lines can contain thousands of simultaneous calls that have been combined using. These thousands of calls are carried from one central office to another where they can be connected to a de-multiplexing device and switched through digital access cross connecting switches to reach the proper exchange and local phone number.

What is Trunking?

In telecommunications systems, trunking is the aggregation of multiple user circuits into a single channel. The aggregation is achieved using some form of multiplexing.

PCM

A long distance or local telephone conversation between two persons could be provided by using a pair of open wire lines or underground cable as early as mid of 19 th

century. However, due to fast industrial development and an increased telephone awareness, demand for trunk and local traffic went on increasing at a rapid rate. To cater to the increased demand of traffic between two stations or between two subscribers at the same station we resorted to the use of an increased number of pairs on either the open wire alignment, or in underground cable. This could solve the problem for some time only as there is a limit to the number of open wire pairs that can be installed on one alignment due to headway consideration and maintenance problems. Similarly increasing the number of open wire pairs that can be installed on one alignment due to headway consideration and maintenance problems. Similarly increasing the number of pairs to the underground cable is uneconomical and leads to maintenance problems.

It, therefore became imperative to think of new technical innovations which could exploit the available bandwidth of transmission media such as open wire lines or underground cables to provide more number of circuits on one pair. The technique used to provide a number of circuits using a single transmission link is called Multiplexing.

Basic Requirements for PCM System:

To develop a PCM signal from several analogue signals, the following processing steps are required:

1. Filtering2. Sampling3. Quantisation4. Encoding5. Line Coding

Duplexing Methodology:

Duplexing is the technique by which the send and receive paths are separated over the medium, since transmission entities (modulator, amplifiers, demodulators) are involved.

There are two types of Duplexing:

1. Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD)2. Time Division Duplexing (TDD)

Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD): Different frequencies are used for send and receive paths and hence there will be a forward band and reverse band. Duplexer is needed if simultaneous transmission (send) and reception (receive) methodology is adopted. Frequency separation between forward band and reverse band is constant.

Time Division Duplexing (TDD): TDD uses different time slots for transmission and reception paths. Single radio frequency can be used in both the directions instead of two as in FDD. No duplexer is required. Only a fast switching synthesizer, RF filter path and fast antenna switch are needed. It increases the battery life of mobile phones.

MOBILE COMMUNICATION

A mobile phone uses radio wave signal for its connectivity with the subscriber.

Mobile Phone Towers

The mobile phone works on the frequency signal and each mobile phone connection has its own frequency. These frequencies are sending from the basic lower station tower. Each tower has a range of 5 km in the city circle and there are a number of towers in the city to provide connectivity to each mobile phone subscriber. The city is divided into imaginary hexagon as its area plans out and each hexagon point has a tower for providing frequency signals to the mobile subscriber. When the mobile sends signals to the base tower then it is called uplink signal. When the base tower sends signal to the mobile then its downlink signals on the highways the range of base tower of sending signal to the mobile phone subscribers is 25 km.

Basic terms in mobile communication are:-

1. MSC: TAX for mobile phones2. HLR: Home Location Register3. TRC: Traffic Controller4. VLR: Visitors Location Register5. MNC: Mobile Network Code6. BSC: Base Station Control

MSC:

It acts as a trunk automatic exchange (TAX). All the switching is done here in this TAX. Each and every call made by the mobile subscribers is first collected from the base station are send to the MSC where all the necessary verification of the subscriber is made and then the switching of

the call is made by the MSC. The OSS is a component within the MSC which maintains the MSC. The functions of OSS are maintenance of MSC.

HLR:

The Home Location Register stores each and every data of the mobile subscriber. Before the call is switched for the mobile subscriber the MSC verifies the subscriber and all the verification data is provided by the HLR. When the subscriber is on roaming facility, the MSC of that area collects all the necessary information of the subscriber from its home MSC through its HLR.

TRC:

The traffic controller controls the traffic for MSC and also controls the traffic of subscriber trying to make contact with the MSC when call is made or received.

VLR:

The Visitor Location Register keeps a track record of subscribers who are on roaming facility and all the records of the visitor coming from a different MSC area.

MNC:

Each and every country and its states have a unique Mobile Network Code (MNC) which makes a difference between the mobile subscriber of two different countries and also within the states. The MNC for India is 404and for Jharkhand BSNL mobile is INA76 where INA refers to the Indian Network.

BSC:

The Base Station acts as important media for call transfer and call receiving for the mobile subscribers. It sends frequency signals for the connectivity of mobile subscriber. The BSC is connected to its towers through 2 MB link and is directly connected to the MSC where all call switching takes place for the mobile subscribers. Each base station is provided 124 frequencies and a time slot of 8 channels for every call.

GSM Network Components

The GSM network is divided into two systems. Each of these systems is comprised of a number of functional units which are individual components of the mobile network. The two systems are:

Switching System (SS)

Base Station System (BSS)

GSM networks are operated, maintained and managed from computerized centers.

Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)

SIM card is the key feature of the GSM. It contains information about the subscriber and must be plugged into the ME to enable the subscriber to use the network with the exception of emergency calls MS can only be operated if a valid SIM is present.

These store three types of subscriber related information:

1. Fixed data stored before the subscription is sold such as authentication key and security algorithms.

2. Temporary network data such as the location area of the subscriber and forbidden PLMNS.

3. Service data such as language preference advice of charge.

There are two types of SIM cards:-

ID-SIM: The format and layout of the ID-SIM complies with ISO standards for integrated circuit cards.

PLUG-In SIM: The plug-in SIM is smaller than the ID-SIM and is intended for semi permanent installation in the MNS.

INTODUCTION TO GSM TECHNOLOGY

What is GSM?

If you are in Europe, Asia or Japan and using a mobile phone then most probably you must be using GSM technology in your mobile phone.

GSM stands for Global System for Mobile Communication and is an open, digital cellular technology used for transmitting mobile voice and data services.

The GSM emerged from the idea of cell-based mobile radio systems at Bell Laboratories in the early 1970s.

The GSM is the name of a standardization group established in 1982 to create a common European mobile telephone standard.

The GSM standard is the most widely accepted standard and is implemented globally. The GSM is a circuit-switched system that divides each 200kHz channel into eight

25kHz time-slots. GSM operates in the 900MHz and 1.8GHz bands in Europe and the 1.9GHz and 850MHz bands in the US.

The GSM is owning a market share of more than 70 percent of the world's digital cellular subscribers.

The GSM makes use of narrowband  technique for transmitting signals. The GSM was developed using digital technology. It has an ability to carry 64 kbps to

120 Mbps of data rates. Presently GSM support more than one billion mobile subscribers in more than 210

countries throughout of the world. The GSM provides basic to advanced voice and data services including Roaming service.

Roaming is the ability to use your GSM phone number in another GSM network.

A GSM digitizes and compresses data, then sends it down through a channel with two other streams of user data, each in its own time slot. It operates at either the 900 MHz or 1,800 MHz frequency band.

Specifications for different Personal Communication Services (PCS) systems vary among the different PCS networks. The GSM specification is listed below with important characteristics.

Modulation:

Modulation is a form of change process where we change the input information into a suitable format for the transmission medium. We also changed the information by demodulating the signal at the receiving end.

The GSM uses Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK) modulation method.

Access Methods:

Because radio spectrum is a limited resource shared by all users, a method must be devised to divide up the bandwidth among as many users as possible.GSM chose a combination of TDMA/FDMA as its method. The FDMA part involves the division by frequency of the total 25 MHz bandwidth into 124 carrier frequencies of 200 kHz bandwidth. One or more carrier frequencies are then assigned to each BS. Each of these carrier frequencies is then divided in time, using a TDMA scheme, into eight time slots. One time slot is used for transmission by the mobile and one for reception. They are separated in time so that the mobile unit does not receive and transmit at the same time.

Transmission Rate:

The total symbol rate for GSM at 1 bit per symbol in GMSK produces 270.833 K symbols/second. The gross transmission rate of the time slot is 22.8 Kbps.

GSM is a digital system with an over-the-air bit rate of 270 kbps.

Frequency Band:

The uplink frequency range specified for GSM is 933 - 960 MHz (basic 900 MHz band only). The downlink frequency band 890 - 915 MHz (basic 900 MHz band only).

Speech Coding:

GSM uses linear predictive coding (LPC). The purpose of LPC is to reduce the bit rate. The LPC provides parameters for a filter that mimics the vocal tract. The signal passes through this filter, leaving behind a residual signal. Speech is encoded at 13 kbps.

Access Network:

Access network, the network between local exchange and subscriber, in the Telecom Network accounts for a major portion of resources both in terms of capital and manpower. So far, the subscriber loop has remained in the domain of the copper cable providing cost effective solution in past. Quick deployment of subscriber loop, coverage of inaccessible and remote locations coupled with modern technology have led to the emergence of new Access Technologies. The various technological options available are as follows :

1. Multi Access Radio Relay

2. Wireless In Local Loop

3. Fibre In the Local Loop

Wireless in Local Loop (WILL)Fixed Wireless telephony in the subscriber access network also known as Wireless in Local Loop (WLL) is one of the hottest emerging market segments in global telecommunications today. WLL is generally used as “the last mile solution” to deliver basic phone service expeditiously where none has existed before. Flexibility and expediency are becoming the key driving factors behind the deployment of WILL.

WLL shall facilitate cordless telephony for residential as well as commercial complexes where people are highly mobile. It is also used in remote areas where it is uneconomical to lay cables and for rapid development of telephone services. The technology employed shall depend upon various radio access techniques, like FDMA, TDMA and CDMA.

SPREAD SPECTRUM PRINCIPLEOriginally Spread spectrum radio technology was developed for military use to counter the interference by hostile jamming. The broad spectrum of the transmitted signal gives rise to “ Spread Spectrum”. A Spread Spectrum signal is generated by modulating the radio frequency (RF) signal with a code consisting of different pseudo random binary sequences, which is inherently resistant to noisy signal environment.

A number of Spread spectrum RF signals thus generated share the same frequency spectrum and thus the entire bandwidth available in the band is used by each of the users using same frequency at the same time.

Frequency of operation: 824-849Mhz and 869-894 Mhz

Duplexing Mehtod: Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD)

Access Channel per carrier: Maximum 61 Channels

RF Spacing: 1.25 Mhz

Coverage: 5 Km with hand held telephones and approx.

20 Km with fixed units.

Hand Offs in CDMA

As the phone moves through a network the system controller transfers the call from one cell to another, this process is called “handoff”. Handoffs maybe done with the assistance of the mobile or the system controller will control the process by itself. Handoffs are necessary to continue the call as the phone travels. Handoffs may also occur in idle state due to mobility.

Types of Handoffs in CDMA: There are primarily three types of Handoffs in CDMA. They are

Soft

Hard and

Idle.

The type of handoff depends on the handoff situation.

To understand this we should know the cellular concept used in CDMA.

CDMA frequency- reuse planning (cellular concept):

Each BTS in a CDMA network can use all available frequencies. Adjacent cells can transmit at the same frequency because users are separated by code channels, not frequency channels. BTSs are separated by offsets in the short PN code This feature of CDMA, called "frequency reuse of one," eliminates the need for frequency planning

Soft Handoff:

A soft handoff establishes a connection with the new BTS prior to breaking the connection with the old one. This is possible because CDMA cells use the same frequency and because the mobile uses a rake receiver. The CDMA mobile assists the network in the handoff. The mobile detects a new pilot as it travels to the next coverage area. The new base station then establishes a connection with the mobile. This new communication link is established while the mobile maintains the link with the old BTS.

Soft handoffs are also called "make-before-break." Soft handoff can take place only when the serving cell and target cell are working in the same frequency.

INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET AND BROADBAND

INTERNET

The internet connection requires a computer which has Internet Explorer software signal and analog signal to digital signal, a telephone line connection. The data is sent through telephone line connection to the local exchange, from where it is then sent to the main exchange.

The main exchange consists of a Node. The Node consists of a control card and a modem from where it is sent to its main. Node is in the form of packets. It has two parts- LAN and Control Card.

The main Node is connected to the main server which is located at New Delhi. From here it is sent to gateway, which is connected to the World Wide Web (WWW)

INTERNET CONNECTIVITY

Telephone Local Exchange (through PCM) LAN

Control Card (routers, packet switching) Modem

WAN Patna (through OFC, B2 Node) Delhi

Network Connection Gateway

OVERVIEW OF BROAD BAND

Definition of Broad Band

Broadband is often called high-speed Internet, because it usually has a high rate of data transmission. In general, any connection to the customer of 256 kbit/s or more is considered broadband.

HOW IS BROADBAND DIFFERENT FROM DIAL-UP SERVICE?

Broadband service provides higher speed of data transmission—Allows more content to be carried through the transmission “pipeline.”

Broadband provides access to the highest quality Internet services—streaming media, VoIP (Internet phone), gaming and interactive services. Many of these current and newly developing services require the transfer of large amounts of data which may not be technically feasible with dial-up service. Therefore, broadband service may be increasingly necessary to access the full range of services and opportunities that the Internet can offer.

Broadband is always on—does not block phone lines and no need to reconnect to network after logging off.

What is Broadband Service?

Broadband refers to a connection that has capacity to transmit large amount of data at high speed. Presently a connection having download speeds of 256 kbps or more is classified as broadband. When connected to the Internet broadband connection allows surfing or downloading much faster than a dial-up or any other narrowband connections. BSNL offers 2 Mbps minimum download speed for its Broadband connections.

Requirement for providing Broad Band connection

Personal Computer ADSL Modem Land Line Connection Splitter for separating telephone from Personal computer.

Services available through Broadband

 

High speed Internet Access: This is the always-on Internet access service with speed ranging from 256 kbps to 8 Mbps.

Bandwidth on Demand: This will facilitate customer to change bandwidth as per his / her requirement. For example a customer with 256 kbps can change to 1 Mbps during the video Conferencing session.

Multicasting: This is to provide video multicast services, video-on-demand etc. for application in distance education, telemedicine etc.

Dial VPN Service: This service allows remote users to access their private network securely over the NIB-II infrastructure.

Video and Audio Conferencing: Content based Services: Like Video on Demand, Interactive Gaming, Live and

time shifted TV Video on Demand: Customers can view any movie of their choice from a pool of

movies stored in a central server. The movies can be viewed either on a TV or a PC.

Audio on Demand: It is a similar service where person can listen to any music of his choice.

TV channels through broadband connection: The TV channels may be available in the broadband connection. In fact, there may be other new channels, particularly the educational and scientific channels, depending on demand. Additional equipments required in the customer's premises are

Set Top Box (STB) - The STB converts the digital IP based signal to a form compatible with the TV set.

PC and TVThe TV services envisaged are:

i. S-VoD : Subscription based Video Content, as in Pay Channels. ii. Video-On-Demand iii. N-VoD : Near Video-On-Demand. NVOD provides playouts on fixed

time bands which people can watch against payment. iv. T-VOD : Transaction or Pay-Per-View service.

The video content will have Hindi, international and regional movies, music, soaps and serials, sports, news, interactive gaming, e-learning and niche channels. "The driver in entertainment will be on-demand movies, interactive gaming, broadband Internet connectivity and e-learning,"

Billing: To provide a means to bill for the aforesaid services by either time-based or volume-based billing. It shall provide the customer with the option to select the services through web server To provide both pre-paid and post paid broadband services

IP Telephony Messaging: plain and feature rich, Multi-site MPLS VPN with Quality of Service (QoS) guarantees. Wi-Fi Web hosting & web co-location. Lease line service.

CONCLUSION

The working in the project was an interesting and an all together learning experience. New technologies, new progress and new competition are the order of the day. The core area to look for is highly fragmented and information intense activity sequence that involves a number of player and audiences.

The project mainly revolves around: EWSD, TAX, internet node, mobile communication, WLL and intelligence network.

The emphasis of the different parts of the project is to throw light on the systems working in Patna Main Exchange. The project also deals with modern technologies attributes and the scope of implementation of the same in Patna. The area under study was limited to Patna Main Exchange.

The scope of the study is very vast and the topic under study deals with the volatile technology world. After the study, suggestions and strategy has been formulated keeping in view the limitations of the field.

Evolution of this technological world is occurring every minute. Thanks to telecom and web technologies, countries are coming closer day by day.